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剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲（test3）

剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)剑桥雅思阅读部分的题目可以进行一些分类总结，因为考试的常见内容一般都会在下次考试中出现的。

下面就是今天小编给大家带来的剑桥雅思阅读10(test3)的翻译及答案精讲内容，希望能够帮助同学们备考雅思考试。

剑桥雅思阅读10原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi Economic and social significance of tourismii The development of mass tourismiii Travel for the wealthyiv Earning foreign exchange through tourismv Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourismvi The contribution of air travel to tourismvii The world impact of tourismviii The history of travelExample AnswerParagraph A viii1 Paragraph B2 Paragraph C3 Paragraph D4 Paragraph EThe Context, Meaning and Scope of TourismA Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over thepast few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers.Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.Questions 5-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.Questions 11-13Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 In Greece, tourism is the most important .12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major .13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of .READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Autumn leavesCanadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fallA One of the most captivating natural events of the year inmany areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.B Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees —evergreen conifers being an exception — the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis_until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.C The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is tha t anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins — why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s alr eady scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved._photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxideE It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of maki ng anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture theenergy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.H Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.I What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signalQuestions 19-22Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 .The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny.The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 .Questions 23-25Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.Question 26Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?A why conifers remain green in winterB how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumnC how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs inD why anthocyanins are restricted to certain treesREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Beyond the blue horizonAncient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific OceanAn important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave — the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacificislands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers. They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives — their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Efate expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,’ says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, ‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.’There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish theancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography oftheir own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s no proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these ‘super El Ninos’ might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands — more than 300 in Fiji alone.Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your sheet.The Efate burial siteA 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 , was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools.The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita.A proofB plantationC harbourD bonesE dataF archaeological discoveryG burial urnH sourceI animalsJ mapsQuestions 32-35Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys becauseA the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are viewed.33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?A They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.B Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.C They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.D Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.34 What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh parag raph?A the Lapita’s seafaring talentB the Lapita’s ability to detect signs of landC the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the regionD the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?A It played an important role in Lapita culture.B It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.C It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.D It made a large number of islands habitable.Questions 36-40Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test3)Passage 1参考译文：旅游的背景，意义和范畴A. 自从上帝创造了万物以来，旅行就已经存在了：那时原始人启程，常常穿越很远的距离搜寻猎物，这些猎物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。

免疫实验中遇到的种属中英文对照(超级全)(最新整理)

米曲霉
Astrovirus
星状病毒
Atlantic Hagfish (Myxine glutinosa)
八目鳗类鱼（盲鳗属）
Aureococcus anophagefferens (A.anophagefferens) 褐潮藻
Avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV)
禽脑脊髓炎病毒（AEV）
斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
斑马鱼(Danio rerio)
Zebrafish/Fish
斑马鱼/鱼类
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
斑胸草雀(Taeniopygia guttata)
Prunus persica
负鼠(负鼠目)
Brassica oleracea (B.oleracea)
甘蓝(b.oleracea)
Bacillus
杆菌
Pigeon
鸽子
Salmon (Salmonidae)
鲑鱼(鲑科)
Drosophila
果蝇
Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
果蝇(果蝇)
Drosophila/Arthropod
Avian Influenza Virus
禽流感病毒
Avian Influenza Virus H1N1
禽流感病毒 H1N1
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens
解淀粉芽孢杆菌
Bacillus anthracis
炭疽芽孢杆菌
Bacillus cereus
蜡状芽孢杆菌

血浆灭活：Human plasma (pooled and treated for virus)

11.0It is not intended that the determination of total protein and human coagulation factor VIII shown below be carried out on each unit of plasma.They are rather given as guidelines for good manufacturing practice,the test for human coagulation factor VIII being relevant for plasma intended for use in the preparation of concentrates of labile proteins.The total proteincontentof a unitof plasma depends on theserum protein content of the donor and the degree of dilution inherent in the donation procedure.When plasma is obtained from a suitable donorandusing the intendedproportionofanticoagulant solution,a total protein content complying with the limit of 50 g/L is obtained.If a volume of blood or plasma smaller than intended is collected into the anticoagulantsolution,the resulting plasma is not necessarily unsuitable forpooling for fractionation.The aim of good manufacturing practice must be to achieve the prescribed limit for all normal donations.Preservation of human coagulation factor VIII in the donation depends on the collection procedure and the subsequent handling of the bloodandplasma.Withgoodpractice,0.7 IU/mL can usually be achieved,but units of plasma with alower activity may still be suitable for use in the production of coagulation factor concentrates.The aim of allstepstakenduring production of plasma is to obtain plasma of the intended quality and to conserve labile proteins as much as possible.Total protein .Carry out the test using a pool of not fewer than 10 units.Dilute anappropriate volume of the preparationwith a 9 g/L solution of sodium chloride R to obtain a solution containing about 15 mg of protein in 2 mL.To 2.0 mL of this solution in a round-bottomedcentrifugetube,add 2 mLof a 75 g/L solution of sodium molybdate R and 2 mL of a mixture of 1 volume of nitrogen-free sulfuric acid R and 30 volumes of water R .Shake,centrifuge for 5 min,decantthe supernatant and allow the inverted tube to drain on ﬁlter paper.Determine the nitrogen in the residue by the method of sulfuric acid digestion (2.5.9)and calculate the protein content by multiplying the quantity of nitrogen by 6.25.The total protein content is not less than 50 g/L.Human coagulation factor VIII (2.7.4).Carry out the test using a pool ofnot fewer than10 units.Thawthe samples tobe examined,if necessary,at 37 °C.Carry out the assay using a reference plasma calibrated against the International Standard for human coagulation factor VIII in plasma.The activity is not less than 0.7 IU/mL.STORAGE AND TRANSPORT Frozen plasma is stored and transported in conditions designed to maintain the temperature at or below − 20 °C;for accidental reasons,the storage temperature may riseabove − 20 °C on one or more occasions during storage and transport but the plasma is nevertheless considered suitable for fractionation if all the following conditions are fulﬁlled:–the total period of time during which the temperature exceeds − 20 °C does not exceed 72 h;–the temperature does not exceed − 15 °C on more than 1 occasion;–the temperature at no time exceeds − 5 °C.POOLED PLASMA During the manufacture of plasma products,the ﬁrst homogeneous pool of plasma (for example,after removal of cryoprecipitate)is tested for HBsAgand forHIV antibodies using test methods of suitable sensitivity and speciﬁcity;the pool must give negative results in these tests.The plasma pool is also tested for hepatitis C virus RNA using a validated nucleicacid ampliﬁcationtechnique (2.6.21).Apositive control with 100 IU/mL of hepatitis C virus RNA and,to test for inhibitors,an internal control prepared by addition of a suitable markerto asampleof the plasma pool areincluded in the test.The test is invalid if the positive control is non-reactive or if the result obtained with the internal control indicates the presence of inhibitors.The plasma pool complies with the test if it is found non-reactive for hepatitis C virus RNA.Hepatitis C virus RNA for NAT testing BRP is suitable for use as a positive control.CHARACTERS Before freezing:clear or slightly turbid liquid without visible signsof haemolysis;it may vary in colour from light yellow to BELLINGThe label enables each individual unit to be traced to a speciﬁc donor.01/2020:1646corrected 11.0HUMAN PLASMA (POOLED AND TREATED FOR VIRUS INACTIVATION)Plasma humanum coagmentatum conditumque ad exstinguendum virum DEFINITIONSterile,frozen orfreeze-dried,non-pyrogenicpreparationobtained from human plasma derived from donors belonging to the same ABO blood group.The preparation is thawed orreconstituted before use to give a solution for infusion.The human plasma used complies with the monographHuman plasma for fractionation (0853).PRODUCTION The units of plasma to be used are cooled to − 30 °C or lower within 6 h of separation of cells and always within 24 h of collection.The pool is prepared by mixing units of plasma belonging to the same ABO blood group.PLASMA POOL TESTS The poolof plasma is tested for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and for HIV antibodies using test methods of suitable sensitivity and speciﬁcity;the pool must give negative results in these tests.Hepatitis Avirus RNA.The plasmapool is tested using avalidated nucleic acid ampliﬁcation technique (2.6.21).Apositive control with 1.0 × 102 IU of hepatitis A virus RNA per millilitre and,to testfor inhibitors,aninternal controlprepared by addition of a suitable marker to a sample of theplasma pool are included in the test.The test is invalid if the positive control is non-reactive or if the result obtained with the internal control indicates the presence of inhibitors.The pool complies with the test if it is found non-reactive for hepatitis A virus RNA.Hepatitis A virus RNA for NAT testing BRP is suitable for useas a positive control.Hepatitis C virus RNA .The plasma pool is tested using a validated nucleic acid ampliﬁcation technique (2.6.21).A positive control with 1.0 × 102IU of hepatitis Cvirus RNAper millilitre and,to test for inhibitors,an internal control prepared by addition of a suitable marker to a sample of theplasma pool are included in the test.The test is invalidifthe positive control is non-reactive or if the result obtained with the internal control indicates the presence of inhibitors.Thepool complies with the test if it is found non-reactive for hepatitis C virus RNA.Hepatitis C virus RNA for NAT testing BRP is suitable for useas a positive control.General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 300511.0Hepatitis E virus RNA.The plasma pool is tested using a validated nucleic acid ampliﬁcation technique(2.6.21).A positive control with3.2 × 102 IU of hepatitis E virus RNA per millilitre and,to test for inhibitors,an internal control prepared by addition of a suitable marker to a sample of the plasma pool are included in the test.The test is invalid ifthe positive control is non-reactive or if the result obtained with the internal control indicates the presence of inhibitors. The pool complies with the test if it is found non-reactive for hepatitis E virus RNA.Hepatitis E virus RNA for NAT testing BRP is suitable for use as a positive control.B19 virus DNA.The plasma pool contains not more than 10.0 IU/μL.To limit the potential burden of B19 virus in plasma pools, the plasma pool is also tested for B19 virus using a validated nucleic acid ampliﬁcation technique(2.6.21).A positive control with10.0 IU of B19 virus DNA per microlitre and,to test for inhibitors,an internal control prepared by additionof a suitable marker to a sample of the plasma pool are included in the test.The test is invalid if the positive control is non-reactive or if the result obtained with the internal control indicates the presence of inhibitors.B19 virus DNA for NAT testing BRP is suitable for use as a positive control.METHOD OF PREPARATIONThe method of preparation is designed to minimise activation of any coagulation factor(to minimise potential thrombogenicity)and includes a step or steps that have been shown to inactivate known agents of infection;if substances are used for the inactivation of viruses during production, the subsequent puriﬁcation procedure must be validated to demonstrate that the concentration of these substances is reduced to a suitable level and that any residues are such as not to compromise the safety of the preparation for patients. Inactivation process.The solvent-detergent process,which is one of the methods used to inactivate enveloped viruses, uses treatment with a combination of tributyl phosphate and octoxinol 10;these reagents are subsequently removed by oil extraction or by solid phase extraction so that the amount in theﬁnal product is less than2 μg/mL for tributyl phosphate and less than5 μg/mL for octoxinol 10.No antimicrobial preservative is added.The solution is passed through a bacteria-retentiveﬁlter, distributed aseptically into theﬁnal containers and immediately frozen;it may subsequently be freeze-dried. Plastic containers comply with the requirements for sterile plastic containers for human blood and blood components (3.3.4).Glass containers comply with the requirements for glass containers for pharmaceutical use(3.2.1). CHARACTERSAppearance:–frozen preparation:clear or slightly opalescent liquid,free from solid and gelatinous particles after thawing;–freeze-dried preparation:almost white or slightly yellow powder or friable mass.Thaw or reconstitute the preparation to be examined as stated on the label immediately before carrying out the identification, tests and assay.IDENTIFICATIONA.Examine by electrophoresis(2.2.31)comparing withnormal human plasma.The electropherograms show the same bands.B.It complies with the test for anti-A and anti-Bhaemagglutinins(see Tests).TESTSpH(2.2.3):6.5to7.6.Osmolality(2.2.35):minimum240 mosmol/kg.Total protein:minimum45 g/L.Dilute if necessary with a9 g/L solution of sodium chloride R to obtain a protein concentration of about7.5 mg/mL.Place 2.0 mL of this solution in a round-bottomed centrifuge tube and add2 mL of a75 g/L solution of sodium molybdate R and 2 mL of a mixture of1 volume of nitrogen-free sulfuric acid R and30 volumes of water R.Shake,centrifuge for5 min,decant the supernatant and allow the inverted tube to drain onﬁlter paper.Determine the nitrogen in the residue by the method of sulfuric acid digestion(2.5.9)and calculate the quantity of protein by multiplying the result by6.25.Activated coagulation factors(2.6.22).It complies withthe test for activated coagulation factors.Carry out the test with0.1 mL of the preparation to be examined instead of10-fold and100-fold dilutions.The coagulation time for the preparation to be examined is not less than150 s.Anti-A and anti-B haemagglutinins(2.6.20,Method A).The presence of haemagglutinins(anti-A or anti-B)corresponds to the blood group stated on the label.Hepatitis A virus antibodies:minimum0.3 IU/mL, determined by a suitable immunochemical method(2.7.1). Human hepatitis A immunoglobulin BRP is suitable for use as a reference preparation.Irregular erythrocyte antibodies.The preparation to be examined does not show the presence of irregular erythrocyte antibodies when examined without dilution by an indirect antiglobulin test.Citrate.Liquid chromatography(2.2.29).Test solution.Dilute the preparation to be examined with an equal volume of a9 g/L solution of sodium chloride R.Filter through a membraneﬁlter(nominal pore size0.45 μm). Reference solution.Dissolve0.300 g of sodium citrate R in water R and dilute to100.0 mL with the same solvent. Column:–size:l = 0.3 m,Ø = 7.8 mm;–stationary phase:cation-exchange resin R(9 μm).Mobile phase:0.51 g/L solution of sulfuric acid R.Flow rate:0.5 mL/min.Detection:spectrophotometer at215 nm.Equilibration:15 min.Injection:10 μL.Retention time:citrate = about10 min.Limit:–citrate:maximum25 mmol/L.Calcium:maximum5.0 mmol/L.Atomic absorption spectrometry(2.2.23,Method I). Source:calcium hollow-cathode lamp using a transmission band preferably of0.5 nm.Wavelength:622 nm.Atomisation device:air-acetylene or acetylene-propaneﬂame. Potassium:maximum5.0 mmol/L.Atomic emission spectrometry(2.2.22,Method I). Wavelength:766.5 nm.Sodium:maximum200 mmol/L.Atomic emission spectrometry(2.2.22,Method I). Wavelength:589 nm.Water.Determined by a suitable method,such as thesemi-micro determination of water(2.5.12),loss on drying (2.2.32)or near-infrared spectroscopy(2.2.40),the water content is within the limits approved by the competent authority(freeze-dried product).3006See the information section on general monographs(cover pages)11.0Sterility (2.6.1).It complies with the test.Pyrogens (2.6.8)or Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14).It complieswith the test for pyrogens or,preferably and where justiﬁed and authorised,with a validated in vitro test such as the bacterial endotoxin test.For the pyrogen test,inject 3 mL per kilogram of the rabbit’s mass.Where the bacterial endotoxin test is used,the preparation to be examined contains less than 0.1 IU of endotoxin per millilitre.ASSAY Assay of humancoagulationfactor VIII(2.7.4).Use a reference plasma calibrated against the International Standard for blood coagulation factor VIII in plasma.The estimated potency is not less than 0.5 IU/mL.The conﬁdence limits (P = 0.95)are not less than 80 per cent and not more than 120 per cent of the estimated potency.Assay of human coagulation factor V .Carry out the assay of human coagulationfactor V described below using a reference plasma calibrated against the International Standard for blood coagulation factor V in ing imidazole buffer solution pH 7.3 R ,prepare at least 3 twofold dilutions of the preparation to be examined,preferably in duplicate,from 1in 10to 1in 40.Test each dilution as follows:mix 1 volume of plasma substrate deficient in factor V R,1 volume of the dilutionto be examined,1 volume of thromboplastin R and 1 volume of a 3.5 g/L solution of calcium chloride R ;measure the coagulation times,i.e.the interval betweenthemomentat which thecalcium chloride solution is added and the 1st indication of the formation of ﬁbrin,which may be observed visually or by means of a suitable apparatus.In the same manner,determine the coagulation time of 4 twofold dilutions (1in 10to 1in 80)of human normalplasma in imidazole buffer solution pH 7.3 R .Check thevalidity of the assay and calculate the potency of the test preparation by the usual statistical methods (for example, 5.3).The estimated potency is not less than 0.5 IU/mL.The conﬁdence limits (P = 0.95)are not less than 80 per cent and not more than 120 per cent of the estimated potency.Assay of human coagulation factor XI (2.7.22).Use a reference plasma calibrated against the International Standard for blood coagulation factor XI in plasma.The estimated potency is notlessthan0.5 IU/mL.The conﬁdence limits (P = 0.95)are not less than 80 per cent and not more than 125 per cent of the estimated potency.Coagulation factors V,VIII,XI and XIII plasma BRP is suitable for use as a reference preparation in the above assays.Assay of human protein C (2.7.30).Use a reference plasma calibrated against the International Standard for human protein C in plasma.The estimated potency is not less than 0.7 IU/mL.The conﬁdence limits (P = 0.95)are not less than 80 per cent and not more than 120 per cent of the estimated potency.Assay of human protein S (2.7.31).Use a reference plasma calibrated against the International Standard for human protein S in plasma.The estimated potency is within the limits approved for the particular product.The conﬁdence limits (P = 0.95)are not less than 80 per cent and not more than 120 per cent of the estimated potency.Assay of human plasmin inhibitor (2.7.25)(α2-antiplasmin).Use a reference plasma calibrated against human normal plasma.1 unit of human plasmin inhibitor is equal to the activity of 1 mL of human normal plasma.Human normal plasma is prepared by pooling plasma units from not fewer than 30 donors and storing at − 30 °C or lower.The estimated potency is not less than 0.2 units/mL.The conﬁdencelimits (P = 0.95)are not less than 80 per cent and not more than 120 per cent of the estimated potency.Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).Use an apparatus suitable for measurement of coagulation times or perform the assaywith incubationtubes maintainedin a water-bath at 37 °C.Place in each tube 0.1 mL of thepreparation to be examined and 0.1 mL of a suitable APTT reagent (containing phospholipid and contact activator),both previously heated to 37 °C,and incubate the mixture for a recommended time at 37 °C.To each tube add 0.1 mL of a3.7 g/L solution of calcium chloride R previously heated to 37 °ing a timer,measure the coagulation time,i.e.theinterval between the moment of the addition of the calciumchlorideand the 1stindication of the formation of ﬁbrin,whichmay be observed visually or by means of a suitable apparatus.The volumes given above may be adapted to the APTT reagent and apparatus used.The coagulation time complies with the approved speciﬁcation for the product.LABELLINGThe label states:–the ABO blood group;–the method used for virus inactivation.01/2014:2387corrected 11.0HUMAN α-1-PROTEINASE INHIBITORα-1-Proteinasi inhibitor humanum DEFINITIONSterile liquid or freeze-dried preparation of a plasma proteinfractioncontaining mainly human α-1-proteinase inhibitor (also known as human α-1-antitrypsin or α-1-antiproteinase).Human α-1-proteinase inhibitor is a glycoprotein existing in isoforms with different isoelectric points and is the most abundant multifunctional serine proteinase inhibitor in human plasma.It is obtained from human plasma that complies with the monograph Human plasma for fractionation (0853),using asuitable fractionation process and further puriﬁcation steps.Other plasma proteins may be present.The preparation maycontain excipients such as stabilisers.PRODUCTIONGENERAL PROVISIONSThe method of preparation is designed to maintain functional integrity of α-1-proteinase inhibitor.It includes a step or steps that have been shown to remove or to inactivate known agents of infection.The subsequent puriﬁcation procedure must be validated to demonstrate that the concentration of any substances used for inactivation of viruses during production is reduced to a suitable level and that any residues are such as not to compromise the safety of the preparation for patients.The speciﬁc activity is not less than 0.35 mg of active human α-1-proteinase inhibitor per milligram of total protein.The ratio of human α-1proteinase inhibitor activity to human α-1-proteinase inhibitor antigen is not less than 0.7.No antimicrobial preservative or antibiotic is added.The solution is passed through a bacteria-retentive ﬁlter and distributed aseptically into the ﬁnal containers.It may be subsequently freeze-dried.General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 3007。

GRE阅读题目

1一：文章主题/段落主题具体内容型：注意关键内容的概括和完整性，凡是出现细节的都错！并且注意态度观点和作者的一致2L: Although biological control appears to be the best solution to bracken infes tation, careful assessment of the consequence is required.混：Enven after researchers discover the most economical method of pest control, the government has no authority to implement a control program key: B3L In response to environmental constraints, the clown fish has developed an unusual reprocuctive cycle. key: B5L Although there are early forms of women's history, historical approaches simi lar to our own were not developed until the early 20th这句话很好地包含了整篇文章的内容，并且给出了与作者一致的态度! key: E7L.10 (title) Belief in the Emergence of a Just Society: A Persistent Theme for A frican American Writers易混：Romanticism and Idealism: African American Writers' Influence on Society14L.5 (D) differentiating ballet from other form of phsical virtuosity 易混: explaining the role of choreography in ballet 注意主题句在首段末尾的结论中16.1(E) Doulass successfully exploited the genre of the slave narrative to tell his particular story.末尾结论19L.1 A new scholarly interpretation of the place of the painter E. G within his artistic milieu has been formulated but has not succeeded in supplanting the previous ima ge of the artist.20L.1 Understanding women's wealth is crucial to explaining their changing publi c role ts!22L.1 (A)discuss the place of C in the world of jazz and describe his musical explorations ts+原文的态度其实是首段最后两句的概括易混：analyze the musical sources of C's style and their influence on his work23L.1 F. D was attracted to the tenets of 19th liberalism because they served the effort to attain racial equality 末句ts!227L.1 C's concentrated focus on the adult sensibility explains why his works have been poorly appreciated in the English-speaking world抽象内容：(和套路结构有关，注意动词)段落作用新老:16.3 (E)The author presents an assertion about a literary work and then compares two literary genres in order to develop that assertion.易混:(C)The author describes a particular literary work in oder to qualify a the ory about a literary genre.21L.1 review a study that offers a neglected perspective on a social phenomenon评述某人:15L.4: summarizing and assessing 注意本文大套路是新老.新是具体总结和评述某人观点易混: reevaluating and predicting18L.2 (E)V was a finer artist and more important arbiter of taste than has been ackonwledged by art historians and critics.18L.7 An assumption is contradicted, supporting arguments for an alternate approach areoffered , and the basis for the original assumption is explained and discounted.23L.2 defend F. D from certain modern critics 反驳贬低型6s: provide an overview of an artist's use of a particular format解释/描述型（现象，结论）1L: the characteristics of a new kind of crystal3L: describing and explaining aspects of clown-fish behavior4L: describing and evaluating a trend9L: trace the emerging understanding of properties of the blood-rain barrier17L.1 examining possible explanations for the thicness of the Earth's crust at t h e Tibetan plateau30L.1 summarizing an explanation of how new technology spread among manufacturers of metalwork products描述发展型5L: surveying historical approaches to the study of women37L: trace the development of an important theme in African American literature25L.1 discussing the development of investigators' theories about aggression among monkeys有新老的套路标志，观点有几个，递进发展问题解决型：10L describing a solution to problems encountered with large-scale human-cell cu lture段落作用：1L.4 p1: providing background for the technical discussion to follow2L: p4: an overview of the variety of factors requiring further assessment混：an expansion of the discussion from the particular example of bracken contro l to the general problem of government regulation6L.3 : function of p3a specific event and conflicting interpretations of it9L.7 C 的研究作用provided evidence confirming a hypothesis based on previous observations9L.8 p2作用It outlines the significant findings in blood-brain barrier research that forme d the basis of later inquiries这从该段的first step 以及p2, p3的递进关系可以推出易混：It clarifies the initial research plan adopted by earlier blood-brain-barr ier scientists.注意这里没有时间上的概念。

sci的acknowledgements模板 -回复

sci的acknowledgements模板-回复Title: Acknowledgements in Scientific Research: Unveiling the Key ContributorsIntroduction:Scientific research relies on collective efforts and individuals' contributions to strive for advancements and breakthroughs. Acknowledgments serve as a crucial component of research articles, highlighting the individuals, organizations, and funding sources that have played a pivotal role in the study's success. This article aims to unveil the key contributors in scientific research while discussing the significance of acknowledgments. By delving into the acknowledgments template of scientific journals, we will explore the step-by-step process of acknowledging the contributors.I. Understanding the Importance of Acknowledgments (200 words)1.1 Definition and purpose of acknowledgments- Acknowledgments are sections in scientific research articles that recognize the contributions of individuals, organizations, and resources.- The primary purpose is to demonstrate gratitude, offerrecognition, and foster collaboration in scientific communities. 1.2 Significance of acknowledgments- They provide researchers with an opportunity to express their appreciation for the support and assistance received during the research process.- Acknowledgments establish transparency and credibility, ensuring that due credit is given to all deserving contributors.- Acknowledgments foster future collaborations and strengthen research networks.II. Structure and Content of Acknowledgments (500 words)2.1 Start with an opening phrase- Begin the acknowledgments section with a generic phrase such as "The authors would like to express their gratitude to...," followed by specific thanks.2.2 Identify key contributors- Acknowledge individuals who made substantial contributions to the research, such as advisors, co-authors, colleagues, and experts who provided valuable insights or technical assistance.- Mention institutions, universities, or research centers that supported the project or provided access to facilities and resources.2.3 Recognize funding agencies- Specify the names of funding agencies or institutions that financially supported the research, including grants, scholarships, or fellowships.- Mention any funding sources that played a role in data collection, analysis, or publication fees.2.4 Highlight the role of technical support- Acknowledge technicians, laboratory assistants, or data analysts who assisted with experiments, data processing, or statistical analysis.2.5 Thank participants or anonymous reviewers- Express gratitude to participants who volunteered in the research study or individuals who provided feedback during the peer-review process.2.6 Mention other valuable contributors- Acknowledge literature reviewers, language editors, or proofreaders who contributed to enhancing the quality of the research article.III. Demonstrating Gratitude (500 words)3.1 Express genuine appreciation- Acknowledge the key contributors genuinely and sincerely, emphasizing the importance of their contribution to the research.- Use concise and clear language to express gratitude effectively.3.2 Personalize the acknowledgments- Add a personal touch by mentioning specific contributions or instances where the acknowledged individuals or organizations played a significant role.3.3 Respect the contributor's preferences- Some contributors might prefer to remain anonymous or have specific instructions regarding acknowledgement. Respect their choices and adhere to their preferences.3.4 Offer reciprocal collaboration- Acknowledge the possibility of future research collaborations and express a desire to continue working with the acknowledged individuals or organizations.- Highlight the potential benefits of collaboration for future research endeavors.Conclusion: Wrapping Up the Acknowledgments (200 words) Acknowledgments play a crucial role in recognizing the multitude of contributors in the scientific research process. By following the acknowledgment template, researchers can express their gratitude towards advisors, co-authors, funding agencies, institutions,technical support, reviewers, and other contributors. Acknowledgments offer transparency, enhance credibility, and cultivate collaboration within the scientific community. Through genuine expressions of appreciation and recognition, researchers can foster stronger networks and contribute to future advancements in their respective fields.。

2007+-2010-2012部分完型阅读原文及译文

一2007年阅读理解Passage oneAmerican researchers report limited success using gene therapy to treat the genetic blood disease hemophilia.美国研究人员报告说，利用基因疗法治疗遗传性血液病血友病的成功率有限。

Hemophilia results when a gene fails to produce the protein needed for the blood to clot, or change from a liquid to a solid. The defective gene is passed from parents to children. People with hemophilia suffer uncontrolled bleeding. This can result in pain, tissue swelling and permanent damage to joints and muscles.当一个基因不能产生血液凝结所需的蛋白质，或者不能从液体变成固体时，就会产生血友病。

缺陷基因从父母传给孩子。

血友病患者遭受不受控制的出血。

这会导致疼痛、组织肿胀以及关节和肌肉的永久性损伤。

One in every ten-thousand males has the most common kind of hemophilia. It is extremely rare for females to have it. Patients can be treated with the missing clotting substance. They generally can lead normal lives.每一万个男性中就有一个患有最常见的血友病。

垃圾处理英语试题及答案

垃圾处理英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. Which of the following is NOT a method of waste management?A. RecyclingB. CompostingC. LandfillingD. Incineration答案：D2. What is the primary purpose of recycling?A. To save natural resourcesB. To reduce pollutionC. To create jobsD. All of the above答案：D3. Which of the following materials is not typically recycled?A. PaperB. PlasticC. GlassD. Food waste答案：D4. What is the term for the process of breaking down organic waste into simpler substances?A. DecompositionB. CompostingC. IncinerationD. Landfilling答案：B5. What is one of the benefits of waste reduction?A. It saves moneyB. It reduces pollutionC. It conserves resourcesD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. The process of converting waste into energy through combustion is known as __________.答案：Incineration2. __________ is a method of waste treatment that involvesthe controlled breakdown of organic matter.答案：Composting3. __________ is a way to reduce the amount of waste thatgoes to landfills by encouraging people to use fewer resources.答案：Waste reduction4. Recycling helps to __________ the demand for raw materials, which can help to preserve natural resources.答案：Reduce5. Landfilling is a waste management method where waste is placed in a landfill and covered with soil, but it can leadto __________.答案：Environmental pollution三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between composting and landfilling. 答案：Composting is a process that involves the controlled decomposition of organic waste into a nutrient-rich soil amendment, while landfilling is a method of waste disposal where waste is buried in the ground, which can lead to environmental pollution.2. What are some common materials that can be recycled?答案：Common materials that can be recycled include paper, plastic, glass, and metal. These materials can be collected, processed, and turned into new products, reducing the needfor raw materials and the amount of waste that goes to landfills.3. Why is it important to reduce waste?答案：Reducing waste is important because it conservesnatural resources, reduces pollution, and can save money. By using fewer resources and producing less waste, we can decrease the environmental impact of waste management and promote a more sustainable lifestyle.4. What are some ways individuals can contribute to waste reduction?答案：Individuals can contribute to waste reduction by practicing the 3 R's: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. This includes using fewer resources, reusing items when possible, and recycling materials that can be processed into newproducts. Additionally, individuals can compost organic waste and participate in community waste reduction programs.。

课件噬菌体遗传与变异.ppt

第一节噬菌体的生物学性状
形态与结构
– 蝌蚪形、微球形和丝形
化学组成
– 蛋白质与核酸
抗原性抵抗力：比细菌强
噬菌体
噬菌体的种类
毒性噬菌体（virulent phage）
温和噬菌体（temperate phage）/ 溶原性噬菌体（lysogenic phage）
第二节毒性噬菌体
毒性噬菌体（virulent phage） –能在宿主菌细胞内复制增殖，产生许多
–致育质粒（F质粒）：编码细菌性菌毛 –耐药质粒（R质粒）：编码细菌耐药性
毒力质粒（Vi质粒）：编码细菌毒力因子 –细菌素质粒（Col质粒）：编码大肠埃希菌的大
肠菌素 –代谢质粒
质粒是基因工程中最常用的基因载体
转座因子（transposable element）
是指基因组中能够改变自身位置的一段DNA片段。转位（transposition）：转位因子能从染色体或质粒的一个位置转移到在另一个位置。转位因子的转位行为，能使DNA发生插入突变和广泛的基因重排。包括：插入序列、转座子、转座噬菌体
抑制基因转录 ✓ 阻遏蛋白 ✓ 辅阻遏物
促进基因转录
细菌的变异机制
基因的转移和重组基因的突变
第三节基因的转移和重组
基因转移（gene transfer）
–外源性的遗传物质由供体菌转入某受体菌细胞的过程称为基因转移。
重组（rebination）
–转移的基因与受体菌DNA整合在一起称为重组，使受体菌获得供体菌的某些性状。
IS Resistance Gene(s) IS
Tn
转座子的特征
转座子 Tn1 Tn2 Tn3
Tn4 Tn5 Tn6 Tn7 Tn9 Tn10 Tn551 Tn971 Tn1681

珊瑚白化英语作文

珊瑚白化英语作文Here is an English essay on the topic of coral bleaching, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested. The title is not included in the word count.Coral Bleaching: A Global Phenomenon with Dire ConsequencesCoral reefs are renowned as the underwater rainforests of our planet, teeming with an incredible diversity of marine life and serving as vital ecosystems for countless species. However, in recent decades, these vibrant underwater havens have been facing a grave threat – coral bleaching. This phenomenon, driven by a complex interplay of environmental factors, has been causing widespread devastation to coral communities around the world, with far-reaching implications for the delicate balance of our marine ecosystems.At the heart of the coral bleaching crisis lies the issue of rising ocean temperatures. As a result of climate change and the ongoing global warming, the world's oceans have been steadily warming, with the average sea surface temperature increasing by approximately 0.13°C per decade over the past century. This seemingly small change in temperature has had a profound impact on the delicate balance ofcoral reef ecosystems.Corals, being sensitive organisms, rely on a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae known as zooxanthellae. These algae reside within the coral's tissue and provide the corals with essential nutrients and energy through photosynthesis. However, when the ocean temperatures rise beyond the corals' optimal range, this delicate relationship is disrupted. The corals, under stress, expel the zooxanthellae, causing them to lose their vibrant colors and appear "bleached."Without the zooxanthellae, the corals lose their primary source of energy and nutrients, leaving them vulnerable to disease, starvation, and ultimately, death. The loss of these foundational species has a cascading effect on the entire reef ecosystem, as the intricate web of life that depends on the corals is severely disrupted.The impacts of coral bleaching extend far beyond the immediate loss of the corals themselves. These vibrant underwater ecosystems serve as critical habitats for a vast array of marine life, ranging from colorful fish and invertebrates to endangered species such as sea turtles and dugongs. When corals die, the entire ecosystem that relies on them is thrown into disarray, with many species losing their homes, food sources, and breeding grounds.Moreover, coral reefs play a vital role in protecting coastal communities from the destructive forces of waves and storms. Their intricate structures act as natural barriers, absorbing the energy of waves and shielding shorelines from erosion and flooding. As coral reefs decline, these crucial ecosystem services are compromised, leaving coastal communities increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events.The economic consequences of coral bleaching are also significant. Coral reefs are a major draw for ecotourism, with millions of people visiting these underwater wonders each year. The loss of these vibrant ecosystems can have a devastating impact on local economies that rely heavily on the revenue generated by diving, snorkeling, and other reef-based activities. Additionally, the decline of coral reefs can disrupt local fisheries, threatening the livelihoods of coastal communities that depend on the bounty of the sea.In response to the growing threat of coral bleaching, scientists and conservation organizations have been working tirelessly to understand the underlying causes and develop strategies to mitigate the damage. One of the key focus areas has been addressing the root cause of the problem – climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources are crucial steps in slowing the rate of ocean warming and giving corals a fighting chance to survive.In parallel, efforts are being made to develop more resilient coral strains that can better withstand the impacts of climate change. Through selective breeding and genetic engineering, researchers are exploring ways to create coral species that are more resistant to the stresses of rising temperatures and ocean acidification. Additionally, techniques such as coral transplantation and the establishment of marine protected areas are being employed to help preserve and restore damaged reef ecosystems.However, the challenges facing coral reefs are immense, and the solutions are not always straightforward. Coral bleaching is a global phenomenon, requiring coordinated international efforts to address the underlying drivers and implement effective conservation strategies. The success of these efforts will not only determine the fate of the world's coral reefs but also the well-being of the countless species and human communities that rely on them.In conclusion, the coral bleaching crisis is a stark reminder of the profound impact that human activities can have on the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems. As we grapple with the realities of climate change and its far-reaching consequences, it is imperative that we take immediate and decisive action to protect the world's coral reefs. By working together to reduce our carbon footprint, support conservation efforts, and develop innovative solutions, wecan strive to preserve these underwater havens for generations to come, and ensure the continued health and resilience of our marine ecosystems.。

蝴蝶的保护色英语作文

蝴蝶的保护色英语作文Title: The Protective Coloration of Butterflies。

Butterflies are among the most enchanting creatures on our planet, captivating us with their vibrant colors and delicate wings. However, beneath their aesthetic appeallies a fascinating survival strategy: protective coloration. This phenomenon, also known as camouflage, plays a crucial role in the survival and evolution of butterflies.Protective coloration in butterflies serves primarilyas a defense mechanism against predators. By blending seamlessly into their surroundings, butterflies can avoid detection and reduce the risk of being eaten. This adaptation comes in various forms, each tailored to the specific habitats and lifestyles of different butterfly species.One common type of protective coloration is cryptic coloration, where butterflies' wing patterns resemble thetextures and colors of their natural environment. For instance, species living in forested areas may have wings adorned with patterns resembling tree bark or foliage. This allows them to effectively camouflage themselves against tree trunks or among leaves, making them virtuallyinvisible to predators such as birds and lizards.Another form of protective coloration is disruptive coloration, which involves patterns that break up the outline of the butterfly's body, making it difficult for predators to recognize them as prey. This strategy is particularly effective when butterflies are in motion, as the disruptive patterns create visual confusion, making it challenging for predators to accurately target them.Furthermore, some butterflies exhibit mimicry, where their coloration closely resembles that of other unpalatable or toxic species. This deceptive tactic deters predators who have learned to associate certain color patterns with a foul taste or even danger. By mimicking these warning signals, butterflies gain protection without having to invest in producing toxins themselves.The evolution of protective coloration in butterflies is a result of natural selection acting upon heritable variations in color patterns. Over time, individuals with better camouflage have higher chances of survival and reproduction, passing on their advantageous traits tofuture generations. This process continually refines and enhances the effectiveness of protective coloration in butterfly populations.However, the effectiveness of protective coloration is not solely determined by the appearance of butterflies. Environmental factors such as light conditions, background texture, and the presence of predators also influence how effective camouflage can be. Additionally, human activities such as habitat destruction and pollution can disrupt the natural environments where butterflies reside, further challenging their survival.Conservation efforts play a crucial role in safeguarding the habitats of butterflies and preserving their intricate adaptations, including protectivecoloration. By protecting natural ecosystems and minimizing human disturbances, we can ensure that butterflies continue to thrive and enchant future generations with their beauty and resilience.In conclusion, protective coloration is a remarkable adaptation that enables butterflies to evade predators and survive in diverse environments. Through cryptic coloration, disruptive patterns, and mimicry, butterflies have evolved sophisticated strategies to blend into their surroundings and avoid detection. Understanding and appreciating the significance of protective coloration not only enriches our knowledge of butterfly biology but also underscores the importance of conservation in preserving these delicate yet resilient creatures.。

sci文章中a new disclosure statement -回复

sci文章中a new disclosure statement -回复要写一篇1500-2000字的文章关于“sci文章中a new disclosure statement”的主题，我们可以按照以下步骤进行回答：第一步：介绍SCI文章中的披露声明（Disclosure Statement）- 解释SCI是指科学引文索引（Science Citation Index）的简称，这是一个著名的科学文献检索系统，用于跟踪和分析学术期刊的引用。

- 披露声明是SCI文章中的一部分，旨在提供关于作者和研究的披露信息，以确保研究的透明性和可信度。

- 在过去，常见的披露声明主要包括作者的资金来源、潜在利益冲突、研究伦理批准和实验动物使用。

第二步：解释“a new disclosure statement”的含义- “a new disclosure statement”是指一种新型的披露声明，这是为了满足科学研究领域的新需求而提出的。

- 过去的披露声明有时难以覆盖一些新兴问题，如技术进步和数据共享等。

因此，科学界开始思考如何完善现有的披露方式。

第三步：列举和解释“a new disclosure statement”的核心内容- “a new disclosure statement”包括更全面的研究背景和基本信息，如数据采集、样本来源、实验设计等。

- 它还要求作者详细披露数据的处理和分析方法，以便其他研究人员可以重复实验并验证结果。

- 这种新披露声明还要求研究人员披露研究机构和实验设备的信息，以确保研究环境的可信度和可重复性。

第四步：阐述“a new disclosure statement”对SCI文章的影响和意义- 引入“a new disclosure statement”将提高SCI文章的透明度和可信度，使读者更容易理解研究过程和结果。

- 它有助于建立一个更开放的数据共享环境，促进科学研究的合作和交流。

sci的affiliation statements -回复

sci的affiliation statements -回复sci的affiliation statements主要是指SCI（Science Citation Index）数据库中的论文作者的机构归属陈述。

SCI是世界上最具影响力的科技文献数据库之一，为全球的科研工作者提供了广泛的交流和引用平台。

SCI的affiliation statements对确定学术研究成果的归属和授权起着重要作用。

本文将一步一步回答关于SCI的affiliation statements的相关问题，以帮助读者更好地了解其背后的意义和作用。

第一步：什么是SCI？SCI（Science Citation Index），即科学引文索引，是由Clarivate Analytics （前身为汤森路透）提供的一种科技文献数据库。

SCI收录了来自全球各个领域的高质量科学期刊论文，并通过引用分析来确定高影响力的研究成果。

SCI的引用次数经常被认为是衡量一个研究成果影响力大小的重要指标。

第二步：什么是affiliation statements？在SCI论文中，affiliation statements是指作者在论文中提供的机构归属信息。

这些信息包括作者所在的研究机构、大学、实验室、公司等。

affiliation statements的主要目的是确定学术研究成果的归属和授权。

它们有助于确保研究成果的正确性和可信度，并为后续研究建立合作和联系提供信息。

第三步：affiliation statements的作用是什么？affiliation statements在SCI论文中扮演着重要的角色。

它们有以下几个作用：1. 确定学术研究成果的归属：作者通过提供机构归属信息来确保他们所做的研究成果被正确归属到他们所在的机构。

这对于评估机构的研究实力和贡献至关重要。

affiliation statements为研究成果的归属提供了清晰的依据。

2. 确保研究成果的可信度：affiliation statements可以帮助读者和科研机构确认论文作者的身份和背景。

蝴蝶兰紫色白色英语作文

蝴蝶兰紫色白色英语作文英文回答：Phalaenopsis orchids are a popular choice for indoor gardeners due to their beautiful flowers and relativelyeasy care requirements. They are native to Southeast Asia and Australia, and there are over 60 species of Phalaenopsis orchids. The most common type of Phalaenopsis orchid is the hybrid Phalaenopsis amabilis, which has large, showy flowers that can be white, pink, purple, or yellow.Phalaenopsis orchids are epiphytes, which means they grow on other plants in the wild. They have thick, fleshy leaves that store water and nutrients. The flowers of Phalaenopsis orchids are pollinated by insects, and the seeds are dispersed by the wind.To care for a Phalaenopsis orchid, you will need to provide it with bright, indirect light. The ideal temperature range for Phalaenopsis orchids is between 65and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. You should water your orchid when the potting mix is dry to the touch. Fertilize your orchid once a month with a balanced fertilizer.Phalaenopsis orchids are susceptible to a few common pests and diseases. The most common pests are mealybugs, aphids, and scale. The most common diseases are root rot and leaf spot. If you notice any pests or diseases on your orchid, you should treat it immediately.With proper care, Phalaenopsis orchids can live for many years. They are a beautiful and rewarding addition to any home.中文回答：蝴蝶兰又称石斛兰，是室内园艺爱好者的热门选择，因为它花朵美丽，且养护要求相对容易。

自花授粉作物自交不退化,作文

自花授粉作物自交不退化,作文英文回答：Self-pollinating crops, also known as self-fertilizingor selfing crops, do not experience degradation through inbreeding. This means that they can reproduce successfully without the need for cross-pollination from another individual plant.One example of a self-pollinating crop is wheat. Wheat plants have both male and female reproductive structures, allowing them to self-fertilize. The pollen from the male organ, called the anther, can easily reach the female organ, called the stigma, within the same flower. This ensures successful fertilization and the production of viable seeds.Another example is tomatoes. Tomato plants have flowers that contain both male and female parts. When the pollen from the anther is released, it can easily come intocontact with the stigma within the same flower, leading toself-pollination. This is why tomato plants can producefruits even when grown in isolation.Self-pollinating crops have several advantages. Firstly, they do not rely on external pollinators such as bees or wind to transfer pollen, which can be a limiting factor in areas with low pollinator populations or adverse weather conditions. Secondly, self-pollination ensures genetic consistency and stability within a crop. This can be beneficial for farmers who want to maintain specific traits or characteristics in their crops, such as disease resistance or high yield.However, there are also disadvantages to self-pollination. One major drawback is the reduced genetic diversity within a population. When plants self-pollinate, they are essentially mating with themselves, leading to a decrease in genetic variation. This can make the crop more susceptible to diseases and pests, as well as reducing its ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.中文回答：自花授粉作物，也被称为自育或自交作物，不会因近亲繁殖而退化。

sci中disclosure statements -回复

sci中disclosure statements -回复什么是SCI中的"disclosure statements"（作者披露声明）？在科学研究中，"disclosure statements" 是指作者在SCI（科学引文索引）期刊中发表研究论文时所提交的一份声明，用于公开披露与研究内容相关的潜在利益冲突、研究资金来源以及其他相关信息。

这一做法旨在确保科学研究的透明度和可信度。

为什么需要"disclosure statements"？"disclosure statements" 的目的是确保读者能够全面了解与科学研究相关的信息，并对作者潜在的利益冲突有所知悉。

这有助于保证研究的可信度和独立性。

科学研究往往涉及到专利、咨询费、股权、高级职位或其他与商业利益相关的事项，这些潜在的利益冲突可能会对研究结果产生影响。

因此，通过披露这些信息，读者能够更好地评估论文的研究方法和结论的可信度。

披露的内容包括什么？根据期刊的要求，"disclosure statements" 可能包括以下内容：1. 潜在利益冲突（Potential Conflict of Interest）：作者需要披露与他们的研究工作相关的任何财务或其他利益冲突。

这可能涉及到专利申请、股权、授权协议、顾问费、演讲费等。

2. 研究资金来源（Funding Sources）：作者需要披露支持他们研究工作的资金来源。

例如，政府资助、非营利组织赞助、产业合作伙伴的资助等。

这些资金来源可能对研究目标和发现产生影响。

3. 数据共享（Data Sharing）：作者需要说明他们是否愿意共享数据。

共享数据可以提高研究的可再现性和透明度。

4. 伦理问题与合规性（Ethical Concerns and Compliance）：作者需要披露他们是否遵守了研究伦理和法律规定的要求。

sci英文论文写作经典例句

sci英文论文写作经典例句sci英文论文：However, impaired short-term outcomes after laparoscopic assisted anterior resection for cancer of the rectum do not yet justify its routine use.误解：然而，直肠癌腹腔镜手术切除后的短期疗效还没有经过患者日常生活的检验。

改正：然而，直肠癌前入路腹腔镜手术切除的短期疗效不佳，不适合常规进行。

sci英文论文：Several limitations of this study warrant comment.误解：在这研究里数项的限制需正当理由的评述。

改正：本研究的几个局限性值得讨论。

sci英文论文：This hypothesis is supported by three key experimental observations initially performed on human acute myeloid leukemia and subsequently extended to human solid tumors.误解：这个假说从最初人类急性髓细胞性白血病被证实，随后扩展到人类实体瘤，被3个关键的实验观察支持。

改正：该假说得到3个关键的实验观察的支持，这些实验最初研究人类急性髓样白血病，随后扩展到人类实体瘤。

sci英文论文：Objective: To estimate the 9-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy （DR）in a population with the same ancestry as African Americans.误解：目的估算同一祖先人群的非洲裔美国人9年糖尿病视网膜病变的发病率。

改正：目的调查与非洲裔美国人同一祖先的人群的9年糖尿病视网膜病变的发病率。

希腊罗马神话复习

希腊罗马神话复习一．单选（课文）10分二．判断（课文）10分三．表格（默写）20分四．名词解释（课后）20分C11.delphic: It relates to Delphi.It means ambiguous.2.Olypian: It relates to Olympian Gods.It means that some one is like a god,especially by being calm and not concerned about ordinary things.3.martial: It relates to Mars.It means something connected with war and fighting.4.nemesis: It relates to Nemesis.It means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.5.titanic:I t relates to Titans.It means something big ,strong and powerful.C21.Junoesque:It relates to Juno.It means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.2.Argus-eyed:It relates to Argus.It means someone is watchful and alert.3.satyr/satyriasis:It relates to Satyr.It means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men.4.mercurial:It relates to Mercury.It means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to Chaos.It means messy and disorder.2.Pandora’s box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to Prometheus.It means a person who resembles Prometheus.C61.Dionysiac:It relates to Dionysus.It means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas’/ass’s ears:It relates to Midas.It means A secret that cannot be hid.It also menas someone is shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to Midas.It means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to Alexander.It means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to Ceres.It means grains.2.aureole:It relates to Aurora.It means a bright circle of light.C91.Charon’s boat/ferry:It relates to Charon.It means some one is going to die.2.cross the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win（one’s）laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one’s honors.2.Look to one’s laurels:It relates to Daphne.It means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one’s laurels: It relates to Daphne.It means to satisfy with what you have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to Daphne.It means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to Cupid.It means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to Eros.It means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite’s girdle:It relates to Aphrodite.It means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to Adonis.It means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to Narcissus.It means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one’s Pegasus: It relates to Pegasus.It means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one’s brain: It relates to Perseus.It means the fantasy in one’s mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to Heracles.It means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to Augeas.It means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to Hercules.It means great effort.C211.sow dragon’s teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to Cadmus.It means a victory that comes at a great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to Sphinx.It means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles’heel:It relates to Achilles.It means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to Hector.It means to intimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and Patroclus.It means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to Achilles.It means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to Helen.It means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分1.What did the ancient Greeks know about their world?The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle of it,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by the Sea.Around the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they died?The Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brother?Zeus’s portion was the heavens,Poseidon’s the ocean and Hades’s the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to Vulcan?Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destiny?The three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus’ usual way of hiding his scandals?He raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girl into an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe” come into being?Pan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of Artemis.He chased her to the bank of river .With the water nymph’s help,Syrinx was turned into reeds.Pan was so sad and he made an instrument with the reeds,which called Syrinx.And that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus’s promiscuity?The promiscuity of Zeus serves more than entertaining purposes.It is out of political purpose.Men have a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the people in the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful follows.And the number of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus’ obtaining fire for man?When Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of Pandora?The story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and they were the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own age?Please elaborate.I think we are in the Iron Age.People work day and night and man’s character is more complex,though mixed with kindness, but more evil.Human wants to rule everything.People no longer trust each other.Married people do not love each other.Vows are regarded as dust.Kindness and justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.4.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”?How does she compare with Eve in the Book of Genesis?Pandora is described as a “lovely evil” because she was the most beautiful and sweetest woman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are beauties.They are also described as the root of troubles to take the blame for the male society.But they were created out of different purpose.Pandora was created as the cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for man.She symbolizes a great temptation and human misery.Eve is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to help man.5.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beings?Because fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.A basic distinction in myth between raw & cooked and wild & civilized.As a revenge for Prometheus' earlier theft of the finest sacrificial portions.By withholding fire, Zeus makes the division of the sacrifice impracticable. The humiliation of Ze us prompted him to take the extreme measure of withholding fire from mankind, without which m an would soon be little more than animals.C61.What led to Bacchus’ wanderings?Bacchus invented how to plant grapes and brew wine. He was wandering aroundand spread this kind of knowledge to bring people the joy of drinking.C71.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to gold?Because Midas rescued Bacchus’s teacher, Slilenus, and treated him hospitably, entertaining him for ten days and nights with an unceasing round of jollity. In return, Bacchus gave him thepower of turning everything to gold.C81.What made Hades fall in love with Proserpine?As signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence, the adolescent god dess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and Proserpine?Because she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine’s freedom from the Underworld?Three pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpreted?Change of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworld?The evil ghosts will be sent to Tartarus.The virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respective inhabitants?Elysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades’ dominions.It s a happy land of perpetualday,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitants may elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,Tartarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze doors.In Roman mythology,it is a vast river of lava.It is a painful place in where the Furieslive.Inhabitants in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lions?They forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir ingratitude.She caused them to give offence to Cybele.Cybele tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of charactersresembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo’s love for Daphne?Cupid’s golden arrow struck Apollo’s heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “ Your face will forbid it”?He meant Daphne’s wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche’s future husband?He said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whom neither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to Venus?A longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and Psyche?Love itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be ups and downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animals?Because the wild animals were dangerous and she didn’t want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated lover?She changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about love?The miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno’s anger towards Echos?Her talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs madetheir escape.2.What was Juno’s punishment for her?No power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus’s adventures?Polydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of Perseus.So he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killed?Perseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing Rocks?They went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own children?The fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancy?He strangled two snakes which Zeus’ jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of Heracles?He was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolize?C211.What was the cause of Cadmus’ adventures?Because his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s father?In order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of, he escaped from the Collins, on the way, he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddle?Sphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex, mysterious and hard to understand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purpose?Eris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest” to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to die?Because when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming his wife from Troy?Because Helen’s father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What’s behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expedition?Their love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their character?It showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest and strong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefield?His reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector’s corpse?Because he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold today.Tow what extent are dignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important?六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.2.What do you think is love ?Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文）C203.What heroic qualities dos Heracles possess?How does he differ from the other heroes like Jason and Perseus?C224.Do you believe in fate? To what degree are we in control of our own life?。

巴黎圣母院读后感英语

巴黎圣母院读后感英语巴黎圣母院读后感英语认真品味一部名著后，相信大家都增长了不少见闻，这时就有必须要写一篇读后感了！怎样写读后感才能避免写成“流水账”呢？以下是小编帮大家整理的巴黎圣母院读后感英语，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

《Notre Dame cathedral》is one known far and wide romantic faction strength which Victor Hugo writes . I take advantage of this summer vacation free time，read this great work.Notre Dame cathedral's story，actually was one at that time social epic poem，since brimmed with really. Friendly. Beautiful，also the flow selfish desire and is false. Regardless of is good beautiful Asmelada，or has the ugly semblance，Cacimodo with one pure mind，they represent the great amount the lower level populace which suppresses；Perhaps is sinister Coloud，he is appears by the theocracy face，all load bearing one kind of author's ponder.The author in this work，for with the clown，was beautifully friendly and wickedly does the best annotation，or take above three people as the example，the rebel Asmelada has the beautiful semblance and the chaste good mind，as well as pitiful destiny，but Cacimodo，he withstood destiny deceive nicely，the innermost feelings is his misery is graver，but Coloud maintained the benighted social rights and interests，he had brutally. Void mind and evil passion. Good person physique hateful，but the evil person actually says the appearance shore however，bright set off，social unfair manifest.But the article result also is when the opposition society until criticism：All beautiful is good all swallows by the might and theevil，the lower level people's weak strength in under the king power rule，in the benighted society，only can be reduced to ashes. Was palatial Notre Dame cathedral，how many world tragedy testimony once，in Hugo the novel，he as if had the life breath，he sheltered Asmelada，exposed Coloud the crime，regret the populace attack the magnificent feat which dark actually heroically devoted……Another the question which is worth pondering is：Who is the hero？Asmelada or Cacimodo？I think all is not，but is in the article by the Louis 11 rank smell of blood suppression rather for sacreficed the populace gate，Asmelada with Cacimodo is not in them the representative，Asmelada is loves with the beautiful symbol，Cacimodo not many represents is unfortunate and the pain. But they，all suffer a tragic middle ages ignorant evil forces devastate，one each one painful soul is bleeding，flows the tear. Merely is Notre Dame cathedral's above engraves " the destiny "？They are in middle ages France，despotism sacrificial victim.The entire story rich tragic color，the plot intense is moving，exciting. Author Hugo through " Notre Dame cathedral " this story，but also disclosed at that time the dark society's essence to the people. This fascinating story likes that Ccimodo clocks sound equally shocks several generation of readers' minds.。

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Comparison of Single-Use Surgical Scissors with Reprocessed Single-Use Laparoscopic Surgical ScissorsA. SantosaAbstract: Quality and performance testing was performed on reprocessed single use Microline PENTAX (MPI) scissors to compare the single use MPI scissors direct from the company. The results illustrate the extensive damage that takes place in reuse, and sterilization and sharpening process of reprocessed scissors. Furthermore the study provides evidence that functionality of the scissors is compromised. The delicate manufacturing of theses specialized blades are designed, optimized and FDA cleared for single use. Reprocessing results in low blade performance and may introduce the risk of several clinical complications (e.g. infection, unintentional burns from compromised insulation, etc.).aIndependent business consultantIntroduction: MPI scissors are designed and allow smaller more precise and controlled cuts clinically tested for optimal performance and safety with smoother action potentially reducing the risk in single use applications. They are not designed of cutting unintended vessels or tissue. b. for the conditions encountered during reprocessing a. or repeated use. After learning of several complications and suboptimal performance surgeons experienced with reprocessed MPI scissors, we set out to conduct a study to measure the disparity between the reprocessed and original scissors. Figure 1: a) Reprocessed MPI 3142 blade showing extensive damage to length of blade. b)Unused MPI 3142 blade Materials and Methods: Reprocessed scissors used in this study were obtained from hospitals that a. b. currently reprocess or utilize a third party reprocessor. Photographs of the reprocessed and original scissors were taken in a variety of different angles. The evaluation included a visual inspection in addition to performance testing. Results of Scissor Inspection: The inspection of damage to blade tip b)Unused MPI 3142 blade w/sharp tip the scissors revealed several problems with the reprocessed blades. The data suggests a deficient 3. Alterations of specifically calculated blade spacing and arc resulted in the loss of the cutting quality control system for the reprocessed scissors. ability (Figure 3). MPI single use scissors have a 1. Improper packaging and shipping which can consistent cut by using the sharpest blades in result in damage to the blades and incorrect combination with precise bending and spacing of assembly and use of the device; which in turn the each blade. This dual blade bend creates a creates safety hazards1. single point of contact for the blade pair from end 2. Damage to the blades: extensive damage was noticeable with the naked eye; the blades were a. to end, delivering the smooth continuous cut. b. physically dulled and damaged (Figure1). There were multiple scratches and chips to the blade causing the blade edge and sharpness to be compromised (Figure 2). This can be problematic for surgeons because sharper blades Figure 3: a) Reprocessed MPI 3152 blade showing alterationof blade spacing and arc. b)Unused MPI 3152 blade1Figure 2: a) Reprocessed MPI 3142 blade showing extensiveIncorrect assembly could result in inverse movement with the handle or the tips breaking loose and falling off in the patient’s abdomen during surgery.4. The insulation tubing has been changed to an unknown material and is not positioned correctly over the shaft. Improper insulation can cause unintended burns during cauterization or sparking at the blade opening. Results of Scissor Efficacy Testing: Re-processed scissors fail quality control tests (Figure 4). Scissors fail the tip catch test, confirming that functionality is compromised during the sharpening, cleaning, and reuse process. Inadequate cutting by the scissor tip can lead to multiple tip or full scissor changes during surgeries, potentially driving up surgery cots.a. b.leaves the hospital. This can result in multiple hospitalizations and surgeries as well as long periods away from work, and this in turn can increase the risk of personal injury lawsuit Another risk of using reprocessed devices is unsuccessful decontamination and sterilization. Studies have shown that up to 40% of re-sterilized single use scissors remain un-sterilized after resterilization5. There is no way to know if the sterilization process has effetely decontaminated microbes and tissue that may reside between the blades and in small crevices. Every additional step (re-sterilization, tip changes, etc.) introduces an opportunity for error. Discussion of Efficacy Implications: Testing showed that re-processing single use MPI scissors compromised the integrity of the blade and results in a deficient cut. This is similar to the findings of Roth et al6 whose research found that 54% of reprocessed single use scissors failed functionality testing. The sharpest scissor blade delivers the finest and most controlled cut. A fine controlled cut results in improved healing and lowers the likelihood of complications. Better healing lowers the costs and time associated with recovery. Stringent manufacturing practices at MPI produces the best-in-class scissors under strict quality control and testing. This is done to assure the surgeon that they will get the same cut, the consistent cut, every time. Reliability and predictability of the MPI scissors give surgeons peace of mind, self confidence, and control. MPI scissors enable surgeons to work at the top of their game. The reprocessed scissors can not do this because they have not passed, and indeed they fail, MPI’s strict QA testing. Reprocessed scissors can give surgeons a handicap of a dull or imprecise scissor, making their job more difficult. Conclusions: Using single use scissors, as directed, for single use is a way of taking precautionary measures to ensure you have the highest quality products at all times, eliminating a variable that could cause complications during surgery. Hospitals may want to reconsider the reprocessing of certain medical devices that are designed for single use. Surgeons should ask if the scissors handed to them in surgery have been reprocessed for the benefit of their patients. Best practices; best surgery!Roth, K. “Specific hygiene issues related to reprocessing and reuse of single-use devices for laparoscopic surgery.” Sug Endosc 16: 1091-1097(2002). 6 Roth, K. “Specific hygiene issues related to reprocessing and reuse of single-use devices for laparoscopic surgery.” Sug Endosc 16: 1091-1097(2002).5Figure 4: a) Reprocessed MPI 3152 blade showing the tip catching on latex during the tip catch test. b)Unused MPI 3152 blade making a clean cut of the latex.Inadequate cutting may also result in lower satisfaction for the surgeon. If an original manufacture scissors does not feel right to the surgeon, it is possible that it is reprocessed. Discussion of Safety Implications: Re-sterilization greatly increases the risk of damaging the insulation by accelerating the breakdown of the insulating material; thereby increasing the risk of unsuspected thermal injuries2 such as: organ damage, vessel hemorrhage, perforation, peritonitis, death, and painful adhesions. Visual inspection of reprocessed scissors (the only current method of inspection by reprocessors) may not show small cracks in insulation from disinfection and sterilization3. These small cracks are extremely dangerous and are likely to produce a burn because the energy is concentrated on such a small area4. Many symptoms of thermal burns from insufficient insulation go unnoticed until the patient2/medical.asp?page=/ENGLISH/PUBS/FEATURES/ELS-104-WHT Page 5 of 16 (8/1/2007): 1)Wolfe BM, Gardiner BN, Leary BF, Frey CF. Endoscopic cholecystectomy: An analysis of complications. Archives of Surgery. 1991;126:1192-1198. 2)Focus on laparoscopy. Health Devices. 1995;24:3-38. ). Berry SM, Ose KJ, Bell RH, Fink AS. Thermal injury of the posterior duodenum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical Endoscopy. 1994;8:197-200. 3 /medical.asp?page=/ENGLISH/PUBS/FEATURES/ELS-104-WHT Page 5 of 16 (8/1/2007). 1)Tucker RD, Voyles CR. Laparoscopic electrosurgical complications and their prevention. AORN Journal. 1995;62:51-78. 2)Odell RC. Laparoscopic electrosurgery with the advancement of active electrode monitoring (AEM). Surgical Services Management. 1995;1:30-34. 4 /medical.asp?page=/ENGLISH/PUBS/FEATURES/ELS-104-WHTPage 5 of 16 (8/1/2007). 1)Tucker RD, Voyles CR. Laparoscopic electrosurgical complications and their prevention. AORN Journal. 1995;62:51-78. 2)Kirshenbaum G, Temple DR. Active electrode monitoring in laparoscopy: The surgeon's perspective. Surgical Services Management. 1996;2:46-49. 3)Odell RC. Electrosurgery in laparoscopy. Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America. 1993;4:289-304。