南昌大学 翻译 大学生专业英语阅读教程 给水排水与环境工程
蓝梅主编 给排水科学与工程专业英语部分课文翻译中文版
第四单元给水系统一般来说，供水系统可划分为四个主要组成部分:（1）水源和取水工程（2）水处理和存储（3）输水干管和配水管网。
常见的未处理的水或者说是原水的来源是像河流、湖泊、泉水、人造水库之类的地表水源以及像岩洞和水井之类的地下水源。
修建取水构筑物和泵站是为了从这些水源中取水。
原水通过输水干管输送到自来水厂进行处理并且处理后的出水储存到清水池。
处理的程度取决于原水的水质和出水水质要求。
有时候，地下水的水质是如此的好以至于在供给给用户之前只需消毒即可。
由于自来水厂一般是根据平均日需求流量设计的，所以，清水池为水需求日变化量提供了一个缓冲区。
水通过输水干管长距离输送。
如果输水干管中的水流是通过泵所产生的压力水头维持的，那么我们称这个干管为增压管。
另外，如果输水干管中的水流是靠由于高差产生的可获得的重力势能维持的，那么我们称这个干管为重力管。
在输水干管中没有中间取水。
与输水干管类似，在配水管网中水流的维持要么靠泵增压，要么靠重力势能。
一般来说，在平坦地区，大的配水管网中的水压是靠泵提供的，然而，在不平坦的地区，配水管网中的压力水头是靠重力势能维持的。
一个配水管网通过引入管连接配水给用户。
这样的配水管网可能有不同的形状，并且这些形状取决于这个地区的布局。
一般地，配水管网有环状或枝状的管道结构，但是，根据当地城市道路和街区总体布局计划，有时候环状和枝状结构合用。
城市配水管网大多上是环状形式，然而，乡村地区的管网是枝状形式。
由于供水服务可靠性要求高，环状管网优于枝状管网。
配水管网的成本取决于对管网的几何形状合适的选择。
城市计划采用的街道布局的选择对提供一个最小成本的供水系统来说是重要的。
环状管网最常见的两个供水结构是方格状、环状和辐射状；然而，我们不可能找到一个最佳的几何形状而使得成本最低。
一般地，城镇供水系统是单入口环状管系统。
如上所说，环状系统有一些通过系统相互连接的管道使得通过这些连接接的管道，可以供水到同一个需水点。
给排水专业英语课文翻译
There are several species of bacteria that are widely found in the aquatic environment but so not normally cause illness in the immuno-competent. They are not therefore particularly associated with health problems from drinking-water. It is important to be aware of them nevertheless, as they have occasionally been associated with disease where people may already be ill with other conditions or their immune system is reduced and unable to cope (Dufour 1990).They are usually known as environmental bacteria, but I have also come across the terms adventitious or heterotrophic in this context (although heterotrophic strictly means they get their source of energy and cellular carbon from the oxidation of organic material, that is, by feeding on plants or animals-rather than photosvnchesis). Where laboratories carry out plare counts, it is often these bacteria that are cultured. There will be many different types of environmental bacturia but the imporiant ones for drinking-water safety are listed here.AeromonasAeromonas are commonly found in both fresh and salt waters. There are several species, each one favouring a particular environmental niche. Aeromonas bydropbila is found mainly in clean river water, Aeromonas sobria in stagnant water and Aeromonas caviae in marine water. They are so common that people have tried to use them in rivers as indicators of pollution. They are known to cause diarrhoea and infection in soft tissue where damaged skin comes into contact with contaminated river or lake water.Aeromonas caviae is the one most commonly associated with diarrhoea. Diarrhoeal infection is usually mild, although more severe symptoms have occasionally been known, including bloody diarrhoea and chronic colitis (inflammation of the colon).Aeromonas have been found in treated chlorinated water and sometimes, there is re-growth in the distribution pipes. Chlorine only appears to have a temporary effect on them and this may mean that it stops them from reproducing but does not kill them. If left (presumably so they can get their breath back and have a bit of a rest after the chlorine attack) they can continue as normal.有一些种类的细菌在水生环境中被发现,但通常不引起疾病immuno-competent。
给排水环工 专业英语(华南理工大学)课文翻译 下讲解
Unit 12水的净化水分子是没有记忆的,所以去讨论你所喝的水是被污染了并净化了多少次是可笑的(市没有意义的 , 好像水分子逐渐厌烦了(逐渐被耗尽了。
最重要的是你喝的水纯度如何。
对水的净化方法已发展到了很详细并且尖端的技术。
然而通常采用的净化水的方法对水污染的性质的通常的理解应该是容易理解的,并在某些情况下是显而易见的。
水中的杂质可分为悬浮的,胶体态的或溶解态的。
由于悬浮的颗粒大足以被沉淀或被过滤掉。
胶体态的或溶解态的杂质较难以去除掉。
去除他们的一个可能的方法是以某种方法把这些微小的颗粒物结合成比较大的颗粒然后采用去除悬浮物的方法来处理。
另一种可能的方法是把他们转变为气态然后是他们从水中散发到大气中,无论采用哪一种方法,有一点必须记住的是提升水或用泵将水输送通过滤床都需要能量。
根据这些原则,来考虑用于净化城市污水的步骤。
第一步是废水的收集系统。
从家庭、医院、学校排放的水中的污染物包含食物残渣、人类排泄物、纸张、肥皂、洗涤剂、污垢、织物和其他混杂的残骸,当然还有微生物。
这些混合物被称为厕所污水或生活污水。
这里 Sanitary 这个形容词比较不恰当,因为它几乎没有描述污水的情况,他只笼统地指人产生的污染物被污水管所排走。
这些污水,有时与污水管网中从商业建筑来的污染物、工业污染物及雨水污染物合流。
有些体系把污水与雨水分流而有些是合流。
合流制的管道便宜,并在旱季时是合理的,但在暴雨期时的总流量容易超过处理厂的容量,结果应允许有些水溢流而直接进入受体河流中。
初级处理当污水进入处理厂时,首先通过一系列的格栅以去除其中大的物体如老鼠或葡萄柚,然后通过一个磨碎装置以便把剩余的物体的大小减小至足够小以至在后续的工艺中可以有效的处理。
下一步是一系列的沉淀室来去除重的粗沙例如雨水冲刷路面带入的沙粒,然后其他悬浮的固体(包括有机营养物缓慢的沉淀而得到去除,这个过程需耗时大约一小时。
从开始到这个过程的整个工艺称为处级处理,这一级处理的费用相对低,但是没有完成多少任务。
给排水专业毕业设计翻译中英文对照(20页)
Oxidize ditch craft in dirty water handle of application and development Summary: This text expatiated primarily the Carrousel oxidizes the construction, craft mechanism of the ditch and circulate the problem exsited in the process with the homologous the method of solution.Finally, introduce the Carrousel oxidize the latest research progress of the ditch and pointed out the future and main research direction.Key phrase: The Carrousel oxidizes ditch divideds by the phosphor takes off the nitrogen construction mechanism Application and Development of Carrousel Oxidation Ditch Process on Wastewater TreatmentAbstract: The structure and the techniques of carrousel oxidation ditch process on nitrogen and phosphor removal are introduced in this paper. The problems inrunning and their corresponding resolvent are also pointed. At last, The authorshowed the up to date research improvement and the mainly future research dire-ction.Key words: Carrousel; oxidation ditch; nitrogen and phosphor removal; structure;techniques1. ForewordOxidize the ditch( oxidation ditch) again a continuous circulation spirit pond( Continuous loop reactor), is a live and dirty mire method a kind of to transform.Oxidizing the dirty water in ditch handles the craft be researched to manufacture by the hygiene engineering graduate school of Holland in the 50's of 20 centuries success.Since in 1954 at Dutch throw in the usage for the very first time.Because its a water fluid matter good, circulate the stability and manage convenience etc. technique characteristics, already at domestic andinternational and extensive application in live the dirty water to is dirty to manage aqueously with the industry[1].Current application than oxidize extensively the ditch type include:The ( Pasveer) oxidizes the ditch, the ( Carrousel) oxidizes the ditch, ( Orbal) oxidizes the ditch, the type of T oxidizes the ditch( three ditch types oxidize the ditch), the type of DE oxidizes the ditch to turn to oxidize the ditch with the integral whole.These oxidize the ditch because of the difference of esse in construction with circulating, therefore each characteristics[2].This text will introduce construction, mechanism, existent problem and its latest developments that Carrousel oxidize ditches primarily.2. The Carrousel oxidizes the construction of the ditchThe Carrousel oxidize the ditch to be researched to manufacture by Dutch DHV company development in 1967.Oxidize the last the company of DHV in foundation of the ditch in the original Carrousel to permited specially the company EIMCO to invent again with its patent in the United States Carrousel 2000 system( see the figure ), realizes the living creature of the higher request takes off the nitrogen with divided by the function of .There has been in the world up to now more than 850 Carrousels oxidize the ditch with the Carrousel 2000 system are circulating[3].From diagram therefore, the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch the usage the spirit of that definite direction control with shake up the device, face to mix with the liquid deliver the level speed, from but make drive the liquid of admixture that shake up is in oxidize ditch shut match outlet circulate flow.Therefore oxidize the ditch have the special hydraulics flows the , current complete mix with the characteristics of the type reactor, have the characteristics that push the flow type reactor again, the ditch inside exsits obviously of deliquescence oxygen density steps degree.Oxidizing the ditch crosssection is rectangle or trapezoids, the flat surface shape is many for oval, the ditch internal water is deep general for 2.5 ～4.5 ｍ, the breadth is deep compare for 2:1, also have the deep water amount to 7 ms of, ditch inside average speed in water current is 0.3 ms/ s.Oxidize ditch spirit admixture equipments contain surface spirit machine, the spirit of turn to brush or turn the dish and shoot to flow the spirit machine, pipe type spirit machine with promote take care of type spirit machine etc., match with in recent years usage still contain underwater push machine[4~6].3. The Carrousel oxidizes the mechanism of the ditch3.1 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch handles dirty and aqueous principleThe at the beginning common Carrousel oxidizes the dirty water in inside in craft of the ditch direct with dirty mire in reflux together enter oxidize the ditch system.The surface spirit machine makes fuse in the liquid of admixture the density of the oxygen DO increases about 2 the 3 mgs/ L.Under this kind of well the term of the oxygen , the microorganism gets the enough deliquescence oxygen comes and go to divided by the BOD;At the same time, the ammonia were too oxidized nitrate with second nitrate, this time, mix with the liquid be placed in the oxygen appearance.In the spirit machine downstream, after water current be become by the swift flow appearance of the spirit District of even flow the appearance, the water current maintains in the minimum current velocity, guaranteeing the live and dirty mire be placed in the floats the appearance.( average current velocity>0.3 ms/ s)Oxidize microbially the process consumed to fuse the oxygen in the water, until the value of DO declines for zero, mixing with the liquid report the anoxia appearance.Versa nitric that turn the function through anoxia area, mix with the liquid enter to have the oxygen area, completing once circulating.That system inside, theBOD declines the solution is a continuous process, the nitric turns the function to turn with the versa nitric the function take place in same pond.Because of structural restrict, this kind of oxidize the ditch although can then valid whereabouts BOD, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous ability limited[7].For the sake of the acquisition better divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous result, Carrousel 2000 systems increased a oxygen District before common Carrousel oxidize ditch with the unique oxygen area.( call again that the versa nitric in front turns the area)The dirty mire in all refluxes enters the anaerobic District with 10-30% dirty water, can under the anoxia with 10-30% carbon source term complete remaining of dirty mire in reflux inside nitric acid nitrogen to versa nitric to turn, creates for the unique oxygen pond of hereafter unique oxygen term.At the same time, anaerobic District inside of concurrently the sex germs convert the dissolubility BOD VFA, the germ acquire the VFA its assimilation PHB, the energy source needed solves in the phosphoric water and cause phosphatic releasing.The anaerobic District a water enters the inner part installs the unique oxygen area that have the mixer, the so-called unique oxygen is a pond inside to mix with liquid since have no the numerator oxygen, also have no the compound oxygen( nitric acid root), the here unique oxygen environment is next,70-90% dirty water can provide the enough carbon source, can make the germ of released the phosphorus well.The unique oxygen area connects behind the common Carrousel oxidizes the ditch system, further completing to do away with the BOD and take off the nitrogen with divided by the phosphorus .Finally, mix with the liquid transfer the dirty mire inside in oxidize ditch enrich oxygen area eject, while enriching the oxygen environment germ surfeit, phosphorus from the water, ejecting the system with the dirty mire in surplus.Like this, in Carrousel 2000systems, than completed to do away with the BOD, COD with take off at the same time goodly the nitrogen divided by the phosphorus .Synthesizing and dirty water in the river City , long sand City decontamination center[s of the dirty the factory of water in the first in Kunming of adoption that crafts handles the movement result of the factory therefore:Through Carrousel 2000 system after handling, the BOD, COD, SS does away with the rate to all come to a 90% above, the TN does away with the rate comes to a 80%, the TP does away with the rate to also come to a 90%.3.2 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphorus takes off the nitrogenous influence factor.Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphoric factor is dirty mire , nitrate density and quality densities primarily.The research expresses, being total and dirty mire as 11% that a hour biggest phosphorus 4% with deal is its fuck dirty mire deal within live and dirty mire, keep for the the germ physical endowment measures, but when dirty mire over 15 d hour dirty mire the inside is biggest to contain the obvious descent in deal in phosphorus , canning not reach the biggest divideding by the result of phosphorus on the contrary.Therefore, prolong persistently the dirty mire ( for example 20ds,25ds,30ds) is to have no necessary, proper choose to use within the scope of 8~15 d.At the same time, high nitrate density with low quality density disadvantage in divided by the process of phosphorus .Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch takes off the nitrogenous and main factor is DO, nitrate density and carbon source densities.The research expresses, oxidizing the ditch inside exsits deliquescence oxygen density steps degree namely the good oxygen area DO attains 3~3.5 mgs/ L, the anoxia area DO attains 0~0.5 mgs/ L is a prior condition to take place nitric turn reaction and versa nitricsturn the reaction.At the same time, ample carbon source and higher C/ the N ratio benefits to take off to complete nitrogenously[7].4. The Carrousel oxidizes problem and solution methods of the ditch esse.Though the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch has a water fluid matter good, the anti- pounds at the burthen ability strong, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogen efficiency. But, in physically of movement process, still exsits a series of problem.4.1 Dirty mire inflation problemWhen discard the aquatic carbohydrate more, the N, P contains the unbalance of deal, the pH value is low, oxidizing the dirty mire in inside in ditch carries high, fuse the oxygen density the shortage, line up the mire not etc. causes easily dirty mire in germ in form in silk inflation;Not the dirty mire in germ in form in silk inflation takes place primarily at the waste water water temperature is lower but the dirty mire carries higher hour.The microbial burthen is high, the germs absorbed the large quantity nourishment material, is low because of the temperature, metabolism the speed is slower, accumulating the rises large quantity is high to glue sexual and many sugar materials, making the surface of the live and dirty mire adhere to the water to increase consumedly, SVI the value is very high, becoming the dirty mire inflation.Cause that aim at the dirty mire inflation, can adopt the different counterplan:From the anoxia, water temperature high result in of, can enlargement tolerance or lower into the water measures to alleviate burthen, or the adequacy lowers the MLSS( control dirty mire reflux measure), making need the oxygen measures decrease;If the dirty mire carries high, can increase MLSS, to adjust the burthen, necessity the hour can stop into the water, stuffy a period of time;Can pass the hurl add the nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fatty, adjust the admixturenourishment in the liquid material equilibrium( BOD5:N:P=100:5:1);The value of pH over low, can throw to add the lime regulate;Bleach the powder with the liquid chlorin( press to fuck 0.3% of the dirty mire~0.6% the hurl adds), can repress the silk form germ breed, controling the dirty mire in combinative water inflation[11].4.2 Foam problemBecause entering to take the grease of large quantity in the water, handling system can't completely and availably its obviation, parts of greases enriches to gather in in the dirty mire, through turn to brush the oxygen agitation, creation large quantity foam;The mire is partial to long, the dirty mire is aging, and also easy creation foam.Spray to pour the water or divided by with the surface the of do away with the foam, in common use divided by the an organism oil, kerosene, the oil of silicon, throw deal as 0.5~1.5 mgs/ L.Pass to increase dirty mire in pond in spirit in density or adequacies let up the tolerance of , also can control the foam creation effectively.When contain the live material in surface in the waste water more, separate with the foam easily and in advance method or other methods do away with.Also can consider to increase to establish a set of divideding by the oil device moreover.But enhance most importantly the headwaters manage, reducing to contain the oil over the high waste water and other poisonous waste water of into[12].4.3 Float the problem on the dirty mireWhen contain in the waste water the oil measures big, whole system mire quality become light, can't like to control very much in operate process its at two sink the pond stop over time, resulting in the anoxia easily, producing the corrupt and dirty mire ascend to float;When spirit time over long, take place in pond the high degree nitric turn the function, making nitrate density high, at two sink theversa nitric in easy occurrence in pond turn the function, creation nitrogen spirit, make dirty mire ascend float;Moreover, contain the oil in the waste water?Take place the dirty mire ascend after floating should pause enter water, broke off or dirty mire in clearance, judge the clear reason, adjust the operation.The dirty mire sinks to decline the sex bad, can throw to add of oagulate or sloth materials, the improvement precipitates the sex;Such as enter the water carries big let up into the water measures or the enlargement reflux measures;Such as the dirty mire grain small lower the spirit machine turn soon;If discovers versa nitric turning, should let up the toerance , enlarge the reflux or row the mire measures;If discover the dirty mire is corrupt, should enlargement tolerance, the clearance accumulates the mire, and try the ameliorative pond internal water dint term[12].4.4 Current velocity is not all and the dirty mire sinks to accumulate the problemIn Carrousel oxidize ditch, for acquiring its special admixture with handles result, mix with liquid must with certain current velocity is in ditch circulate flow.Think generally, the lowest current velocity should should attain for an average current velocity for, doing not take place sinking accumulating 0.3~0.5 ms/ s.The spirit equipments that oxidize the ditch is general to turn to brush for the spirit of to turn the dish with the spirit of , turning to brush of immerse to have no depth for 250~300 mms, turn the dish immerse to have no depth for 480~530 mms.With oxidize the ditch water the deep(3.0~3.6 ms) comparing, turn to brush occupied the deep 1/10~ in water 1/12, turned the dish to also occupy the 1/6~ only 1/7, therefore result in to oxidize the ditch upper part current velocity bigger( roughly 0.8~1.2 ms, even larger), but the bottom current velocity is very small( especially at the water is deep 2/3 or 3/4 below, mix with theliquid has no current velocity almost), causing ditch bottom large quantity accumulate the mire( sometimes accumulate the mire thickness amount to a 1.0 ms), the valid capacity that reduced to oxidize the ditch consumedly, lowered to handle result, affected a water fluid matter.Adding the top, downstream leads to flow the plank is a valid method that ameliorative current velocity distribute, increases the oxygen ability with the most convenient measure.The upper stream leads to flow the plank installs at be apart from to turn the 4.0 places( upper stream) ：dish( turn to brush) axis, lead to flow plank high degree as the deep 1/5~ in water 1/6, combine the perpendicularity install in the surface;The downstream leads to flow the plank installs at be apart from to turn dish( turn to brush) axis 3.0 ms.Leading to flow knothole material can use metals or glass steels, but regard glass steel as good.Lead to flow the plank compares with other ameliorative measure, can't not only increase the motive consumes with revolves cost, but also can still than significantly exaltation 充oxygen ability with theories motive efficiency[13].Moreover, pass in the spirit on board swim to establish the underwater push machine can also turn to the spirit of the liquid of admixture that brush the bottom low speed area circulates to flow to rise positive push function, from but the solution oxidizes the problem that low and dirty mire in current velocity in bottom in ditch sink accumulates.Establish the underwater push machine useds for exclusively the push mixs with the liquid can make movement method that oxidize the ditch much more vivid, this for economy energy, lift the high-efficiency having the very important meaning[14].5. The Carrousel oxidizes the development of the ditchBecause the dirty water handles standard inside to divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous request more and more strict,the development that Carrousel further oxidized the ditch to also get.Current, the research and application includes morely below two category type:Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems, Carrousel 3000 system.5.1 Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systemTiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 tiny bore in adoption in system spirit( provide oxygen equipments as the drum breeze machine), the tiny bore spirit machine can produce the diameter of large quantity as a surface for or so and small spirit steeping, this consumedly increases spirit bubble accumulates, undering the certain circumstance in capacity in pond make the oxygen transfer the gross measures aggrandizement.( if deep increment in pond, its spread the quality efficiency will be higher)Produce the technique ability of the factory house according to the current drum breeze machine, the valid water of the pond is deep biggest amounting to a 8 ms, therefore can select by examinations according to the different craft request the fit water is deep.The tradition oxidizes the ditch pushes to flow is to make use of to turn to brush, turn a disc or pour the umbrella type form machine realizes of, its equipments utilization is low, the motive consumes big.Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems then adopted the underwater pushes the way that flow, rises to dive the propeller the leaf the motivation that round creation the direct function namely in the of water, at push to flow the function to can keep dirty mire from sinking to decline effectively again at the same time.As a result, the adoption dives the propeller since lower the motive consume, making mire water got again to mixs with adequately.Seeing from water power characteristic, tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems are wreaths form the fold flows the pond type, concurrently pushing the flow type with complete mix with the typeflows .In regard to whole oxidize ditch, can think that oxidize the ditch is a complete mix with spirit pond, its density variety coefficient smallest even can neglect to do not account, enter the water will get the dilution quickly, therefore it have the very strong anti- pounds at the burthen ability.But have oxidize ditch inside of a certain very much the some pushing the characteristic of the flow type, in the nearby district in downstream in machine in spirit inDO density higher, but along with increase with spirit machine distance continuously then the density of DO lowers continuously.( appear the anoxia area)This kind of structure method makes friendly oxygen in area in anoxia area exsited to build the thing inside , making use of its water power characteristic well, coming to an efficiently the living creature takes off the nitrogenous purpose.Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 system though have the oxygen ability strong, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogen effective, cover the area little with can consume low etc. advantage, it also exsits at the same time the problem that tiny bore spirit equipments maintain.Current, the service life of the local and tiny bore spirit machine is 5 years in 4~, can amount to 10 years in 8~ goodly, but with import the tiny bore spirit machine compare to still have the certain margin.The spirit machine maintains unlike the form equipments is so convenient, it need to fuck the pond talent fixs, and also is to say once the tiny bore spirit machine appears the problem to need the adoption parallel two inconvenience for or third sets to solving problem, or adopting promoting device waiting to resolving, this too will giving production with managing bringing biggest[15 16].5.2 Carrousel 3000 systemCarrousel 3000 systems are in the Carrousel 2000 systems are ex- to plus a living creature the choice the area.That living creaturechoice area is a craft to make use of high organism carries to sieve germ grow, repress silk form germ increase, increase each pollutant do away with the rate, afterward principle together Carrousel 2000 system.Carrousel 3000 system of bigger increases to express at:An is to increased the pond deep, can amount to 7.5~8 ms, united at heart circle type, the pond wall uses totally, reducing to cover the area, lowering to build the price to increases to bear the low temperature ability at the same time;( can amount to 7 ℃ )Two is the liquid of admixture that spirit equipments that skillful design, the form machine descends to install to lead to flow , the anoxia of take out , adopt the underwater propeller solution current velocity problem;Three is to used the advanced spirit controller QUTE.( it adopt the much aer kind of changing the deal control mode)Four is to adopt the integral whole turn the design, starting from the center, including below wreath form consecution craft unit:Enter the well of water with the cent water machine that used for the live and dirty mire in reflux;Difference from four-part the choice pond that cent constitute with 厌oxygen pond.This outside is a Carrousel to have three spirit machine with a prepare versa nitric turn the pond 2000 system.( such as figure 2 show)Five is tube line that the design that the circular integral whole turn to make oxidize the ditch do not need additionally, can immediately realize dirty mire in reflux allotment in different craft unit[17].6. ConclusionThe Carrousel oxidizes the ditch because of having the good a phosphorus takes off the nitrogen ability, anti- pounds at the burthen ability with circulate to manage the convenience etc. the advantage, having got the extensive application.But because of technological development with social advance, that craft is necessarily willexaltation getting further.The author thinks:The Carrousel oxidizes the future research direction of the ditch will now of main below several aspects.1 Combination living creature method, research with develop the living creature model Carrousel oxidize the ditch.Like this can not only increases the microorganism gross of the unit reactor measures, from but increases the organism carries, but also living creature oneself the inside that have places the A/ the system of O enhances to take off the nitrogen result[18].2 Increases continuously the Carrousel oxidize the microbial activity in inside in ditch.For example throw to add the EM in oxidize ditch with single mind the germ grow, throws in that the salt of iron make the microorganism tame the live char in iron, devotion in living creature to become the formation to strengthen the germ gum regiment and increases to bear the toxicity pound at etc..3 Increasing the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch equipments function with supervise and control the technique.Function that increases form machine, underwater propeller, reduce to maintain the workload;Making use of DO, etc. of ORP many targets supervises and control the technique and changes the technique of is from now on the Carrousel oxidizes ditch science circulate necessarily from it road.4 Increasing the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch resistant to cold and bear toxicity can, reduce to cover the area to build the price with the engineering.Theoretical application, deep pond in water power term with the research of the craft function is to lowers the engineering builds the price and increases resistant to cold bear the toxicity can wait to provide the possible direction.氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用与发展摘要：本文主要阐述了Carrousel氧化沟的结构、工艺机理、运行过程中存在的问题和相应的解决方法。
大学专业英语阅读教程(给水排水与环境工程)单词总结1
大学专业英语阅读教程（给水排水与环境工程）单词总结1、hydrology水文学、水文地理学2、hydrologic=hydrological3、hydrologic cycle水文循环4、freshwater淡水的、河水的5、fresh water淡水、湖水6、precipitate沉降、下沉7、evaporate使蒸发、消失8、dewpoint结露点9、droplet小滴10、Ideal Gas Law理想气体定律11、orographic山岳的、山形的12、terrane岩层13、convective传送的、对流的14、schematic示意的15、diagram图表、图解16、hydraulic水力的、水力学的17、precipitation降水、降雨量、沉淀18、transpiration蒸发（物）、植物蒸腾作用19、depict描述、描写20、diagrammatically用图解法地21、physical works实际构筑物22、meteorologist气象学者23、hydrologist水文学者24、hail（下）冰雹25、sleet冰雪、雨加雪26、snowpack积雪场27、thaw解冻28、discard丢弃、放弃29、environmental环境的、周围的30、marketable时宜销售的31、isolated隔离的、孤立的32、Madison avenue纽约麦迪逊大街33、integral整体的、构成整体所需要的34、ecological生态学的35、harbor隐匿、庇护36、aquatic水的、水生的、水憩的37、ecosystem生态系统38、species物种、式样39、aqueduct沟渠、导水管40、desalinate去处盐分、海水淡化41、arid干旱的、贫瘠的42、iceberg冰山、冷冰冰的人43、reverse相反、颠倒、相反的、颠倒的44、aquifer（土壤）含水层、蓄水层45、rudimentary根本的、未发展的46、malaria疟疾、瘴气47、typhoid伤寒症、伤寒的48、cholera霍乱49、wetland湿地、沼泽地50、habitat（动植物）的生活环境。
大学专业英语阅读教程给水排水与环境工程课后练习题含答案
大学专业英语阅读教程给水排水与环境工程课后练习题含答案IntroductionEnvironmental engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on studying the effects of human impact on the environment, and devising ways to reduce that impact. One of the most important aspects of environmental engineering is the field of water supply and sanitation.In this document, we will be presenting a set of practice questions on the topic of water supply and sanitation, with answers provided at the end.Practice QuestionsQuestion 1Which of the following is NOT a typical method of water treatment?A)Coagulation and flocculationB)FiltrationC)ChlorinationD)IncinerationAnswer: D) Incineration. Incineration is not a typical method of water treatment.Question 2What is the purpose of chlorination in water treatment?A)To remove sedimentB)To remove bacteria and virusesC)To remove dissolved solidsD)To remove taste and odorAnswer: B) To remove bacteria and viruses. Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water to kill bacteria and viruses.Question 3What is the difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?A)Primary treatment removes suspended solids, while secondarytreatment removes dissolved solids.B)Primary treatment is a physical process, while secondarytreatment is a biological process.C)Primary treatment is more expensive than secondary treatment.D)Primary treatment produces more sludge than secondarytreatment.Answer: B) Primary treatment is a physical process, while secondary treatment is a biological process. Primary treatment involves physical processes such as screening, sedimentation and flotation to remove large particles, while secondary treatment involves biological processes such as activated sludge and trickling filters to remove dissolved and suspended organic matter.Question 4What is the purpose of aeration in the activated sludge process?A)To remove bacteria and virusesB)To remove dissolved solidsC)To provide oxygen for the growth of aerobic bacteriaD)To produce biogasAnswer: C) To provide oxygen for the growth of aerobic bacteria. Aeration is the process of adding r to the activated sludge tank to provide oxygen for the growth of aerobic bacteria, which break down organic matter in the wastewater.Question 5What is the purpose of a settling tank in the wastewater treatment process?A)To remove suspended solidsB)To remove dissolved solidsC)To remove bacteria and virusesD)To produce biogasAnswer: A) To remove suspended solids. A settling tank is used to allow the solids in the wastewater to settle to the bottom, so that they can be removed from the wastewater.Question 6What is sludge, and how is it disposed of in the wastewatertreatment process?Answer:Sludge is the solid material that is produced during the wastewater treatment process. It contns the organic matter that has been removedfrom the wastewater. Sludge is typically disposed of by either incineration, land application, or landfill.Question 7What is the purpose of a biosolids treatment plant?A)To remove suspended solids from wastewaterB)To remove bacteria and viruses from wastewaterC)To treat the sludge produced in the wastewater treatmentprocessD)To produce biogasAnswer: C) To treat the sludge produced in the wastewater treatment process. A biosolids treatment plant is used to treat the sludge produced in the wastewater treatment process, so that it can be safely disposed of or used as a fertilizer.ConclusionIn this document, we have presented a set of practice questions on the topic of water supply and sanitation. These questions cover topics such as water treatment, sewage treatment, and sludge disposal. By answering these questions, students can test their knowledge of the subject and prepare for exams.。
给排水环工 专业英语(华南理工大学)课文翻译 上
给排水环工专业英语(华南理工大学)课文翻译下Unit 1环境工程本书的内容：本书的目的是使工科和理科学生对环境问题的跨学科的研究有所了解：环境问题的起因，环境问题受关注的原因，如何控制环境问题。
本书包括如下内容：﹡对环境和环境系统而言环境问题含义的描述﹡关于造成环境破坏的基本原因的信息﹡要了解环境问题性质并且量化环境问题所必需的基本科学知识﹡环境控制技术在在水、大气和固废污染问题方面运用的现状﹡我们目前对人类活动与自然之间的许多复杂的相互关系的理解和控制的科学知识的严重不足﹡采用现有技术可以用来消除或减轻有许多环境问题，当实际上并没有，这是因为社会缺乏意愿去处理环境问题，或因为在许多情况下缺少处理环境问题所需的资源一些重要的定义当新词在这本书中第一次出现时，它的定义以正楷大写字母开头的形式给出（正如这里给出的）或以粗体字体给出。
﹡环境：是指我们周围的物理和生物生境，我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和感到这些事物。
﹡系统：根据韦氏字典，系统为相关和相联的一组或一系列事情形成一个单元或有机体，例如：太阳系，灌溉系统，供应系统和世界或宇宙。
﹡污染：可以定义为空气、水或土壤的物理化学或生物特性发生恶化以至于对人类或生物有机体的健康、生存或活性造成了危害。
当改善环境质量的目的是用来改善人体健康时，环境这个词的含义就拓宽到包括各种社会、经济和文化方面，但这样的拓宽对许多实际情况不可行的，对为一学期时间设计的课程而言是不现实的。
从而我们对环境问题调查时把环境的定义做了限制。
各系统间的相互作用与水、大气或土地系统来说有一些不同的相关环境问题。
而许多问题只是适用于其中的一个系统，正因为此这也说明了上述分类的合理性。
如此的分类还有利于更容易对一个系统内相关问题的理解。
并且从行政管理方面看也是合理的，因为政府机构经常把环境问题分为空气污染、供水、污水处理和固体废物处置几个方面来处理。
但有许多重要的环境问题并不局限于大气、水或土地系统中的某个单一系统，而是包含各系统之间的相互作用。
环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)
Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
给水排水专业英语单词音标课文翻译(1~9,15,19课)剖析
《给水排水专业英语》Lesson 1（第一课）specific yield [spə'sifik] [ji:ld] 单位产水量mass curve 累积曲线capital investment 投资recurring natural event ['nætʃərəl] 重现历史事件subterranean [sʌbtə'reiniən] 地下的groundwater 地下水surface water 地表水tap [tæp]开关、龙头；在…上开空（导出液体）swampland ['swɔmplænd] n. 沼泽地；沼泽地带capillary [kə'piləri] n. 毛细管adj. 毛状的,毛细管的hygro- [词头] 湿（气），液体hygroscopic [,haigrəu'skɔpik] adj. 易湿的，吸湿的hygroscopic moisture 吸湿水stratum ['streitəm] n. [地质学]地层，[生物学]（组织的）层aquifer ['ækwəfə] ['ækwifə] n.含水层，地下蓄水层saturation [,sætʃə'reiʃən] n.饱和(状态)，浸润，浸透，饱和度hydrostatic [,haidrəu'stætik] adj. 静水力学的, 流体静力学的hydrostatic pressure 静水压力water table 1. 地下水位，地下水面，潜水面2. 【建筑学】泻水台；承雨线脚；飞檐；马路边沟[亦作water-table]Phreatic surface [fri(:)'ætik]地下水（静止）水位，浅层地下水面Superficial [sju:pə'fiʃəl] adj. 表面的,表观的，浅薄的Porosity [pɔ:'rɔsiti] n. 多孔性,有孔性,孔隙率Unconfined ['ʌnkən'faind] adj. 无约束的，无限制的Permeability [,pə:miə'biliti] n. 弥漫, 渗透, 渗透性Permeameter [pə:mi'æmitə] n.渗透仪,渗透性试验仪)Clay [klei] n. 粘土，泥土gravel ['ɡrævəl]n.[总称]砾，沙砾，小石；砾石cone of depression [kəun] 下降漏斗, [水文学]下降锥体drawdown ['drɔ:daun] n. 水位下降(降落,消耗,减少)integrate ['intigreit] 【数学】作积分运算；求积分observation well [,əbzə:'veiʃən] 观测井，观测孔extraction [ik'strækʃən] n. 抽出，取出，提取（法），萃取（法）derivation [deri'veiʃən] n. 1. 导出，引(伸)出，来历，出处，得出，得到；诱导，推论，推理；溯源【数学】1) (定理的)求导，推导2) 微商，微分，导数【语言】词源，衍生deplete [di'pli:t] v. 耗尽, 使...衰竭refuse [ri'fju:z] n. 废物,垃圾vt. 拒绝，谢绝dump [dʌmp] n. 垃圾场，垃圾堆，堆存处vt. 倾卸，倾倒(垃圾)unconfined aquifer 潜水含水层，非承压含水层，无压含水层confined aquifer 自流含水层，承压含水层homogeneous [,hɔməu'dʒi:njəs] adj. 同类的,相似的，均匀的，均相的；同种类的，同性质的；相同特征的Aquaclude 不透水层，难渗透水的地层Offset ['ɔ:fset] n.偏移量抵销，弥补，分支，胶印，平版印刷，支管，乙字管Vt. 弥补,抵销,用平版印刷vi. 偏移，形成分支sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] adj. 复杂的，需要专门技术的；诡辩的,久经世故的equilibrium [,i:kwi'libriəm] n. 平衡,均衡给水工程我们知道，水的供应对生命的生存至关重要。
环境工程、给排水专业外文参考文献译文
浮选柱处理含油废水的研究摘要：本文介绍了一种为处理含油废水而开发的新型溶气浮选柱装置。
溶气浮选柱将溶气气浮法和浮选柱巧妙的加以结合运用，溶解空气在柱体分离系统中释放。
本文对这种具有潜在应用价值的柱体系统分离含油废水中油分的效果进行了研究，在一系列的实验中该装置均取得了理想的分离效果，同时还对溶气浮选柱中采用的气泡产生器的曝气效果进行了专门研究。
关键词：含油废水；分离；气浮；气泡发生器；溶气浮选柱一、引言含油废水是石油开发利用过程中产生的面积广，数量大的污染源。
废水中的油分包括浮油，分散油，乳化油，溶解油和油-固结合物。
含油废水常用的处理技术有物理法、物理化学法、化学破乳法、生物化学法和电化学法。
分离难易程度取决于油分在水体中的存在形式。
含油废水中的浮油一般可以采用重力分离技术予以去除，溶解油可以通过生物处理法将其去除，而以胶体状态存在的分散油和乳化油由于其平均粒径小，化学稳定性高而难以去除。
近年来，浮选技术由于具有分离效率高，资金投入少，运行费用低的特点而吸引了众多学者的关注，并且已经开发出一些新型的快速高效的含油废水处理装置。
Feng P B 和其合作者开发出一种高效节能浮选柱进行含油废水处理，其油分的去除率可以达到90%左右。
Gu Xuqing等人开发出一种新型多级环流式浮选柱可处理含油废水，其独特的流体环流模式极大的提高了油珠和气泡之间的接触几率，分离效果显著，5分钟，分离效率可以达到96%-97%。
Xiao K L等人用多级浮选柱处理含油废水，空气分散在装置的柱体托盘底部，含油废水在柱体的各个托盘中进行处理，除油率达94%。
含有乳化油的废水处理较为困难，为保证浮选效率，分离时要求气泡粒径小，并且在分离区域中形成安静的水力学环境。
分离区应当又长又窄这一概念引发了利用柱状体作为分离设备这一设计理念。
由此产生了一种叫做溶气浮选柱的新型设备，溶解空气在该装置的柱体分离系统中析出，以此来处理含油废水。
建筑类专业英语-给水排水环境与保护（第二册）第五章
建筑类专业英语-给水排水环境与保护（第二册）第五章第五单元 UNIT FIVETextCollection of Wastewater 废水收集In old cities，drainage ditches were constructed for the sole purpose of movingstormwater out of the cities．Eventually，these ditches were covered over and became whatwe now know as storm sewers．在古老城市．造排水沟的唯——目的不过是将雨水排出城外。
这些沟最终被加上盖板为我们今天所说的雨水管道。
[ 2] As water supplies developed and the use of the indoor water closet increased，theneed for transporting domestic wastewaters，called sanitary wastes。
became obvious．Thiswas accomplished in one of two ways：(1)discharge of the sanitary wastes into the stormwas accomplished in ODe of two ways： (1)discharge ot the sanitary wastes mto tne storm sewers，which then carried both sanitary wastes and storm—water，and were known asCombined sewers, and(2)construction of a new system of underground pipes tor removingthe wastewater，which became known as sanitary sewers．①随着供水事业的发展和室内卫生间使用的增多，对排故被称作生活污水的家庭污水的要求呼声口高。
水处理专业英语阅读1 Water Pollution and Pollutants
1 Water Pollution and PollutantsThe relationship between polluted water and disease was firmly established with the cholera epidemic of 1854 in London, England. Protection of public health, the original purpose of pollution control, continues to be the primary objective in many areas. However, preservation of water resources, protection of fishing areas, and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today. Water pollution problems intensified following World War II when dramatic increases in urban density and industrialization occurred. Concern over water pollution reached a peak in the mid-seventies.Water pollution is an imprecise term that reveals nothing about either the type of polluting material or its source. The way we deal with the waste problem depends upon whether the contaminants are oxygen demanding, algae promoting, infectious, toxic, or simply unsightly. Pollution of our water resources can occur directly from sewer outfalls or industrial discharges (point sources) or indirectly from air pollution or agricultural or urban runoff (nonpoint sources).Chemically pure water is a collection of H2O molecules—nothing else. Such a substance is not found in nature—not in wild streams or lakes, not in clouds or rain, not in falling snow, nor in the polar ice caps. Very pure water can be prepared in the laboratory but only with considerable difficulty. Water accepts and holds foreign matter.Municipal wastewater, also called sewage, is a complex mixture containing water (usually over 99 percent) together with organic and inorganic contaminants, both suspended and dissolved. The concentration of these contaminants is normally very low and is expressed in mg/L, that is, milligrams of contaminant per liter of the mixture. This is a weight-to-volume ratiodilute solutions.Microorganisms.Wherever there is suitable food, sufficient moisture, and an appropriate temperature, microorganisms will thrive. Sewage provides an ideal environment for a vast array of microbes, primarily bacteria, plus some viruses and protozoa. Most of these microorganisms in wastewater are harmless and can be employed in biological processes to convert organic matter to stable end products. However, sewage may also contain pathogens from the excreta of people with infectious diseases that can be transmitted by contaminated water. Waterborne bacterial diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis, viral diseases such as infectious hepatitis, and the protozoan-caused dysentery, while seldom a problem now in developed countries, are still a threat where properly treated water is not available for public use. Tests for the few pathogens that might be present are difficult and time consuming, and standard practice is to test for other more plentiful organiama that are always present (in the billions) in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans.Solids. The total solids (organic plus inorganic) in wastewater are, by definition, the residues after the liquid portion has been evaporated and the remainder dried to a constant weight at 103℃. Differentiation between dissolved solids and undissolved, that is, suspended, solids are accomplished by evaporating filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples. The difference in weight between the two dried samples indicates the suspended solids content. To further categorize the residues, they are held at 550℃for 15 minutes. The ash remaining is considered to represent inorganic solids and the loss of volatile matter to be a measure of the organic content Suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) are the most useful. SS and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) are used as measures of wastewater strength and processa measure of the active microbial population in biological processes.Inorganic constituents. The common inorganic constituents of wastewater include:1. Chlorides and sulphates. Normally present in water and in wastes from humans.2. Nitrogen and phosphorous . In their various forms (organic and inorganic) in wastes from humans, with additional phosphorous from detergents.3. Carbonates and bicarbonates. Normally present in water and wastes as calcium and magnesium salts.4. Toxic substances. Arsenic, cyanide, and heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ph, and Zn are toxic inorganics which may be found in industrial wastes.In addition to these chemical constituents, the concentration of dissolved gases, especially oxygen, and the hydrogen ion concentration expressed as pH are other parameters of interest in wastewater.Organic matter.Proteins and carbohydrate constitute 90 percent of the organic matter in domestic sewage. The sources of these biodegradable contaminants include excreta and urine from humans; food wastes from sinks; soil and dirt from bathing; washing, and laundering; plus various soaps, detergents, and other cleaning products.Various parameters are used as a measure of the organic strength of wastewater. One method is based on the amount of organic carbon (total organic carbon, or TOC) present in the waste. TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing it with the amount in a standard of known TOC.Most of the other common methods are based on the amount of oxygen required to convertoxidizable material present, it serves as a relative measure of wastewater strength. The two methods used most frequently to determine the oxygen requirements of wastewater are the COD and BOD tests. The COD. or chemical oxygen demand, of the wastewater is the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present; the BOD. or biochemical oxygen demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater.BOD is the most important parameter in water pollution control. It is used as a measure of organic pollution, as a basis for estimating the oxygen needed for biological processes, and as an indicator of process performance.The amount of organic matter in water or wastewater can be measured directly (as TOC, for example), hut this doesn’ t tell us whether the organic s are biodegradable or not. To measure the amount of biodegradable organics, we use an indirect method in which we measure the amount of oxygen used by a growing microbial population to convert (oxidize) organic matter to CO2 and H2O in a closed system. The oxygen consumed. or biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). is proportional to the organic matter converted, and therefore BOD is a relative measure of the biologically degradable organic matter present in the system. Because biological oxidation continues indefinitely, the test for ultimate BOD has been arbitrarily limited to 20 days, when perhaps 95 percent or more of the oxygen requirement has been met. Even this period, however, is too long to make measurement of BOD useful, so a five-day test, BOD5, carried out at 20℃, has become standard. The rate of the BOD reaction depends on the type of waste present and the temperature and is assumed to vary directly with the amount of organic matter (organic carbon) present.单词表如果我是山，就要站成一种尊严，让山花灿烂，山风拂面，让每一处角落都渗透梦语言，让我价值在太阳底下展现；如果我是水，就要流成一种磅礴，让小船远航，鱼儿欢畅，让每一股细流都一往无前，让我价值迎风吟唱。
给排水科学与工程专业英语版本教材
CONTENTSPart One Introduction ............................................................................................................. . (1)Unit 1 Hydrologic Cycle (1)Important Words and Expressions (3)Notes (4)Exercises (4)Reading Material A (6)Notes (8)Reading Material B (9)Notes (11)Unit 2 Water Legislation and Regulation (12)Importent Words and Expressions (14)Notes (15)Exercises (15)Reading Material A (17)Notes (19)Reading Material B (20)Notes (22)Unit 3 Analytical Technique and Methodology (24)Important Words and Expressions (26)Notes (27)Exercises (27)Reading Material A (29)Notes (31)Reading Material B (32)Notes (34)Part Two Water Supply and Sewerage System (35)Unit 4 Water Supply System (35)Important Words and Expressions (37)Notes (37)Exercises (38)Reading Material A (40)Notes (42)Reading Material B (43)Notes (45)Unit 5 Wastewater Collection and Sewerage System Design (46)Important Words and Expressions (49)Notes (50)Exercises (50)Reading Material A (52)Notes (55)Reading Material B (56)Notes (58)Unit 6 Stormwater Collection and Sewer Design (59)Important Words and Expressions (62)Notes (62)Exercises (62)Reading Material A (64)Notes (67)Reading Material B (68)Notes (71)Unit 7 Pumps and Pumping Stations (72)Important Words and Expressions (75)Notes (76)Exercises (76)Notes (80)Reading Material B (81)Notes (84)Part Three Physical-Chemical Treatment Process (85)Unit 8 Coagulation and Flocculation (85)Important Words and Expressions (88)Notes (89)Exercises (89)Reading Material A (91)Notes (94)Reading Material B (95)Notes (98)Unit 9 Sedimentation (99)Important Words and Expressions ................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
英语报刊阅读教程unit 7 Hydraulic and Hydropower Engineering
Scotland The University of Strathclyde
Before Reading
Scotland 苏格兰是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国下属的地区之 一，位于大不列颠岛屿北部，英格兰之北，以格子花纹， 风笛音乐，畜牧业与威士忌工业而闻名。虽然在外交、 军事、金融、宏观经济政策等事务上，苏格兰是受到位 于伦敦西敏寺的英国国会管辖，但是对于内部的立法、 行政管理上，拥有很大程度的自治空间，是联合王国内 规模仅次于英格兰的地区。2012年10月15日，英国首相签 署了苏格兰独立公投协议。根据协议，苏格兰将在2014年 秋季就其是否脱离英国独立举行公投。
Content Questions
3. According to Mr Salmond, what’s ResHydro’s decision? ResHydro’s decision is to invest in Scotland and work in partnership with one of the leading universities to further their research and development. 4. What does the “Scotland has hit the natural lottery twice” mean? The sentence means that Scotland abounds in oil and gas as well as green energy resources. 5. Please list some green energies. Open-ended.
Passage 1
US Tidal Firm Res Hydro to Invest in Scotland Before Reading
给排水专业英语汇总
U N I T1给水工程 water supply engineering 排水工程 sewage engineering市政工程 civil engineering市政工程师 civil engineer环境工程 environmental engineering 水文学 hydrology水力学 hydranlies水环境 natural aquatic environment 流域 watershed水体 waterbody地表水 surface water淡水 freshwater地下水 groundwater含水层 aquifer天然含水层 natural aquifer 地下含水层 underground aquifer水文循环 natural hydrologic cycle渗滤 infiltration降水 precipitation渗入 precolation蒸发 evaporation蒸腾 transpiration城市水文循环 urban hydrologic cycle水源 water source水资源 water resource取水 water withdrawal水处理 water treatment配水 water distribution用水 water use污水 sewage废水 wastewater废水收集 wastewater collection废水处理 wastewater disposal受纳水体 receiving waters污染 pollution pollute污染物 pollutant玷污、污染 contamination致污物 contaminant未污染 uncontaminated水污染 water pollution水污染控制 water pollution control水污染防治 water pollution prevention污水回用 wastewater reuseUNIT 2水短缺 water scarcity地表水资源 surface water resource管网 Pipe Network供水系统 water supply system市政配水系统 municipal distribution system建筑给水系统house water supply system 分区供水系统 dual distribution system 小区 micro district小社区 small community冷水供水系统 cold water supply system 热水供水系统 hot water supply system 消防系统 fire protection system喷淋系统fire protection sprinkler system自动水幕系统 automatic drencher system 半自动水幕系统semi automatic drencher system 消火栓 hydrant 排水系统 drainage system生活排水系统 sanitary system工业排水系统 industrial system雨水排水系统 stormwater system合流制 combined sewers分流制 separate sewers建筑排水系统 building drainage system卫生洁具 plumbing fixtures卫浴设备 bathroom fixtures输水系统 water transmission system漏水率 leakage rate配水系统 water distribution system环状管网 grid loopedsystem支状管网 branchingbranched system下水管道 sanitary sewer污水节流管intercepting中间截取sewer污水节流系统intercepting sewersystem污水节流井 sewage intercepting well支管collection 目的：收集sewercollector sewer生活污水 sanitary sewagedomestic sewagedomestic wastewater工业污水 industrial wastewater工业污水/液/物 industrial wastes农业用水agriculturalwastewater/wastes雨水 rainwater stormwater水位 waterlevel海拔、标高 elevation坡度 grade倾斜度 slope明渠 Open channel开挖 ex cava tion深度 excavation depth水力分析 hydraulic analysis水头 pressure head总水头 total headUnit 3水头损失 Head loss速度头动压头 Velocity head静压 Static head摩擦水头 Friction head水力坡度线 Hydranlic grade line 重力流 Gravity flow水塔 Water castle 贮水箱 Cistern泵站 Pump station给水泵站 Water pump station污水泵站 Sewage station提升泵站 Lift pumping plant增压泵 Booster pump离心泵 Centrifugal pump潜水泵 Submer sible pump潜水艇 Submerine深井泵 Well pump虹吸虹吸管 Siphon人孔 Manhole法兰 Flange阀门 Valve闸阀 Gate valve泵送系统 Pumping system流量 Flow rate流速 Fluid velocity层流 Laminar flow滞流粘性流 viscous flow过渡流 Transitional flow湍流 Turbulent flow紊流 Turbulence flow涡流 Eddying flow雷诺数 Teynolds number水质 Water guality水源 Water sources供水水源 Water supples原水 Raw water未处理水 Untreated water出水 Finished water原水水质 Raw-water quality水质标准 Water quality standards水质要求 Water quality requirements饮用水 Drink water\potable water自来水 Tap water纯水 Pure water饮用水标准 Drinking water standards饮用水一级标Primary drinking water standards最大允许浓度 Maxmum permissible levelsmaxmum allowable levels最大污染物浓度Maxmum contaminant levels主要污染物 Primary contaminants有机化合物 Organic chemicals合成有机化合物Synthetic organic chemicals 挥发性有机化合物Volatile organicohemicals无机化合物 Inorganic chemical微生物 Micro organisms\microbes微生物污染 Microbial contaminants病原微生物 Pathogenic micro organisms病原体 Pathogenic病毒 Pathogenic bacterin细菌 Bacteria大肠杆菌 Coliform bacteria病毒 Viruses藻类 Algae浊度 Turbidity放射性 Radionuclide感官性状 Esthetic qualities审美 Esthetic味 Taste嗅 Odo色 Colour变色 Discolouration变色 Discolor水质物理参数 Physical parameters of waterquality水的物理性质 Physical quality of water浊度值 Turbidity values浊度单位 Turdidity unit浑浊单位 Turdid嗅阈值 Threshold odor number化学性质 Chemical quality水质化学参数Chemical parameters of waterquality溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen DO溶解氧浓度 Do level溶解氧平衡 Do balance氧损 Oxygen depletion有机污染物 Organic pollutant生化需氧量 Biochemical oxygen demand BOD总氮 Total nitrogen TN总凯式氮 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN 悬浮固体 Suspended solids SS总悬浮固体 Total suspended solids TSS 溶解 Dissolved DS总溶解 Total dissolved TDSUnit 4溶解的铁和锰Dissolved iron and manganese硬度 Hardness 碱度 Alkalinity盐度 Salinity有害物质 Toxic and hazardous materials氰化物 Cyanides急性毒性 Acute toxity慢性毒性 Chronic toxity基因毒性 Genetic toxicity基因 Gene难降解有机化合物Refractory organicchemicals永久性有机污染物 Persistent organicpollutants致癌化学性 Carcinogenic chemicals三卤甲烷 Trihalo methanes卤素 Halogen甲基 Methyl氯仿 Trichloromethane三氯甲烷 Chloroform杀虫剂农药 Pesticide害虫 Pest杀虫剂 Insecticide除草剂 Herbicide杀菌剂 Germicide细菌 Germ防腐剂 Preservative保证 Preserve清洗剂 Cleaning agent洗涤剂 Detergent发泡剂 Foaming agent泡沫 Foam化肥 Fertilizer肥沃的 Fertile富营养化 Eutrophication营养的 Trophic营养水平 Trophic level生态位 NicheUnit 5原污水 Raw sewage原废水 Raw wastes处理水 Treated wastes回用水 Redaimed water水处理过程 Water processing 收集 Collect处置 Dispose处理方法 Treatment method 处理费用 Treatment costs处理单元 Treatment process 运行模式 Operational mode 间歇处理方式 Batch treatment approach均匀均化 Equalization均匀 Equalize调蓄水池 Equalization storage调节池 Equalization tank蓄水池 Storage tank降解 Degrade分解 Decompose分离 Separate隔离 Separation物理法 Physical process物理处理 Physical treatment物理处理过程 Physical treatment process一级处理 Primary treatment初步处理 Preliminary treatment格栅筛滤 Screening格栅 Screen格栅 Bar screen栅条 Bars钢栅条 Steel bars渣耙 Cleaning rakes圆形破碎机 Circular grinder破碎 Grind除砂 Degritting砂 Grit沙 Sand除砂 Grit removal沉砂池 Grit chamber沉淀 Settling沉淀池 Settling tank澄清池 Clarifier初澄清池 Primary clarifier初沉池 Primary settling tank一级出水 Primary effluent二级处理 Secondary treatment二级处理工艺Secondary treatment process生物处理 Biological treatment二澄清池 Secondary clarifier二沉池 Secondary settling tank最终澄清池 Final clarifier最终沉淀池 Final settling tank二级出水 Secondary effluent三级处理 Tertiary treatment深度处理 Advanced treatment废水消毒 Waste disinfection出流出水 Effluent flow允许浓度 Allowable levels 优异出水 High-quality polished effluent废水处理厂 Wastewater treatment plant污水处理厂 Sewage treatment plant二级处理厂 Secondary treatment plant城市污水处理Municipal wastewater treatment市政工程 Municipal engineering土木工程 Civil engineering城市污水处理厂Municipal wastewater treatmentplant污水处理能力 Sewage treatment capacity电容 Capacitance污水处理设施Municipal treatmentfacilities多反应器设施 Multi-reactor facility处理池 Treatment tank负荷 Load负荷 Loadings水力负荷 Hydrautic loading污染负荷 Pollutant load有机负荷 Organic load无机负荷 Inorganic load不含化肥、农药无机的 Unorganic周期性负荷 Periodicintermitlent loading第五部分：物化处理1．混凝 n. coagulation混凝过程 coagulation process化学混凝 chemical coagulation凝聚 n. aggregation絮凝 n. flocculationv. flocculate异向絮凝 perikinetic flocculation同向絮凝 orthokinetic flocculation 混凝剂 n. coagulant混凝剂投量 coagulant dosage烧杯实验 jar test最佳混凝剂投量optimum coagulant dosage助凝剂 coagulant aid助凝剂 flocculation aid聚电解质 n. polyelectrolytes快速混合 flash-mix ;rapid-mix快速混合器 flash mixer ;rapid mixer混合池 mixer tank快速混合池 flash-mix tank絮凝器 n. flocculator絮凝池 flocculation tank固体接触池 solids-contact tank澄清 n. clarificationv. clarify澄清池 n. clarifier高负荷澄清池 high rate clarifier澄清水 clarifying water2．沉淀 n. sedimentation沉降 n. sedimentation自由沉降 plain settling拥挤沉降 hindered settling重力沉降 gravity settling沉淀池 settling tank沉淀池;沉降池 sedimentation tank矩形沉淀池 rectangular settling tank圆形沉淀池 circular settling tank管式沉淀池 tube settler斜管沉淀池steeply inclined tubesettler板式沉淀池 parallel-plate settler板式沉淀池 plate separator气浮 n. floatation泡沫分离 foam separation溶气气浮 dissolved-air floatation气浮池 floatation tank表面撇渣装置 surface-skimming device撇去 v. skim浮渣 n. scum浮渣槽 scum trough刮泥机 sludge scraper排泥 sludge drawoffsludge withdrawal预沉淀 n. presedimentation预沉淀池 presedimentation basin 3．过滤 n. filtration滤池 n. filter慢滤池 slow filter快滤池 rapid filter高速负荷滤池 high rate filter 砂滤池 sand filter慢砂滤池 slow sand filter快砂滤池 rapid sand filter重力滤池 gravity filter压力滤池 pressure filter过滤介质;滤料 filter medium石英砂 silica sand无烟煤 n. anthracite硅藻土 diatomaceous earth煤—砂滤床 coal-sand beds多层滤料 multilayered media混合滤料 mixed media双层滤料滤池 dual media filter双层滤池 two-layer filter粗滤料 coarse media细滤料 fine media助滤剂 filter aid滤后水;滤出水 filtered water滤后水;滤池出水 filter effluent滤前水;滤池进水 filter influent浊度穿透 turbidity breakthrough过滤周期 filter cycle清洗周期 cleaning cycle刮砂法 scraping method表面刮砂 surface scraping反冲洗 backwashing水力反冲洗 hydraulic backwashing水力反冲洗 hydraulic backwash水力分级 hydraulic grading4．消毒 n. disinfectionv. disinfect消毒剂 n. disinfectantdisinfection agent杀菌剂 n. germicide消毒过程 disinfection process消毒副产物 disinfection by-products氯化 n. chlorinationv. chlorinate氯化水 chlorinated water预氯化 n. prechlorination氯化消毒副产物by-products of chlorination化学消毒剂 chemical disinfectants液氯 liquid chlorine ;liquefied chlorine氯胺 n. chloramines次氯酸盐 hypochlorites次氯酸钠 sodium hypochlorite二氧化氯 chlorine dioxide臭氧 n. ozone臭氧化;臭氧消毒 n. ozonation臭氧化 v. ozonate紫外线 UV ultraviolet radiation UV伽马射线 gamma radiation灭活 n. inactivationv. inactivate接触时间 contact time需氯量 chlorine demand加氯量;投氯量 chlorine dosage ;applied chlorine自由氯;游离氯 free chlorine ;free available chlorine化合氯 combined chlorine剩余保护 residual protection余氯 residual chlorine余氯量 chlorine residual自由余氯 free residual chlorine自由氯余量 free chlorine residual化合余氯 combined residual chlorine化合氯余量combined chlorineresiduals折点氯化法 breakpoint chlorination折点氯化曲线 breakpoint chlorinationcurve折点加氯量 breakpoint dosage氯折点 chlorine breakpoint压力钢瓶 pressured steel cylinder臭氧发生器 ozone generator需臭氧量 ozone demand剩余臭氧量 ozone residual剩余臭氧 residual ozone致病微生物;病源微生物pathogenic microorganisms病原体 n. pathogens致病细菌或病毒 pathogenic bacteriaor viruses细菌 n. bacteria大肠杆菌 coliform bacteria阿米巴氏菌 amoebic cysts孢子;芽孢 n. spores病毒 n. viruses藻类 n. algae原生动物 n. protozoa5．氧化 n. oxidation还原 n. reduction氧化剂 n. oxidant强氧化剂 strong oxidizing agent高级氧化法AOP advanced oxidation process高级氧化工艺AOP advanced oxidation process高级氧化过程AOP advanced oxidation process高级氧化技术 AOTadvanced oxidation technology6．吸附 n. adsorption活性炭 AC activated carbon粉末炭 PAC powdered activated carbon粒状炭 GAC granular activated carbon颗粒活性炭GAC granular activatedcarbon活性炭纤维 ACF activated carbon fiber再生 n. regenerationv. regenerate吸附剂 n. adsorbent吸附质 n. adsorbate吸附塔;吸附柱 adsorption column吸附床 adsorption bed空床接触时间 empty bed contact time吸附带 mass transfer zone快速小柱试验 rapid small scale columntest生物活性炭BAC biological activatedcarbon7．离子交换 n. ion exchange离子交换树脂 ion exchange resin离子交换器 ion exchanger离子交换柱 ion exchange column硬度 n. hardness除硬 hardness removal软化 n. softeningv. soften化学软化 chemical softening沉淀软化 precipitation softening除盐;脱盐 n. desaltinationv. desalt去矿化 n. demineralizationv. demineralize离子交换软化法ion exchange softening process离子交换除盐法 ion exchange desalting process复床 combined bed混合床 mixed bed8．膜分离 membrane separation微滤 n. microfiltration超滤 n. hyperfiltration纳滤 n. nanofiltration反渗透 reverse osmosis渗透 n. osmosis半透膜 semipermeable membrane电渗析 n. electrodialysis渗析 n. dialysis9．其它处理方法中和 n. neutralizationv. neutralize酸性废水 acidic wastes化学沉淀 chemical precipitation沉淀软化 precipitation softening电解 n. electrolysis电除盐 EDI n. electrodeionization吹脱、汽提法 n. stripping冷却 n. cooling冷却水 cooling water冷却塔 cooling tower第六部分生物处理生物反应器 n. bioreactor微生物 n.microorganismsn.microbes微生物种群 microbial population混合群落 mixed communities细菌 n. bacteria原生动物 n. protozoa真菌 n. fungi轮虫 n. rotifers生长 n. growth繁殖 n. reproduction世代时间 generation time生长速率 growth rates环境因子 environmental factors生态因子 ecological factors微生物生长动力学microbial growthkinetics1.迟滞期 lag phase2.对数生长期 exponential-growth phase3.减速生长期 decling growth phase稳定期 stationary phase4. 内源呼吸阶段 endogenous stage内源生长期 endogenous growth phase内源呼吸 endogenous respiration底物;基质 n. substrate底物基质利用 substrate utilization生物量 n. biomass生物反应 biological reaction生物氧化 biological oxidation生物降解 n. biodegradation生物降解性 n. biodegradability生物可降解的;可生物降解的 a. biodegradable不可生物降解的 a. nonbiodegradable 生物处理 biological treatment废水生物处理 biological wastewatertreatment废水生物处理系统biological wastewater treatment system污水生物处理系统 biological sewage treatment system生物处理法biological treatment process生物处理装置 biological treatment unit串联 in series悬浮生长处理法suspended-growth treatment processes生物固体 biological solids活性污泥 activated sludge附着生长处理法attached-growth treatment processes附着的微生物 attached microbes微生物附着生长attached microbial growth生物膜 n. biofilm代谢 n. metabolismv. metabolize稳定;稳定化 n. stabilizationv. stabilize生物代谢 biological metabolism微生物代谢 microbial metabolism好氧的 a. aerobic好氧菌 aerobic bacteria好氧微生物 aerobic microorganisms好氧氧化 aerobic oxidation厌氧的 a. anaerobic厌氧菌 anaerobic bacteria厌氧氧化 anaerobic oxidation兼性的 a. facultative兼性菌 facultative bacteria好氧环境 aerobic environment厌氧环境 anaerobic environment营养物 n. nutrients无机营养物 inorganic nutrients营养物去除 nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrient removal脱氮除磷nitrogen and phosphorus removal生物硝化 biological nitrification硝化菌 nitrifying bacteria 生物反硝化;生物脱氮biologicaldenitrification生物除磷biological phosphorusremoval1．活性污泥法 activated sludge process微生物n. microorganisms n.microbes细菌 n. bacteria生物絮体 biological floc微生物絮体 microbial floc活性污泥 activated sludge絮状活性污泥flocculate-bacterialsludge回流活性污泥RAS returned activatedsludge回流污泥 returned sludge回流污泥 recycled sludge剩余污泥 excess sludge废活性污泥 WAS waste activated sludge废污泥 waste sludge曝气池 aeration tank曝气池 aeration basin曝气池 aeration chamber完全混合曝气池completely mixedaeration basin活性污泥池 activated sludge tank曝气 n. aeration混合 n. mixing曝气系统 aeration system曝气器 n. aerator压缩空气 compressed air空气压缩机;空压机 air compressor鼓风机;风机 n. blower循环/切换 n. cycling/switchover扩散装置;扩散器 n. diffuser空气扩散装置;空气扩散器 air diffuser鼓泡空气扩散装置扩散器bubble air diffuser微气泡扩散装置扩散器fine-bubble diffuser扩散板 plate diffuser扩散管 tube diffuser扩散罩 dome diffuser微气泡扩散曝气 fine-bubble diffused aeration微气泡 fine-bubble大气泡 coarse-bubble静态混合器 static mixer机械曝气系统mechanical aerationsystems机械曝气 mechanical aeration表面曝气 surface aeration表面曝气器 surface aerator需氧量 oxygen demand供气量 air supply氧转移效率 oxygen tansfer efficiency可沉降固体 settleable solids挥发性固体 volatile solids非挥发性固体 nonvolatile solids挥发性悬浮固体VSS volatilesuspended solids混合液 mixed liquor混合液悬浮固体MLSS mixed liquorsuspended solids混合液挥发性悬浮固体MLVSS mixedliquor volatile suspended solids污泥沉降比 SV settling velocity污泥容积指数 SVI sludge volume index比耗氧速率SOUR specific oxygenuptake rate污泥龄 sludge age曝气池容积 aeration tank volume曝气时间 aeration period曝气时间 aeration time水力停留时间 HRT hydraulic residence time水力负荷 hydraulic loadingBOD负荷 BOD loading普通活性污泥法 conventional activatedsludge process传统活性污泥法 conventional activatedsludge process标准活性污泥法standard activated sludge process传统活性污泥厂 conventional activated sludge plant阶段曝气活性污泥step aeration activated sludge process分段 v. step进水负荷 influent load分段进水 step loading渐减 v. taper渐减曝气 tapered aeration接触稳定活性污泥法contact stabilization activated sludge process再曝气 n. reaeration曝气—沉淀—再曝气aeration-sedimentation-reaeration完全好氧处理法complete aerobic treatment process高负荷完全混合活性污泥法high-rate completely mixed activatedsludge process延时曝气活性污泥法extended aeration activated sludgeprocess延时曝气法 extended aeration process延时曝气 extended aeration氧化沟 oxidation ditch水平转刷 horizontal rotor转刷曝气 rotor aeration笼型转刷 caged rotor吸附—生物降解工艺 AB法adsorption-biodegradation process序批式活性污泥法SBR法sequencingbatch reactor SBR process、序批式活性污泥法SBR法sequentialbatch reactor SBR processSBR法 SBR process序批式反应器SBR sequencing batchreactor SBR序批式反应器SBR sequential batchreactor初沉 primary clarification曝气 n. aeration二沉 secondary clarification初沉池 primary clarifier二沉池 secondary clarifier泵送系统 pumping system活性污泥法 activated sludge process 变体 n. variantSBR运行周期 SBR cycle处理周期 process cycle进水阶段 fill phase进水阀 influent valve反应阶段 react phase沉淀阶段 settle phase清水;上清液 clear water上清液 n. supernatant排水阶段 draw phase滗水阶段 decant phase滗水装置 decant mechanism闲置阶段;待机阶段 idle phase营养物去除 nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrientremoval碳源 carbon source硝化 n. nitrificationv. nitrify硝化菌 nitrifying bacteria反硝化 n. denitrificationv. denitrify脱氮 n. denitrification生物反硝化;生物脱氮biological denitrification缺氧—好氧脱氮工艺 A/O法anoxic-oxic process厌氧—缺氧—好氧法A2/O法anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic processA-A-O法同步脱氮除磷工艺anaerobic-anoxic-aerobicprocess脱氮除磷nitrogen and phosphorusremoval厌氧氨氧化 ANAMMOXanaerobic ammoniumoxidation生物除磷 biological phosphorus removal膜生物反应器 MBRmembrane biological reactor2．生物膜法生物膜 n. biofilm生物膜反应器 biofilm reactor生物滤池 n. biofilter生物过滤 n. biofiltration旋转布水器 rotary sprinkler填料 n. packings塑料管状或蜂窝状填料 plastic tubular or honeycomb-shaped packings滴滤池 trickling filter普通生物滤池 trickling filter高负荷生物滤池 high-rate filter塔式生物滤池 tower biofilter曝气生物滤池 BAF biological aerated filter生物转盘法 biodisc process生物转盘rotating biological contactor生物转盘 n. biodisc塑料盘片 plastic discs轻质盘片 lightweight discs水平轴 horizontal shaft生物粘液 biological slime粘液层 slime layer生物流化床 biological fluidized bedbiological fluidised bed生物流化床反应器fluidized-bedbioreactor移动床生物膜反应器 MBBRmoving-bed biofilm reactor3．厌氧生物处理发酵 n. fermentationv. fermentate产酸细菌 n. acidogens产甲烷细菌 n. methanogens产酸阶段 acidogenic phase产甲烷阶段 methanogenic phase水解 n. hydrolysisv. hydrolysis产酸发酵 acidogenic fermentation产氢产乙酸 H2-producing acetogenesis产甲烷 methanogenesis产酸菌 acid formers产甲烷菌 methane formers ;methane-forming bacteria有机酸 organic acids挥发性脂肪酸 VFAs volatile fatty acids硫酸盐还原 sulfate reduction硫酸盐还原菌sulfate-reducingbacteria上流式厌氧污泥床 UASBupflow anaerobic sludge blanket上升流速 upflow velocity厌氧折流板反应器 ABRanaerobic baffled reactor两段或两级厌氧生物处理two-stage anaerobic biotreatment两相厌氧生物处理 two-phase anaerobic biotreatment产酸相 acidogenic phase产甲烷相 methanogenic phase消化 n. digestionv. digest消化池 n. digestor厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion污泥消化 sludge digestion厌氧消化池 anaerobic digestor厌氧接触法 anaerobic contact process 厌氧膨胀床反应器anaerobic expanded-bed reactor厌氧流化床反应器anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor厌氧生物转盘anaerobic rotating biologicalcontactor4．自然生物处理系统自然净化系统natural purificationsystem稳定塘 stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘 oxidation ponds土地处理系统 land treatment systems废水土地处理land treatment ofwastewater净化过程 purification process自然净化 natural purification污水塘 sewage lagoon稳定塘 stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘 oxidation ponds好氧塘 aerobic pond兼性塘 facultative pond好氧生化反应aerobic biochemicalreaction厌氧生化反应 anaerobic biochemicalreaction厌氧分解 anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解 decompose anaerobically好氧稳定 aerobic stabilization细菌 n. bacteria藻类 n. algae微型植物 microscopic plants出流;出水 effluent flow光合作用 n. photosynthesis厌氧塘 anaerobic pond曝气塘 aerated pond修饰塘 polishing pond熟化塘 maturation lagoon深度处理塘 advanced treatment pond三级处理塘 tertiary treatment pond土地处理工艺过程land treatment processes关键因素 critical factors土壤类型 soil type气候 n. climate土地处理系统 land treatment systems慢速土地处理系统slow rate land treatment system低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatment system三级处理水平tertiary treatmentlevel灌溉 n. irrigationv. irrigate土壤的天然过滤和吸附性质natural filtration and adsorptionproperties of soil投配的废水 applied wastewater垄—沟表面布水ridge-and-furrow surfacespreading喷洒布水系统;喷灌布水系统 sprinklersystems快速渗滤土地处理系统rapidinfiltration land treatment system渗滤—渗透土地处理infiltration-percolation land treatment快速渗滤 rapid infiltration快速渗滤法 rapid infiltration method过滤作用 filtering action吸附作用 adsorption action地表漫流土地处理系统overland flow land treatment system地表漫流 overland flow径流集水沟 runoff collection ditch物理、化学和生物过程physical ; chemical ; and biologicalprocesses湿地 n. wetland天然湿地 natural wetland人工湿地 constructed wetlandman-made wetland第七部分：污泥处理、处置与利用污泥 n. sludge生活污水污泥 sewage sludge污泥体积;污泥量 sludge volume原污泥;生污泥 raw sludge新鲜污泥;生污泥 fresh sludge消化污泥;熟污泥 digested sludge混合污泥 mixed sludge污泥处理 sludge treatment污泥处置 sludge disposal最终处置 ultimate disposal填埋 n. landfill污泥减量 sludge volume reduction污泥稳定化 sludge stabilization污泥浓缩 n. thickening污泥浓缩 sludge thickening稳定;稳定化 n. stabilizationv. stabilize稳定了的污泥 stabilized sludge调理调节 n. conditioningv. condition脱水 n. dewateringv. dewater干化 n. drying污泥干化场 sludge drying bed污泥干燥 heat drying干燥器 n. dryer污泥焚烧;污泥焚化 n. incineration焚烧炉;焚化炉 n. incinerator污泥浓缩 sludge thickening物理过程 physical process含水过多的污泥 watery sludge稀污泥 thin sludge处理装置 treatment unit浓缩池 n. thickener重力浓缩 gravity thickening重力浓缩池 gravity thickener圆形污水沉淀池circular sewage sedimentationtank刮泥机 sludge scraper搅拌作用 stirring action底流 n. underflow浓缩的底流 thickened underflow浓缩污泥 thickened sludge出水 n. effluent上清液 n. supernatant溢流 v. overflow堰 n. weir气浮浓缩 floatation thickening溶气气浮 dissolved-air floatation 气浮池 floatation tank入流污泥 influent sludge污泥絮体 sludge flocs撇去 v. skim漂浮污泥层 floating sludge layer 污泥消化 sludge digestion消化池 n. digester消化池装置 digester unit消化 n. digestionv. digest有机固体 organic solids生化分解 biochemical decomposition好氧消化 aerobic digestion好氧污泥消化aerobic sludgedigestion好氧消化过程aerobic digestionprocess活性污泥池 activated sludge tank预制的成套活性污泥处理系统prefabricated package activated sludgetreatment systems预制的接触稳定或prefabricated contactstabilization or延时曝气处理系统extended aeration treatmentsystemsBOD负荷 BOD loading细胞物质 cellular mass内源衰亡 endogenous decay厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion厌氧污泥消化anaerobic sludgedigestion有盖的圆形池 covered circular tank消化过程 digestion process厌氧消化过程anaerobic digestionprocess生化反应 biochemical reactions有机酸 organic acids挥发性脂肪酸VFAs volatile fattyacids甲烷气 methane gas末端产物 end product指示剂 n. indicator污泥消化池气体 sludge digester gas污泥沉淀 sludge settling污泥储存 sludge storage消化污泥 digested sludge充分消化的污泥 well-digested sludge消化池上清液 digester supernatant中温消化 mesophilic digestion高温消化 thermophilic degestion污泥脱水 sludge dewatering混合堆肥 co-composting污泥处理总成本overall sludge-handling costs第八部分：废水回用地表水资源 surface water resource地下水资源 groundwater resource水短缺 water scarcity回用 n. ; v. reuse废水回用 wastewater reuse直接回用 direct reuse直接废水回用direct wastewaterreuse间接回用 indirect reuse间接废水回用indirect wastewaterreuse出水处理 effluent treatment回用水 reclaimed water排放 n. ; v. discharge保留 n. retention循环 n. recyclingv. recycle部分处理 n. partial treatment最终用途 end use城市污水回用 municipal wastewaterreuse灌溉 n. irrigation景观灌溉 landscape irrigation地下水回灌 groundwater recharge市政回用 municipal reuse直接市政回用 direct municipal reuse深度处理;高级处理 advanced treatment分质供水系统dual-distributionsystem间接市政回用indirect municipalreuse供水系统;给水系统water supplysystem取水口 n. intake天然同化能力natural assimilative capacity人工回灌 artificial recharge深井注射 deep-well injection浅表布水 shallow surface spreading渗透 n. percolation工业回用 industrial reuse工艺废水;过程废水process wastewaters工艺补充水;过程补充水 plant process makeup water冷却塔水 cooling tower water选择性处理 optional treatment水费 water costs回用的城市污水reclaimed municipal wastewater工业过程 industrial processes冷却水 cooling water锅炉给水 boiler feedwater灌溉回用 irrigation reuse废水直接灌溉direct irrigation withwastewater低负荷土地处理系统low-rate landtreatment system间接灌溉回用indirect reuse forirrigation废水排放 wastewater discharge雨水回用 storm water reuse可回用水 reusable waterPart Ⅸ: 第九部分：投资成本;投资费用 capital costs建设成本;建设费用constructioncosts运行成本;运行费用 operating costs能耗成本 energy costs运行维护 operation and maintenance运行控制 operational control控制系统 control system仪表/控制系统instrumentation/control system自动控制系统;自控系统automatic control system。
给水排水专业英语课件(李田)8
During coagulation and softening the chemical reactions that take place in rapid mixing form precipitates. 2-1
Either aluminum hydroxide or iron hydroxide form during the case of coagulation , while calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide form during the case of softening. After forming the precipitates, it is necessary to bring them into contact with one another so that they can agglomerate and form larger particles, called flocs.
The mixing equipment consists of an electric motor, gear-type speed reducer, and either a turbine or axial flow impeller as shown in Fig. 2-4. 6-1
6-2
Clearly, if the chemical reactions in coagulating and softening a water are going to take place, the chemical must be mixed with the water.
In this section we will begin to look at the physical methods necessary to accomplish the chemical processes of coagulation and softening.
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Unit 7
Selection of Water Treatment processes
流域管理应该被认为是供水系统操作的一部分，它对于保护水源水水质是非常重要的。
紧随取水构筑物之后就是水处理程序。
在市政水处理中，目前的预处理工艺是筛选、预沉降或者沉砂、添加化学试剂和曝气。
筛选通常应用于地表水的预处理。
预沉降通常用于去除河水中的悬浮颗粒。
化学处理则使用于厂内凝结之前，大部分情况下用来提高预沉降的效果，对那些难以移除的物质进行预处理：例如嗅味化合物和颜料，并降低高浓度细菌的浓度。
常见的用来预沉降的化学试剂有聚合电解质和明矾。
在处理含有铁锰的井水水源水时，第一个步骤通常是曝气，并且它也是分离溶解性的气体例如：硫化氢和二氧化碳的一个标准的方法。
水厂中的处理工艺通常根据水源水和要求出水的水质来决定。
水处理化学试剂的更详细选择则决定于它们完成所需反应的效果和消耗。
例如：活性炭、氯、二氧化氯和高锰酸钾都能用来处理嗅味。
尽管过量氯化并不会很昂贵，但是会生成不希望的三卤甲烷；活性炭反而是最有效的化学药剂。
在地表水水处理厂中往往会提供两到三种嗅味去除化学药剂，这样操作员可以自由选择最有效、经济的化学药剂添加方法。
对于颜料的去除则并没有适合所有的水的固定处理手段。
在适当的预处理中使用明矾混凝，配和氧化剂或者活性炭，一般能达到满意的去除效果，另一方面，
一种更加昂贵的混凝剂可能会被证明是更加有效且可以降低所有的化学药剂的消耗。
也许在设计水处理工艺中最重要的是具有灵活性。
操作员应该具有改变某些化学药剂加药点的方法。
例如：加氯的投药管线通常设置成可满足预氯化、中氯化和后氯化的要求。
配备大量的化学药剂曲料器和储存槽，这样可以在处理过程中使用多种化学药剂。
水源水质的降低或者化学药剂价格的改变，可能会导致在混凝过程中，混凝和辅助化学药剂使用方式的改变。
对于地表水处理厂，预留场地以备建造附加的预处理设施是值得考虑的。
大坝的建造、渠道的提高、上游用水都可能改变河水的流动，人类控制和改变流域则会改变流域水质。
来自于市政和工业的污水处理以及农业地表径流的污染物浓度增加。
湖水会变得更加富营养化。
图2-2中描述的是一个具有铁锰去除和石灰软化处理工艺的水处理厂。
在设备安装之后，使水厂的容量得到提升，通过增加通风量使处理过程转化为只需要进行铁锰的去除，在曝气之后增加了氯料的投加，使用沉淀池作为停留槽。
目前这个水厂仅仅适合进行铁锰去除的曝气和加氯氧化并且进行消毒处理。
因为井水水源水质稳定的特点，水厂全年处理完成的水质都是极好的。
图2-3中是一个常见的、典型的建造于20世纪50年代的地表水水处理厂。
由于湖水水源开始变得更加地富营养化，增加了额外的用来处理嗅味的设备。
在水源水质很差的特别时期，操作
员可以使用活性炭、二氧化氯和辅助性的化学药剂来提高化学处理效果。
除了春秋季节的湖泊倒层期间嗅味难以完全去除以外，一年中的其余大部分时间处理完成的水质都是非常好的。
对于浑浊的、污染的但是又有高度地可利用水质的河流，应该使用更加复杂、灵活的水处理系统。
一般的方案包含用来沉砂的自然沉淀；沉淀之后则是混合，如有必要可以使用混凝剂；分流处理以实现部分软化和在絮凝澄清池中混凝；双层滤料的过滤；添加化学药剂以保证余氯；PH适宜，控制结垢。
根据水源水质的变化，水厂的操作时刻都会改变。
尽管如此，有些难以降解的无机的或者有机的物质通过复杂的处理系统以后仍然会被输送出去。
一个以河水作为水源的水处理厂应该具有深度处理的能力来阻止发生在污染紧急时刻任何短路的可能性。
江徐明。