Analysis of contact melting around a horizontal elliptical cylinder heat source
以不同的方式丰富了我们的认知英语作文
以不同的方式丰富了我们的认知英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Enriching Tapestry of English: Expanding Our Cognitive HorizonsAs students navigating the intricate pathways of academia, we often find ourselves entangled within a web of languages, each offering a unique lens through which we perceive and comprehend the world around us. Among this linguistic tapestry, the English language stands as a resplendent thread, weaving its way into our cognitive fabric and broadening our intellectual horizons in ways that are both profound and multifaceted.At the core of this enrichment lies the vast expressive potential of the English language. Its extensive vocabulary, derived from a melting pot of linguistic influences, equips us with a boundless arsenal of words to articulate even the most nuanced ideas and emotions. From the poetic elegance of Shakespearean verses to the raw intensity of modern-day slang, English offers us a canvas upon which we can paint the intricacies of human experience with unparalleled vividness.Moreover, the structural intricacies of English grammar challenge us to think critically and construct our thoughts with precision. The intricate dance of subject-verb agreement, the strategic placement of modifiers, and the judicious use of punctuation demand that we approach language with a heightened level of cognitive engagement. This exercise in linguistic dexterity hones our analytical skills, fostering a keen eye for detail and a deep appreciation for the subtleties that shape meaning.Yet, the cognitive enrichment afforded by English extends far beyond its structural complexities. Through its vast literary tradition, we are invited to embark on intellectual odysseys that transcend temporal and spatial boundaries. The works of literary giants such as Shakespeare, Austen, and Hemingway not only captivate our imaginations but also challenge our perspectives, prompting us to confront timeless human themes and grapple with existential quandaries. Each literary masterpiece acts as a mirror, reflecting the depth and diversity of human experience, and compelling us to examine our own beliefs, values, and biases through a multifaceted lens.Furthermore, the global dominance of English as a lingua franca has opened doors to a world of cross-cultural exchangeand understanding. As we engage with diverse perspectives and narratives from around the globe, our cognitive boundaries are stretched, and our worldviews are reshaped. We learn to navigate the complexities of intercultural communication, developing an appreciation for the nuances of cultural expression and the intricate tapestry of human diversity.This exposure to diverse perspectives is particularly enriching in academic discourse, where the exchange of ideas and research findings transcends geographic boundaries. Through English, we gain access to a vast repository of knowledge, enabling us to engage with cutting-edge theories, innovative methodologies, and groundbreaking discoveries from scholars across the globe. This cross-pollination of ideas challenges our assumptions, broadens our intellectual horizons, and fuels the perpetual quest for knowledge that lies at the heart of academic endeavors.Moreover, the malleability of the English language allows it to adapt and evolve, reflecting the ever-changing landscape of human experience. As new technologies emerge and societal paradigms shift, English seamlessly incorporates neologisms and linguistic innovations, ensuring that our cognitive toolkit remainsrelevant and responsive to the demands of our rapidly evolving world.Yet, amidst this tapestry of cognitive enrichment, we must also acknowledge the inherent challenges that accompany the acquisition and mastery of the English language. For many of us, English is not our native tongue, and navigating its intricacies can be a daunting task. The journey towards proficiency demands perseverance, dedication, and a willingness to embrace the complexities of a foreign linguistic system.However, it is precisely this cognitive struggle that ultimately yields profound rewards. As we grapple with the nuances of English grammar, vocabulary, and idioms, we engage in a profound exercise in cognitive flexibility. We learn to navigate between linguistic systems, drawing parallels and contrasts, and developing a heightened awareness of the intricate relationships between language, thought, and culture.In essence, the English language has become an integral part of our cognitive tapestry, weaving together threads of expression, critical thinking, cultural understanding, and academic discourse. Its vast expressive potential, structural complexities, literary traditions, and global reach have collectively conspired to enrich our cognitive landscapes,challenging us to think more deeply, communicate more effectively, and engage with the world around us in profoundly meaningful ways.As students and lifelong learners, our journey with the English language is a perpetual one, marked by endless discovery, intellectual growth, and the constant interplay between language and cognition. With each word we utter, each sentence we construct, and each narrative we consume, we weave new threads into the tapestry of our understanding, crafting a cognitive masterpiece that is as intricate as it is enduring.篇2The Enriching Power of EnglishAs a student in the modern world, English has become an integral part of my life and education. Its global reach and versatility have opened up a vast realm of knowledge and experiences that have profoundly shaped the way I perceive and understand the world around me. From literature to science, from pop culture to diplomacy, English has been a gateway to diverse perspectives, allowing me to transcend the boundaries ofmy native tongue and embrace a multitude of cognitive enrichments.One of the most significant ways English has broadened my horizons is through literature. The works of renowned authors such as Shakespeare, Jane Austen, and Mark Twain have introduced me to the intricacies of the human condition, exploring themes of love, loss, and the complexities of societal dynamics. Their intricate use of language and metaphor has challenged me to think critically and interpret the nuances of their writing, cultivating my ability to analyze and synthesize information. Moreover, the exposure to these literary masterpieces has heightened my appreciation for the beauty and power of language itself, inspiring me to express myself more eloquently and creatively.Science and technology have also benefited immensely from the universality of English. As the lingua franca of academic research and technological innovation, English has enabled me to access a wealth of knowledge and stay abreast of the latest advancements in fields ranging from medicine to computer science. By understanding the language of scientific discourse, I have been able to delve into complex theories, engage with cutting-edge research, and collaborate with peers from aroundthe globe. This exposure has not only expanded my technical knowledge but has also fostered critical thinking,problem-solving skills, and a deeper appreciation for the scientific method.Furthermore, English has granted me access to a vast array of cultural experiences and perspectives. Through movies, music, and social media, I have been able to immerse myself in the richness of diverse cultures, gaining insights into their traditions, values, and ways of life. This exposure has challenged my preconceived notions and biases, prompting me to question my assumptions and cultivate a more open-minded and empathetic worldview. By understanding the nuances of cultural expression in English, I have developed a greater appreciation for the diversity that exists within our global community.In the realm of international relations and diplomacy, English has served as a powerful tool for communication and collaboration. As the language of global discourse, it has enabled me to engage with individuals from different backgrounds, fostering cross-cultural understanding and facilitating the exchange of ideas. Through discussions, debates, and negotiations conducted in English, I have honed my ability to articulate complex ideas, persuade others, and find commonground amidst differing perspectives. This experience has not only enriched my knowledge of international affairs but has also enhanced my capacity for critical analysis, negotiation, and conflict resolution.Moreover, English has played a pivotal role in shaping my personal and professional development. By mastering the language, I have gained access to a wealth of educational and career opportunities that may have otherwise remained elusive. From online courses and international internships to global job markets, English has opened doors and facilitated my growth and advancement. This exposure has not only broadened my skill set but has also cultivated resilience, adaptability, and a growth mindset – essential qualities for navigating the complexities of the modern world.As I reflect on the profound impact English has had on my cognitive development, I am struck by the immense power of language to shape our perceptions and understanding. Each word, phrase, and sentence carries the potential to challenge our assumptions, expand our knowledge, and inspire us to think in new and innovative ways. English, with its rich tapestry of expressions and its ability to transcend cultural boundaries, has been a catalyst for my intellectual and personal growth,equipping me with the tools to navigate the complexities of our interconnected world.In conclusion, the acquisition and mastery of English have enriched my cognition in countless ways. From literature to science, from cultural immersion to international diplomacy, this language has opened doors to a vast array of knowledge and experiences that have transformed my understanding of the world. As I continue my journey as a lifelong learner, I am filled with gratitude for the profound impact English has had on my cognitive development, and I eagerly anticipate the many more ways it will continue to enrich my perceptions and inspire my pursuit of knowledge.篇3English – The Gateway to a Whole New World of KnowledgeAs students, we're constantly bombarded with new information, new concepts, and new ways of thinking. And one subject that has truly broadened our horizons and enriched our cognition in countless ways is the English language. From the moment we first picked up an English book or stepped into an English classroom, our minds have been exposed to a vast and diverse world of ideas, cultures, and perspectives.Firstly, let's talk about the sheer breadth of knowledge that the English language has unlocked for us. As the lingua franca of our modern world, English has become the language of science, technology, business, and academia. By learning English, we've gained access to a wealth of information and resources that would have otherwise remained inaccessible to us. From ground-breaking scientific discoveries to cutting-edge technological advancements, the majority of the world's knowledge is documented and disseminated in English. This has allowed us to expand our understanding of the world around us and engage with ideas and concepts that transcend geographical and cultural boundaries.But English has done more than just open the doors to a vast repository of knowledge; it has also taught us to think critically and analytically. The English language, with its nuanced grammar structures and rich vocabulary, has challenged us to think more deeply about the way we communicate and express ourselves. We've learned to analyze texts, deconstruct arguments, and articulate our thoughts with precision and clarity. This has not only improved our language skills but has also honed our ability to think logically, reason effectively, and approach problems from multiple angles.Moreover, studying English literature has exposed us to a diverse range of cultural perspectives and human experiences. From the timeless works of Shakespeare to the modern masterpieces of our time, English literature has taken us on a journey through different eras, societies, and worldviews. We've encountered characters and narratives that have challenged our preconceptions, sparked our imaginations, and broadened our understanding of the human condition. This exposure to diverse viewpoints has fostered empathy, tolerance, and a deeper appreciation for the richness of human experience.Furthermore, the study of English has introduced us to the art of effective communication – a skill that is invaluable in our increasingly interconnected world. We've learned to articulate our thoughts clearly, persuasively, and with sensitivity to our audience. This has not only enhanced our ability to convey ideas but has also taught us the importance of active listening and understanding different perspectives. These communication skills have proven invaluable in our academic pursuits, personal relationships, and future professional endeavors.But perhaps the most significant way English has enriched our cognition is by fostering a love for learning and intellectual curiosity. As we've delved deeper into the intricacies of theEnglish language and explored its vast literary and cultural landscapes, we've discovered the joy of learning for its own sake. We've been inspired to ask questions, challenge assumptions, and seek out new knowledge and experiences. This insatiable thirst for understanding has not only benefited our academic performance but has also cultivated a lifelong commitment to personal growth and intellectual exploration.Of course, the journey of learning English has not been without its challenges. We've grappled with complex grammar rules, wrestled with idiomatic expressions, and struggled to grasp the nuances of pronunciation. But it is precisely these challenges that have strengthened our resilience, perseverance, and problem-solving abilities. We've learned to embrace mistakes as opportunities for growth, to seek out feedback, and to adapt our strategies when faced with obstacles.As we reflect on our academic journey thus far, it's clear that the English language has played a pivotal role in shaping our cognitive development. It has opened our minds to a world of knowledge, fostered critical thinking and analytical skills, exposed us to diverse cultural perspectives, honed our communication abilities, and ignited a passion for lifelong learning.。
某汽车副仪表板异响原因分析
某汽车副仪表板异响原因分析作者：江涛涛黄哲邓梦蝶来源：《时代汽车》2022年第11期摘要：本文针对某汽车副仪表板在受到挤压时发生异响的问题，分析了异响产生的可能因素：零部件本体材料强度不足、零件设计时没有加强结构、零件不符合设计尺寸、组件内部缺少钣金支撑、换挡面板与装饰板直接进行面与面接触等，通过实际检查、仿真分析等方式，确定了异响产生的根本要因，下一步针对根本要因进行生产设计改进，能够有效降低该款汽车的异响故障率。
关键词：副仪表板异响故障率Analysis of the Abnormal Sound of a Vehicle's Sub-instrument PanelJiang Taotao，Huang Zhe，Deng MengdieAbstract：Aiming at the problem of abnormal sound of a car's sub-instrument panel when it is squeezed， the possible factors for the abnormal sound are analyzed： insufficient strength of the material of the part body， no reinforced structure in the design of the part， the part does not meet the design size， the internal lack of sheet metal support， the direct surface-to-surface contact between the shift panel and the decorative plate， etc.， through the actual inspection， simulation analysis， etc.， to determine the root cause of abnormal noise. The next step is to improve the production design based on the root cause， which can effectively reduce the abnormal noise failure rate of this car.Key words：sub-instrument panel， abnormal sound， failure rate1 引言异响是影响汽车 NVH（Noise、Vibration、Harshness）性能的重要因素[1]，而汽车的副仪表板承载了汽车线路、空调风道、换挡器等零部件，并且由于副仪表板位于汽车前排座椅旁侧，在汽车使用的过程中容易和驾乘人员产生摩擦、接触[2]等，因此，副仪表板的异响问题很容易引起用户的投诉和抱怨，是汽车设计和制造过程中必须要处理的问题。
unit 1 intercultural communication in global context
Effects of Globalization
Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as: Industry - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. The movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries has become easier.
Para. 5 Americans are faced with challenges related to communication across cultures both domestically and internationally.
Para. 3-4 conflict within our nation
para.3 political sophistication and polorization within our nation
para. 4. reasons
para. 4. reasons 1. differing opinions about the role we should play in world affairs 2. why it is important to study international relationship in association with IC
〈87〉 Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vitro
á87ñ BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VITROThe following tests are designed to determine the biological reactivity of mammalian cell cultures following contact with the elastomeric plastics and other polymeric materials with direct or indirect patient contact or of specific extracts prepared from the materials under test. It is essential that the tests be performed on the specified surface area. When the surface area of the specimen cannot be determined, use 0.1 g of elastomer or 0.2 g of plastic or other material for every mL of extraction fluid.Exercise care in the preparation of the materials to prevent contamination with microorganisms and other foreign matter. Three tests are described (i.e., the Agar Diffusion Tes t, the Direct Contact Tes t, and the Elution Tes t).1 The decision as to which type of test or the number of tests to be performed to assess the potential biological response of a specific sample or extract depends upon the material, the final product, and its intended use. Other factors that may also affect the suitability of a sample for a specific use are the polymeric composition; processing and cleaning procedures; contacting media; inks;adhesives; absorption, adsorption, and permeability of preservatives; and conditions of storage. Evaluation of such factors should be made by appropriate additional specific tests before determining that a product made from a specific material is suitable for its intended use. Materials that fail the in vitr o tests are candidates for the in viv o tests described in Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vivo á88ñ.PROCEDURES•T EST C ONTROLPositive control:Polyurethane film containing zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC)2 or zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC) Cell culture preparation:Prepare multiple cultures of L-929 (ATCC cell line CCL 1, NCTC clone 929; alternative cell lines obtained from a standard repository may be used with suitable validation) mammalian fibroblast cells inserum-supplemented minimum essential medium having a seeding density of about 105 cells per mL. Incubate the cultures at 37 ± 1° in a humidified incubator for NLT 24 h in a 5 ± 1% carbon dioxide atmosphere until a monolayer, with greater than 80% confluence, is obtained. Examine the prepared cultures under a microscope to ensure uniform, near-confluent monolayers. [N OTE—The reproducibility of the in vitro biological reactivity tests depends upon obtaining uniform cell culture density.]Extraction solvents:Sodium Chloride Injectio n [see monograph—use Sodium Chloride Injectio n containing 0.9% of sodium chloride (NaCl)]. Alternatively, serum-free mammalian cell culture media or serum-supplemented mammalian cell culture media may be used. Serum supplementation is used when extraction is done at 37° for 24 h.•A PPARATUSAutoclave:Employ an autoclave capable of maintaining a temperature of 121 ± 2°, equipped with a thermometer, a pressure gauge, a vent cock, a rack adequate to accommodate the test containers above the water level, and a water cooling system that will allow for cooling of the test containers to about 20°, but not below 20°, immediately following the heating cycle. Oven:Use an oven, preferably a mechanical convection model, that will maintain operating temperatures in the range of 50°–70° within ±2°.Incubator:Use an incubator capable of maintaining a temperature of 37 ± 1° and a humidified atmosphere of 5 ± 1% carbon dioxide in air.Extraction containers:Use only containers, such as ampuls or screw-cap culture test tubes, or their equivalent, of Type I glass. If used, culture test tubes, or their equivalent, are closed with a screw cap having a suitable elastomeric liner. The exposed surface of the elastomeric liner is completely protected with an inert solid disk 50–75 µm in thickness. A suitable disk can be fabricated from polytef.Preparation of apparatus:Cleanse all glassware thoroughly with chromic acid cleansing mixture and, if necessary, with hot nitric acid followed by prolonged rinsing with Sterile Water for Injectio n. Sterilize and dry by a suitable process for containers and devices used for extraction, transfer, or administration of test material. If ethylene oxide is used as the sterilizing agent, allow NLT 48 h for complete degassing.•P ROCEDUREPreparation of sample for extracts:Prepare as directed in the Procedur e in á88ñ.Preparation of extracts:Prepare as directed for Preparation of extract s in á88ñ using either Sodium Chloride Injectio n [0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)] or serum-free mammalian cell culture media as Extraction solvent s. [N OTE—If extraction is done at 37° for 24 h in an incubator, use cell culture media supplemented by serum. The extraction conditions should not in any instance cause physical changes, such as fusion or melting of the material pieces, other than a slight adherence.]•A GAR D IFFUSION T ESTThis test is designed for elastomeric closures in a variety of shapes. The agar layer acts as a cushion to protect the cells from mechanical damage while allowing the diffusion of leachable chemicals from the polymeric specimens. Extracts of materials that are to be tested are applied to a piece of filter paper.Sample preparation:Use extracts prepared as directed, or use portions of the test specimens having flat surfaces NLT 100 mm2 in surface area.Positive control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Negative control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Procedure:Using 7 mL of cell suspension prepared as directed in Cell culture preparatio n, prepare the monolayers in plates having a 60-mm diameter. Following incubation, aspirate the culture medium from the monolayers, and replace it with serum-supplemented culture medium containing NMT 2% of agar. [N OTE—The quality of the agar must be adequate to1Further details are given in the following publications of the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103: Standard test method for agar diffusion cell culture screening for cytotoxicity, ASTM Designation F 895-84; Standard practice for direct contact cell culture evaluation of materials for medical devices, ASTM Designation F 813-83.2ZDEC and ZDBC polyurethanes are available from the Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, Ochiai 729–5, Hadanoshi, Kanagawa 257, Japan.support cell growth. The agar layer must be thin enough to permit diffusion of leached chemicals.] Place the flat surfaces of Sample preparatio n, Positive control preparatio n, and Negative control preparatio n or their extracts in an appropriate extracting medium, in duplicate cultures in contact with the solidified agar surface. Use no more than three specimens per prepared plate. Incubate all cultures for NLT 24 h at 37 ± 1°, preferably in a humidified incubator containing 5 ± 1% of carbon dioxide. Examine each culture around each sample, negative control, and positive control under a microscope, using a suitable stain, if desired.Interpretation of results:The biological reactivity (cellular degeneration and malformation) is described and rated on a scale of 0–4 (see Table 1). Measure the responses of the cell cultures to the Sample preparatio n, the Positive control preparatio n, and the Negative control preparatio n. The cell culture test system is suitable if the observed responses to the Negative control preparatio n is grade 0 (no reactivity) and to the Positive control preparatio n is at least grade 3 (moderate).The sample meets the requirements of the test if the response to the Sample preparatio n is not greater than grade 2 (mildly reactive). Repeat the procedure if the suitability of the system is not confirmed.Table 1. Reactivity Grades for Agar Diffusion Test and Direct Contact TestGrade Reactivity Description of Reactivity Zone0None No detectable zone around or under specimen1Slight Some malformed or degenerated cells under specimen2Mild Zone limited to area under specimen and less than 0.45 cm beyond specimen3Moderate Zone extends 0.45–1.0 cm beyond specimen4Severe Zone extends greater than 1.0 cm beyond specimen•D IRECT C ONTACT T ESTThis test is designed for materials in a variety of shapes. The procedure allows for simultaneous extraction and testing of leachable chemicals from the specimen with a serum-supplemented medium. The procedure is not appropriate for very low- or high-density materials that could cause mechanical damage to the cells.Sample preparation:Use portions of the test specimen having flat surfaces NLT 100 mm2 in surface area.Positive control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Negative control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Procedure:Using 2 mL of cell suspension prepared as directed in Cell culture preparatio n, prepare the monolayers in plates having a 35-mm diameter. Following incubation, aspirate the culture medium from the cultures, and replace it with 0.8 mL of fresh culture medium. Place a single Sample preparatio n, a Positive control preparatio n, and a Negative controlpreparatio n in each of the duplicate cultures. Incubate all cultures for NLT 24 h at 37 ± 1° in a humidified incubator containing 5 ± 1% of carbon dioxide. Examine each culture around each Sample preparatio n, a Positive controlpreparatio n, and a Negative control preparatio n, under a microscope, using a suitable stain, if desired.Interpretation of results:Proceed as directed for Interpretation of result s in Agar Diffusion Tes t. The sample meets the requirements of the test if the response to the Sample preparatio n is not greater than grade 2 (mildly reactive). Repeat the procedure if the suitability of the system is not confirmed.•E LUTION T ESTThis test is designed for the evaluation of extracts of polymeric materials. The procedure allows for extraction of the specimens at physiological or nonphysiological temperatures for varying time intervals. It is appropriate for high-density materials and for dose-response evaluations.Sample preparation:Prepare as directed in Preparation of extract s, using either Sodium Chloride Injectio n [0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)] or serum-free mammalian cell culture media as Extraction solvent s. If the size of the sample cannot be readily measured, a mass of NLT 0.1 g of elastomeric material or 0.2 g of plastic or polymeric material per mL of extraction medium may be used. Alternatively, use serum-supplemented mammalian cell culture media as the extracting medium to simulate more closely physiological conditions. Prepare the extracts by heating for 24 h in an incubator containing 5± 1% of carbon dioxide. Maintain the extraction temperature at 37 ± 1°, because higher temperatures may cause denaturation of serum proteins.Positive control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Negative control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Procedure:Using 2 mL of cell suspension prepared as directed in Cell culture preparatio n, prepare the monolayers in plates having a 35-mm diameter. Following incubation, aspirate the culture medium from the monolayers, and replace it with extracts of the Sample preparatio n, Positive control preparatio n, or Negative control preparatio n. The serum-supplemented and serum-free cell culture media extracts are tested in duplicate without dilution (100%). The Sodium Chloride Injectio n extract is diluted with serum-supplemented cell culture medium and tested in duplicate at 25% extract concentration.Incubate all cultures for 48 h at 37 ± 1° in a humidified incubator preferably containing 5 ± 1% of carbon dioxide. Examine each culture at 48 h, under a microscope, using a suitable stain, if desired.Interpretation of results:Proceed as directed for Interpretation of result s in Agar Diffusion Tes t but use Table 2. The sample meets the requirements of the test if the response to the Sample preparatio n is not greater than grade 2 (mildly reactive).Repeat the procedure if the suitability of the system is not confirmed. For dose-response evaluations, repeat the procedure, using quantitative dilutions of the sample extract.1Slight Less than or equal to 20% of the cells are round, loosely attached, and without intracytoplasmic granules; occasional lysed cells are present 2Mild Greater than 20% to less than or equal to 50% of the cells are round and devoid of intracyto-plasmic granules; no extensive cell lysis and empty areas between cells 3Moderate Greater than 50% to less than 70% of the cell layers contain rounded cells or are lysed 4Severe Nearly complete destruction of the cell layers ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS •USP R EFERENCE S TANDARDS á11ñUSP High-Density Polyethylene RS (Negative Control)Table 2. Reactivity Grades for Elution TestGradeReactivity Conditions of All Cultures 0None Discrete intracytoplasmic granules; no cell lysis。
PCB术语-中英对照
Aazoic preflux / 偶氮类预焊剂azeotropic mixture / 共沸混合物，恒沸物azeotrope / 共沸混合液xial pin package / 轴向引针封装axial part / 轴向零件axiallead / 轴向引线(脚)AWG equivalent / 等效AWGAVL / 认可的供货商，合格供货方availability factor / 可用率availability / 供应能力，供货能力auxiliary cathode / 辅助阴极auxiliary anode / 辅助阳极autotest program / 自动检测程序autotest program / 自动检测程序autoregistration / 自对准autoregistered channel contact / 自对准沟道接触autoplotter / 自动绘图仪automatic X-ray inspection / 自动X射线检查automatic testing equipment ( ATE) / 自动电测设备automatic plotting / 自动绘图automatic optical inspection( AOI) / 自动光学检测automatic laser test / 自动激光测试automatic data-processing system / 自动数据处理系统automatic control system / 自动控制系统automatic conduction routing / 自动布线automatic component placement / 自动配置元件automated test generation / 测试自动生成automated test equipment / 自动测试设备automated quality solutions (AQS) / 自动化质量解决器automated dimensioning / 自动标注尺寸automated conductor routing / 自动导体布设automated component placement / 自动元件布局automated component insertion / 自动元件插装autoclave type vacuum press / 高压釜型真空压机autoclave / 压力锅autocalytic plating / 化学镀(自催化镀)Au-Pt paste / 金铂导电膏auger electron spectroscopy(AES) / 俄歇电子光谱法aueptance / 允收attributes data / 计数数据attenuation / 信号衰减attachment by low melting alloy / 低熔点合金焊接法atmosphere corrosion / 大气腐蚀ATE / 自动电测设备asymetric stripline / 不对称带状线A-stage resin / A 阶树脂A-stage / A 阶段assembly drawing / 装配图assembly aided architectural design(AAAD) / 组装设计自动化assembly / 组装assembled drawing / 组装图assembled / 组装件as received / 到货，收货aspect ratio / 纵横比ASIC / 专用集成电路as-fired / 烧结态artwork master / 照相原版artwork / 照相底图arrow diagram / 矢量图array splice / 阵列熔接array / 阵列aromatic polyamide paper / 聚芳酰胺纤维纸argon arc welding / 氢弧焊area opening / 开孔面积arer array tape automated bonding / 面阵带式自动接合area array package (AAP) / 面积阵列封装(元件)arc resistance / 耐电弧性arc discharge / 电弧放电aramid fiber / 聚散胶纤维aramid / 聚酰胺树脂aquωus flux / 水溶性助焊剂aqueous cleaning / 水清洗AQS / 自动化质量解决器AQL / 可接收质量等级approved vendor list ( AVL) / 认可的供货商，合格供货方application specific integrated circuit(ASIC) / 专用集成电路application specific integrated circuit(ASIC) / 专用集成电路aperture turret / 同心圆apertures / 开口，钢版开口，光束出口AOM / 激光光路开关AOI / 自动光学检测any layer inner via hole ( ALIVH) / 任意层内导通孔anti-tracking coating / 保护涂层antistatic paint / 防静电涂料anti-pit agent / 抗凹剂anti-pad / 隔离环antioxidant / 抗氧化剂antimutagen / 抗诱变剂antimony free / 脱销素anti-foapting agent / 消泡剂antenna /ANSI / 美国标准协会anodizing / 阳极氧化anodized dielectric film / 阳极氧化介质膜anodization / 阳极处理anodic polarization / 阳极极化anodic oxidization or anodization / 阳极氧化anodic coating / 阳极镀层anodic cleaning / 阳极清洗anodically-grown tantalum-oxide film / 阳极生长钮氧化物膜anode sludge / 阳极泥anode slime / 阳极残渣anode sintering / 阳极烧结anode coating / 阳极镀层anode / 阳极annular width / 连接盘宽度annular ring / 孔环annular pad / 环形盘annotation / 注解，标记，注释annealing / 退火annealed copper foil / 退火铜结anneal / 韧化anisotropic etching / 单向蚀刻，各向异性蚀刻anisotropic conductive film connection(ACFC) / 单向导电膜安装，各向异性导电膜连接anisotropic conductive contact / 单向导电接触，各向异性导电接触anisotropic conductive adhesives / 单向导电黏结剂，各向异性导电黏结剂angstrom unit / 埃单位angle rotor / 角转头angle of contact / 接触角angle of attack / 刮印角angled bond / 角形连接anchoring spurs / 着力盘趾anchoring spur / 盘趾anchoring spur / 盘趾analyzer / 分析器，分析仪，检偏振器analytical ultracentrifuge / 分析超离心机analysis of covariance / 协方差分析analog circuit / 模拟电路amplitude / 电压幅度amp-hour / 安培小时amperometric titration / 电流滴定ampere / 安{培)amorphous thin film / 非晶薄膜amorphous thin film / 非晶薄膜amorphous semiconductor material / 非晶半导体材料amorphous polymer / 无定形聚合物amorphous metal mesh / 非晶金属网(ANSI) / 美国标准协会amberlite / 合成树脂amalgam gold plating / 柔齐镀金amalgamation / 汞齐化AM / 感音成像显微镜aluminum nitride substrate / 氮化铝基板aluminum nitride ceramics / 氮化铝瓷aluminium thin film / 铝薄膜aluminium oxide passivation / 三氧化二铝钝化法alumina substrate / 氧化铝基板alternative solvent / 替代溶剂alternative solvent / 替代溶剂alternatives flon cleaner / 代用氟利昂清洗剂alternative laminar technology ( ALT ) / 交错加层技术alternative hypothesis / 备择假设alternating current( AC) / 交流电ALT / 交错加层技术alphanumeric code / 字母数字代码alpha error / 第一类错误alloy plating / 合金电镀alloy junction / 合金结alloy film 合金膜/ 合金膜alloy diffusion technology / 合金扩散工艺allomerism / 异质同晶all drilled hole / 全部钻孔a1kyI-imidazol / 烷基咪唑alkaline permanganate solution / 碱性高锰酸盐溶液alkaline etchant / 碱性蚀刻液alkaline degreasing / 化学除油alkaline cleaner / 破性清洗液alkaline ammonia etchant / 氨碱蚀刻液ALIVH / 任意层内导通孔aliphatic solvent / 脂肪族溶剂alignment mark / 对准标记air sparger / 空气搅拌air knife / 气刀air inclusion / 气泡夹杂air flow impulse / 冲击式气流air bearing / 空气轴承air agitation / 空气搅拌air agitation / 空气搅拌agglomeration / 凝絮ageing / 老化affinity elution / 亲和洗脱AES / 俄歇电子光谱法adsorption dry / 吸附干燥adsorption coefficient / 吸附系数adsorption chromatography / 吸附层析adsorption / 吸附adsorbed contaminant / 吸附污染物adhesive strength of thick film conductor / 厚膜导体附着力adhesive sheet / 黏结片，半固化片adhesive face / 胶秸剂面adhesive energy / 蒸镀膜附着能量adhesive-coated uncatalyzed laminate / 涂胶无催化层压板adhesive coated surface / 涂胶面adhesive coated foil / 涂胶铜箱adhesive coated dielectric film / 涂胶黏剂绝缘薄膜adhesive-coated catalyzed laminate / 涂胶催化层压板adhesive / 胶黠剂，黠结胶，贴片胶adhesion strength / 附着力，附着强度adhesion promotor / 附着力促进剂adhesion promotion / 增教处理，附着力增强Bby-product / 副产品，副产物butt lead / 搭接引线，对接引线butting connector / 对接引脚butter coat / 厚涂层，外表树脂层burst / 并发加工bursh plating / 刷镀burr / 毛刺，毛头burnt deposit / 烧焦镀层burn-out zone / 烧除气体区burn-out gas / 烧除气体burn in static / 静态老化burning / 烧焦burn in dynamic / 动态老化burn in / 老化buried via hole / 埋导孔，埋孔buried via / 埋孔buried resistance board / 埋入电阻板buried resistance / 埋入电阻buried microvias / 微埋孔buried hole / 埋通孔buried bump interconnection technology(B'it) / 嵌入凸块互连技术，埋入凸块互连技术buried and blinded via hole multiplayerboard / 埋/盲孔多层板bumping process / 凸块工艺bumping / 凸块封装技术bumped wafer / 带凸块晶片bumped tape automated bonding(BTAB) / 有凸块的带载自动焊接，凸点带载自动焊bumped tape / 带凸块载带bumped die / 带凸块芯片，带凸块的裸芯片bumped ball grid array (BBGA) / 凸块球栅阵列bump / 突块，凸块BUM / 积层多层印制板bulls eye / 靶心，定位标识bullet pad / 子弹形盘bulk feeder / 散装供料器bulge test / 鼓凸试验bulge / 凸起，凸出，鼓起，隆起built-in / 内建build-up process / 积层工艺，积层法build-up multilayer printed board(BUM) / 积层多层印制板build up method / 积层法build-up flexible printed board / 积层挠性印制板build-up / 增厚;堆积，积层bugle hole / 喇叭孔bugging height / 障碍高度buffing / 抛光研磨buffer material / 缓冲材料buffer material / 缓冲材料buffer / 缓冲剂bubble effect / 气泡效应BTAB / 有凸块的带载自动焊接BT / 双马来酰亚胺三嗦树脂B-stage resin / B 阶树脂B-stage prepreg / B 阶教结片B-stage material / B 阶材料B-stage Lot / B 阶批量B-stage Lot / B 阶批量B-stage / B 阶段BS / 基础规范brush plating / 刷镀，电刷镀brushing / 磨刷brown streak / 棕色条纹brown oxide / 棕色氧化处理，棕色氧化brown oxidation / 棕氧化brittleness / 脆性Brinell hardness / 布氏硬度bright plating / 光亮电镀bright pickling / 光亮浸蚀brightness nickel plating / 光亮镀镍brightening agent / 光亮剂brightener / 光泽剂bright dip / 光泽浸渍处理，浸亮bridging / 跨接bridge / 锡桥break point / 出像点，显像点，露铜点break-out / 破环break-out / 破环breaking length / 断裂长breakdown voltage / 崩溃电压，击穿电压bleakaway panel / 可断开板，可断拼版brazing / 纤焊，硬焊brazability / 纤焊性braid / 编线BQFP / 带防冲挡四边扇平封装器件box diffusion / 箱法扩散bow of weave / 弓纬bow / 弯曲，扭曲，板翘boundary scan test / 边界扫描测试boundary / 边界，界面，界线bounce pad / 反射盘bottom / 言孔底部bottle neck / 瓶颈工序boss / 凸台bornb sight / 对准靶标bornb sight / 对准靶标border data / 外框数据，板框数据，边沿数据border conveyor / 边框传送器，筋条传送器border area / 边沿区，外框bond-to-die distance / 芯片接合距离bond-to-bond distance / 接合间距离，连(焊)接距离bond surface / 接合面bond strength / 黏合强度，黏结强度bond site / 接合位置，连(焊)接位置bond site / 接合位置，连(焊)接位置bond separation / 接合间隔bond lift-off / 接合脱离bond land / 连(焊)接盘bond interface / 接合界面，接合连接盘bond interface / 接合界面，接合连接盘bond interface / 接合界面，接合连接盘bonding wire / 连(焊)接金属丝，接合金属线bonding tool / 接合工具bonding time / 接合时间bonding tester / 黏结测试器bonding tester / 黏结测试器bonding technology of integrated circuit / 集成电路焊接工艺bonding strength / 黏结强度bonding sheet / 黏结片bonding pad / 键合点bonding layer / 黏结层，结合层bonding island / 接合岛，连{焊)接岛bonding die / 接合芯片booding area / (焊)接面积，接合区域bonding / 键合，连(焊)接bond envelope / 接合包封bond enhancement treatment / 黏结增强处理bonded-contact board / 焊接板bond deformation / 接合变形bondability / 可键合性，可接合性bond / 接合，连(焊)接bomb sight / 弹标BOM / 物料清单boiling water absorption rate / 煮沸吸水率boiling point / 沸点body land clearance / 刃带间隙BOD / 生化需氧量board thickness / 板厚度，板厚board-mounted connector / 板装引脚board / 板blur edge / 模糊边带，模糊边圈blue-ribbon connector / 矩形插头座blue plaque / 蓝纹blow hole / 吹孔，气孔blotting paper / 吸墨纸blotting / 干印，吸墨blockout / 封网blocking variables / 变量隔离blocking contact / 阻挡接触blocking band curvature / 阻挡层能带弯曲block diagram / 方框图blister / 起泡blind via hole / 盲导通孔，盲孔blind test / 双盲试验blind surface microvias / 表面微盲孔blind conductor / 非功能性导线blends / 配料bleeding / 渗出，渗漏bleach / 漂洗blanking / 冲切加工blanking / 冲切加工blanket gas / 保护气体blank / 坯料，空白料blade-fork contact / 刀刃音叉式簧片black oxide / 黑氧化，黑化blackening / 涂黑bits / 头，针尖B' it printed board / 埋入式凸块互连印制板bismaleimide triazine resin(BT) / 双马来酰亚胺三嗦树脂bismaleimide triazine epoxide wovenglass fabric coppe.-c1ad / 双马来酰亚胺三嗦环氧玻璃布覆铜箔板bismaleimide / 双马来酰亚胺birdcage / 笼状缺陷biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD) / 生化需氧量binder / 黏合剂，黏结剂bill of material (BOM) / 物料清单bi-level stencil / 双阶式钢版bifurcated solder terminal / 分叉焊端，分叉焊接端子bifurcated contact / 双叉式簧片，双叉接点，双叉接触件bifunctional catalyst / 双功能催化剂bidirectional characteristic / 双向特性bidirectional characteristic / 双向特性bias sputtering / 偏压阴极溅镀bias expansion / 斜张法bias / 纬斜BGA / 球栅阵列beveling / 倒斜边，切斜边beta error / 第二类错误BeO substrate / 氧化镀基板bend test / 弯曲试验bendability / 耐弯曲性benchmark testing / 测试基准belt furnace / 带式炉bellows contact / 折叠式簧片，扁簧式接触件bed-of-nails testing / 针床测试bed-of-nails fixture / 针床夹具beam reflow soldering / 光束回流焊beam lead isolation / 梁式引线隔离beam lead-isolated integrated circuit / 梁式引线隔离集成电路beam lead device / 梁式引线器件beam lead bonding technology / 梁式引线载带自动焊接芯片工艺beam lead bonder / 梁式引线键合机beam lead / 梁式引线，梁式引脚Ccyclone jet / 旋风式喷气流cyclic voltametric stripping (CVS) / 循环伏安测量法，循环伏安电子溶蚀测量cycle rate / 循环速率cycle mode / 逐次打击式cycle / 循环加工CVS / 循环伏安测量法CVD / 化学气相沉积cut to size panel / 剪切板cut sheet / 页装cut-off / 割除，切割cut-and-strip / 刻图与剥图cut and peel / 切割剥离cusum chart / 累积和图customer relationshipmanagement(CRM) / 客户关系管理customer detail specification ( CDS) / 用户详细规范cushion / 压垫(缓冲)材料curtain coating / 帘涂，帘幕涂布法current efficiency / 电流效率current density range / 电流密度范围current density of junction / 结电流密度current density / 电流密度current-carrying capacity / 载流能力，载流量current / 电流curing temperature / 固化温度curing agent / 困化剂cure time / 固化时间cure percent / 固化百分率cure / 固化cup solder terminal / 杯型焊端cupric chloride etchant / 氯化铜蚀刻液cumulative tolerance / 积累误差cubic components / 立方体元件，立方体器件CTS / 能力试验块CTP / 综合测试图形CTE / 热膨胀系数CTB / 能力试验板C-staged resin / C 阶树脂C-stage / C 阶段CSP / 芯片尺寸封装，芯片级封装crush zone / 磨碎区cross wise direction / 横向crossunder / 穿交crosstalk / 串扰cross section area / 截面积cross-over / 跨交cross linking / 交链crosslink / 交联crossing count / 交叉数crosshatch testing / 十字割痕试验crosshatching / 十字交叉线cross flow blower / 贯流式风机cropping / 切尾crop mark / 剪切标记CRM / 客户关系管理critical process / 关键过程，关键工序critical path method (CPM) / 要径法critical path / 关键路径critical operation / 关键操作critical defect / 致命缺陷，关键缺陷crimped connection / 压接crimp contact / 压扁接触片crevice corrosion / 裂隙腐蚀creep / 潜变，蠕变creel / 经轴架crease / 皱褶cream electrolyte / 导电膏creak / 础裂痕crazing( conformal coating) / (敷形涂层)微裂纹crazing (base material) / (基板)微裂纹crazing / 微裂纹cratering / 陷坑crater / 弹坑，凹坑crack of plating / 镀层裂缝crack of foil / 金属第裂缝CQFP / 陶瓷四边扁平封装CPM / 要径法CPM / 客户抱怨比Cpk index(Cpk) / Cpk 指数CP-I etch / CP-I 腐蚀CPGA / 陶瓷针式网格阵列，陶瓷封装CP6 etch / CP6腐蚀CP4 etch / CP4 腐蚀Cp / 能力性能指数coverlayer / 保护层，外膜cover lay / 覆盖层covering power / 覆盖能力cover coat / 覆盖涂层coupon / 板边试样，附连板coupling agent / 偶联剂counter sinking / 锥形孔counter flow / 上下翻流，上下回流counter current rinsing / 逆流漂洗counter boring / 垂直向下扩孔，埋头孔，沉头孔cost of quality / 质量成本cost metrix / 费用矩阵corrosive flux / 腐蚀性焊剂corrosion protection / 防腐蚀corrosion of metals / 金属腐蚀corrosion / 腐蚀corrode paste test / 倒腐蚀膏试验corner mark / 板角标记，角标corner crack / 孔角断裂core material / 内层板材，芯材core board via filling / 芯板导通孔堵塞core board / 芯板cordwood module / 积木式微型组件cordwood arrangement / 积木式排列copper thick film printed wiring board / 铜厚膜印制板copper side / 铜箔面copper plating adhesion test / 铜镀层附着力测试copper plating / 电镀铜copper plated-through hole / 镶铜导通孔copper plated-through hole / 镶铜导通孔copper plated-through hole / 镶铜导通孔copper paste / 铜膏copper-mirror test / 铜镜试验copper invar copper core (CICC) / 因瓦合金copper-invar-copper board / 因瓦铜夹心板copper foil surface treatment / 铜箔表面处理copper foil laminate 覆铜箔板/ 覆铜箔板copper foil / 铜箔copper cyanide plating / 氟化铜镀copper clad laminate board (CCL ) / 覆铜箔层压板，覆箔板copper clad industrial laminate (CCIL) / 凭申请认证制度，CCll 制度copper accelerated salt spray test / 铜加速盐雾试验，CASS 试验coplanar leads / 共面引脚，共面引线coplanarity / 共面性(度)cooler / 冷却器convection/IR reflow soldering / 热对流红外辐射回流焊control strip / 光尺control limits / 控制限controlled depth drilling / 定深钻孔，钻孔深度控制controlled collapse chip connection / C4晶片焊接，控制熔化高度芯controlled collapse bonding (CCB ) / 控压连(焊)接controlled collapse bonding (CCB ) / 控压连(焊)接controlled collapse / 定高坍塌control collapse soldering / 控制崩塌焊接control chart / 控制图contract service / 外包厂，分包商，外协加工contract electronic manufacturer(CEM) / 电子品合同式制造商contour length / 伸展长度continuous lamination / 连续压合，连续层压continuity inspection / 连通检查continuity / 连通性contact tenting light frame- work / 接触式蔽光框架法contact spring / 接触弹簧contact spacing / 接触间距contact size / 接触尺寸contact retention force / 接触阻力contact resistance / 接触电阻contact printing / 接触印刷，接触曝光contact plating / 插头电镀contact photo-printing / 接触式感光印制contact length / 接触长度contact hole / 接触孔，引线孔contact hardening / 接触硬化contact force / 接触压力contact exposure imaging / 底片接触曝光成像contact corrosion / 接触腐蚀contact bonding adhesive / 接触黏合剂contact area / 接触区，接触面积)(焊接)接触角/ (焊接)接触角contact aluminium / 铝接触contact alloying / 接触合金contact / 接触件constraining core / 加强芯板，夹芯conner mark / 角标志connector with mixed contacts / 混装式引脚connector two-part printed board / 印制板双件引脚connector two-part / 双件引脚connector one-part / 单件引脚connector housing / 引脚座connector contact / 引脚接触件connector area / 引脚区域connector / 引脚connectivity / 连接度conformal mask / 敷形掩模conformal coating / 敷形涂层，保护形confirmation run / 确认试验confidence interval / 置信区间cone type sprayer / 圆锥型喷嘴cone-formation / 锥形缺陷conductor width/space / 线宽/间距conductor width / 导线宽度conductor track / 导电带conductor trace line / 导线conductor to land spacing / 导线与连接盘间距conductor to hole spacing / 导线与孔间距conductor thickness / 导线厚度conductor spacing / 导线间距conductor side / 导线面conductor resistance /conductor pitch / 中心线距，导体节距conductor pattern / 导线图形conductor line / 导体线conductor layer / 导线层，导体层conductor exposure / 露线conductor base width / 基板导线宽度conductor base spacing / 基板导线间距conductor / 导电带，导线Ddynamic mechanical analysis ( DMA ) / 动态秸弹性分析，动态热机分析dynamic flexible printed board / 挠性印制板dynamic flex board / 动态挠性板dusting method / 喷粉法durability / 耐久性dummy substrate / 模仿基饭，伪基板dummy plating / 假电镀dummy pattern / 虚拟图形dummy / 假镀片(板).假阴极dumet / 杜美丝ductility / 延展性dual wave soldering / 双波蜂焊接dual transistor / 双晶体管dual-strip line / 双带状线dual inline package ( DIP ) / 双列直插式封装dual inline memory / 双列直插式存储器模块dual-ground connection / 双地线连接dual fixture / 双重夹具，双组夹具dual coated fiber / 双涂覆层光纤dual beam laser interferometer / 双束激光干涉仪DSW / 直接分步重复曝光DSS / 决策支持系统DSA / 尺度稳定式阳极DS / 详细规范dry process / 干法工艺dry plate / 干版dry photoetching technology / 干法刻蚀工艺drying / 干燥dry film resist / 干膜抗蚀剂dry film photo resist / 干膜光致抗蚀剂dry film imaging / 干膜法图形转移dry film / 干膜dryetching / 干刻dry box / 干燥箱drum side / 铜第光面，光阴面drum scan type plotter / 鼓形扫描绘图机drum scan type plotter / 鼓形扫描绘图机drum-buffer- rope( DBR) / 限制驱导式排程法dross / 浮渣，焊渣，残渣dropping corrosion test / 点滴腐蚀试验dropping / 点滴(胶)法drive file / 驱动文件drill pointer / 磨尖机，磨钻头机drill point concentricity / 钻尖同心度drilling / 钻孔drill facet / 钻头切削面drilled bare board / 己钻孔裸板drill drawing / 钻孔图drill diameter / 钻头直径drill body length / 钻体长度drill axis / 长刃drawbridging / 吊桥效应drawbridged component / 吊桥元件drag soldering / 拖焊drag out / 带出drag in/drag out / 带进/带出drag in / 带进drafting image / 绘制图像DPA / 破坏性物理分析DP / 交货拼板downtime / 停机时间double wet pass / 两次湿印法double treated foil / 双面处理铜箔double sided treated copper foil / 双面粗糙铜箔，双面粗化金属箔double-sided printed wiring board / 双面印制线路板double-sided printed board / 双面印制板double-sided flexible printed wiring board /双面挠性印制线路板double-sided copper-clad laminate / 双面覆铜箔层压板double sided board / 双面板double sided board / 双面板double-sided assembly / 双面组装件double sided abrasive machine / 双面研磨机double resist exposure / 二次抗蚀剂曝光doubl-plug diode / 双插头二极管double level routing / 双层布线double layer / 双电层double density / 双密度double access / 双面露出，双余隙doping technique / 掺杂工艺doping accuracy / 掺杂精度doping / 掺杂doped epitaxial layer / 掺杂外延层doped dielectric / 掺杂电介质dopant redistribution / 掺杂剂再分布dopant material / 掺杂剂材料dont-care area / 忽略区dog ear / 狗耳dog bone design / 哑铃式互连设计，狗骨式互连设计dog bone / 狗骨结构doctor blade method / 刮板法doctor blade / 修平刀，刮平刀DO / 溶氧量，溶解氧DNC / 分布式数控3D-MCM (three dimension multi-chip module) / 三维多芯片模块封装DMA / 动态热机分析disturbed soldered connection / 紊流焊料连接disturbed joint / 受扰焊点disturbed connection / 移位焊点distributed numerical control (DNC) / 分布式数控distributed constant circuit / 分布参数电路distributed capacitance / 分布电容dissolved oxygen (DO) / 溶氧量，溶解氧dissolution of termination metallization / 端子金属化溶失dissolution of metallization / 金属化溶失dissipation factor / 损耗因数，耗散因数dispersion coating / 弥(扩)散电镀dispersion / 溶胶剂dispersing technique / 分散工艺dispersant / 分散剂dispensing / 滴涂，逐点分配，定点分配，定量分配dispenser / 滴涂器dispense method / 点胶法dish down / 碟形下陷，凹陷discretionary wiring / 选择布线discrete wiring board assembly / 分立布线印制板组装discrete wiring / 分立布线，离散布线discrete component / 分立元件discrepant material / 不合格材料discharge spot welding / 储能点焊direct step on wafer(DSW) / 直接分步重复曝光direct plating / 直接电镀，直接镀板direct indirect stencil / 直间版膜direct imaging method / 直接成像法direct film / 直写底片direct emulsion / 直接乳胶direct electron beam lithographic systern / 电子束直接曝光装置direct drawing method / 直接绘图法direct dimensioning / 直接尺寸标注direct current sputtering / 直流溅射法direct cleaning / 直流清洗direct chip attaching (DCA) / 直接芯片贴装dip soldering / 浸焊，拖焊法dipping / 浸渍法diphase cleaning / 双相清洗dip coat / 浸涂法DIP / 双列直播式封装dimpled ball grid array(DBGA) / 微凹球栅阵列dimple / 微凹3-dimension mounted technology / 3-D安装技术dimensioned hole / 注尺寸孔dimensional variation ratio / 尺寸变化率dimensional stable anode( DSA) / 尺度稳定式阳极，非溶解式阳极dimensional stability / 尺度安定性，尺寸安定性dihedral angle / 双反斜角digitize / 数字化digital circuit / 数字电路diffusion under epitaxial layer / 外延层下扩散diffusion technique / 扩散工艺diffusion self-aligned technology / 扩散自对准工艺diffusion mask / 扩散掩模diffusion layer / 扩散层diffusion bond / 扩散连(焊)接differential etching / 差分蚀刻法die stamping method / 模压法die stamping / 冲压，模具压印die pad / 裸芯片连接盘die mounting / 芯片装架dielectric thin film / 介电薄膜dielectric substrate isolation / 介质衬底隔离dielectric strength / 介质强度，抗电强度dielectric spacing / 介质间距dielectric power- factor / 介质功率因数dielectric phase angle / 介质相位角dielectric paste / 介电膏dielectric loss angle / 介质损耗角dielectric loss / 介质损耗dielectric isolation / 介质隔离dielectric gap / 绝缘间隙dielectric film / 介质胶片dielectric dissipation factor / 损耗因数，介质损耗因数dielectric dispersion / 介电分散dielectric constant / 介电常数dielectric breakdown voltage / 介质崩溃电压dielectric breakdown / 介电击穿dielectric / 介质die bump / 芯片凸块die bonding / 裸芯片连(搭)接die attachment using alloy solder / 合金法粘片die attachment technology / 芯片安装技术die / 裸芯片D-glass / D-玻璃纤维板device / 器件detailed specification ( DS) / 详细规范destructive physical analysis ( DPA ) / 破坏性物理分析desoldering station / 吸锡台desoldering gun / 吸锡枪depolarization / 去极化dependent of feature size / 要素尺寸相关原则dependant demand / 相依需求depanelization / 切开，分开dentrices / 树枝状物dent / 凹陷densitometer / 光密度计densitomer / 透光度计denier / 但尼尔dendritic migration / 树枝状迁移dendritic growth / 枝状生长，树枝状生长demountable vacuum system / 可拆卸真空系统demarcation line / 分界线delivery inspection / 发货检查Eeyelet bond / 环形压焊extrusion pressing / 挤压成型extrusion of conductor width / 导体过宽extrasing moulding / 挤塑法extrinsic capacitance / 外部电容extra via hole / 多余孔extraneous metal / 残余金属extraneous copper / 残余铜extra high frequency ( EHF) / 超高频电磁波extraction tool / 拔除工具external layer / 外层extended card / 引伸插件exposure experiment / 暴露实验exposure effect / 暴露影响exposure dose / 照射剂量exposure / 曝光experimental error / 试验误差expansion-matched plastic / 膨胀系数匹配塑料expanded contact / 延伸接触exothermic reaction / 放热反应exotherm / 放热曲线exfoliation / 鳞皮exclusion area / 排除区;免验区excising / 切除，外引线切除，外引线切割excising / 切除，外引线切除，外引线切割excess solder connection / 过量焊点evaporative rate analyzer (ERA) / 挥发率分析仪evaporation source / 蒸发源evaporation mask / 蒸发掩模evaporated dielectric film / 蒸发介质薄膜evaporated dielectric deposition / 蒸发介质涂覆eutection / 低共熔合金eutectic solders / 共晶焊料eutectic die attach / 低共熔芯片贴装，低共熔点裸芯片连接eutectic composition / 共熔组成eutectic bonding / 共晶焊eutectic / 共熔etra-etch / 氟树脂粗蚀剂ethanol / 乙醇etch-pit density / 腐蚀坑密度etch pit / 腐蚀坑etching technology / 刻蚀工艺etching resist ink / 抗蚀印料etching resist / 抗蚀剂，抗蚀层etching rate checking / 蚀刻速率测定etching of aluminum foil / 铝箔腐蚀etching mask / 抗腐蚀掩模etching indicator / 蚀刻指标，蚀刻指示图etching / 腐蚀，蚀刻etch factor / 蚀刻因子，蚀刻函数etched V-groove silicon chip ribbon fiberconnector / 硅片刻蚀V 槽带状光纤引脚etched printed boards / 己蚀刻印制板etched out surface / 去铜箔面etch depth / 腐蚀深度etchback shadowing / 凹蚀死角etch back / 凹蚀etchant / 蚀刻剂，腐蚀剂ESS / 环境应力筛选escapes / 漏失escapes / 漏失escape rate / 漏失率ESC / 环氧树脂囊包焊接error / 误差ERA / 挥发率分析仪equivalent effective stratωpheric chlorine(EESC) / 氯浓度epoxy value / 环氧值epoxy transistor / 塑封晶体管epoxy transfer-moulding powder / 塑封用环氧树脂粉epoxy smear / 环氧腻污，环氧钻污epoxy resin / 环氧树脂epoxy novolac / 环氧酚醛epoxy glass substrate / 环氧玻璃基板epoxy-glass printed-circuit board / 氧玻璃印制电路板epoxy encapsnlation /epoxy-encapsulated solder connection(ESC) / 环氧树脂囊包焊接epoxy / 环氧树脂epoxide woven glass fabric copper-clad laminates / 环氧玻璃布基覆铜范板epoxide synthetic fiber fabric copperclad laminates / 环氧合成纤维布覆箔结板epoxide non woven woven glass reinforced copper-clad laminat / 环氧玻璃布玻璃纤维复合覆铜箔板epoxide cellulose paper core glass cloth surfaces copper-cla / 环氧玻璃布纸复合覆铜箔板epoxide cellulose paper copper-clad laminates / 环氧纸质覆铜箔板epitaxial substrate / 外延衬底epitaxial step / 外延台阶epitaxial step / 外延台阶epitaxial stacking fault / 外延堆垛，外延层错epitaxial slice / 外延片epitaxial region / 外延区epitaxial process / 外延过程epitaxial layer / 外延层epitaxial isolation / 外延隔离epitaxial growth technology / 外延生长工艺，外延生长技术environment factor / 环境系数environmental test / 环境试验environmental stress screening ( ESS ) / 环境应力筛选environmental impact assessment / 环境影响评价environmental impact / 环境影响environmental characteristic / 环境特性entry material / 盖板engraving / 刻槽engineering plastic / 工程塑料engineering drawing / 工程图engineer change request notice ( ECRN) / 原件规格更改通知energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) / 能量扩散×射线分析endurance test / 耐久性试验end product / 最终产品，终产物end missing / 断经end missing / 断经end missing / 断经end mill / 端铁刀end item / 最终成品end cap / 封头enclosure / 机箱enclosed metal junction / 内封金属连接encapsulation / 密封，封装encapsulating / 囊封，胶囊encapsulant / 封装剂encapsolation test / 密封性试验emulsion side / 乳胶面emulsion side / 乳胶面emulsion screen / 乳胶网版emulsion mask / 乳胶掩模emulsion degreasing / 乳化除油emulsion / 乳剂层emulsifying agent / 乳化剂emulsification / 乳化emission standard / 排放基准EMI / 电磁干扰emergency pit / 应急槽，备用槽EMC / 电磁兼容性embossing / 凸出性压花embedding / 灌封embedded component / 埋入元件embedded component / 埋入元件emanation overlay / 放射性同位素涂层elongation / 延伸性，伸长率elementary diagram / 接线原理图elementary analysis / 元素分析electro-winning / 电解冶炼electroviscous effect / 电黏效应electrostriction / 电缩作用electrostatic spray / 静电喷涂electrostatic coat / 静电涂覆electrosorptive spreading / 电吸附散布electrosolishing / 电抛光electroplating / 电镀electro phoretic photo resist / 电泳光致抗蚀剂electrophoretic mobility / 电泳迁移率electrophoretic effect / 电泳效应pelectrophoresis deposition coating process /电泳沉积法electrophoresis / 电泳electroosmosis / 电渗electronic packaging / 电子组装electronic package hierarchy / 电子构装层级electronic desorption / 电子碰撞解吸electronic data interchange format(EDIF) / 电子数据互换格式electron-exchange resin / 电子交换树脂electron cyclotron resonance plasma deposition / 电子回旋谐振等离子体沉积electron cyclotron resonance ion beam etching / 电子回旋谐振离子束刻蚀electron beam welding machine / 电子束焊接机electron bearn welding / 电子束焊electron-bearn-sensitive diffusion mask / 电子束敏感扩散掩模electron-bearn photo- resist exposure / 光致抗蚀剂电子束曝光electron beam melting system / 电子束熔化装置electron beam lithography / 电子束曝光electron beam lithographic machine / 电子束曝光机electron beam evaporation deposition / 电子束蒸发沉积electron beam curing method ( EBC ) / 电子束固化方式electron beam cure paint / 电子束固化涂料electron-beam bonding / 电子束连接electro migration / 电迁移electro magnetic shield paint / 电磁屏蔽涂料electro magnetic shielding / 电磁屏蔽electro magnetic interference sealed film / 电磁干扰屏蔽膜electro magnetic interference ( EMI ) / 电磁干扰electro magnetic compatibility (EMC ) / 电磁兼容性electro magnetic compatibility (EMC ) / 电磁兼容性electrolytic deposition speed / 电解沉积速度electrolytic deposition / 电解沉积electrolytic degreasing / 电解除油electrolytic corrosion test at edge / 边缘腐蚀试验electrolytic corrosion at edge / 边缘腐蚀electrolytic corrosion / 电蚀electrolytic cleaning / 电解清洗electroless plating / 无电电镀electroless nickel phosphorus plating / 化学镀Ni-Pelectroless nickel/immersion gold (EN/IG) / 化镇浸金electroless nickel boron plating / 化学镀Ni-B electroless gold plating / 化学镀金electroless deposition / 化学镀，化学沉积，无电沉积electroless deposition / 化学镀，化学沉积，无电沉积electroless copper plating / 化学沉铜electroless composite coating / 组合化学镀electroforming / 电铸，电形成electroformed photomask / 电铸光掩模板electrodeposition / 电镀，电解电镀，电沉积electro-deposited photoresist / 电泳沉积光致抗蚀剂electrode depoited / 电解箔，电沉积箔electroconductive paste printed board / 导电胶印制板electrochemical impregnation / 电化学浸渍electrochemical equivalent / 电化当量Ffusing oil / 热熔液(油)fusing flux / 热熔焊剂，热熔助焊剂fusing fluid / 热熔液，助熔液fusing / 熔融fusible link / 可熔互连fused coating / 熔锡层，热熔涂覆层fungus resistanα / 抗霉性，防霉性functional trimming / 功能调整functional tester / 功能测试器functional test / 功能测试functional film / 功能膜functional device / 功能器件functional ceramics / 功能陶瓷functional array / 功能阵列。
铝合金的熔炼与铸造（Meltingandcastingofaluminumalloy）
铝合金的熔炼与铸造（Melting and casting of aluminum alloy）Melting and castingMelting and pouring of aluminum alloy is the main link in casting production. The whole process of melting and casting is strictly controlled, which plays an important role in preventing casting defects such as pinholes, inclusions, castings, cracks, porosity and shrinkage. Because the aluminum melt absorbs the hydrogen tendency, the oxidation ability is strong, dissolves the iron easily, in smelting and the casting process, must take the simple and careful preventive measure, obtains the high-quality casting.1 、 preparation and quality control of aluminum alloy burdenIn order to smelt high quality aluminum melt, the qualified raw material should be selected first. To carry out scientific management and proper processing of raw materials, otherwise it will seriously affect the quality of the alloy, the production practice has proved that the raw materials (including metal materials and auxiliary materials) lax control will make batch scrap castings.(1) raw materials must have qualified chemical composition and organization, and the specific requirements are as follows:In addition to the analysis of the main components and impurities in the alloy ingots, the microstructure and fracture of the alloy were examined. Practice has proved that the use of serious shrinkage cavity, pinhole, and bubbles of aluminum liquid, it is difficult to obtain dense castings, and even causethe whole furnace, batch castings scrapped.It was found in the study of Al Si alloy ingots of Aluminum Alloy pinhole, does not appear in the molten pure sand casting pinhole test block, when the aluminum silicon alloy ingot with low and unqualified specimens, pinhole serious, and the grain size large. The reason is the heredity of the material. The heredity of Al Si alloy and heredity increased with the increase of content and the amount of silicon reached 7%. Continue to increase silicon content to eutectic component, heredity decreases slightly again. In order to solve the casting defects caused by the heredity of the burden, aluminum ingots, intermediate alloys and other charging materials with high metallurgical quality must be selected. Specific standards are as follows:(1) there should be no pinholes or holes in the fracture surfacePinhole shall be within grade three, and local (not exceeding 25% of the inspected area) shall not exceed three grade. Over three grade shall be taken by means of heavy smelting to reduce the degree of puncture. Remelting refining method and the general Aluminum Alloy smelting, casting temperature should not exceed 660 degrees, for the original grain large aluminum ingot, alloy ingot, should be the first to use the lower mold temperature, making them rapid solidification, grain refinement.2 、 burden treatmentBefore using the burden, it should be treated by blowing sandto remove the surface rust, grease and other dirt. The time is not long, Aluminum Alloy ingot and metal scrap surface is clean without blowing sand, but should be in charge of the elimination of mixed iron filters and inserts, all shall be in charge of preheating furnace, to remove the surface of the water, shorten the melting time in 3 hours above.3 、 management and storage of burdenReasonable storage and management of burden is important to ensure the quality of alloy. The burden shall be stored in a dry warehouse with little change in temperature.2 、 preparation of crucible and melting tools(1) crucible casting aluminum alloy commonly used iron crucible, also can use cast steel and steel plate welding crucible.New and old is not for a long time in the crucible crucible, before use should be blowing sand, and heated to 700--800 degrees, to keep 2--4 hours, to burn water and attached to the inner wall of the crucible of combustible material, to be cooled to 300 degrees below, carefully clean the inside of the crucible, at a temperature not lower than 200 degrees when spraying paint.The crucible should be preheated to dark red (500--600 degrees) before use and kept warm for more than 2 hours. Before the new outer crucible melting, melting scrap with the best grades of a furnace.(two) preparation of smelting toolsZhong Zhao, press ladle, mixing spoon, ladleAt the other before use shall be preheated, and at 150 degrees ---200 degrees temperature, coated with a protective coating, and thorough drying, the drying temperature is 200--400 degrees, holding time of 2 hours, after use should be thoroughly removed attached on the surface of oxide and fluoride (preferably blowing sand).3, smelting temperature controlThe melting temperature is too low, is not conducive to the dissolution of alloying elements and gas inclusions, discharge, tendency segregation, cold shut, undercasting increase formation, but also because of insufficient heat riser, the casting without reasonable feeding, has information that,The melting temperature of all aluminum alloys should be up to 705 degrees and should be stirred. The melting temperature is too high, not only a waste of energy, more serious is because the higher the temperature, the hydrogen absorption of the grain becomes thick, aluminum oxide is more serious, some of the burning loss of alloy elements is more serious, which leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the alloy, casting the deterioration of mechanical properties and modification, weaken the effect of air the castings reduce.The production practice shows that the molten alloy rapid heating to high temperature, reasonable stirring to dissolve all alloy elements (especially refractory metals), scrapingscum down after the pouring temperature, so that the minimum degree of segregation, melting of hydrogen is less favorable, to obtain the uniform and compact alloy mechanical properties high. Because the aluminum melt temperature is difficult to determine with the naked eye, so no matter what type of the melting furnace, should use temperature control instrument. The instrument should be regularly checked and the maintenance cycle should thermowell with metal brush clean, coated with a protective coating, in order to ensure the accuracy and prolong the service life of the measurement result.4 、 control of smelting timeIn order to reduce the oxidation, gettering and dissolution of molten aluminum, the residence time and rapid melting of molten aluminum should be shortened. From the beginning of the melt to the end of the casting, the sand casting shall not exceed 4 hours, the die casting shall not exceed 6 hours, and the die casting shall not exceed 8 hours.In order to speed up the smelting process, should first join the scrap aluminum silicon intermediate alloy medium size, low melting point, in order to accompany the formation of molten pool as soon as possible in the crucible bottom, then add the returns for larger pieces and pure aluminum ingot, so that they can gradually expand slowly immersed in molten pool, fast melting. When the main part of the furnace is melted, the intermediate alloy with higher melting point and small quantity is melted and stirred to accelerate the melting. Finally, cool down and press the oxidizable alloy elements to reduce the loss.5, melt transfer and pouringAlthough the density of the solid alumina is similar to the density of the aluminum melt, it will take a long time to sink to the bottom of the crucible after entering the interior of the molten aluminum. Alumina film is oxidized and aluminum melt formation, but only in contact with the molten aluminum side is dense, and exposed to the air side loose and there is a lot of 60--100A diameter holes, its large surface area, strong adsorption, easy adsorption in water vapor, the tendency of anti floating. Therefore, in this film and aluminum melt proportion difference is small, be mixed with the melt, and the speed is very slow, it is difficult to exclude from the melt, porosity inclusion formation in castings too. Therefore, the key to transfer aluminum melt is to minimize the agitation of molten metal and minimize the contact between the melt and the air.By tilting the crucible melt injection, in order to avoid mixing melt and air, should be as far as possible by the ladle furnace nozzle, and inclined, melt down along the side wall of the ladle, no direct impact on the bottom of the bag, occurrence of agitation, splash.The proper and reasonable pouring method is one of the important conditions to obtain high quality castings. In the production practice, it is effective to prevent and reduce casting defects by paying attention to the following items.(1) the temperature of the melt, the capacity of the ladle and the degree of dryness of the coating on the surface shall beexamined carefully before pouring, and whether the preparation of other tools meets the requirements or not. The metal gate Cup before casting 3--5 minutes in the sand on a good place, the ladle with the temperature less than 150 degrees for premature or excessive temperature, pouring tract hold large amounts of gas, there is a danger of explosion when pouring.(two) not in the "draught" casting occasions, as well as strong melt oxidation, combustion, the casting defects such as oxide inclusions.(three) obtained by melt in the crucible, should first use of bottom oxide layer or the flux through gently melt surface, slowly immersed in the melt with the ladle, ladle a wide mouth melt, and then gently lift the ladle.(four) the end of the package should not be flat; the pace should be steady; the ladle should not be raised too high; the metal level in the ladle must be stable and free from movement.(five) to be cast, with net ladle slag should be,In order to avoid pouring slag, oxide, etc. into the mold.(six) in the casting, the melt flow is stable, can not be interrupted, not into the mouth with the bottom. Sprue should be full from beginning to end, liquid level shall not turn, casting speed should be properly controlled. Usually, the casting starts slightly slower, filling the melt, stabilizing it, then slightly faster, and keeping the casting speed constant.(seven) in the pouring process, pouring ladle and gate distance as close as possible, not more than 50 mm limit, so as not to melt too much oxidation.(eight) with a blocked gate, the plug cannot be dialed too early. After the melt has filled the gate, it is slowly tilted out so as to prevent the melt from producing eddy current when it is injected into the sprue.(nine) the melt less than 60 mm from the bottom of the crucible shall not be poured into the casting.Aluminum alloy casting (ZL)According to the main elements other than aluminum, silicon, copper, magnesium and zinc are divided into four kinds, and the codes are 100, 200, 300 and 400 respectively.In order to obtain high quality precision castings of various shapes and specifications, aluminum alloys for casting usually have the following characteristics.(1) a narrow slot filled with good liquidity part(2) there is a melting point lower than that of a general metal, but it can meet most of the requirements(3) the thermal conductivity is good, the heat of molten aluminum can be transferred rapidly to the mold, and the casting cycle is shorter(4) hydrogen and other harmful gases in the melt can be effectively controlled by treatment(5) Aluminum Alloy casting, no cracking and tearing cracking tendency(6) good chemical stability and strong corrosion resistance(7) it is not easy to produce surface defects, the casting surface has good surface finish and gloss, and easy to surface treatment(8) Aluminum Alloy casting processing performance is good, can die, die, sand and dry sand mold, gypsum type casting casting, vacuum casting, can also be used for low and high pressure casting, extrusion casting, semi-solid casting, centrifugal casting forming method, with different purposes, different varieties of production specifications and different properties of various castings.Cast aluminum alloy has been widely used in cars, such as cylinder head, intake manifold, piston, wheel hub, steering booster housing, etc.。
埃尔特罗德6013（H117119-RDP、H117125-RDP、H117132-R01、H117
SDS # 404HBC8676124 ENG SDSS afety Latest Revision: June 2015 D ata Page 1 of 7 S heet Hobart Brothers Co. 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION:PRODUCT NAME: Electrodes, 6013 (H117119-RDP, H117125-RDP, H117132-R01, H117144-R01)SUPPLIER: Hobart Brothers Co.2200 Corporate DriveTroy, OH 45373 U.S.A.Phone: 937-332-4000E-mail:**********************Website: EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER: 1-800-424-9300 (Chemtrec CCN11662)___________________________________________________________________________________2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION:Emergency Overview: This product is normally not considered hazardous as shipped. Avoid eye contact or inhalation of dust from the product. When this product is used in a welding process, the most important hazards are welding fumes, heat, radiation and electric shock.Classification of the Substance/MixtureCLP/GHS Classification (1272/2008):Carcinogenicity, Category 2EU Classification (67/548/EEC):Harmful (Xn), Carcinogen Category 3, R40Hazardous Classification per 29CFR 1910.1200 (Rev. July 1, 2012):Carcinogenicity, Category 2Labelling:Symbols:Signal Word: WarningHazard-determining components of labelling:Titanium DioxideHazard Statements:H351–Suspected of causing cancer.Precautionary Statements:P201 –Obtain special instructions before use.P202 –Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.P280 –Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection.P281 –Use personal protective equipment as required.P308+P313 –IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.P402+P404 –Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.P405 –Store locked up.P501 –Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.S heet Hobart Brothers Co. ___________________________________________________________________________________(H373) STOT RE2(H373) STOT RE 2(H351) Carc. 2 (H351) Carc. 2R36/38(H315) Skin(H319) Eye Irrit..2A(H315) Skin Irrit.. 2(H319) Eye Irrit..2AImportant This section covers the materials of which the products manufactured. The fumes and gases produced during normal use of this product are covered in section 10. The term “Hazardous” in “Hazardous Material” should be interpreted as a term required and defined in OSHA Hazard Communicatio n Standard 29CFR 1910-1200 and it does not necessarily imply the existence of hazard. The chemicals or compounds reportable by Section 313 of SARA are marked by the symbol #.___________________________________________________________________________________4. FIRST AID MEASURES:Inhalation: Remove to fresh air immediately or administer oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.Skin: Flush skin with large amounts of water. If irritation develops and persists, get medical attention.Eye: Flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention.Ingestion: Obtain medical attention immediately if ingested. Rinse mouth.Electric Shock: Disconnect and turn off the power. Use a nonconductive material to pull victim away from contact with live parts or wires. Immediately contact a physician.___________________________________________________________________________________5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES:Suitable Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Welding arcs and sparks can ignite combustible and flammable materials. Use the extinguishing media recommended for the burning material and fire situation.Unsuitable Extinguishing Media:Do not use water on molten metal. Large fires may be flooded with water from a distance.Specific Hazards Arising From Chemical: Keep away from heat/spark/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking. Iron-oxides, Aluminum oxide, Silicon Oxides, Manganese/manganese oxidesProtective Equipment: Fire fighters should wear complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. ___________________________________________________________________________________6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES:Personal Precautions: Refer to section 8.Environment Precautions: Refer to section 13.Cleaning Measures: Solid objects may be picked up and placed into a container. Liquids or pastes should be scooped up and placed into a container. Wear proper protective equipment while handling these materials. Do not discard as refuse.___________________________________________________________________________________7. HANDLING AND STORAGE:Precautions for Safe Handling: Handle with care to avoid stings or cuts. Wear gloves when handling welding consumables. Avoid exposure to dust. Do not ingest. Some individuals can develop an allergic reaction to certain materials. Retain all warning and identity labels.S heet Hobart Brothers Co. Conditions for Safe Storage: Store in dry place in closed packages. Keep separate from chemical substances like acids and strong bases, which could cause chemical reactions.___________________________________________________________________________________8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/ PERSONAL PROTECTION:Engineering Controls:Avoid exposure to welding fumes, radiation, spatter, electric shock, heated materials and dust. Ensure sufficient ventilation, local exhaust, or both, to keep welding fumes and gases from breathing zone and general area. Keep work place and protective clothing clean and dry. Train welders to avoid contact with live electrical parts and insulate conductive parts. Check condition of protective clothing and equipment on a regular basis.Exposure limits: Use industrial hygiene equipment to ensure that exposure does not exceed applicable national exposure limits. The limits defined under section 3 can be used as guidance. Unless noted, all values are for 8 hour time weighted average. For information about welding fume analysis refer to section 10.Biological limits: No available dataPersonal protection:Respiratory protection: Use an air purifying dust respirator when welding or brazing in a confined space, or when local exhaust or ventilation is not sufficient to keep exposure values within safe limits.Hands protection: Wear appropriate gloves to prevent skin contact.EN 12477: Protection gloves for weldersType B gloves are recommended when high dexterity is required as for TIG welding, while type A gloves are recommended for other welding processes. The contact temp (ºC) is 100 and the threshold time (seconds) >15. Eyes protection:Welder’s helmet or face shield with colour absorbing lenses. Shield and filter to provide protection from harmful UV radiation, infra red and molten metal approved to standard EN379. Filter shade to be a minimum of shade 9.Skin protection: Heat-resistant protective clothing. Wear safety boots, apron, arm and shoulder protection. Keep protective clothing clean and dry. Clothing should be selected to suit the level, duration and purpose of the welding activity.S heet Hobart Brothers Co.9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:Appearance:Solid.Color: Green 1059/Black 1155/ Gold 1159/Blue 1160/ Tan 1168/Red 1171/ VioletOdour:OdourlessOdour Threshold: Not AvailablepH Value: Not AvailableMelting Point/Melting Range: : >2300° F, >1300° CFreezing Point: Not AvailableBoiling Point/Boiling Range: Not AvailableFlash point: Not AvailableEvaporation Rate: Not AvailableSelf-in flammability:Not AvailableExplosion limits: Not AvailableVapour pressure: Not AvailableVapour density: Not AvailableDensity at 20ºC: Not AvailableRelative density: 6-9 g/cm3Solubility:Insoluble in water.Partition coefficient: Not AvailableAuto-ignition temperature: Not AvailableDecomposition temperature: Not AvailableOther Information:No available data.___________________________________________________________________________________10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY:Chemical Stability: This product is stable under normal conditions.S heet Hobart Brothers Co. Hazardous Reactions: Contact with chemical substances like acids or strong bases cause generation of gas. Conditions to Avoid: Not applicable.Incompatible Materials: Reacts with acid.Hazardous Decomposition Products: When this product is used in a welding process, hazardous decomposition product would include those from volatilization, reaction or oxidation of the material listed in section 3 and those from the base metal and coating. The amount of fumes generated from this product varies with welding parameters and dimensions.Refer to applicable national exposure limits for fume compounds, including those exposure limits for fume compounds found in section 3. Manganese has a low exposure limit, in some countries that may be easily exceeded. Reasonably expected gaseous products would include carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides and ozone. Air contaminants around the welding area can be affected by the welding process and influence the composition and quality of fumes and gases produced.___________________________________________________________________________________11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION:Signs and Symptoms of Overexposure: Inhalation of welding fumes and gases can be dangerous to your health. Classification of welding fumes is difficult because of varying base materials, coatings, air contaminants and processes. The Internal Agency for Research on Cancer has classified welding fumes as possible carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).Acute Effects: Overexposure to welding fumes may result in symptoms like metal fume fever, dizziness, nausea, dryness or irritation of the nose, throat or eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contactChronic Effects:Overexposure to welding fumes may affect pulmonary function and eyes. Overexposure to manganese and manganese compounds above safe exposure limits can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system, including the brain, symptoms of which may include slurred speech, lethargy, tremor, muscular weakness, psychological disturbances and spastic gait. Prolonged inhalation of titanium dioxide (Classified 2B by IARC) above safe exposure limits can cause cancer.___________________________________________________________________________________12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION:Toxicity: Welding rods contain metals which are considered to be very toxic towards aquatic organisms. Finely divided welding rods are therefore considered harmful to aquatic organisms.Persistence and Degradability: The welding rods consist of elements that can not degrade any further in the environment. Bio accumulative Potential: Welding rods contain heavy metals which bio accumulates in the food chain. The following figures are the bio concentration factor (BCF) for the substances on their own.BCF:Iron, BCF: 140000S heet Hobart Brothers Co. Manganese, BCF: 59052Mobility in Soil: Welding rods are not soluble in water or soil. Particles formed by working welding rods can be transported in the air.Other Adverse Effects: In massive form, welding rods present no hazards to the aquatic environment.Welding materials could degrade into components originating from the materials used in the welding process. Avoid exposure to conditions that could lead to accumulation in soils or groundwater. Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.___________________________________________________________________________________13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS:Product:For product elimination, consult recycling companies or appropriate local authority.USA RCRA: This product is not considered hazardous waste if discarded. Residue from welding consumables and processes could degrade and accumulate in soils and groundwater.Package:May be disposed in approved landfills provided local regulations are observed.___________________________________________________________________________________14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION:UN-number: Welding rods are not classified as dangerous goods for transport and has no UN number.UN proper shipping name: Welding rods are not classified as dangerous goods for transport and has no UN proper shipping name.Transport hazard class: Welding rods are not classified as dangerous goods for transport.Packing group: There are not any special precautions with which a user should or must comply or be aware of in connection with transport or conveyance either within or outside premises.Environmental hazards: Welding rods are not environmentally hazardous according to the criteria of the UN Model Regulations (as reflected in the IMDG Code, ADR, RID and AND) and/or a marine pollutant to the IMDG Code.Special precautions for users: There are not any special precautions which a user should or must comply or be aware of in connection with transport or conveyance either within or outside premises of the welding rod.Transport in Bulk According to Annex III MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code: Welding rods in massive form do not subject under MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code. Not applicable – product is transported only in packaged form.____________________________________________________________________________________15. REGULATORY INFORMATION:Safety, health and environment regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture: Read and understand the manufacturer’s instructions, your employer’s safety practices and the health and safety instructions on the label. Observe a ny federal and local regulations. Take precautions when welding and protect yourself and others.Warning: Welding fumes and gases are hazardous to your health and may damage lungs and other organs. Use adequate ventilation.Electric shock can kill. Arc rays and sparks can injure eyes and burn skin. Wear correct hand, head, eye and body protection.Chemical safety assessment: NoUSA: Under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, this product is considered hazardous. This product contains or produces a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects (or other reproductive harm). (California Health & Safety Code § 25249.5 et seq.) United States EPA Toxic Substance Control Act: All constituents of this product are on the TSCA inventory list or are excluded from listing.EPCRA/SARA Title III Toxic ChemicalsThe following metallic components are listed as SARA 313 “Toxic Chemicals” and potential subject to annual SARA reporting. See Section 3 for weight percentage.S heet Hobart Brothers Co. ___________________________________________________________________________________16. OTHER INFORMATION:The information in this document is believed to be correct as of the date issued. However, no warranty is expressed to be implied regarding the accuracy or completeness of this information. This information and product are furnished on the condition that the person receiving them shall make his own determinations as to the suitability of the product for his particular purpose and on the condition that he assumes the risk of his use thereof.This Material Safety Data Sheet complies with the EC directives 91/155/EEC and 93/112/EEC, including modifications 2001/58/EC.Complies with OSHA Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 and Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 Public Law 99-499Hazard Statements:H315 –Causes skin irritation.H319– Causes serious eye irritation.H351– Suspected of causing lung cancer.H373– May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.R-Phrases:R36/38 –Irritating to eyes and skin.R40 –Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.R48 –Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure.S-Phrases:S36/37 –Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves.S43 –In case of fire, use fire-fighting equipment on basis class D.End of the document.。
英语_科技英语写作习题以及答案
练习1I、在下列每个句子的空白处填上适当的冠词（如果必要的话），然后将句子译成汉语：1. There has been __an___ ever greater interest in this subject.2. The power rating is the maximum power the resistor can safely dissipate without too great __a_ rise in temperature.3. Its primary disadvantage is __an___ increase in noise.4. __The___ successful design of the equipment requires ___a__ detailed knowledge of the performance specifications.5. In __the___ Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, ___a__ single electron revolves around ___a__ single proton in a circle of radius R.6. The unit of frequency is ___the__ hertz.7. If __a___ voltage is applied across ___a__ circuit, ___an__ electric current will flow in __the___ circuit.8. ____ Fig. 5-1 shows _____ Oersted’s experiment.9. We should use ___an__ 18-volt battery here.10. ___A__ machine is __a___ device for transmitting force to accomplish ___a__ definite purpose.11. ___The__ hydraulic press will be considered in _____ Chapter 14.12.___The__ study of fluids in motion is one of _ the____ more difficult branches of mechanics because of __the___ diversity of phenomena that may occur.13. It is easy to determine __the___ value of __the___ parameter μ.14. By _____ Eq. (2-1) we have _the____ following relation.15. It is necessay to use __an___ S-shaped tube here.16. The authors work at __the___ University of Texas at _____ Arlinton.17. This is __an___ R-bit transformer.18. ___An__ XOR gate must be used here.II、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确地使用冠词：1、这是一个h参数（parameter）。
CPR1000核电站严重事故重要缓解措施与严重事故序列
丧失压缩空气＋辅助给水失
效＋未及时进入 H2 规程（主
2
给水、起动给水和辅助给水完
5.75
全丧失）
4.2 事故过程快、后果严重并在现有技术条件下 能够缓解的严重事故序列
4.2.1 事故过程快、后果严重的严重事故分析 4.2.1.1 全厂断电严重事故 全厂断电事故是严 重事故中后果比较严重的事故之一，该事故能够 导致高压熔堆。全厂断电事故能够包络以下事故： ①小小破口失水事故（包括与主冷却剂管道连接 的其他管道）＋失去安注泵严重事故；②失去最 终热阱；③失去全部给水；④失电＋其他事件类。 4.2.1.2 失水类严重事故 失水类严重事故的事 故后果如表 2 所示。
第 31 卷 增刊（1） 2010 年5月 文章编号：0258-0926(2010)S1-0001-04
核动力工程
Nuclear Power Engineering
Vol. 31. S1 May. 2 0 1 0
CPR1000 核电站严重事故重要缓解 措施与严重事故序列
骆邦其，林继铭
（中科华核电技术研究院，广东深圳，518026）
失水类严重事故包括：①大破口失水＋失去 安注泵；②中破口失水（包括与主冷却剂管道连 接的其他管道）＋失去安注泵；③小破口失水（包
表 2 失水类严重事故后果分析
Table 2 Analysis Results of LOCA Severe A
事故
下封头失效时间/s
峰值浓度/%
大破口＋失去安注泵
7588.4
4 严重事故重要序列选取
根据严重事故缓解措施和严重事故的简单分 类，严重事故的重要序列只能在堆芯熔化并可能 导致安全壳失效和安全壳超压失效类事故中 选取。
Levitation melting method and melting and casting
专利名称：Levitation melting method and melting and casting method发明人：Yamada, Junji,Demukai, Noboru申请号：EP96106965.5申请日：19960503公开号：EP0747648B1公开日：20011121专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：Disclosed is a levitation melting method comprising applying a high-frequency current to a high-frequency induction coil (20) wound around a melting crucible (12) to induction-heat a material (22) introduced to the melting crucible (12); and erecting the resulting molten metal (22a) to be in no contact with the inner wall surface of the melting crucible (12) with the bottom of the material (22) being maintained in the solidified state; wherein a power input P (kw) of a high-frequency power source to the high-frequency induction coil (20), an inner radius R (mm) at the bottom of the crucible (12) and super heat DELTA T ( DEG C) of the molten metal (22a) satisfy the relationship of P/R2 = DELTA T.(0.0008 to 0.002), as well as, a melting and casting method for casting the molten metal prepared by the levitation melting method described above into a mold using a snout (26) suspended above the melting crucible such that the lower end of the snout (26) may be submerged in the molten metal (22a).申请人：DAIDO STEEL CO LTD地址：JP国籍：JP代理机构：Prüfer, Lutz H., Dipl.-Phys.更多信息请下载全文后查看。
关于不同国家礼仪的英语作文80字初中
关于不同国家礼仪的英语作文80字初中全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Etiquette Around the WorldAs a curious middle schooler, I've always been fascinated by the various customs and etiquette of different cultures. From the way we greet each other to how we dine at the table, every society has its own unique set of manners and social norms. In this essay, I'll explore the intriguing world of etiquette across several countries, highlighting the diversity and richness of human traditions.Let's start with Japan, a nation renowned for its emphasis on respect and politeness. One of the most striking aspects of Japanese etiquette is the practice of bowing. Bowing is a deeply ingrained gesture used in various social situations, with the depth and duration of the bow signifying the level of respect. It's not uncommon to see Japanese people bowing to each other as a form of greeting, expressing gratitude, or apologizing.Another fascinating aspect of Japanese etiquette is the removal of shoes when entering someone's home or certainestablishments. This practice stems from the desire to maintain cleanliness and respect for the living space. Slippers are typically provided for indoor use, and it's considered rude to walk around in outdoor shoes.Moving on to India, we encounter a rich tapestry of cultural etiquette influenced by diverse religious and regional traditions. One of the most notable customs is the act of joining one's palms together in a "Namaste" gesture. This respectful greeting is accompanied by a slight bow and is used to convey respect, gratitude, and welcome.In many parts of India, it is customary to remove one's shoes before entering temples, homes, or other sacred spaces. Additionally, the use of the right hand for eating, greeting, and offering items is preferred, as the left hand is traditionally associated with personal hygiene tasks.Across the globe in Mexico, etiquette revolves around warmth, hospitality, and respect for elders. Greetings often involve embraces or cheek kisses, even among acquaintances or strangers in certain situations. This welcoming gesture reflects the importance of personal connections in Mexican culture.When it comes to dining etiquette, Mexicans typically wait for the eldest or most respected person at the table to starteating before following suit. It's also considered impolite to leave the table immediately after finishing a meal, as it's seen as a sign of disrespect for the host and the company.In the Middle Eastern region, etiquette is deeply rooted in Islamic traditions and values. One of the most prominent customs is the removal of shoes before entering mosques, homes, or other sacred spaces. This practice is a sign of respect and cleanliness.Additionally, the use of the right hand for eating, greeting, and offering items is preferred, as the left hand is traditionally associated with personal hygiene tasks. Hospitality is highly valued in the Middle East, and it's common to offer refreshments or small gifts to guests as a gesture of welcome and generosity.Heading to Europe, we encounter a diverse array of etiquette practices shaped by centuries of cultural exchange and tradition. In many European countries, such as France and Italy, the art of dining etiquette is highly valued. Proper table manners, including the correct use of utensils and the appropriate way to hold and eat certain foods, are essential.In some parts of Europe, it's customary to maintain direct eye contact during conversations, as it's seen as a sign of engagement and respect. However, in other cultures, prolongedeye contact may be perceived as rude or confrontational, highlighting the nuances of nonverbal communication across different regions.Etiquette is not limited to specific countries or regions; it can also vary within nations based on religious, ethnic, or regional differences. For example, in the United States, which is a melting pot of diverse cultures, etiquette practices can differ significantly between various communities and backgrounds.In some Native American cultures, it's considered impolite to point directly at someone with篇2Different Strokes for Different Folks: A Look at Etiquette Across CulturesAs a curious student always eager to learn, I find the topic of etiquette across cultures absolutely fascinating. The way people greet each other, dine together, or even carry themselves can vary so greatly depending on where they're from. It's incredible how something as simple as a handshake or eye contact can mean completely different things in different parts of the world.Let's start with greetings. In Western countries like the U.S. or U.K., a firm handshake and direct eye contact is considered polite and confident when meeting someone new. But in many Asian cultures, a soft handshake or no handshake at all is preferred, along with a respectful bow or nod of the head. A strong, extended handshake could even be seen as aggressive in places like Japan or South Korea. Wild, right?Then there's dining etiquette – a whole different ballgame. In the Middle East, it's common and acceptable to eat with your hands, using just your right hand of course. But that would be a major faux pas in most Western cultures where utensils are mandatory at the dinner table. Some Asian cuisines like Thai actually encourage slurping noodles as a sign you're enjoying the food, while loud slurping would get you major side-eye in a fancy French restaurant.Speaking of Asian cultures, removing your shoes indoors is extremely important in places like Japan, South Korea, and India. Leaving your shoes on would be unbelievably rude, almost unforgivable. But in the U.S. or Europe, nobody would bat an eye if you wore your outdoor shoes inside. These little things we take for granted can be huge cultural no-nos elsewhere.Then there's personal space and physical contact. In Latin American and Southern European cultures, it's perfectly normal to stand much closer to someone during conversation than we'd consider appropriate personal space in North America. And greetings with hugs, cheek kisses or pats on the back would weird us out here but are totally cool over there. In some Middle Eastern cultures, however, any public displays of affection like hugging could be offensive.I find all these differences so interesting to learn about. It really shows how etiquette isn't some universal, fixed thing – it's all about the cultural lens you're looking through. What's polite and normal in one society could be shockingly rude in the next. We make assumptions based on our own experience, but get out of that bubble, and everything gets turned upside down!As global citizens in an increasingly connected world, I think it's so important for us to educate ourselves on these cultural differences in etiquette. A little knowledge andopen-mindedness can go a long way in avoiding awkward social blunders or unintentional offense when interacting across cultures.At the same time, we have to be careful not toover-generalize or indulge in stereotypes. Cultures aremultifaceted, with tons of diversity even within the same country, region or ethnic group. There can be a range of etiquette norms and exceptions depending on factors like age, social class, rural vs. urban settings, and more. The most respectful approach is to keep an open mind, do your research beforehand, and let your knowledge of cultural etiquette serve as a general guide while staying present and attuned to the specific situation.In the end, good etiquette is really about being considerate, self-aware and adaptable. When we travel or engage with people from different backgrounds, a willingness to absorb, understand and follow different social codes is crucial for building mutual trust and positive connections across cultures. It's mindfulness in action.So next time you're interacting with someone from an unfamiliar culture, try to check your assumptions at the door. Keep an open mind and heart. Make the effort to learn about their etiquette norms, even the ones that might seem strange at first. You'll avoid awkwardness, increase your cultural intelligence, and maybe even discover a fascinating new way of being in the world. Now that's good manners in my book!篇3Different Strokes for Different Folks: Etiquette Around the WorldAs a curious student always eager to learn about different cultures, I find the topic of etiquette absolutely fascinating. It's mind-blowing how something as simple as greeting someone or enjoying a meal can vary so drastically from one country to another. In this essay, I'll share some of the most interesting etiquette practices I've come across in my research.Let's start with greetings, which can be a cultural minefield if you're not aware of the local customs. In many Western countries like the US or UK, a firm handshake is the standard greeting in professional settings. But in other parts of the world, that gesture would be seen as disrespectful or even offensive. In Japan, for example, a slight bow is the polite way to greet someone, with the depth of the bow indicating the relative social status. And in some Muslim countries, avoiding physical contact altogether when greeting someone of the opposite gender is considered proper etiquette.Speaking of physical contact, the concept of personal space also varies wildly. As someone raised in a North American culture, I'm used to maintaining a respectable distance from people I'm not close with. But in many Mediterranean or Latin Americancountries, standing much closer during conversations is the norm. And don't even get me started on the cheek-kissing greetings common in places like France or Russia!Table manners are another area where etiquette rules can be bizarrely different. In the West, it's typically considered rude to burp or slurp your food. But in some Asian cuisines like Chinese or Japanese, those same sounds can indicate you're enjoying your meal! And while we may politely avoid audible chewing, making those appreciative noises is seen as a compliment to the chef. On the flip side, in places like India, eating with your left hand (which is associated with bathroom hygiene) is a major faux pas.Let's move on to one of my favorite topics: gift-giving etiquette. In many Western cultures, we agonize over finding the perfect gift. But did you know that in some Asian countries, it's actually rude to open a gift immediately in front of the giver? The polite thing is to set it aside humbly and open it later in private. And in Russia, it's customary to refuse a gift two or three times before finally accepting it, to avoid appearing greedy or ungrateful.Another custom that I find delightfully quirky is the way some cultures view punctuality. In countries like Germany orSwitzerland, being even a couple of minutes late is considered extremely rude and disrespectful. But in places like Morocco or Pakistan, it's normal (and often expected) for people to arrive 30 minutes or even an hour "late" to events. Can you imagine the frustration if someone from each of those cultures attended the same event?I could honestly go on and on about etiquette oddities around the world. Like how in Thailand, it's considered rude to touch someone's head, because the head is thought to be the highest and most sacred part of the body. Or how in parts of the Middle East, it's a sign of trust and friendship to leave a small bit of food on your plate when you're done eating. Each culture has developed its own unique set of rules over centuries, and learning about them is a fascinating glimpse into humanity's diversity.At the end of the day, etiquette is all about making others feel comfortable and respected in social situations. While the specific customs may seem bizarre to outsiders, they make perfect sense to the people who grew up with them. As a student of the world, I've come to appreciate that there is no universal "right" way to behave. It's all about context and cultural understanding.So the next time you're interacting with someone from another culture, remember to keep an open mind. What may seem strange or off-putting through your own cultural lens could be the height of politeness in theirs. A little patience, humility, and willingness to adapt can go a long way toward bridging those etiquette gaps. After all, isn't learning to embrace our differences one of the greatest adventures life has to offer?篇4Here's an essay about etiquette in different countries, written in English from a student's perspective, with a length of approximately 2000 words:Etiquette: A Global Tapestry of Cultural NormsAs a student fascinated by diverse cultures, I've come to appreciate the intricate tapestry of etiquette that governs social interactions around the world. From the subtle art of exchanging business cards in Japan to the intricate rituals surrounding hospitality in the Middle East, each nation has its own unique set of unwritten rules that shape the fabric of daily life.In Japan, for instance, the act of presenting and receiving a business card is a ritual steeped in centuries of tradition. It's customary to hold the card with both hands, carefully examine it,and then place it on the table in front of you – a sign of respect for the individual and their position. Conversely, in the Western world, a firm handshake and direct eye contact are often seen as indicators of confidence and professionalism.The concept of personal space also varies greatly across cultures. In countries like the United States and Canada, individuals tend to maintain a comfortable distance during conversations, with a general aversion to physical contact beyond a handshake or brief hug. However, in many Latin American and Mediterranean cultures, personal space is often disregarded, and close physical proximity is embraced as a sign of warmth and familiarity.Dining etiquette is another area where cultural differences shine. In many parts of Asia, slurping noodles or soup is not only acceptable but encouraged, as it's seen as a sign of appreciation for the food. In contrast, such behavior would be frowned upon in most Western restaurants, where maintaining a certain level of decorum is expected. Similarly, the use of chopsticks, a staple in many Asian cuisines, can be a source of confusion and even embarrassment for those unfamiliar with the proper techniques.The concept of punctuality also varies widely across the globe. In countries like Germany and Switzerland, being on timeis often seen as a mark of respect and professionalism. However, in cultures like those found in parts of Latin America and the Middle East, a more relaxed attitude towards time is commonly accepted, and a degree of tardiness is tolerated, if not expected.One aspect of etiquette that transcends cultural boundaries is the importance of hospitality. From the elaborate tea ceremonies of Japan to the lavish feasts of the Middle East, the act of welcoming guests and showing them warmth and generosity is a universal language. In many cultures, the guest is treated with the utmost respect, and great care is taken to ensure their comfort and satisfaction.As a student navigating the complexities of our increasingly interconnected world, I've come to appreciate the importance of understanding and respecting these cultural nuances. Etiquette is not merely a set of arbitrary rules but a reflection of a society's values, beliefs, and traditions. By embracing and respecting these cultural differences, we not only show respect for others but also broaden our own horizons, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation for the richness of our global tapestry.篇5Different Cultural Etiquettes Around the WorldAs a student keen on learning about diverse cultures, I find the topic of cultural etiquette fascinating. Every society has its unique set of norms and customs that govern appropriate behavior in various situations. Understanding and respecting these etiquettes is crucial when interacting with people from different backgrounds. In this essay, I will explore the etiquettes associated with greetings, dining, and gift-giving in several countries around the world.Let's start with greetings, which are the first impressions we make when meeting someone new. In many Western countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, a firm handshake and direct eye contact are considered polite greetings. However, in some Asian cultures like Japan and Thailand, a slight bow is more common, with the depth of the bow indicating the level of respect. In some Middle Eastern countries, men greet each other with a gentle handshake, while women may prefer a slight nod or a hand over the heart gesture.Moving on to dining etiquette, it is fascinating to observe the variety of customs surrounding meals. In many European countries, such as France and Italy, it is considered impolite to start eating before the host or the eldest person at the table. Incontrast, in some parts of Asia, like China and India, it is a sign of respect to wait for the host to initiate the meal and encourage guests to start eating. Table manners also vary widely; while using chopsticks is the norm in East Asian cultures, eating with the hands is acceptable and even encouraged in some parts of Africa and the Middle East.Gift-giving is another area where cultural etiquettes differ significantly. In many Western societies, it is customary to open gifts in front of the giver, expressing gratitude verbally or through facial expressions. However, in some Asian cultures, such as Japan and China, it is considered polite to initially refuse a gift or downplay its significance, as a sign of humility. In some Latin American countries, gifts are often opened later, in private, to avoid appearing greedy or overly eager.Cultural etiquette extends far beyond these examples, encompassing various aspects of daily life, such as dress codes, personal space, and communication styles. For instance, in some cultures, maintaining direct eye contact is seen as a sign of honesty and confidence, while in others, it may be perceived as rude or disrespectful.As a student, I believe that being aware of and respectful towards different cultural etiquettes is not only a sign of goodmanners but also a way to build bridges and foster understanding between people from diverse backgrounds. It is essential to approach different cultures with an open mind and a willingness to learn, without passing judgment or assuming superiority.In our increasingly globalized world, where interactions with people from different cultures are becoming more frequent, having knowledge of cultural etiquette can go a long way in avoiding misunderstandings and facilitating effective communication. It can help us navigate social situations with grace and respect, fostering positive relationships and creating a more inclusive and harmonious environment.Furthermore, learning about cultural etiquettes can also be an enriching experience in itself, providing insights into the values, beliefs, and histories that shape different societies. It can broaden our perspectives and challenge our assumptions, encouraging us to think critically and appreciate the diversity that exists within our global community.In conclusion, cultural etiquette is a fascinating and essential aspect of understanding and interacting with people from different backgrounds. By embracing and respecting the diverse customs and norms that govern various societies, we can notonly avoid offending others but also create opportunities for meaningful connections and deeper cross-cultural understanding. As a student, I am excited to continue learning about and appreciating the rich tapestry of cultural etiquettes that make our world a more vibrant and interesting place.篇6Manners and Etiquette Around the WorldAs a student keen on traveling and experiencing different cultures, I find the topic of etiquette around the world fascinating. Cultural norms and traditions shape how people interact, and understanding proper etiquette can help avoid awkward situations or unintentionally causing offense.In many Asian countries like Japan, China, and Korea, bowing is a common greeting that shows respect. The depth of the bow often indicates the relative status of the people involved. In Japan, it's considered rude to walk around wearing shoes indoors, so removing your shoes before entering someone's home is expected. Chopsticks have specific rules too - you shouldn't point them at someone, stick them vertically into a bowl of rice, or use them to move dishes around.Table manners also vary across Europe. In Russia, it's polite to keep your hands visible when eating by resting your wrists on the table's edge. The Dutch consider resting your elbows on the table while eating to be impolite. Meanwhile, the French see upright wrist-resting as the height of etiquette. Interestingly, burping after a meal is seen as a compliment to the chef in Russia and China!In the Middle East, greetings are elaborate affairs. Men may greet each other with a handshake plus kisses on alternating cheeks, sometimes followed by placing the hand over the heart. Hospitality and generosity are highly valued. If you're invited to someone's home, refusing food or drink at least three times is considered polite before finally accepting.The indigenous people of New Zealand, the Māori, perform a traditional greeting called a Hongi by pressing their noses together. It's considered an exchange of sacred breath. In some Pacific Island cultures, it's impolite to stand towering over someone older or of higher status. Sitting crossed-legged on the floor is recommended.In Latin America, personal space is much more limited than in Western countries. It's normal for people to stand very close when conversing. Physical contact like hand on the arm is notseen as inappropriate. When it comes to time, there's also a more relaxed attitude. Being precisely on time is not as emphasized as it is in countries like Germany or Switzerland.Even in the Western world, there are differences in etiquette. The famous "English stiff upper lip" is reflected in their tendency to avoid emotional displays in public. Meanwhile, Italians are quite expressive and animated when conversing. Physical contact like air kisses on both cheeks when greeting friends is common.In North America, making direct eye contact shows confidence and attentiveness. But in parts of Asia and Africa, excessive eye contact can be seen as rude or confrontational, especially with elders. In indigenous Australian cultures, it's considered polite to avert your gaze from elders to show respect.As you can see, proper etiquette can mean very different things across the globe. Simple acts like greeting, eating, and making eye contact carry cultural weight and meaning. When visiting another country, doing some research on local customs can go a long way towards having a smooth cross-cultural experience. A bit of etiquette knowledge is the first step to making a great impression!。
小学下册第14次英语第六单元综合卷(有答案)
小学下册英语第六单元综合卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I like to _____ (了解) cultures.2.Plants help to prevent ______ (土壤侵蚀) by holding the soil in place.3.The __________ (历史的影响深远) shapes futures.4.The pH scale measures how _______ or basic a solution is.5.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fantastic way to learn about nature.6.An __________ is formed when a glacier melts and leaves behind water.7.His favorite movie is a ________.8.The __________ is a famous ancient site in Greece. (德尔菲)9.What is the capital of France?A. RomeB. MadridC. ParisD. Berlin答案:C Paris10.The cupcakes are _______ (frosted) with icing.11.What do you call a small animal that hops and has long ears?A. RabbitB. Guinea pigC. HamsterD. Gerbil答案: A12.I saw a _____ (小猫) sleeping in a sunny spot.13.We like to _____ games together. (play)14.What is 12 + 8?A. 20B. 18C. 17D. 22答案: A15.What do we call a young shark?A. PupsB. CalvesC. KitsD. Hatchlings答案:A.Pups16.The chef is famous for his _____ (食谱).17.She likes to __________ in the evening.18.My sister has a pet _____ (仓鼠).19.The _____ (短裤) are blue.20.The ________ (飞行路线) connects cities.21.The turtle is slow but very ______ (耐心).22.The ________ is a small bird that sings sweetly.23.The ancient Romans were known for their ______ (军事) strategies.24.He is a great ___. (cook)25.Listen and match.听录音，连线。
小学上册第11次英语第三单元真题(含答案)
小学上册英语第三单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Chemical reactions often produce ______.2.My friend is __________ (成功的).3.The chemical formula for potassium thiosulfate is _____.4. A _____ (bulb) is an underground storage organ.5.She is my __________ sister. (亲姐妹)6.The __________ (种植时间) can determine the success of crops.7.The ________ was a significant period in the history of environmental awareness.8. A ________ (海洋) is much larger than a sea.9.An _______ bond forms when electrons are transferred between atoms.10.The famous battle of _______ (Waterloo) was fought in 1815.11. A non-metal typically has a _____ melting point.12.The train is _______ (准时到达).13.I enjoy _______ (阅读) books about history.14.Most gases are ______ at room temperature.15. A ______ (蜥蜴) can be quite colorful and interesting.16.Bases can turn red litmus paper _____.17.They are _____ (jumping) on the trampoline.18.What is the color of the grass?A. BlueB. GreenC. YellowD. Red答案: B19.The ________ (气候条件) dictate plant types.20.The dog is _____ by the tree. (sitting)21.My pet hamster runs very ______ (快) on its wheel.22.What do we call the art of making paintings?A. SculptureB. PhotographyC. PaintingD. Drawing答案: C23.The __________ (历史的编纂) requires careful research and analysis.24. A ______ can be defined as a substance that has mass and occupies space.25.看图,判断句子内容与图片信息是(T)否(F)相符。
小学下册K卷英语第六单元自测题
小学下册英语第六单元自测题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A _______ is a mixture that contains large particles that can settle out.2.Genghis Khan founded the ________ Empire.3.The flowers smell ______ (sweet) in the spring.4.The ________ is located in the southern hemisphere.5.The __________ (历史的文化表现) offer insights.6.What is the name of the famous American actress known for "The Devil Wears Prada"?A. Anne HathawayB. Meryl StreepC. Emily BluntD. Sandra BullockB7.What is the name of the sweet treat made from chocolate and nuts?A. FudgeB. BrownieC. CookieD. CakeB8.Maria is a ______. She enjoys helping others.9.My favorite season is __________.10.The cake is ________ (漂亮).11.The _______ (小果子狸) has a long tail and is very agile.12.What do you call the process of heating water to create steam?A. BoilingB. MeltingC. FreezingD. Condensing13.My friend is a great __________ (运动员) in track and field.14.What is the main language spoken in Brazil?A. SpanishB. PortugueseC. EnglishD. French15.The _____ (lilypads) float on the water.16.Metals are usually good __________ of heat and electricity.17.The fish swims in the ______.18.What do you call the sport played with a round ball and two goals?A. BasketballB. SoccerC. TennisD. Baseball19.We celebrate ______ (Christmas) in December.20.The ______ helps with the detoxification of the liver.21.The _____ (桌子) is made of wood.22.What is the main ingredient in chocolate cake?A. FlourB. Cocoa powderC. SugarD. EggsB23.The __________ were known for their advanced knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. (古代巴比伦人)24. A substance that can neutralize an acid is called a ______.25.The __________ helps some animals to find food.26.I want to paint my ________ bright red.27.My cat purrs when it feels ______ (放松).28.The bear is ______ (strong) and big.29.Certain plants can ______ (改善) air quality in cities.30.What is the term for a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. GeologistA31.Hubble's observations have provided insight into the rate of ______.32.The gecko can climb _________. (墙壁)33.The first successful blood transfusion was performed in _______.34.I have a collection of toy _____ from around the world.35.I like to go ______ (钓鱼) with my dad on weekends.36.My cousin is a ______. She loves to write poetry.37.The ________ (analysis) reveals important details.38.I enjoy planting _____ (多肉植物).39.The chemical formula for table sugar is _______.40.What is the name given to the first human-made object to orbit the Earth?A. Apollo 11B. Voyager 1C. Sputnik 1D. Hubble Space Telescope41.She wears a _____ dress. (red/quick/small)42.My ________ (玩具名称) helps me practice my spelling.43.What do we call a young male horse?A. ColtB. FoalC. FillyD. StallionA44.My favorite dish is ______ (鸡肉).45.We watch ________ (电影) on weekends.46.The _____ (小径) in the garden leads to a hidden area.47. A _____ (马) can carry heavy loads.48.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Calf49.I like to run in the _____ (公园).50.My brother is a ______. He enjoys rock climbing.51.My uncle has a great sense of __________ (幽默).52.I see a ___ in the sky. (cloud)53.What is the opposite of "light"?A. BrightB. HeavyC. DarkD. SoftC54.The country known for its indigenous cultures is ________ (以土著文化闻名的国家是________).55.I want to _____ (read/write) a story.56.The invention of the ________ changed the landscape of communication.57.What is the name of the famous mountain range in North America?A. AndesB. HimalayasC. RockiesD. AlpsC58.My cousin is very __________. (机灵)59.My ________ (玩具) makes a cool noise when I spin it.60.I want to learn how to ________ (导演电影).61. A rabbit's favorite snack is ________________ (胡萝卜).62.The ________ (生态系统服务评估) informs policies.63.The __________ can provide insights into the health of an ecosystem.64.Which animal hops?A. ElephantB. FrogC. FishD. Snake65.I can ______ (管理) my time effectively.66.Plants can be a source of ______ (灵感).67.Which of these is a type of music?A. RockB. PaintC. DanceD. WriteA68.They are _____ (waiting/wait) for the bus.69.What do we call a large body of freshwater?A. OceanB. RiverC. LakeD. Sea70.What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. OrangeD. Green71.I took my ________ (玩具名称) on a trip.72.The ______ is known for his magic tricks.73.What do you call a baby horse?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. PupB74.ta Stone helped scholars understand _______. (埃及象形文字) The Rose75.The ________ was a famous philosopher known for his teachings.76.Which part of the plant absorbs water?A. LeavesB. StemC. RootsD. Flowers77.What do we call the part of the plant that holds the seeds?A. FlowerB. LeafC. StemD. FruitD78.I have a dinosaur ________ (玩具名称) that roars.79.What is the main function of the heart?A. To digest foodB. To pump bloodC. To filter wasteD. To breatheB To pump blood80.What do you call a plant that grows in the desert?A. CactusB. FernC. MossD. FlowerA81.The _____ (植物故事) connects culture and nature.82.The _____ (desk/table) is made of wood.83.The chemical formula for lithium sulfide is ______.84.The ________ helps plants grow.85.isthmus) connects two larger land areas. The ____86.What is the opposite of day?A. NightB. MorningC. EveningD. Afternoon87.The _____ (鸟) is singing.88.How many colors are in a rainbow?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight89.What do we call a tool used to measure length?A. ThermometerB. ScaleC. Tape measureD. RulerD Ruler90.The wind is ______ (blowing) gently today.91.The first man to reach the South Pole was _______ Amundsen.92.What do we call the sweet treat made from cocoa?A. CandyB. ChocolateC. CaramelD. Toffee93.I love playing with my __________ (玩具名) every weekend.94.What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. RiceB. NoodlesC. BreadD. Beans95.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)96.What do we call the person who creates software?A. EngineerB. ProgrammerC. ScientistD. Designer97.What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. Sleeping BeautyD. RapunzelB98.My dad is a very _______ (形容词) person. 他总是 _______ (动词).99.What is the capital city of Honduras?A. TegucigalpaB. San Pedro SulaC. La CeibaD. Choloma 100.The _____ (小动物) find shelter among the plants.。
24年四川专升本英语考试真题及答案
24年四川专升本英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: 24-Year Sichuan Adult College Entrance Exam English Test Questions and AnswersIntroductionThe Sichuan Adult College Entrance Exam is an important opportunity for individuals to further their education and improve their career prospects. One of the key subjects tested in the exam is English, which evaluates the candidates' language proficiency and comprehension skills. In this document, we will provide the 24-year Sichuan Adult College Entrance Exam English test questions and answers to help candidates prepare for the exam effectively.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. Read the following passage and answer the questions below.The passage:Rising global temperatures due to climate change are causing the ice caps to melt at an alarming rate. This has led to rising sea levels, which threaten coastal communities around the world. In addition to the environmental impact, melting ice caps also have significant implications for wildlife and biodiversity.Questions:a) What is causing the ice caps to melt at an alarming rate?b) What are the implications of melting ice caps for coastal communities?c) How do melting ice caps affect wildlife and biodiversity?Answers:a) Rising global temperatures due to climate change are causing the ice caps to melt at an alarming rate.b) Melting ice caps lead to rising sea levels, which threaten coastal communities around the world.c) Melting ice caps have significant implications for wildlife and biodiversity.Section 2: Grammar and Vocabulary2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:a) I _______ to the store yesterday. (go)b) She _______ a beautiful song. (sing)c) They _______ their homework every day. (do)Answers:a) wentb) sangc) doSection 3: Writing3. Write an essay on the following topic: "The importance of education in today's society."Answer:Education plays a crucial role in shaping the future of individuals and society as a whole. In today's rapidly changing world, acquiring knowledge and skills through education is essential for personal and professional growth. Education empowers individuals to think critically, communicate effectively, and make informed decisions. It also provides opportunities for social mobility and economic prosperity. Therefore, investing in education is key to building a better future for everyone.ConclusionThe Sichuan Adult College Entrance Exam English test is a challenging but important opportunity for individuals to demonstrate their language skills and readiness for higher education. By practicing the test questions and reviewing the answers provided in this document, candidates can better prepare themselves for success in the exam. Good luck to all the test-takers!篇2Title: 24-year Sichuan Adult Higher Education College English Exam Questions and AnswersIntroduction:The Sichuan Adult Higher Education College English exam is an important test for prospective students seeking to further their education. In this article, we will provide a detailed analysis of the exam questions and answers from the past 24 years to help candidates prepare better for the exam.Exam Questions and Answers:1. Reading Comprehension:Question: Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Passage:Technology has changed the ways in which people communicate and interact with each other. With the rise of social media platforms, individuals can now easily connect with others from all over the world. However, some argue that this increased connectivity has led to a decline in face-to-face communication.Question 1: What has technology changed in terms of communication?Answer: Technology has changed the ways in which people communicate and interact with each other.Question 2: How has social media impacted connectivity?Answer: Social media platforms have made it easier for individuals to connect with others from all over the world.2. Grammar:Question: Identify the grammatical errors in the following sentence and correct them.Sentence: She don't like to go to the gym because she thinks it's boring.Answer: She doesn't like to go to the gym because she thinks it's boring.3. Writing:Question: Write a paragraph describing your favorite holiday destination and why you enjoy visiting it.Answer: My favorite holiday destination is the beach town of Malibu in California. I love visiting Malibu because of its stunning beaches, perfect weather, and vibrant atmosphere. The sound of waves crashing against the shore and the warm sun on my skin make me feel relaxed and at peace. Additionally, the town offers a variety of delicious seafood restaurants and fun water activities, making it the perfect place for a memorable vacation.Conclusion:Preparing for the Sichuan Adult Higher Education College English exam can be challenging, but with the help of past exam questions and answers, candidates can improve their chances of success. By studying and practicing with these materials, students can enhance their English language skills and perform better on the exam. Good luck to all the candidates!篇324 years of Sichuan Professional Upgrade Test for English Exam Questions and AnswersIntroduction:The Sichuan Professional Upgrade Test for English is an important assessment for individuals in Sichuan province seeking to advance their education through the specialized professional degree program. Over the past 24 years, the exam has gone through various changes and updates to ensure its relevance and effectiveness. In this document, we will provide a detailed overview of the exam questions and answers from the past 24 years to help candidates prepare effectively.1997 Exam Questions:1. Write an essay on the impact of globalization on the economy.2. Translate the following paragraph into English.3. Complete the sentence with the correct verb tense.4. Multiple-choice questions on vocabulary and grammar.1997 Exam Answers:1. The impact of globalization on the economy is significant, leading to increased interconnectedness and competition among nations.2. (Paragraph translation)3. (Correct verb tense)4. (Multiple-choice answers)2005 Exam Questions:1. Write a formal letter of complaint to a company regardinga faulty product.2. Translate the following dialogue into English.3. Complete the sentence with the appropriate preposition.4. Multiple-choice questions on reading comprehension and writing.2005 Exam Answers:1. (Formal letter of complaint)2. (Dialogue translation)3. (Correct preposition)4. (Multiple-choice answers)2013 Exam Questions:1. Write an argumentative essay on the importance of environmental conservation.2. Translate the following news article into English.3. Complete the sentence with the correct conjunction.4. Multiple-choice questions on listening comprehension and speaking.2013 Exam Answers:1. The importance of environmental conservation cannot be understated, as it is crucial for the preservation of our planet and future generations.2. (News article translation)3. (Correct conjunction)4. (Multiple-choice answers)2021 Exam Questions:1. Write a report on the impact of technology on education.2. Translate the following poem into English.3. Complete the sentence with the appropriate phrasal verb.4. Multiple-choice questions on writing and speaking.2021 Exam Answers:1. (Technology impact report)2. (Poem translation)3. (Correct phrasal verb)4. (Multiple-choice answers)Conclusion:The Sichuan Professional Upgrade Test for English has evolved over the past 24 years to provide candidates with a comprehensive assessment of their language skills. By reviewing past exam questions and answers, candidates can better prepare for the exam and improve their chances of success. It is important for candidates to practice regularly and seek feedback to enhance their English proficiency for the exam.。
化学品安全技术说明书内容和项目顺序 英文
化学品安全技术说明书内容和项目顺序英文Chemical Safety Technical Instructions: Contents and Sequence of ItemsIntroduction:Chemicals play a vital role in various industries and sectors. However, it is crucial to ensure their safe handling, storage, and transportation to protect human health and the environment. A chemical safety technical instruction manual provides detailed information on the safe use and management of chemicals. This article will outline the key contents and recommended sequence of items to be included in a chemical safety technical instruction manual.1. Product Identification:The first section of the manual should focus on providing clear and accurate identification of the chemical product. Include the chemical name, synonyms, trade names, and unique identifiers such as CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) numbers. Additionally, provide a brief description of the physical appearance, odor, and any specific hazards associated with the product.2. Hazards Identification:This section should outline the potential hazards associated with the chemical product. Include information on physical hazards (flammability, explosiveness), health hazards (toxicity, carcinogenicity), and environmental hazards (ecotoxicity, persistence). Clearly indicate any warning symbols,safety phrases, or precautions that need to be followed when handling the chemical.3. Composition/Information on Ingredients:In this section, provide a detailed composition of the chemical product, including the names and concentrations of individual components. If applicable, include information on impurities, stabilizers, and additives. This information is crucial for proper risk assessment and handling procedures.4. First Aid Measures:Clearly outline the recommended first aid measures to be taken in case of exposure or ingestion of the chemical. Include information on necessary medical treatments, symptoms of overexposure, and emergency contact numbers. It is important to emphasize the importance of seeking medical attention immediately.5. Fire-Fighting Measures:Provide detailed instructions on appropriate fire-fighting techniques for different types of fires involving the chemical product. Include information on suitable extinguishing agents, fire-fighting equipment, and any specific hazards associated with firefighting efforts. Highlight any precautions to be taken to prevent fire spread or chemical reactions.6. Accidental Release Measures:This section should outline the correct procedures to be followed in case of accidental release or spillage of the chemical. Include information on containment measures, personal protective equipment, and proper ventilationrequirements. Describe the steps to be taken for cleanup and disposal, considering the environmental impact.7. Handling and Storage:Provide comprehensive guidelines for the safe handling, storage, and transportation of the chemical product. Include recommendations for appropriate personal protective equipment, handling procedures, and storage conditions (temperature, moisture, light). Highlight any incompatibilities, such as substances or conditions that should be avoided when storing or transporting the chemical.8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection:This section should include information on recommended exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, goggles, respirators) to minimize exposure to the chemical. Specify any specific precautions required for different exposure routes (inhalation, skin contact, ingestion).9. Physical and Chemical Properties:Provide a comprehensive overview of the physical and chemical properties of the product. This may include information on appearance, odor, pH, boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, and solubility. These properties are important for safe handling and risk assessment purposes.10. Stability and Reactivity:Outline the chemical's stability and reactivity properties, including any hazardous decomposition products or potential reactions with othersubstances. Provide recommendations for safe storage and handling to prevent unintended reactions or hazards.11. Toxicological Information:Include relevant toxicological data on the chemical product, such as acute and chronic toxicity, targets of toxicity, and possible health effects. Provide information on exposure routes and symptoms of exposure. This section is vital for risk assessment and establishing appropriate control measures.12. Ecological Information:This section should focus on the potential environmental impact of the chemical product. Include information on ecotoxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Provide recommendations for preventing or minimizing environmental contamination.13. Disposal Considerations:Outline proper disposal methods for unused or waste chemical products. Include information on applicable local or national regulations and guidelines for safe disposal. Emphasize the importance of following proper disposal practices to minimize environmental pollution.14. Transport Information:If the chemical product requires transportation, provide guidance on proper packaging, labeling, and documentation requirements. Include anyrestrictions or precautions that need to be followed during transportation, considering both road and international transport regulations.15. Regulatory Information:Include information on relevant national and international regulations and guidelines applicable to the chemical product. This may include details on classification, labeling, packaging, and worker protection requirements. Compliance with regulatory standards is essential for ensuring safe handling and use of the chemical.16. Other Information:Provide any additional information that could be useful for the safe handling and management of the chemical product. This may include references to related literature, emergency response plans, or contact details of relevant authorities or experts.Conclusion:A well-structured and comprehensive chemical safety technical instruction manual is essential for ensuring the safe use and management of chemical products. The contents and sequence of items outlined in this article serve as a guideline for developing an informative and user-friendly document. Effective communication of chemical hazards, proper handling procedures, and recommended safety measures is crucial for protecting human health, promoting environmental sustainability, and maintaining regulatory compliance.。
刚上大学生活英语作文
刚上大学生活英语作文As the first chapter of my academic journey unfolds, I find myself standing at the threshold of a new world – college life. It's a time of excitement and anticipation, a period where I'm not only learning about the subjects I'm passionate about but also about myself.Adjusting to college has been a whirlwind experience. Thefirst few weeks were a blend of orientation events, meeting new people, and finding my way around the sprawling campus. The diversity of my fellow students is astounding; I've met individuals from various cultural backgrounds, each withtheir unique stories and perspectives. This melting pot of cultures has already broadened my worldview and enriched my understanding of the global community.Academically, the transition from high school to college has been challenging yet rewarding. The workload is more demanding, and the expectation for self-directed learning is significantly higher. I've had to develop new study habits and time management skills to keep up with the pace. The lectures are more in-depth, and the professors expect a higher level of critical thinking and analysis. It's a steep learning curve, but I'm eager to rise to the occasion.Living in a dormitory has been an adventure in itself. It's a small community within the larger college environment, andI've quickly formed close-knit friendships with my roommatesand neighbors. We support each other through late-night study sessions, shared meals, and occasional movie nights. The sense of camaraderie is strong, and it's comforting to know that we're all navigating this new phase of life together.One of the most exciting aspects of college life is the plethora of extracurricular activities available. I've joined a few clubs that align with my interests, including a debate team and a photography group. These clubs not only provide a break from the rigors of academic life but also offer opportunities to develop new skills and to connect with like-minded peers.Financial management has been another important lesson I've had to learn. Balancing the costs of textbooks, meals, and occasional social events has required careful budgeting. I've had to make a conscious effort to avoid impulse purchases and to prioritize my expenses.The social life in college is vibrant and varied. There are always events happening on campus, from guest lectures to concerts and sports games. I've learned to strike a balance between socializing and studying, ensuring that I don't neglect my academic responsibilities while also enjoying the social opportunities that college has to offer.In conclusion, college life as a freshman is a dynamic and transformative experience. It's a time of personal growth, academic exploration, and the formation of lifelong friendships. As I continue to navigate the complexities ofthis new environment, I am filled with optimism for the knowledge I will gain and the person I will become.。
《跨文化交际》 名词解释
1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one largesociety.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptionsand symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect thebehavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
雪融化的时刻攻略（Themeltinghourofthesnow）
雪融化的时刻攻略（The melting hour of the snow）In the article, so save place you to file, this is the difference between the story points, but also to use, unless you are ready to restart the gameOur feet with constructPayConsulting roomRefining diseaseRA RA Ayumi with examples examples back in language and on continued:Operation roomcanteenUniversity storesReference roomOr, a Vespa, Noyes, Tel,,,,, nanomaterials,From the beginning, it was introduced for half a day, and then the Royal shadow would take you to visit the hospital, which is the following optionThe mail room (front)Therapeutic room (outpatient clinic)Inpatient WardPS: after that, let's go and see the little girl..... This is the following optionStroll aroundPS: to find the little girl is Ueda Yumi, see by the United states...... After very wrong ah......Dialogue: this girl is younger than you, at least 10 years old............ Obviously, even the wife already has!What's wrong with a wife? At least 10 years old is not OKOperation roomcanteenKioskResource CenterPS: Shinohara appearanceElevatorNursing stationPS: is in the United States and will appear in the United States [SAVE1]For I was a child, eat u made me cryUeda has been beaten.In the movie was a childSytec.As in JapaneseCourse, in Japanese, as the last party of sweet words and u guys I was slow with Na hai. San, complete speech or tubeThe night was to be feeling outside the room in a straight Take root in.After the food, as inScarlett: Hai San - guys beauty or sudden speech I fly with In the last two, who heard MooTo construct the feet or see dance with uTo construct or charge of beauty thou force with.In line with construct by yuan on the dictionaryFor in terms of child rights protection: in line with the yuan on[SAVE1] before the emergence of memories, eat or not to eat?Even so, I eatPS: please be patient. The middle story is very longBeating and planting fieldsLet's go to the moviesSneak awayShoot into it"Still concealed glasses more lovely"Cannot stand. Give the Dean a handWait outside the duty roomGo for it!refuteCan't help pushed by YinaiDon't ask anyone about itVisit ReeseStep aside beautyTo reach aroundEven if it is going to reach.The next thing is to choose the end[SAVE2]I, I.Let me do itPS: we should use our own hands to create our own future!Construct: with ENDHoshino Mizuki END needless to say, the creation of his own hands must be a better future.[load SAVE2]Shinohara in any estate.Please give ShinoharaPS: kill me, and don't want to give it to him! Ending as can be imagined, kill ShinoharaTo construct the BADEND BADEND with Hoshino Mizuki:Several other common routes[load SAVE1]Sweet, sweet was after abdominal for longer in Na Hai in bottledPeople call or immediateAnd to construct the national cancer free in the UTI Chan Xu I(not CG and H to construct the national recovery, until the end)In the zoo, on the lineFor in terms of child in theThe stomach is full and I can't eat any moreGo and get someonePlead with the United States, so let him off(unable to collect CG until the end of the H. I don't understand. It seems that H can be a beauty problemLet's go to the zooLook at this even if you do[SAVE4]I will check in by ShinoharaThe residual on continued industryChuang or open at the confirmation on continuedSound, or force with,,,,, nanomaterials, to complete, inI think a kind of guys: P San or charge of Mount TA.Catch.Take root in.After the food, as in[SAVE3][SAVE4] stop or let go?Stop ShinoharaWork overtime and do the rest of the work honestlyOpen the window and make sureSay helloGo to nursing stationI open the top without thinkingSit upGo for it!refute[SAVE3] and then choose the next oneWell, hereThe Raiders have oversight, as I play written by Yinai events (all the election.)Pick up gifts (events)Mikage thou construct beauty[load SAVE3]Thou construct in beauty on the smellThe last dance guys see De Xin Hai NaThe woman, woman - ~ UThou or and construct the beauty of flying with woman will hold. Thou construct the END nameImperial beautyBy Yinai events I choose: can't help pushed by YinaiPick the gift event I chose: ask AyumiIt's too bad to visitKiss downCling to the beauty of steppingRoyal shadow step beauty ENDI'm not satisfied with that dead reese.Ueda and construct the national[load SAVE3]We construct the smell on the national andThe last dance guys see De Xin Hai NaThe woman, woman - ~ UFor in terms of child rights protection: in line with practice on the yuanI, I.After food and UTI J...To construct the national and ENDUeda Yumi[load SAVE3]I choose Yinai events: can't help pushed by YinaiAsking about beautyIt's too bad to visitStep aside beautyTo reach aroundEven if it is going to reach.Let me do itGo to dinner a littleUeda Yumi END, like Hoshino Mizuki, END, needless to say, his own hands must have created a better future. Quasi mom and dad and by the United States sister to become a happy family....Top and child forms[load SAVE3]And in the forms of smell on the mooThe last dance guys see De Xin Hai NaThe woman, woman - ~ UFor in terms of child rights protection: in line with practice on the yuanI, I.J after Hugh and better uti...And END child formsNayouhuiBasically the same as Ueda YumiPick a gift event: ask about the beautyThe last option (after surgery): take a break Result: Reese did not wake up......Shioka Yu Hai NaShioka YuinaSelected by the Yinai event: (gone wrong)Be prepared to close your eyesSo let it[load SAVE3]In the last two, who heard MooThe last dance guys see De Xin Hai NaTo construct or charge of beauty thou force with. The gallery has been hovering on continuedLast name - END[load SAVE3]Don't ask anyone about itIt's too bad to visitStep aside beautyWander in the corridorBy Yinai END[load SAVE3]Have a smell on the last name:Last name - BADEND[load SAVE3]Asked by YinaiBy Yinai BADENDBy the end Yinai I don't feel good [load SAVE4]Shinohara or check will have a sweet Sytec.In the party, Che Che glasses and complete wordsI was slow with Na hai. Jian San, speech or complete(CG recovery, less complete. As sub or child rights protection and to advance on the ~ ~ in the construct of H: with the end)[SAVE5]Don't stop ShinoharaSlipSaid glasses cuteCannot stand. Speak for us(CG recovery with the first look at the situation, just watched until the water tree H finished, cannot read, it seems that H can set the problem)[SAVE5] going out?Our Shinohara[load SAVE5]The night was to be feeling outside the room in a straightTake root in.I ignore.Scarlett: guys, have a sweet beauty of San or bursting with speech on the flyIn the last two, who heard MooTo construct the feet or see dance with uTo construct or charge of beauty thou force with.In line with construct by yuan on the dictionaryI, I.Wait outside the duty roomGo for it!Ignore himCan't help pushed by YinaiDon't ask anyone about itVisit ReeseStep aside beautyTo reach aroundEven if it is going to reach.Let me do itShinohara END is basically the same as Hoshino Mizuki END, if not killed (deserve it!) If it's GOOD END10. To construct the tube[load SAVE5]A row of or on the back on continuedTake root in.I ignore.Scarlett: Hai San - guys beauty or sudden speech I fly withYo. We construct the smell on theThe last dance guys see De Xin Hai NaTo construct or charge of beauty thou force with.The gallery has been hovering on continuedForMizuki but go toIJust restEND YoshimiYoshimi tube载入 SAVE (5)Not go out wearing 踌躇跑吧 physical effortOther unreasonableAn autonomous region 推开由依奈 Yu询问 YoshimiThe thickness 难受 Ryo went to watch the world honored nozomi Satoru推开步美Wandering in the village corridor runningJishi was off the main body 边 Mizuki am lonelyGarai as稍微 at rest结局:;;;;;;;;;;.。
读后续写之水塘救人篇 Continuation Writing 课件-2022届高三英语二轮复习
The plot & feelings
Ending?
Waiting for Rescue
“Rescue” Structure
About Rescue
Before Rescue
→setting/beginning
During Rescue After Rescue
→danger/action/feeling
→reflection/gratitude to the rescuers
Continuation Writing
Fall into a hole in the ice
Read for Writing ①Analysis of the Given Passage ②Analysis of the Given Sentences
Predict the Development of Story Evaluate the Works of Students Appreciation
I tried to climb out of the hole, but when I got a knee on the ice, it broke like window glass. Again and again I tried to get out. Again and again the ice broke into pieces. The hole widened. I was wearing a coat of heavy material. As it became completely wet, it dragged me down. I was tired of the struggle and rested with my arms stretched out on the ice.