Four More Cases of Bird Flu Detected in China

合集下载

英语二完形填空

(2010)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic__1__ by the World Health Organization in 41 years. The heightened alert ___2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising___3___in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere. But the epidemic is "__4__" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, __5__ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the __6___ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global__7__in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths__8___healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to __9___in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade__10__warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was __11__flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the__12___tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has__13__more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials__14___Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began__15__orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is __16__ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not__18__for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other __19__. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people __20___infants and healthy young people.1 [A]criticized [B]appointed [C]commented [D]designated2 [A]proceeded [B]activated [C]followed [D]prompted3 [A]digits [B]numbers [C]amounts [D]sums4 [A]moderate [B]normal [C]unusual [D]extreme5 [A]with [B]in [C]from [D]by6 [A]progress [B]absence [C]presence [D]favor7 [A]reality [B]phenomenon [C]concept [D]notice8 [A]over [B]for [C]among [D]to9 [A]stay up [B]crop up [C]fill up [D]cover up10 [A]as [B]if [C]unless [D]until11 [A]excessive [B]enormous [C]significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B]examples [C]patterns [D]samples13 [A]imparted [B]immerse [C]injected [D]infected14 [A]released [B]relayed [C]relieved [D]remained15 [A]placing [B]delivering [C]taking [D]giving16 [A]feasible [B]available [C]reliable [D]applicable17 [A]prevalent [B]principal [C]innovative [D]initial18 [A]presented [B]restricted [C]recommended [D]introduced19 [A]problems [B]issues [C]agonies [D]sufferings20 [A]involved in [B]caring for [C]concerned with [D]warding offThe Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has __11__across the Web.Can privacy be preserved __11__bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly __11__?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a __11__ to make the Web a safer place-a ―voluntary trusted identity‖ system that would be the high-tech__11__of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled __11__one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential __11__to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to __11__a federation of private online identity systems. User could __11__which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with o ne that would require an Internet driver’s license __11__ by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these ―single sign-on‖ systems that make it possible for users to __11__ just once but use many different services. __11__ .the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ n cyberspace, with safe ―neighborhoods‖ and bright ―streetlights‖ to establish a sense of a __11__ community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which ―individuals and organization s can complete online transactions with __11__ ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure __11__ which the transaction runs‖.Still, the administration’s plan has __11__ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would __11__ be a compulsory Internet ―drive’s license‖ mentality.The plan has also been greeted with__11__ by some computer security experts, who worry that th e ―voluntary ecosystem‖ envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet __11__ .They argue that all Internet users should be __11__ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2. A. for B. within C. while D. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D. over7. A. linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B .linger on C. set in D. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyond D. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. relevance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedMillions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1 in World WarⅡand the people they liberated, the GI. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name isn't much. GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 .Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka. Joe Magrac...a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.G.I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character. or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the ―Willie‖ cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B] served [C] rebelled [D] betrayed2.[A] actual [B] common [C] special [D] normal3.[A] bore [B] cased [C] removed [D] loaded4.[A] necessities [B] facilities [C] commodities [D] properties5.[A] and [B] nor [C] but [D] hence6.[A] for [B] into [C] form [D] against7.[A] meaning [B] implying [C] symbolizing [D] claiming8.[A] handed out [B] turn over [C] brought back [D] passed down9.[A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed10.[A] ever [B] never [C] either [D] neither11.[A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished12.[A] company [B] collection [C] community [D] colony13.[A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned14.[A] ethical [B] military [C] political [D] human15.[A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained16.[A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated [D] contradicted17.[A] neglected [B] avoided [C] emphasized [D] admired18.[A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments [D] advances19.[A] With [B] To [C] Among [D] Beyond20.[A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C] from the outset [D] at that pointGiven the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.__1__, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been__2__for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment ―would soon revolutionize the very__3__of money itself,‖ only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so__5__in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6__ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very__7__to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommuni8cations networks necessary to make electronic money the__8__form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they__9__receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to__10__. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of ―float‖—it takes several days__11__a check is cashed and fund s are__12__from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. __13__electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may__14__security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information__15__there. The fact that this is not an__16__occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and__17__from someone else’s accounts. The__18__of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to__19__security issues.A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic__20__that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. ［A］However ［B］Moreover ［C］Therefore ［D］Otherwise2. ［A］off ［B］back ［C］over ［D］around3. ［A］power ［B］concept ［C］history ［D］role4. ［A］reward ［B］resist ［C］resume ［D］reverse5. ［A］silent ［B］sudden ［C］slow ［D］steady6. ［A］for ［B］against ［C］with ［D］on7. ［A］imaginative ［B］expensive ［C］sensitive ［D］productive8. ［A］similar ［B］original ［C］temporary ［D］dominant9. ［A］collect ［B］provide ［C］copy ［D］print10. ［A］give up ［B］take over ［C］bring back ［D］pass down11. ［A］before ［B］after ［C］since ［D］when12. ［A］kept ［B］borrowed ［C］released ［D］withdrawn13. ［A］Unless ［B］Until ［C］Because ［D］Though14. ［A］hide ［B］express ［C］raise ［D］ease15. ［A］analyzed ［B］shared ［C］stored ［D］displayed16. ［A］unsafe ［B］unnatural ［C］uncommon ［D］unclear17. ［A］steal ［B］choose ［C］benefit ［D］return18. ［A］consideration［B］prevention ［C］manipulation ［D］justification19. ［A］cope with ［B］fight against ［C］adapt to ［D］call for20. ［A］chunk ［B］chip ［C］path ［D］trailThinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A]compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without2015 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at -- a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a __1__underground.It's a sad reality -- our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings -- because there's _2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, __3__into your phone. This universal armor sends the __4__: "Please don't approach me." What is it that makes us feel we need to hide __5__our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be __6__as "creepy,". We fear we'll be __7__ We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently __8__to us, so we are more likely to feel _9__whencommunicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we __10__to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more__11__."But once we rip off the bandaid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't __12__ so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a __13__. They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow _14_. "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to _ 15_ how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their_ 16_ would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they _17 _with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."_18 _ , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, _19 _human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that _20_ : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rare2016Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to ―less codified decision making process‖ and the possible presence of ―younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.‖ The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem toinvest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. ―It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,‖ said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out。

2010年考研英语二真题答案及解析

2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本文是一篇由六段文字构成的说明文，简要介绍了甲型H1N1流感在墨西哥地区的首次爆发和随后在全球蔓延传播的情况。

世界卫生组织对这场疾病做出了客观的评价。

在文章最后两个段落里重点讲述了美国在这场疾病中受感染及死亡病例的具体情况和美国联邦政府对此疾病采取的应对措施等。

试题解析The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June11,2009.It is the first worldwide epidemic__1__by the World Health Organization in41years.The heightened alert__2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,and rising__3__in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.【译文】猪流感疾病的爆发起初是在墨西哥发现的，在2009年6月11日，世界卫生组织宣称此次爆发的疾病是41年以来首次的全球性流行病。

随着澳大利亚的感染病例急剧增加，与此同时，英国、日本智利以及其他地区的感染数量也在增加，日内瓦的流感专家召开了紧急会议，会后，人民对此疾病提高了警惕。

1.[A]criticized批评，指责[B]appointed任命，指定[C]commented评论[D]designated指出，指明【答案】D【考点】词义辨析【直击答案】本空格所在句是It is the first worldwide epidemic__1__by the World Health Organization in41years。

2010年考研英语二真题答案及解析

世界卫生组织对这场疾病做出了客观的评价。

在文章最后两个段落里重点讲述了美国在这场疾病中受感染及死亡病例的具体情况和美国联邦政府对此疾病采取的应对措施等。

2020年高考英语外刊新闻时事命题语法填空：清肺排毒汤可用于90%以上的新冠状病毒

Ancient Chinese Medicine of Han Dynasty can cure new coronavirus 90% effective清肺排毒汤可用于90％以上的新冠状病毒There is no effective medicine for the new outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia（新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎）. According to Zhong Nanshan, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, “Some medicines have signs（迹象）, but the effect still needs to 1 (observe).” In addition, regarding Chinese medicine, Zhong Nanshan said that “it is helpful for mild patients to improve their symptoms.”In the process of treating new coronavirus pneumonia, in addition 2 modern medicine and drugs, 3 (attempt) have been made to treat traditional Chinese medicine in China.According to the announcement issued by the Chinese Medicine Administration, the emergency scientific research project 4 (organize) by the Bureau has made gradual progress. According to the clinical observations of the 4 provinces, the total 5 (effect) rate of Qingfei Paidu Decoction（清肺排毒汤）for the treatment of patients with pneumonitis （肺炎患者）infected by new coronavirus can reach 90%. the above.According to statistics, as of 00:00 on February 5th, the four pilot provinces have used Qingfei Paidu Decoction 6 (treat) 214 confirmed cases, with 3 days as a course oftreatment, of which more than 60% of patients have symptoms and imaging findings. The improvement was obvious, and 30% of patients had smooth symptoms without exacerbation （恶化）.According to experts, Qingfei Paidu Decoction is optimized by 7 (combine) classic prescriptions for treating exogenous（外源性）fever caused by cold evil in the “Treatment of Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases（发热性杂病）” by Zhang Zhongjing of 8 Han Dynasty.It can be used reasonably in the treatment of 9 (critical) ill patients in the treatment of patients with mild, common and severe pneumonia caused by new coronavirus infection. This prescription can also be used for patients with common cold and flu.10 , this prescription is a disease treatment prescription（处方）, and it is not recommended to be used as a preventive prescription.（节选自Task Boot）答案：1.be observed2.to3.attemptsanized5.effective6.to treatbining8.the9.critically10.but/however单词：outbreak /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ something unpleasant, such as violence or a disease, and it suddenlystarts to happen. (暴动、疾病等的) 爆发例句：The four-day festival ended a day early after an outbreak ofviolence involving hundreds of youths. 由于一起数百名年轻人参与的暴力事件的爆发，为期4天的庆祝活动提前1天结束。

Unit 9 Lesson 3 Epidemics Explained 高中英语北师大版

Epidemics
work together to fight epidemics
examples of epidemics
when epidemics started
when it ended
Post-reading
Work in groups and discuss the questions.
future? Why? 3 Who do you think the passage is written for? 4 What does the title mean to you? What does the writer want to convey in
the passage?
Post-reading
Name Bird Flu Epidemics in the Roman Empire The Black Death
The Spanish Flu
SARS
EVD
Period since 1997
500 — 550 CE 1330s 1918 — the end of World War I
2002 — 2003 2013-2016
more than 11310 death
Post-reading
Read and understand the content in the Skill Builder.
Developing Concepts Based on the Text Concepts are not always clearly defined in a text. You need to read and develop your understanding. • Read the text to get the general idea. • Identify all the information related to the concept, e.g. examples,

VOA英语：欧洲发现新禽流感病毒

★《⽆忧@考》英语听⼒频道为⼤家整理的VOA英语:欧洲发现新禽流感病毒。

更多阅读请查看本站频道。

New Bird Flu Strain Reaches EuropeJoe DeCapuaNovember 25,2014A new strain of bird flu – known as H5N8 – has been detected in Europe. The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) says it poses a serious threat to poultry there. African countries have been put on alert for possible cases.The FAO’s Ian Douglas says researchers have been monitoring the spread of H5N8.“We have been following this particular strain for quite some time. It’ been detected in Asia – in China, Japan and South Korea. It’s caused disease in poultry in those countries and has been detected in wild birds there. It’s related to the influenza strain that spread across the world in the mid-2000s, but it is a different virus.”\In this April 13, 2014 photo provided by Kumamoto Prefecture, local government workers in white protective overalls line up to be sprayed disinfectant in Taragicho, Kumamoto Prefecture, western Japan. The 112,000 chickens were ordered culled on Monday, April 14 after two chickens tested positive for a highly pathogenic avian influenza at a farm in the town. (APPhoto/Kumamoto Prefecture)Douglas is head of the FAO’s Crisis Management Center for Animal Health. He said, in Asia, the new bird flu strain led to the slaughter of poultry on farms where it was discovered, along with quarantines and some temporary restrictions on trade.“There’s much more work that’s done in the lead-up to that and, in part, this is involving better detection, better surveillance and good laboratory diagnostic techniques,” he said.H5N8 was also found in migratory birds and waterfowl in Asia. It’s now in at least three European countries.“It’s been reported in the last two or three weeks from Germany, the Netherlands and the U.K. And each of those countries as it’s affected a poultry unit has responded with their well planned and executed response techniques. And certainly they’re increasing their level of awareness and surveillance. In addition, we’ve heard that some wild bird surveillance has resulted in this virus being detected,” said Douglas.This strain of avian flu is said to pose a threat especially in countries along the Black Sea with limited resources and along East Atlantic migratory routes of wild birds.Douglas said the spread of H5N8 appears similar to what was seen in the mid 2000s with the H5N1 strain. So, countries outside of Europe are on alert.“Certainly, in those instances it did spread to some of the countries, for instance, in West Africa. The H5N1, with a great deal of work from all of the countries and agencies involved, has been limited now to many fewer countries than occurred initially. And we’ve not seen a reoccurrence of H5N1 in West Africa, for instance, since the initial spread some six years ago. But there’s every reason to be concerned that we could see a repeat of that pattern with this different strain,” he said.Avian flu viruses spread very quickly and there’s usually a very high mortality rate among poultry. Some fowl, like ducks, may carry the virus, but show no symptoms. However, they can spread the disease.Asked if H5N8 poses any threat to humans, the FAO official said, “There is no evidence with the limited experience of this virus that any humans have been infected. It’s believed that the nature of the virus is not well adapted to invade human cells. However, we’re conscious that other influenza viruses have made that cross and in some cases causing severe illness in humans. We very much take the advice of WHO on this point for the moment. Their statements are that they don’t see a human impact.”The Food and Agriculture Organization is working with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in tracking the new strain of avian flu. They urge countries and poultry farmers to increase – what’s called – bio-security, which is the protection of agricultural animals from infectious agents.。

小学上册第一次英语第二单元期末试卷

小学上册英语第二单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A neutral solution has a pH of _____.2.The table is ______ with food. (full)3.What is the main language spoken in the USA?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German4.The __________ (历史的声音) resonates with humanity.5.What do we call the invisible layer that surrounds the Earth?A. AtmosphereB. StratosphereC. HydrosphereD. LithosphereA6.The element with the atomic number is ______.7.The _____ (小鸟) builds a nest high in the branches.8.What is the name of the first president of the United States?A. Abraham LincolnB. George WashingtonC. Thomas JeffersonD. John AdamsB9.I have a _____ (卡片游戏) with my friends.10.We will have _____ (fun/work) at the park.11.What do we call a person who writes stories?A. AuthorB. DirectorC. ProducerD. Screenwriter12.Certain plants can ______ (支持) healing properties.13.My favorite hobby is ______ (绘画).14.What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis?A. YearB. MonthC. DayD. HourC Day15. A ____ is a playful pet that loves to be around children.16.In the garden, I planted _____ (多种) vegetables like carrots and tomatoes.17.The process of evaporation can lead to __________ of solutions.18.How many hours are in a day?A. 12B. 24C. 36D. 48B19.What is the name of the famous fictional detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Philip MarloweC. Sherlock HolmesD. Sam Spade20.She has two ___ and one brother. (sisters, sister, brother)21.My dad helps me with my ____ (projects) for school.22.We have a ______ (学校) trip next week.23.I enjoy visiting the __________ with my family. (水族馆)24.My ______ studies plants and animals.25.I can’t wait to show my friends my __________ (玩具名).26.Which planet is known for its beautiful rings?A. JupiterB. UranusC. SaturnD. NeptuneC27.What do we call the process of converting a liquid into a solid?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporationD. CondensationB28.The country known for kangaroos is __________.29.The ______ teaches us how to be safe.30.The artist showcases her work at _____ (展览).31.I have a ______ of marbles. (bag)32.I enjoy ___ (photography).33.What is the capital of Mexico?A. CancunB. GuadalajaraC. Mexico CityD. Tijuana34.Which bird is known for its colorful feathers?A. SparrowB. EagleC. PeacockD. PigeonC35. A substance that decreases the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(n) _______.36.What do you call a large body of water?A. LakeB. RiverC. OceanD. PondC37.They are watching _____ (电影).38.My dad loves to share his __________ (经验) in life.39.My mom has a green thumb and loves ____ (plants).40.The study of the Earth’s magnetic properties is known as ______.41.What is the name of the famous ancient civilization that built the Great Wall?A. RomansB. GreeksC. ChineseD. EgyptiansC42.I enjoy visiting the ______ (水族馆) to see colorful fish and marine life.43.What is the capital of the Republic of the Congo?A. BrazzavilleB. Pointe-NoireC. DolisieD. NkayiA44.What do you drink in the morning?A. JuiceB. SandC. GrassD. StoneA45.We will go _____ camping next month. (for)46.What is the capital of Belgium?A. BrusselsB. AntwerpC. BrugesD. Ghent47.The __________ (印刷术) was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century.48.What is the primary color that, when mixed with blue, creates green?A. YellowB. RedC. OrangeD. PurpleA49.ts can be ______, meaning they can grow back after being cut. (有些植物是多年生的，意味着它们在被割后可以重新生长。

小学上册第九次英语第六单元测验试卷(有答案)

小学上册英语第六单元测验试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A ____ is a gentle giant that enjoys eating plants.2.My dad enjoys cooking on the ____.3.The _______ (小熊) loves to play in the forest.4.The ________ blooms in spring.5.What is the largest mammal on Earth?A. ElephantB. WhaleC. GiraffeD. Hippo答案:B.Whale6.My sister enjoys learning about ____ (science).7.What is the name of the famous bear in "Winnie the Pooh"?A. PaddingtonB. Yogi BearC. WinnieD. Baloo答案:C8.My favorite activity is ______ (钓鱼).9.I see a ___ (plane/car) in the sky.10.Lucy is a ______. She sings very well.11.The meerkat stands guard while others ________________ (觅食).12.I like to watch ______ (cartoons) on weekends.13.Plants are essential for ______ (生存).14.The chemical formula for lutetium oxide is _____.15.The capital city of Vietnam is __________.16.What is the common name for a feline pet?A. DogB. CatC. RabbitD. Guinea Pig答案: B17.The _____ (strawberry) is sweet.18. A ______ can jump very high.19.Certain plants have ______ (特殊的) adaptations for survival.20.She has a _______ (new) bike.21.The armadillo curls up into a _______ for safety.22.What is the name of the sweet food made from sugar and eggs?A. MeringueB. CandyC. CakeD. Pie答案: A23.We need to water the _____ (植物) every day.24.The ancient Egyptians practiced ________ as a form of religion.25.can Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ________. The Anci26.My sister has a knack for ____ (writing).27.What is the main function of roots in a plant?A. To produce flowersB. To absorb waterC. To make foodD. To support the stem答案: B28.The chemical symbol for copper is ______.29.The _____ (野兔) is very fast and hard to catch.30.Heat rises because it is _______ than cold air.31.The ______ (老虎) is known for its beautiful fur patterns.32.The chameleon can change its ________________ (颜色).33.I need to _____ (buy/sell) groceries.34.We are going to ______ (camp) in the woods.35.What is 10 + 10?A. 15B. 20C. 25D. 30答案: B36.The dog is _______ (running) after the ball.37.The __________ (历史的身份认同) shapes group dynamics.38.The Great Pyramid of Giza was built for Pharaoh ________.39.What do we call the main character in a story?A. AntagonistB. ProtagonistC. Supporting CharacterD. Minor Character答案:B40.The chemical formula for ferric oxide is ______.41.What is the capital of New Zealand?A. WellingtonB. AucklandC. ChristchurchD. Hamilton答案: A42.I have a _____ (class/lesson) in the afternoon.43.The capital of Finland is _____.44.The librarian, ______ (图书管理员), helps us find books.45. A __________ (分子结构) determines the properties of a substance.46.Plants can be classified as _____ (一年生) or perennial.47.I enjoy creating new memories with my toy ________ (玩具名称).48.What is the name of the structure that protects your foot?A. ShoeB. SockC. SandalD. Boot答案: A49.What do we call the study of the Earth's atmosphere?A. MeteorologyB. GeographyC. ClimatologyD. Astronomy答案:A. Meteorology50.My brother is older than _______ (我哥哥比_______大).51.What is the smallest unit of life?A. CellB. TissueC. OrganD. Organism答案: A52.I love to watch ________ (科幻电影) in the theater.53.I like to fly ______ (kites) in the park.54.The ______ creates beautiful art.55.The city of Tbilisi is the capital of _______.56.My brother has a ______ (小马). He takes care of it every ______ (天).57.The ______ (水果园) is full of apples.58.The chemical formula for iron(III) chloride is __________.59.My dad works _____ (hard/easy) every day.60.My sister is __________ (迷人的).61. A __________ is formed by the accumulation of sediments over time.62.We can build a _________ (城堡) with these _________ (积木).63.She is _______ (taking) a picture of the sunset.64.Which of these is a dessert?A. SoupB. SaladC. Ice CreamD. Rice答案: C65.I have a _____ of shoes at home. (pair)66.The _____ (quinoa) is a superfood plant.67.The ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife called ________.68.I want to ___ a firefighter. (become)69.The _____ (兔子) has long ears and a fluffy tail.70.I like to ___ (help) with chores.71. A saturated solution cannot dissolve any more _____ at a given temperature.72. A ladybug has ______ spots.73.What is the main ingredient in salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. FruitD. Grains答案:B74.What is the chemical symbol for iron?A. IrB. FeC. ID. Au答案:B.Fe75.The ________ (sunset) is beautiful.76.What do you call a person who repairs cars?A. ElectricianB. MechanicC. PlumberD. Carpenter答案: B77.I can ______ (用) my imagination to create stories.78.The _____ (猴子) hangs from branches and plays.79.The _____ is full of many different planets.80.What do you call a place where you can borrow books?A. LibraryB. SchoolC. MuseumD. Park答案: A81.The ______ (植物观察) teaches us about growth.82. A lunar eclipse can only occur during a ______ Moon.83.The dog barks at the _______ (狗对_______叫).84.My grandma loves to share her __________ (故事) with us.85.This boy, ______ (这个男孩), enjoys learning about space.86.In summer, the days are ______ (更长).87.The Earth's tilt causes the ______.88.I have a ______ named Max. (dog)89.I enjoy _____ (reading/writing) stories.90.The __________ (艺术作品) reflects the beauty of nature.91.They are _____ a song together. (singing)92. A _______ is a reaction that occurs when an acid reacts with a base.93.In winter, I love to drink __________. (热可可)94.The symbol for manganese is _____.95.I love my _____ (毛绒玩具).96.I see a ___ in the garden. (flower)97.What do we call a large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. RiverC. OceanD. Pond答案: C98.The ______ (小鸟) flies south for the ______ (冬天) to find warmer weather.99.The chemical formula for cyclohexane is _____.100.The _______ (小龙虾) has pincers to defend itself.。

禽类肾脏疾病

Avian renal disease:pathogenesis,diagnosis,and therapyMichael Lierz,Dr Med VetInstitute for Poultry Medicine,Free University of Berlin,Koserstrasse 21,14195Berlin,GermanyAnatomy and physiologyThe following anatomic and physiologic sections are based on a review of the works of Skadhauge,Siller,Waibl and Sinowatz,Braun,Goldstein and Skadhauge,and Carretero et al [1–7].The kidney excretes nitrogenous waste products,and is central to body water and solute homeostasis.During embryonic development of the bird within the shelled egg,nitrogenous waste products accumulate and cannot be voided.Insoluble uric acid is the main byproduct,rather than urea.Diﬀerent renal anatomy and physiology lead to diﬀerent renal diseases in birds compared to mammals.In birds,the left and right kidneys are positioned on either side of the ver-tebral column,and are in contact with the pelvis and synsacrum dorsally.Each kidney is divided into three divisions and each section contains several functional lobes.Each lobe is divided into lobules and each lobule has a cor-tex and a medulla.A lobe is deﬁned as a group of lobules draining through their medullary cones into the same secondary branch of the ureter.Blood vessels and collecting tubules are located between the lobules.In the center of each lobule an intralobular vein collects blood from the peritubular plexus.Intralobular arteries branch from the renal arteries to supply the glo-meruli.Eﬀerent glomerular arterioles join branches of the interlobular vein (renal portal blood)and form the peritubular plexi.The kidneys have aﬀerent arterial and aﬀerent venous blood supplies.The arterial supply of the cranial division of the kidneys is from a branch of the aorta.Branches of the ischiatic arteries supply the middle and caudal divi-sions.Arterioles form the capillary tufts of the glomeruli,which are respon-sible for the ultraﬁltration of blood.E-mail address:lierz@zedat.fu-berlin.de (M.Lierz).1094-9194/03/$-see front matter Ó2003,Elsevier Science (USA).All rights reserved.PII:S 1094-9194(02)00029-4Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–55A renal portal system with aﬀerent venous blood is important in birds but does not exist in mammals.The external and internal iliac veins and the ischiatic and caudal mesenteric veins collect venous blood from the capillary system of the limb,tail,pelvis,and caudal part of intestine and spine.These vessels combine to form the caudal portal vein.The cranial portal vein (a branch of the external ischiatic vein)and caudal portal vein form a venous ring located ventral to the kidney.The common iliac vein carries venous blood to the caudal vena cava.A renal portal valve is located within the common iliac vein to regulate venous blood ﬂow through the kidney.When the valve is closed,most of the venous blood from the capillary system is directed through the kidney.This happens when the bird is at rest.When the valve opens venous blood is directed into the caudal vena cava,bypassing the kidney (Fig.1).Blood from the venous ring can still bypass the kidney by ﬂowing into the caudal mesenteric vein or internal vertebral venous sinus.Right and left renal portal valves can operate independently.Valvular smooth muscle has sympathetic and parasympathetic enervation.Adrener-gic stimulation causes relaxation of the valve muscles while cholinergic causes contraction.The smooth muscle of the renal portal vein contracts under adrenergic stimulation.These autonomic responses govern ﬂow of renal portal blood.Under sympathetic stimulation the valve is open and blood bypasses the kidney.Parasympathetic stimulation increases valve resistance and blood enters the renal portal system.Aﬀerent venous blood enters the peritubular capillary network to mix with eﬀerent glomerular arteriolar blood.Intralobular veins converge to form the caudal and cranial renal veins proximal to the renal portalvalves Fig.1.Schematic drawing of the avian renal blood supply.The renal portal valve within the common iliac vein regulates the amount of blood shunted into the caudal caval vein.(Courtesy of T.Hoﬀman,modiﬁcation of Rickert-Mueller CR.Das Blutgefa ¨sssystem der Niere des Haushuhns (Gallus dom .).Veterinary Thesis,Giessen,Germany;1968.)30M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–55in the common iliac vein.The peritubular capillaries reabsorb large amounts of solute and water from the renal tubules.Birds have two types of nephron.Cortical (reptilian type)nephrons are most common (up to 90%)and are located in the lobule cortex.Their glo-meruli are smaller,and they do not possess the loop of Henle.Medullary (mammalian type)nephrons have long loops of Henle reaching far into the medulla.Bundles of collecting ducts form the rest of the medulla.All lobules in the same lobe drain into the same secondary branch of the ureter,which then joins a primary ureteral branch.All branches of the ureter are lined with mucous-secreting epithelium,and urates are excreted as a colloidal sus-pension.About 65%of uric acid is chemically bound to proteins.Urate pre-cipitates must remain in this supersaturated suspension.Water is needed to ﬂush the suspension through renal tubules.Smooth muscle ﬁbres coordinate ureteral peristaltic motion to move urates towards the cloacal urodeum.Birds have no urinary bladder.Within the mammalian kidney urea concentration (creating hypertonic-ity)within the medulla is the key factor enabling concentration of urine.As urea is not an important product of avian metabolism and loops of Henle are absent in 90%of avian nephrons,the capacity of the avian kidney to concentrate urine is less than mammals.Water is conserved by resorption within the coprodeum and rectumSolutes can be secreted into the renal tubules,adding to the glomerular ultraﬁltrate.Uric acid is mainly excreted through this mechanism,and is independent of both ultraﬁltration and tubular urine ﬂow.Plasma urate concentration remains normal even if the bird is dehydrated and the renal tubules are full of urate crystals [8–10].Urates are still excreted into the tubules but cannot be ﬂushed through the kidneys due to lack of ureteral water ﬂow (Fig.2).Early and aggressive ﬂuid therapy is needed to reverse the pathologic changes.By contrast,urea is excreted by glomerular ﬁltra-tion.A dehydrated bird may reabsorb up to 99%of tubular water [11].Reduced ultraﬁltration following low blood pressure can reduce urea excre-tion.In addition,tubular reabsorption increases during dehydration,as urine ﬂow through the tubules is slow and plasma urea concentration increases [10].The kidneys also regulate potassium and sodium levels.Potassium can be actively reabsorbed or secreted in the distal tubule.Some species,for exam-ple,gloucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens ),have salt glands to aid water and electrolyte homeostasis.Calcium is largely reabsorbed while phosphate is mostly excreted.Calcium reabsorption and phosphate secretion is regu-lated by parathyroid hormone,calcitonin,and vitamin D 3[9].Lumbar and sacral nerve plexi are located between the diﬀerent kidney divisions (Fig.3).The femoral,obturator,and ischiatic nerves have their origins within these plexi.Kidney diseases that cause renomegaly (eg,swell-ing or neoplasia)might lead to pressure on these nerves resulting in lame-ness or leg paralysis (Fig.4)[12].31M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–55Fig.2.Endoscopic view of a ﬁlled ureter in a sparrow hawk (a)(Accipiter nisus ).This is a common ﬁnding in free-ranging birds found in a dehydrated and debilitated state.Oviduct(b).Fig.3.Schematic view of the nerve plexus located between the three kidney divisions.Swellings or neoplasias of the kidney can increase the pressure on the nerves,leading to limb paralysis (T.Hoﬀmann,modiﬁed from Harcourt-Brown,2000)[46].32M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–55DiagnosisDiagnosis of renal disorders is diﬃcult as pathognomonic signs are rare.In addition,renal disorders are often seen in conjunction with other dis-eases.Some diagnostic tests can provide immediate indication of renal dys-function.In most cases more than one diagnostic test is necessary to conﬁrm a renal disorder and make a deﬁnitive diagnosis.Plasma chemistryThe use of plasma chemical parameters to diagnose renal disorders is lim-ited.Reference values are missing or inadequate for most avian species.Reference ranges have been produced for some species,but small numbers of birds have been used and these may have been kept under diﬀerent con-ditions to the patient.A single parameter falling outside the reference range has limited diagnostic use,and several reasons could explain an aberrant value.Consistent and repeatable abnormal results for several parameters produces a clearer picture and may help direct further investigation such as radiology,endoscopy,and biopsy.Uric acid and ureaUric acid and urea values can be assessed,but normal physiologic varia-tions have to be considered.Postprandial values rise in healthy raptors with peaks up to 8hours after feeding [13].Therefore in raptors a 24-hour fasting period prior to blood sampling is recommended for assessment of renal function.In addition,pathologic increases in uric acid can only be detected if 70%or more of kidney function is lost making this parameter uselessfor Fig.4.Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus )with leg paralysis due to a renal neoplasia.33M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–5534M.Lierz/Vet Clin Exot Anim6(2003)29–55early detection[12].Urea can be used to detect dehydration but not to con-ﬁrm renal dysfunction.The ratio of plasma urea and uric acid can be used to diﬀerentiate prere-nal and renal causes of azotemia[10].Prerenal azotemia with elevated urea levels produces a high urea:uric acid ratio.The ratio is calculated:plasma urea concentration[mmol/L]Â1000:plasma uric acid concentration[l mol/ L].In peregrine falcons(Falco peregrinus)the ratio is>6.5[10].Such normal ratios must be established for each species.Renal failure is likely when uric acid concentration is above the species reference range in a fasted individual. Severe tissue damage could lead to an increased uric acid concentration fol-lowing release of nucleic acids[14].CreatinineCreatinine has limited diagnostic value.In birds,creatine is mostly excreted in urine before it is converted to creatinine so levels of plasma crea-tinine are low[15].Creatinine is excreted by glomerularﬁltration and reab-sorbed in the tubules.Both mechanisms keep the plasma concentration constant,and postprandial elevations have not been observed[13].Greater amounts of creatinine are released in cases of severe muscle damage,but excretion appears to remain constant resulting in an elevated plasma concen-tration[14].Reduction of glomerularﬁltration can also lead to an increased creatinine concentration[16].In theory,if the glomerularﬁltration rate is pre-served but tubules are damaged,plasma creatinine concentration will fall. PotassiumHyperkalemia can be seen in acute renal failure,and can cause severe electrocardiographic changes including cardiac arrest.Sample handling can inﬂuence the potassium result,and cells should be separated from the plas-ma within1minute of collection[17].SodiumHypernatremia is seen after an increased sodium intake or during dehy-dration.In renal disease sodium loss can be high and uncompensated. Hyponatremia can be an indicator of renal failure[9].Diarrhea can also lead to signiﬁcant sodium losses[18].CalciumCalcium is reabsorbed after glomerularﬁltration.In renal failure calcium losses are high,resulting in hypocalcemia.Nutritional and alimentary disor-ders should also be considered.Hypocalcemia can cause tetany.Interpreta-tion of total and ionized blood calcium should only be done in conjunction with albumin concentration.Hypoalbuminemia reduces the quantity ofbound calcium and decreases total calcium concentration,although the level of biologically active ionized calcium may be normal [19].PhosphorusReduced glomerular ﬁltration rates can lead to high plasma con-centrations of inorganic phosphorus [18,20].Decreased phosphorus lev-els may reﬂect an alimentary problem such as hypovitaminosis D 3or malabsorption.UrinalysisIn contrast to plasma chemistry,urinalysis can be very valuable in diag-nosing avian renal disorders.Although plasma chemistry changes occur later in the course of renal disease,urinary changes can give an earlier indication.For diagnostic purposes a quality urine sample should be nearly free of urates.Obtaining such a sample can be diﬃcult in normal birds,but many with renal disease are polyuric,and collection of urate-free samples is possible.Nonabsorptive paper or plastic substrate allows collection of voided urine from the bird cage ﬂoor.A trained bird of prey may provide a stool sample when the hood is removed or food oﬀered.Urine can be col-lected with the aid of a Petri dish.Birds in a veterinary practice are usually stressed.Stress polyuria can cause urine to be voided before retrograde entry to the intestine where absorption of water and electrolytes occurs [9].The sediment of collected urine samples should ﬁrst be examined by microscopy.High amounts of urate will reduce the diagnostic value considerably.The presence of urinary casts is a sign of renal disease.In nonpolyuric patients an intravenous infusion can increase the urine fraction but will dilute the urine components and may reduce diagnostic value.Abnormal results may suggest a diagnosis,but normal ﬁndings do not exclude nephropathy.Halsema et al [21]describes a method of cloacal cannulation to collect urine and gives reference values for pigeon urine.Unfortunately,these values are not established for other bird species.The cloaca is cleaned of feces before the cannula is introduced.It remains for at least 20minutes until enough urine is collected.A perfect urine sample can be obtained,but the long time involved in this method (up to 200minutes)can make it unsuitable for sick or weak birds.The urine sample is routinely examined for color,clarity,osmolality,pH,hemoglobin,glucose,and protein.In addition Gram stain and cytology can be helpful.ColorUrine is usually white or pale yellow.Dark yellow urine may occur fol-lowing the use of Vitamin B-complex.Blue discoloration is rare,but might occur if certain berries are fed.Chronic hepatitis might cause a yellow,35M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–5536M.Lierz/Vet Clin Exot Anim6(2003)29–55sulphur-colored urine while a light green color occurs in liver diseases due to biliverdinuria,and is often associated with late stage of systemic aspergillo-sis.Hematuria is only visible when0.1%of the urine contains blood[9]. Chemical test sticks(MultistixÒ,Bayer Diagnostics,511Benedict Ave,Tar-rytown,NY)show positive reactions with blood concentrations of0.001–0.002%in the urine and,along with microscopy,provide a sensitive method of blood detection.Blood within the urine is not necessarily a result of kid-ney damage.Blood from the cloaca,genital tract or the caudal intestine can mix with urine.In carnivorous birds with short digestion times,especially if starved or stressed,stick reactions can be positive as still undigested hemo-globin is present[10].Sticks can detect hemoglobinuria,which suggests erythrolysis.High amounts of plasma hemoglobin result in excretion of hemoglobin by the kidney.Myoglobinuria also causes positive reactions,and can only be distin-guished from hemoglubinuria by spectrophotometry[9].It is rarely seen but reported inﬂamingos(Phoenicopterus spp.)and ostriches(Struthio spp.)fol-lowing rhabdomyolysis.Rosskopf et al[22]reported a red urine color in lead-poisoned amazons,probably caused by porphyrinuria rather than hemoglobinuria.OsmolalityBird urine has low osmolility.High values are common only in birds ad-apted to desert areas with maximum values between500–1000mOsmol[23]. Urine collected by cannula has a lower osmolality compared to excreted samples following water reabsorption in the intestine[5].Urine osmolality provides a direct value for the ability of the patient’s kidneys to con-centrate urine.In polyuric birds the osmolality should be low.Alberts et al [24]developed a test for diﬀerentiation of polyuric disorders in racing pigeons.The study suggested an osmolality of450mOsmol/kg as the normal concentration capacity.After24hours of water deprivation the osmolality increases in both healthy pigeons and polyuric pigeons without kidney fail-ure.It is thought that this can be applied to other avian species.Uric acid,pH,and ammoniaUric acid concentration should be measured in supernatants,as the sedi-ments have much higher concentrations.Calcium,sodium,potassium,and magnesium values are of limited diagnostic value but might be helpful if found in high concentrations,suggesting renal dysfunction or excessive rge quantities of cations are trapped within uric acid suspension [25].This varies from3–75%for sodium,8–84%for potassium,and17–32%for calcium and magnesium.Urine ammonia concentration is not inﬂuenced by dietary protein intake but increases in dehydrated birds[9,26].ProteinProtein concentrations up to 2g/L are considered normal.Detection of proteinuria is diﬃcult,as urine sticks are often too insensitive.Experience with particular stick types will be helpful.As an alternative the Ponceau S-method can be used for more accurate evaluation [27].Proteinuria is a sign of increased glomerular permeability,and is often associated with glomerulonephritis.GlucoseGlucose urine concentrations are normally low,and cannot be detected with urine sticks.Glucosuria is diagnosed if sticks react positively.Polyuria,polydipsia,and glucosuria are signs of diabetes mellitus,but only if the plas-ma glucose concentration is also elevated.Repeated tests are necessary,as stress can also cause high urine glucose concentrations.Pancreatitis is a cause of glucosuria [16].Urine enzymesKidney tissue contains Lactate-Dehydrogenase,Glutamate-Dehydrogen-ase,Aspartate-Aminotransferase,Alanine-Aminotransferase,Creatine Kin-ase,and Alkaline Phosphatase.It is known that released enzymes from kidney cells are excreted with urine and do not enter the circulation [10].High concentrations of these enzymes signify renal damage,but reference limits are not established.Microscopic examination of urinary sedimentMost important in the diagnosis of early renal diseases is the microscopic demonstration of urinary casts and cells.Cellular casts might contain blood cells,bacteria,fungi,or tissue cells.Cast bacteria signify kidney infection.Bacteria found outside the casts are likely contaminants,and microbiologic examination of urine is not useful [9].Rosskopf demonstrated yellow-orange material without cellular elements,suggesting hemoglobin casts [4].Granular casts are composed of degraded cellular components.Rosskopf[4]described the transition of granular and cellular casts to hemoglobin casts as a prognostic sign for the resolution of an inﬂammatory process.Bermudez and Hopkins [28]demonstrated eosinophilic casts in a case of hemoglobinuric nephrosis in a rhea (Rhea sp.).Finding microorganisms such as cryptosporidium or cociddia is often signiﬁcant.RadiologyMammography units are useful for imaging bird kidneys,providing bet-ter detail and resolution than standard equipment.Full-body ventrodorsal 37M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–5538M.Lierz/Vet Clin Exot Anim6(2003)29–55and laterolateral radiographs are routinely produced and are always recom-mended,as renal disorders might result from or cause other abnormalities. In particular,cardiomegaly might be directly linked to kidney disease(or vice versa)as blood pressure and ultraﬁltration are linked via the renin–angiotensin mechanism(Fig.5).Kidneys are superimposed by gut and intes-tine in the ventrodorsal radiograph,so the laterolateral view is more useful. In case the kidneys are visible in ventrodorsal radiographs the density must be high and a pathologicﬁnding is presumed.In normal laterolateral radio-graphs the kidneys are visible as bean-shaped shadows caudal to the last ribs.The caudal kidney is overlapped by the pelvis,making interpretation diﬃcult.Active gonads might superimpose the cranial part of the kidney and resemble neoplasia.If diﬀerentiation is diﬃcult,contrast radiography to demonstrate intestine or kidney is recommended.In most bird species, healthy individuals demonstrate a small rim of air above the kidneys.In cases of kidney enlargement,this might not be visible.Incorrect lateral posi-tioning of the bird may obscure this small border of air.Kidney enlarge-ments are common with disease but are nonspeciﬁc.A change in kidney shape can be a sign of neoplasia or cysts,but in most cases a contrast radio-graph is necessary for diﬀerentiation[8].Increased density of the kidney is often a sign of dehydration or hypovitaminosis A.Gout might be suspected if crystals(uric acid precipitation)are distributed through the kidney but must be conﬁrmed.The radiograph might suggest articular gout with urate tophi within the joints[29].UrographyIndications for urography in birds are few.Diﬀerentiation of the kidney and ureter from other structures,obstruction of the ureter,or the demon-stration of functional disturbance of the renal system are anic iodine compounds given intravenously are used as contrast media(Urogra-ﬁnÒ70,Schering Berlin Inc.,Montville,NJ).They are excreted very quickly via the renal portal system,especially if administered via the femoral vein, but can be slowed by use of the ulnar vein.As dosage2mL/kg of a70–80%solution of organic iodine compound(300–400mg iodine/mL)is rec-ommended[8].Urograph quality depends on the chosen contrast medium and the concentrating capacity of the kidney.Contrast agents are irritant, and perivascular spillage should be avoided.Agents should be used at body temperature.Newer contrast media are based on nonionic agents and there-fore preferable.Side eﬀects are reduced,and in particular they are not irri-tant if injected perivascularly.Most commonly Iopamidol(Solutrast200Ò, Bracco-Byk Gulden,78467Konstanz,Germany)or Iohexol(AccupaqueÒ, Amersham Health,Princeton,NJ)are used at a dose of400mg iodine/kg.Theﬁrst radiograph should be taken30seconds after injection,as in most cases the kidney will be visible.One minute after injection kidney and theureters are visible [8].In some cases the cloaca can be demonstrated within 2minutes of contrast administration (Fig.6).Fast multiple exposures (every 0.5–2seconds)are useful,especially for angiography,but require suitably equipped radiology units.Prolonged elimination times indicate renal insuf-ﬁciency.Urography should be avoided in cases of severe renaldysfunctionFig.5.Radiograph of a Steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis )illustrating increased soft-tissue density in the region of the kidneys (A)and cardiomegaly (B).39M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–55Fig.6.Radiographs of a urography,2-minute postinjection of contrast media(Solutrast200) of a sparrow hawk(Accipiter nisus).In the lateral view(A)kidney and ureter(a)is clearly visible.The os pubis of the pelvis(b)should not be confused with the ureter.The ventrodorsal view(B)demonstrates the ureter and the cloacaﬁlled with contrast media.detected by plasma chemistry.Urography is most useful in assessment of kidney morphology.Sedation or anaesthesia is recommended for the patient undergoing uro-graphy to prevent struggling and ensure intravenous injection.Overdosage and cold contrast media may cause vomiting,and stressed or weakened birds may suﬀer circulatory problems [8].Ketamine hydrochloride should be avoided in birds with renal insuﬃciency as it is renally excreted.UltrasoundUltrasonography is a familiar diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine but,due to the air sac system of birds,is not very popular in avian medicine.The outstanding advantage of this modality is its ability to view deep organ structures.Unlike endoscopy,ultrasound is noninvasive,and can be used safely in weak patients where anaesthetic risks might be high,and the bird is not stressed by handling.An ultrasound examination is recommended in cases of polyuria,polydypsia,elevated renal blood parameters,lameness,or where radiologic appearance of the kidney is abnormal.Endoscopy can follow if more information is required.A 64gray-scale computerized ultrasound system with videorecorder and videoprinter is recommended,and a 7.5-MHz,60°sector transducer is pre-ferred [30].The probe head should be very small as the contact area in birds is limited.With a probe working surface area of 1.5Â2.5cm birds of 40g up to 1kg can be examined [30].Distance from the scanner to the target organ is short so a gel pad standoﬀshould be used.Ultrasound gel is essential.Patients must be fasted prior to ultrasound examination.The fasting peri-od depends on the size of the bird,but should be at least 3hours to prevent interaction of food-ﬁlled intestinal slings between scanner and kidney [30].In debilitated patients liquid food might be an alternative.The fasting peri-od should be increased in birds of prey,and it is better if the bird casts prior to examination.For kidney examination the contact area is ventral between the xiphoid process and the ossa pubis [30].An assistant should hold the patient in dorsal recumbency.The normal kidneys cannot be evaluated by ultrasonography,as they lie ventral to the vertebra with a small line of air interposed [31].Air sacs are found laterally,preventing visibility.In the rec-ommended ventromedial approach intestinal loops might cause problems,but in cases of increased kidney size including neoplasia,structures become more visible.Renal neoplasia can be seen more frequently in budgerigars.If lameness is evident an ultrasound exam might help indicate a renal mass.They appear as heterogeneous structures (Fig.7).According to Kraut-wald-Junghanns and Enders,cysts may also be diagnosed using this tech-nique [30].They can be demonstrated as round anechoic structures with marked posterior acoustic enhancement.If the kidney can be demonstrated the bony fossa renalis appears as a white ‘‘W’’-shaped line [32].41M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–55EndoscopyEndoscopy is invaluable in diagnosing visceral organ disease.It allows direct visualization and interpretation.In particular the kidney size,color,shape,and surface appearance can be assessed.Filling of the ureter can be estimated and,if parts of the kidney are abnormal,visually guided bio-psies can be taken.In general,the routine endoscopic approach into the left caudal thoracic air sac is recommended [33].With the limb retracted caudally,the insertion point is the middle of the triangle formed by the last rib,the iliotibial muscle,and the caudal border of the synsacrum.The abdominal air sac can be entered by puncturing its wall,allowing a direct view to the kidneys.Not only the urinary system can be assessed,but so too can most of the other organs.Visceral gout on the pericardium or liver capsule can be detected.Primary diseases causing radiologic changes can be seen.Anatomical diﬀerences between species must be considered during assess-ment of the renal system.Size,shape,and surface vary between species.Small yellow or white spots within the kidney are signs of gout or a dis-turbed excretion process (Fig.8).A ﬁlled and swollen ureter might be duetoFig.7.Ultrasonogram of a soft tissue mass,later diagnosed as a renal adenocarcinoma (b)in a budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus ).The white line (a)represents the spine bone and the fossa renalis.The hypoechoeic areas represent cystic and necrotic lesions (c).(Courtesy of Prof.M.E.Krautwald-Junghanns.)42M.Lierz /Vet Clin Exot Anim 6(2003)29–55。

birdflu禽流感

bird flu 禽流感
bird flu 禽流感
bird flu 禽流感
avian influenza （ai）禽流感，又称真性鸡瘟、欧洲鸡瘟
orthomyxoviridae family 正粘病毒科
tamiflu 抗流感药物"泰米弗氯"
outbreak 爆发
suspected cases 疑似疫情
confirmed cases 诊断疫情
h5n1 h5n2病毒
test positive 检测为阳性
highly pathogenic suspected cases高致病性禽流感疫区
poultry farms 家禽农场
disease-affected areas 疾病感染地区
ban us poultry 暂停进口美国禽鸟及产品
the strict disposal of animal wastes 动物粪便的严格处理
thorough disinfection 彻底消毒
closely monitor the situation to ensure the epidemic would not break out again 密切监控疫情，确保疫情不再爆发
the ministry of agriculture 中国农业部
guangxi zhuang autonomous region 广西壮族自治区
the beijing municipal animal epidemic prevention centre 北京市动物流行病防治中心。

【高考专题辅导】高考英语专题检测卷二阅读理解1

业副市器成阳光实验学校专题检测卷(二十一)阅读理解(建议用时: 25分钟)A体裁议论文题材禽流感的防治词数373Tiredness, coughing, a runny nose and a sorethroat—among all sicknesses there is probably nonemore common than the flu, which we all get now andthen.However, bird flu is a completely differentstory.Ten years ago, the H5N1 bird flu swept across 15 countries, including China, with sufferers reporting chest pain, difficulty breathing, fever and severe coughing. More than 600 people were infected, and about 60 percent died. Now another type of bird flu hit Shanghai and three neighboring provinces, and this time the virus is called H7N9. By the afternoon of April 11, the new virus had taken nine lives out of 35 infected, according to Xinhua News Agency.The “H〞 and “N〞in the virus’ name refers to two kinds of proteins on the surface of the virus. Any change of the numbers of the two proteins indicates a new mutation(变异). Most of the mutations only affect birds, such as chickens and pigeons, and don’t normally spread to humans. But once they do, the results can be disastrous.“Any time an animal influenza virus crosses to humans, it is a cause for concern, 〞 Malik Peiris, virologist(病毒学家)at the University of Hong Kong, told Nature magazine. Take the SARS epidemic(传染病)10 years ago as an example. The virus behind the disease is thought to have jumped to humans from animals. The virus was a complete “stranger〞 to human bodies, which hadn’t developed an immunity against it.But there is something more about the new H7N9 bird flu. Unlike the H5N1 bird flu, which causes severe sickness in birds, the H7N9 has been evolving under the radar(悄悄地)since it travels between birds without causing noticeable illness. That makes it difficult to keep track of the disease.The good news is that there’s so far no sign that the virus is spreading from person to person. But since there is no vaccine for the disease yet, the World Health Organization recommends that you wash your hands after meeting with sick people and before and after you eat or prepare food, and they also suggest avoiding contact with birds or their eggs.1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A. The H5N1 bird flu turned out to have something to do with the SARS epidemic.B. More than 600 people across the world died from the H5N1 bird flu tenyears ago.C. Most of the mutations of the proteins in the bird flu virus are harmful to both birds and humans.D. The name, H7N9 bird flu, shows that there have been new mutations of the proteins in the virus.2. With the example of the SARS epidemic in Paragraph 5, the author intends to .A. introduce where the SARS virus came fromB. inform us of the harmful effects of the SARS epidemic ten years agoC. show the horrible effects an animal influenza virus can have once it spreads to humansD. compare the differences between the SARS epidemic and the H7N9 bird flu3. What makes the H7N9 bird flu more frightening than the H5N1 bird flu according to the text?A. It can cause severe sickness in birds.B. It can spread from person to person.C. It affects a greater number of birds.D. It doesn’t sicken birds and thus can spread unnoticed.4. What are people advised to do to protect themselves against the H7N9 bird flu?a. To get vaccinated for the disease.b. To keep away from birds and their eggs.c. To stop eating chickens and ducks.d. To avoid meeting with sick people.e. To wash hands thoroughly and regularly.A. a, bB. c, dC. b, eD. a, eB(2021·模拟)As a boy growing up in India, I had longed to travel abroad. I used to listen to the stories my father would tell me about his stay in Canada and tours to Europe in the 1970s, with great interest.My big moment finally came in the summer of 1998 when I was able to accompany my parents to Europe, where my father was to attend a meeting. We planned to travel to Belgium, Netherlands and West Germany.I have vivid memories even today of going to Mumbai airport at night all excited about finally going abroad. I had heard several great things about Lufthansa till then but now I finally got to experience them first hand, during the flight to Frankfurt. We flew business class and even today I can remember the excellent service by the Lufthansa crew. The flight was really smooth and thoroughly enjoyable, even for someone like me, who is otherwise scared of flying.After spending almost two weeks in Europe, we took the Lufthansaairport express from Dusseldorf to Frankfurt airport, for our return flight. What a journey that was! All along the Rhine(莱茵河), it was simply an unforgettable experience. I was in a sombre mood on the flight back to Mumbai as it marked the end of a wonderful vacation, but the Lufthansa crew members were able to change it into a most enjoyable experience yet again, with the quality of their service.Being the first airline to take me overseas, Lufthansa will always hold a special place in my heart. Even today, I continue to enjoy flights on Lufthansa and simply cannot dream of choosing any other airline. Flying, in general, for me, has always been an ordeal (terrible and painful experience). Flying on Lufthansa, however, is something I always have and always will look forward to.5. Which country does the author live in now?A. India.B. Canada.C. Belgium.D. Germany.6. Which of the following is TRUE about the author’s trip to Europ e in 1998?A. The author traveled with one of his parents.B. Both their going and return are by air.C. They traveled in spring that year.D. They stayed in Europe for nearly two months.7. It can be inferred from the passage that Lufthansa is .A. a city in IndiaB. a city in EuropeC. an airline companyD. a travel agency8. The underlined word “sombre〞 in the 4th paragraph probably means“〞.A. happyB. sadC. angryD. enjoyableC(2021·模拟)体裁说明文题材介绍有趣的站词数365Thanks to the interwebs, we can click and click and have a good laugh! We’ll have everything you need to howl like a monkey and bark like a seal. So, click on, intemauts, and be ready!1. Cracked. comCracked. com traces its origins to the printmagazine Cracked, which started in 1958. But Crackedhas soon grown to become the most popular comedy site on the Internet, drawing over a billion views in 2021. The website also runs in a wide range, featuring photo editing contests, sketches and films, and reader contests. For laughs, Cracked. com is your one-stop shop!2. Funny or DieAny website owned by Will Ferrell would already bein the running—but the debut video, The Landlord, madeFunny or Die a must-click website. Funny or Die alsomanages to remain fresh and interesting by being so interactive, allow viewers to choose which videos stay and which ones die. The website has even made the big time, partnering with HBO(Home Box Office)in a hopefully plentiful combination of the minds between the best that TV and the Internet both have to offer.3. CollegeHumorWe have trouble sitting down for 90 seconds, much less 90 minutes! CollegeHumor seems incredibly skillful at catering to(迎合)such an ADD-riddled audience. Like Funny or Die, CollegeHumor made it to the big time, though the CollegeHumor Show only ran for a single season on MTV. The site also serves as the big sales store for T-shirts, which answers the question, “Where can I find a Honey Badger T-shirt? 〞4. 9GAGYou know tho se black and white photos you’ve been seeingall over your Facebook feed? Well, if you ever wondered where they came from, then you need look no further than 9GAG!And if you’re looking to do some terribly light reading with the click of a finger, then 9GAG is your best bet. Relatively new to the game, 9GAG’s viewer contributions and interactions look to make it an Internet player for sometime to come.There you have it, top 4 comedy websites. Every last one is wortha few laughters and a good many clicks.9. What causes the website Funny or Die to enjoy greater success? A. Being interactive with viewers.B. Producing the video The Landlord.C. Close partnership with HBO.D. Will Ferrell’s good management.10. The underlined phrase “ADD-riddled audience〞 may refer to the people who .A. are skilled at producing humorB. are crazy about Honey Badger T-shirtsC. take a great interest in funny MTVD. have trouble staying focused for a certain time11. If you are creative with black-and-white photo effects, you may go for .A. Cracked. comB. Funny or DieC. CollegeHumorD. 9GAG12. Which statement is TRUE of the four websites?A. Viewer participations make Funny or Die and 9GAG appealing.B. Will Ferrell has a final say in deciding which video to stay.C. Cracked. com became the most visited humor websites in 1958.D. CollegeHumor only collects a program of 90 seconds.【拓展训练】1. 阅读B篇文章, 写出以下单词的含义。

涛浙学校高中英语Unit3TheMillionPoundBankNote单元测试训练三

烧烛州烟递市涛浙学校Unit 3 The Million PoundBank-Note单元测评Ⅰ.Listening(听力)听力一第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分,共7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。

1.What does the man suggest to the woman?A.To buy a new car.B.To get a second hand car.C.To save money for a long time.2.Where are they?A.In the street.B.At home.C.In the mountains.3.When does the play start?A.At 9：00.B.At 7：00.C.At 7：30.4.How long does the man spend traveling to work?A.15 minutes.B.30 minutes.C.45 minutes.5.What does the woman want to do?A.Leave by air on Friday.B.Not come to work on Friday.C.Work only on Friday.第二节（共5小题;每小题1.5分,共7.5分）听下面2段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

听第6段对话,回答第6~7题。

6.Where does this conversation take place?A.At a restaurant.B.At a tailor’s shop.C.At a department store.7.How much is the white sweater?A.$37.99.B.$77.99.C.$47.99.听第7段独白,回答第8~10题。

【VIP专享】支委会召开程序

Five New Bird Flu Sites Found in ChinaChina found new cases of bird flu in five live bird markets in the eastern part of the country, a report posted on the website of the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) showed on Wednesday.China said the H7N9 avian influenza virus was found on Wednesday in three live bird markets in Jiangsu province, one in Anhui province and one in Zhejiang province, the report said. It did not specify in what kind of birds the virus was found.The three previous outbreaks reported last week were all in China's financial hub Shanghai.Nine people have died out of 33 confirmed human cases of the virus, accordingto data from the National Health and Family Planning Commission on Wednesday.The latest H7N9 victim was from Anhui province, the official Xinhua news agency said. Among the new cases are several from Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, at least one of whom is dangerously ill, it said.Reports submitted by China's farm ministry to the OIE last week showed that the first case of H7N9 in birds was found on April 4 on a pigeon destined for human consumption in a wholesale market in Shanghai.Authorities also discovered seven infected chickens in the same market, which lead to the culling of 20,536 poultry in total.The next day, one infected chicken was found at the Jingchuan market in Shanghai, and two chickens and two pigeons were discovered at the Fengzhuang market, also in Shanghai, reports showed.Member countries of the OIE have the obligation to declare bird flu cases when found in domestic animals, or when they are highly pathogenic, which is not the case in this instance.For details of the new outbreaks visit OIE online.Beijing has reported its first confirmed case of the latest strain of bird flu, which until now has only been reported in eastern China.Health authorities say a 7-year-old girl has been confirmed to have the H7N9 virus and is being treated in a Beijing hospital.Eleven people have died in eastern China since the virus was reported in humans for the first time last month. The virus is believed to have been transmitted from birds to humans, triggering massive culls at poultry farms and restrictions on poultry trade.Experts worry that this new strain of bird flu could become easily transmissible and trigger a pandemic, although the World Health Organization says so far there is no evidence of the virus spreading from human to human.HONG KONG — Since the first H7N9 fatality was identified in Shanghai in early March, the latest variant of the avian flu virus has spread across three Chinese provinces - 700 kilometers apart. Some 24 people are now infected and seven have died.China is stepping up surveillance measures after authorities closed Shanghai poultry markets last week and culled stocks after the virus was detected in local pigeons. In Taiwan, supplies of anti-viral medicines are being made available for subsidized public sale.There are still questions about how susceptible H7N9 is to antiviral drugs like Tamiflu. Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control reported Monday that a 4-year-old boy has made a full recovery, offering hope H7N9 can be treated successfully.Professor Malik Peiris is scientific director of the Pasteur Research Center at Hong Kong University. He is also the first scientist to isolate the SARS virus that killed more than 700 people in 2002 and 2003. He cautions against reading too much into the mortality rate of the flu virus.“I think you have to be cautious about interpreting mortality rates because, usually, only the most severe cases are investigated. There could be milder cases that go unrecognized. So, on the one hand, this would make the mortality and the severity less. But of course, on the other hand, it would mean there is more transmission occurring in humans too,” Peiris said.Inspecting a poultry wholesale market Monday, Hong Kong health secretary Ko Wing-man said that by the end of this week live poultry imports will only be sold after 30 in every 1,000 birds are tested for H7N9. Tests will be expedited and results returned within four hours.But while governments are implementing response plans across Asia, Peiris warns that to develop vaccines and break the infection cycle, it is imperative the source of the outbreak be identified.“Learning from H5N1, it is quite an unpredictable virus in that there are hundreds of people working closely with poultry who do not seem to get infected," he said. "But there is the one person who may have quite a tenuous contact who [does] … So, I think what is crucial is to go upstream, along the poultry marketing chain, ideally to the farms, and identify which species is the main source.”Hong Kong is still commemorating the 10th anniversary of SARS, which infected thousands as it spread from China across three continents. Many here are fearful the Chinese government coverup that contributed to the spread of SARS could be repeated with H7N9.Thomas Abraham, director of the public health media program at Hong Kong University and author of "21st Century Plague; the Story of SARS," believes this is unlikely. Beijing has learned valuable lessons since SARS, and social media challenge governments’ ability to control information.“One of the early [H7N9] cases in Shanghai, even though the hospital said nothing, the patient’s admission slip was photographed and put up on Weibo (China’s Twitter)," he said. "This kind of information flow is a dam that is unstoppable. It is an entirely new environment the Chinese authorities are working in.”Although World Health Organization officials have said there is no need for panic, Laurie Garrett, senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations, warns there could be trying times ahead if the H7N9 death toll continues to rise.“What 2009 taught us with the swine flu [pandemic] is that global solidarity can break down very fast. Countries start closing airports and quarantining travelers; they start hoarding drugs and vaccines. It is not a pretty pictur,” Garrett said.Though public sentiment remains fragile, some reassurance was offered by Hong Kong University last week. Researchers there announced they will revisit a 2009 study in order to confirm that surgical masks, seen widely on the streets of Hong Kong in peak influenza season, are indeed 70 percent effective in preventing the spread of flu viruses.BEIJING — Another person died in China from a new strain of bird flu on Tuesday, state media said, bringing to eight the number of deaths from the H7N9virus since it was confirmed in humans for the first time last month.The 83-year-old victim, from the eastern province of Jiangsu, was admitted to hospital with a fever on March 20 and confirmed as having H7N9 on April 2, the official Xinhua news agency reported.The H7N9 strain has infected 24 people, all of them in eastern China, eight have died.The World Health Organization has praised China for mobilizing resources nationwide to combat the strain by culling thousands of birds and monitoring hundreds of people close to those infected.Authorities have said there is no evidence of the H7N9 strain being transmitted between humans.The bird flu outbreak has caused global concern and some Chinese internet users and newspapers have questioned why it took so long for the government to announce the new cases, especially as two of the victims fell ill in February.Airline shares have fallen in Europe and in Hong Kong over fears that the virus could be lead to an epidemic like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which emerged in China in 2002 and killed about 10 percent of the 8,000 people it infected worldwide.Chinese authorities initially tried to cover up the SARS outbreak.In the case of the H7N9 strain, authorities have said they needed time to identify the virus, with cases spread between eastern Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui provinces as well as the business hub Shanghai.Other strains of bird flu, such as H5N1, have been circulating for many years and can be transmitted from bird to bird, and bird to human, but not generally from human to human.LONDON — Genetic sequence data on a deadly strain of bird flu previously unknown in people show the virus has already acquired some mutations that might make it more likely to cause a human pandemic, scientists say.But there is no evidence so far that the H7N9 flu - now known to have infected nine people in China, killing three - is spreading from person to person, and thereis still a chance it might peter out and never fully mutate into a human form of flu.Just days after authorities in China announced they had identified cases of H7N9, flu experts in laboratories across the world are picking through the DNA sequence data of samples isolated from the patients to assess its pandemic potential.One of the world's top flu experts, Ab Osterhaus, who is based at the Erasmus Medical Centre in The Netherlands, said the sequences show some genetic mutations that should put authorities on alert and entail increased surveillance in animals and humans."The virus has to a certain extent already adapted to mammalian species and to humans, so from that point of view it's worrisome," he told Reuters in a telephone interview. "Really we should keep a very close eye on this."New casesChina's National Health and Family Planning Commission confirmed on Sunday that three people had been infected with the new H7N9 flu, with two deaths of men in Shanghai aged 87 and 27 who fell sick in late February. Chinese authorities have in the past two days confirmed another six cases, including another fatal one.The World Health Organization [WHO] says the cases of H7N9 are "of concern" because they are the first in humans."That makes it a unique event, which the World Health Organization is taking seriously,'' the Geneva-based United Nations health agency said on Wednesday.Other strains of bird flu, such as H5N1, have been circulating for many years and can be transmitted from bird to bird, and bird to human, but not from human to human.So far, this lack of human-to-human transmission also appears to be a feature of the H7N9 strain.Flu viruses are classified based on two types of protein found on their surface, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which are abbreviated to H and N.Although it is very early days, scientists say initial analysis also suggests H7N9 does not appear to make birds particularly ill - in other words it is what is known as a low pathogenic avian influenza, of LPAI.Unfortunately, this doesn't necessarily mean it will be mild in humans, says Wendy Barclay, a flu virology expert at Britain's Imperial College London.Finding the source"We can't be complacent. We have to be cautious," she said, stressing that other H5 and H7 flu subtypes have been able to mutate from LPAI to the more dangerous highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI] as they circulate in various hosts, particularly in chickens.Its mildness in birds could also mean H7N9 is a "silent spreader" - harder to detect than highly pathogenic flu strains such as H5N1 that can wipe out entire flocks of wild birds or domestic poultry and are therefore far more visible."It's a sort of double-edged sword, because if and when it becomes highly pathogenic and all the chickens start dying, that's very bad for the poultry farmers, but it means we can see much more easily where the virus is," said Barclay."At the moment, we can't see where this virus is coming from. We don't know yet what animal source is feeding this," she said.Finding that source, and tracking the genetic mutations to see if, how and when this new strain might gain the ability to spark a human pandemic are now the priorities for researchers in China and around the world, said Barclay and Osterhaus.China reactsThe WHO praised the Chinese government, saying it was responding to the situation with various important measures such as enhanced surveillance, detailed case management and treatment, tracing contacts of all those known to have been infected so far, and training healthcare professionals.Experts said the fact that H7N9 had been identified and swiftly reported, and that genetic sequence data was already available for researchers around the world to analyze, was a sign of how things have changed.In 2003, China initially tried to cover up an epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, which emerged in China and killed about a tenth of the 8,000 people it infected worldwide.Ian Jones, a professor of virology at Britain's University of Reading, said the heightened awareness of flu and of the possibility that unusual respiratory diseases may turn out to be new strains of flu means more cases get referred tohospitals."It's quite possible these cases... are being detected because flu is way up there" on disease priority lists, he said.H7N9亚型禽流感病毒是甲型流感中的一种。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语(二)十年真题(含答案)

考研英语（二）十年真题及答2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (1)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (10)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (12)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (22)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (24)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (34)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (36)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (45)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (47)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (56)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (58)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (68)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (70)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (80)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (82)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (92)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (94)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (104)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (106)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (117)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June11,2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic1by the World Health Organization in41years.The heightened alert2an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,and rising3in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is"4"in severity,according to Margaret Chan,the organization's director general,5the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery,often in the6of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global7in late April2009,when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths8healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to9in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade10warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009, officials reported there was11flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the12tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has13more than one million people,and caused more than600deaths and more than6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials14Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began15orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is16ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009, though most of those17doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not18for pregnant women, people over50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other19.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people20infants and healthy young people.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by6.[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor7.[A]reality[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]notice8.[A]over[B]for[C]among[D]to9.[A]stay up[B]crop up[C]fill up[D]cover up10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings20.[A]involved in[B]caring for[C]concerned with[D]warding offSectionⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of56works by Damien Hirst,"Beautiful Inside My Head Forever",at Sotheby's in London on September15th2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since2003.At its peak in2007it was worth some$65billion,reckons Clare Mc Andrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly90%in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses,Sotheby's and Christie's,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie's chief executive,says:"I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as"a last victory"because________.[A]the art market had witnessed a succession of victories[B]the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids[C]Beautiful inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces[D]it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying"spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable"(Line1-2,Para.3),the author suggeststhat________.[A]collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions[B]people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries[C]art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent[D]works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A]Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from2007to2008.[B]The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.[C]The art market generally went downward in various ways.[D]Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are________.[A]auction houses'favorites[B]contemporary trends[C]factors promoting artwork circulation[D]styles representing Impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be________.[A]Fluctuation of Art Prices[B]Up-to-date Art Auctions.[C]Art Market in Decline[D]Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.This man quickly nodded in agreement.He gestured toward his wife and said,"She's the talker in our family."The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true,"he explained."When I come home from work,I have nothing to say.If she didn't keep the conversation going,we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late1970s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book"Divorce Talk"that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly50 percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research,complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning,cooking,social arrangements.Instead they focused on communication:"He doesn't listen to me.""He doesn't talk to me."I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short,the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it,wanting to talk.26.What is most wives'main expectation of their husbands?[A]Talking to them.[B]Trusting them.[C]Supporting their careers.[D]Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase"wreaking havoc"(Line3,Para.2)most probably means________.[A]generating motivation.[B]exerting influence[C]causing damage[D]creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT________.[A]men tend to talk more in public than women[B]nearly50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation[C]women attach much importance to communication between couples[D]a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?[A]The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.[B]Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.[C]Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.[D]Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on________.[A]a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk[B]a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon[C]other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.[D]a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText3Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks,or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues."There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits,"said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene Center at the London school of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine."We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers'lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you'll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup."Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,"said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year."Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers'lives,and it's essential to making new products commercially viable."Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A]should be further cultivated[B]should be changed gradually[C]are deeply rooted in history[D]are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5so as to________.[A]reveal their impact on people's habits[B]show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people's buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever34.From the text we know that some of consumer's habits are developed due to________.[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is________.[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in1968,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states, for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education,and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the1880case of Strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in1898,it was not until the1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the1960s.In1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark1975decision Taylor vs.Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of thecommunity to the state level.The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of the US jury system,we learn that________.[A]both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to1968showed________.[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court Judges38.Even in the1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because________.[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.________.[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.In discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______.[A]its nature and problems.[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions.[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.Choose T if the statement is True or F if the statement is not true on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,the787and A350respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference.But a group of researchers at Stanford University,led by Ilan Kroo,has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use,and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer,says Dr Kroo,lies with birds.Since1914,scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy.The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips,a phenomenonknown as upwash.Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag,and spend less energy propelling themselves.Peter Lissaman,an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California,has suggested that a formation of25birds might enjoy a range increase of71%.When applied to aircraft,the principles are not substantially different.Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles,San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah,assume an inverted V-formation,occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favorable positions,and proceed to London.They found that the aircraft consumed as much as15%less fuel(coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are,of course,knots to be worked out.One consideration is safety,or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion?Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the intimate groupings favored by display teams like the Red Arrows.A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter,although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient.In zones of increased turbulence,the planes'wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish.Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further.It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft,in contrast,might be easier to reschedule,as might routine military flights.As it happens,America's armed forces are on the case already.Earlier this year the country's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight,though the program has yet to begin.There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War,but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated."My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,"he adds.So he should know.41.Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42.The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44.The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45.It has been documented that during World War II,Americas armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)"Sustainability"has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn't go well."It was a really bad move because that's not my passion,"says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales."I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,'Just wait,you'll turn the corner,give it some time.'"Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:You have just come back from the U.S.as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program.Write a letter to your American colleague to1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2)Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。

人教版高中英语必修一Unit4NaturalDisasters重点知识归纳(带答案)

人教版高中英语必修一Unit4NaturalDisasters重点知识归纳单选题1、Children who are not active or________diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A．whoB．of whomC．whoseD．that答案：C考查关系词。

句意：不运动或饮食中脂肪含量高的儿童体重会迅速增加。

分析句子可知，此处为连词whose引导的限制性定语从句，先行词Children在从句中作定语成分，和从句中的主语diet为所属关系。

故选C项。

2、The bird flu ________through Asia has jumped from birds to humans at least 20 times so far, ________16 persons. A．sweeps; killedB．swept; killingC．sweeping; to killD．sweeping; killing答案：D考查非谓语动词。

句意：到目前为止，席卷亚洲的禽流感已经从鸟类传播到人类至少20次，造成16人死亡。

A.sweeps; killed 席卷；杀死；B.swept; killing 席卷；杀死；C.sweeping; to kill席卷；杀死；D.sweeping; killing席卷；杀死。

分析句子可知谓语动词是has jumped，推断两个空格处都是非谓语动词，排除A选项（sweeps是第三人称单数）；第一空处The bird flu和sweep之间是主动关系，用现在分词作后置定语，排除B（swept是过去式或过去分词）；第二空处用现在分词作结果状语，表示顺其自然的结果，排除C（动词不定式表示出乎意料的结果）。

故选D。

3、People ________ interest is exploring the relationship between art and science will enjoy Singapore’s ArtScience Mus eum.A．WhoB．whichC．whomD．whose答案：D考查定语从句。

2022年河北省石家庄市龙门中学高一英语期末试题含解析

2022年河北省石家庄市龙门中学高一英语期末试题含解析一、选择题1. -- Do you know Mo Yan won ___ Nobel Prize for literature?-- Sure. It is said that he is actually as dumb as _____oyster.A. the; anB. a; anC. an; /D. / ;the参考答案：A2. Some students have __________(逐渐) made progress in English.A graduateB graduleC gradualyD gradually参考答案：d3. The volcano erupted without warning, as a result of which, the whole city was buried ________.A. livelyB. aliveC. liveD. living参考答案：B4. Once environmental damage ________ by animals or plants from foreign lands, it takes many years for the existing system to recover.A. had been doneB. will be doneC. is being doneD. is done参考答案：D5. When I woke up in hospital my mother said that I ________ unconscious for three days.A．have been B．had been C．am D．was参考答案：B[考查时态。

“昏迷”发生在“醒来”之前，为过去的过去，应用过去完成时。

句意：当我在医院醒来的时候，我妈妈告诉我我已经昏迷三天了。

南充2024年统编版小学六年级上册第3次英语第5单元真题试卷

南充2024年统编版小学六年级上册英语第5单元真题试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三总分得分一、选择题(共计20题，共40分)1、What is the name of the device used to take photos?A, CameraB, ProjectorC, ScannerD, Monitor2、How many months have 28 days?A, 1B, 2C, 12D, 103、What is the name of the spacecraft that took humans to the moon?A, DiscoveryB, ApolloC, GeminiD, Voyager4、How many pairs of wings do most insects have?A, OneB, TwoC, ThreeD, Four5、选择题：What do we call the device used to look at distant objects?A) MicroscopeB) TelescopeC) PeriscopeD) Kaleidoscope6、What is the capital city of Brazil?A, Rio de JaneiroB, BrasiliaC, Sao PauloD, Salvador7、What do we call the soft part of the bread?A, CrustB, CrumbC, LoafD, Slice8、What do we call the movement of the Earth around the sun? A, RotationB, RevolutionC, OrbitD, Spin9、选择题：What do you call the ice that floats on water?A) SnowB) HailC) IcebergD) Frost10、Which animal says "meow"?A, DogB, CatC, CowD, Duck11、What instrument has keys and is played with fingers?A, GuitarB, ViolinC, PianoD, Drum12、What is the name of the famous clock tower in London? A, Big BenB, Tower BridgeC, London EyeD, Buckingham Palace13、What do you call a person who sells things?A, BuyerB, SellerC, CustomerD, Merchant14、选择题：What is 8 - 4?A) 2B) 3C) 4D) 515、What is the approximate age of the universe? A, 4.5 billion yearsB, 13.8 billion yearsC, 20 billion yearsD, 1 trillion years16、Which of these is a vegetable?A, AppleB, CarrotC, BananaD, Grape17、What is the currency used in the USA?A, DollarB, EuroC, YenD, Pound18、选择题：What do you call the process of making food?A) CookingB) EatingC) CleaningD) Serving19、What is the main language spoken in the UK? A, SpanishB, FrenchC, EnglishD, German20、What do you call a young fox?A, KitB, PupC, CalfD, Cub二、听力题(共计20题，共40分)1、听力题：I saw a ________ in the sky.2、听力题：My mom loves to do ____ (yarn crafts).3、听力题：A _______ can measure the speed of an object traveling in a circular path.4、听力题：A mixture of two or more metals is called an ______ alloy.5、听力题：The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is _______.6、听力题：Please pass me the ________.7、听力题：A ______ has a unique pattern on its fur.8、听力题：I like _____ (to cook/to eat).9、听力题：A solution that has an equal concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is ________.10、听力题：A __________ is shaped by the action of water and erosion.11、听力题：The rainbow is ______ (beautiful) after the rain.12、听力题：The chemical formula for silver nitrate is ______.13、听力题：Animals that change their fur color with the seasons are called __________.14、听力题：The girl loves to ________.Astronomers study ______ to learn about the universe.16、听力题：A ______ is a type of fruit that comes in many colors.17、听力题：The earth spins on its _______.18、听力题：A molecule that has a positive and a negative end is called a _____.19、听力题：We have _____ (homework/assignments) to finish.20、听力题：The chemical symbol for cadmium is ______.三、填空题(共计20题，共10分)1、填空题：A crab has a hard ______ (外壳) for protection.2、填空题：The _____ (猴子) is very intelligent and clever.3、填空题：The polar bear lives in the ______ (北极).4、填空题：The __________ Desert is one of the largest deserts in the world. (撒哈拉)5、填空题：When I am sad, I ask my sister to call me . (当我伤心时，我请我的姐姐叫我。

昆明2024年11版小学3年级B卷英语第三单元期中试卷

昆明2024年11版小学3年级英语第三单元期中试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：The dog is ___ (wagging) its tail.2. 填空题：The _____ (生态恢复) projects help damaged areas.3. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. FruitB. LettuceC. MeatD. Bread答案:B4. 填空题：A ________ (环境教育) informs the public.5. Age is known as the first period in human __________. (历史) 填空题：The Ston6. 选择题：How many pairs of wings do most insects have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four7. 选择题：What do we call the large body of fresh water surrounded by land?A. OceanB. LakeD. Pond8. 填空题：The teacher, ______ (老师), helps us with our studies.9. 填空题：My brother is a __________ (游戏设计师).10. 选择题：What is 40 ÷ 5?a. 6b. 7c. 8d. 9答案:c11. 填空题：Can you help me find my __________ (玩具名)?12. 填空题：We have a _______ (家庭聚会) this Saturday.13. 填空题：A _____ (果蔬) plate is healthy and colorful.14. 选择题：What is the main purpose of a map?A. To show roadsB. To provide directionsC. To represent areasD. All of the above15. 听力题：A __________ contains two or more elements chemically combined.16. 听力题：A ______ can carry heavy loads.17. 填空题：The __________ is a major river that flows through France. (塞纳河)18. 选择题：What do you call the liquid that comes from rain?A. SnowB. IceD. Hail19. 听力题：A ______ is a mammal that can fly.20. 选择题：What is 4 × 3?A. 10B. 12C. 14D. 1621. 选择题：How many colors are in a rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案: C. 722. 听力题：The ________ (candy) is sweet and colorful.23. 听力题：The chemical symbol for barium is _______.24. 填空题：We have ________ (家庭作业) to do tonight.25. 听力题：A substance that has a pH of is considered ______.26. 填空题：My mom loves to __________. (做饭)27. 选择题：What is the name of the famous tower in Paris?A. Leaning TowerB. Big BenC. Eiffel TowerD. Colosseum答案: C28. 选择题：What is the name of the sweet treat made from cocoa and sugar?B. ChocolateC. CandyD. Cookie答案: B29. 填空题：A goat's milk is often used to make delicious ________________ (奶酪).30. 填空题：The ______ of tulips can brighten any garden.(郁金香的颜色可以让任何花园焕发光彩。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Four More Cases of Bird Flu Detected in ChinaApril 02, 2013Chinese officials say four more people have been sickened with a new strain of bird flu, bringing the total of people who have contracted the disease in the country to seven.The health bureau in the eastern province of Jiangsu said Tuesday that three women and a man had contracted the H7N9 virus, and they are all critically ill.The bureau said the four cases did not appear connected. It said one of the victims made a living slaughtering poultry, but the others had no such direct contact with birds.These cases follow reports on Sunday of three other people who became infected with the H7N9 strain, including two men who died in Shanghai early last month. A woman from the province of Anhui is in critical condition after catching the virus.Before the latest cases were announced, the World Health Organization said it was investigating the outbreak of H7N9, but that there is no evidence the strain can be transmitted among people.This is believed the first time that humans have contracted the H7N9 bird flu virus. The more common strain of avian flu, H5N1, has killed more than 360 people worldwide in the last decade.Most bird flu cases in humans come from close contact with infected poultry. Researchers fear the virus might eventually mutate into a form that is highly contagious among humans.China is considered one of the countries at higher risk for bird flu because it has the world's largest poultry population, and many chickens in rural areas are kept close to humans.Scientists Race to Assess New Bird Flu's Pandemic RiskApril 03, 2013LONDON — Genetic sequence data on a deadly strain of bird flu previously unknown in people show the virus has already acquired some mutations that might make it more likely to cause a human pandemic, scientists say.But there is no evidence so far that the H7N9 flu - now known to have infected nine people in China, killing three - is spreading from person to person, and there is still a chance it might peter out and never fully mutate into a human form of flu.Just days after authorities in China announced they had identified cases of H7N9, flu experts in laboratories across the world are picking through the DNA sequence data of samples isolated from the patients to assess its pandemic potential.One of the world's top flu experts, Ab Osterhaus, who is based at the Erasmus Medical Centre in The Netherlands, said the sequences show some genetic mutations that should put authorities on alert and entail increased surveillance in animals and humans."The virus has to a certain extent already adapted to mammalian species and to humans, so from that point of view it's worrisome," he told Reuters in a telephone interview. "Really we should keep a very close eye on this."New casesChina's National Health and Family Planning Commission confirmed on Sunday that three people had been infected with the new H7N9 flu, with two deaths of men in Shanghai aged 87 and 27 who fell sick in late February. Chinese authorities have in the past two days confirmed another six cases, including another fatal one.The World Health Organization [WHO] says the cases of H7N9 are "of concern" because they are the first in humans."That makes it a unique event, which the World Health Organization is taking seriously,'' the Geneva-based United Nations health agency said on Wednesday.Other strains of bird flu, such as H5N1, have been circulating for many years and can be transmitted from bird to bird, and bird to human, but not from human to human.So far, this lack of human-to-human transmission also appears to be a feature of the H7N9 strain.Flu viruses are classified based on two types of protein found on their surface, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which are abbreviated to H and N.Although it is very early days, scientists say initial analysis also suggests H7N9 does not appear to make birds particularly ill - in other words it is what is known as a low pathogenic avian influenza, of LPAI.Unfortunately, this doesn't necessarily mean it will be mild in humans, says Wendy Barclay, a flu virology expert at Britain's Imperial College London.Finding the source"We can't be complacent. We have to be cautious," she said, stressing that other H5 and H7 flu subtypes have been able to mutate from LPAI to the more dangerous highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI] as they circulate in various hosts, particularly in chickens.Its mildness in birds could also mean H7N9 is a "silent spreader" - harder to detect than highly pathogenic flu strains such as H5N1 that can wipe out entire flocks of wild birds or domestic poultry and are therefore far more visible."It's a sort of double-edged sword, because if and when it becomes highly pathogenic and all thechickens start dying, that's very bad for the poultry farmers, but it means we can see much more easily where the virus is," said Barclay."At the moment, we can't see where this virus is coming from. We don't know yet what animal source is feeding this," she said.Finding that source, and tracking the genetic mutations to see if, how and when this new strain might gain the ability to spark a human pandemic are now the priorities for researchers in China and around the world, said Barclay and Osterhaus.China reactsThe WHO praised the Chinese government, saying it was responding to the situation with various important measures such as enhanced surveillance, detailed case management and treatment, tracing contacts of all those known to have been infected so far, and training healthcare professionals.Experts said the fact that H7N9 had been identified and swiftly reported, and that genetic sequence data was already available for researchers around the world to analyze, was a sign of how things have changed.In 2003, China initially tried to cover up an epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, which emerged in China and killed about a tenth of the 8,000 people it infected worldwide.Ian Jones, a professor of virology at Britain's University of Reading, said the heightened awareness of flu and of the possibility that unusual respiratory diseases may turn out to be new strains of flu means more cases get referred to hospitals."It's quite possible these cases... are being detected because flu is way up there" on disease priority lists, he said.。

Four More Cases of Bird Flu Detected in China

英语二完形填空

2010年考研英语二真题答案及解析

2010年考研英语二真题答案及解析

2020年高考英语外刊新闻时事命题语法填空：清肺排毒汤可用于90%以上的新冠状病毒

Unit 9 Lesson 3 Epidemics Explained 高中英语北师大版

VOA英语：欧洲发现新禽流感病毒

小学上册第一次英语第二单元期末试卷

小学上册第九次英语第六单元测验试卷(有答案)

禽类肾脏疾病

birdflu禽流感

【高考专题辅导】高考英语 专题检测卷二 阅读理解1

涛浙学校高中英语Unit3TheMillionPoundBankNote单元测试训练三

【VIP专享】支委会召开程序

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语(二)十年真题(含答案)

人教版高中英语必修一Unit4NaturalDisasters重点知识归纳(带答案)

2022年河北省石家庄市龙门中学高一英语期末试题含解析

南充2024年统编版小学六年级上册第3次英语第5单元真题试卷

昆明2024年11版小学3年级B卷英语第三单元期中试卷

【高考专题辅导】高考英语专题检测卷二阅读理解1