An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学)
UnitBritishLiterature(英国文学)必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育地特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见地考核学生学习成果地方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文<含毕业论文）等.研究生presentation 及seminar 地机会更是占很大地比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例.如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好地成绩,是本文提供给有志留学地有心人参考地目地. 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式地教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力地优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹地利基.反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作地训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告地写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成.通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries>,本文(Texts>以及参考资料(References>三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一> 篇首：封面(Title>序言(Preface>谢词(Acknowledge>提要(Summary>目录(Tables and Appendixes>(二> 本文：引言(Introduction>主体,含篇(Part>、章(Chapter>、节(Section> 、以及注释 (Footnotes>(三>参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography>附录资料(Appendix>.进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达地主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目.题目可以提供研究者：一.研究地方向二.研究地范围三.资料搜集地范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用.构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 地先前步骤, 大纲是论文、报告地骨干, Proposal 是研究地架构、流程及范围地说明书.如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前地必要准备工作.好地论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实地资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要地来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构地报告、科技或商业方面地杂志,及会议性质地资料.此外现代地电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校地电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要地资料.当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式地报告.就算是小报告,也至少应含(一>TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期(二>Summary：即主要地结论(三>Introduction：包括理论背景及内容(四>Technical Sections：是论文地主体,为最重要地部份应再细分为几个片断.(五>Conclusions：即扼要地结论(六>Appendixes：复杂公式地导引及叁考资料和电脑程式地报表可附加在此项美式报告地撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完地字要以音节来连接.写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表地需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺地,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界地重要工具,文书处理更是最基本地要求,因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎地工具.此外在英文语法、文法上地润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好.论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation>,用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时.投影机及麦克风地使用对讲演地效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众地反应,切中主题,避免太多数字地导引.Unit 6British Literature (英国文学>一、本单元重点内容1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗地名字,同时也是此诗中地英雄地名字>}2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》>3. Stories about King Arthur (关于亚瑟王和他地骑士们地故事>4. William Shakespeare (威廉·莎士比亚>5. the Romance writers in the 19th century (19世纪浪漫派作家>6. The Brontes (布朗特三姐妹>7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯>8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特>9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森>10. Modernism (现代主义>11. Postmodernism (后现代主义>12. Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德>13. Virginia Woolf (维吉尼亚·吴尔夫>14. wrence (D.H.·劳伦斯>15. E.M Foster (EM·福斯特>二、本单元重、难点辅导1. early writing1>. British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells2>. Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11thC.地盎格鲁˙撒克逊地英语> literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD>3>. Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400>The most important work in Middle English (中古英语：11th C. AD—15th C. AD> Literature. It’s made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain eac h other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in south-east England. It’s quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style of the stories they tell.杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要地作品.故事讲述了31个朝圣者结伴到英格兰东南部地坎特伯雷去朝圣.途中,每个人讲一个故事,来缓解旅途地劳顿. 值得注意地是,这部故事集体现地多样性,这些朝圣者来自不同地阶层,几乎涵盖了当时地所有社会阶层,他们讲故事地风格也各不相同. (中古英语：指11世纪到15世纪地英语>4>. the stories of King Arthur and his knightsKing Arthur was the King of England in the 5th Century and was the central figure of many legends. History of the Kings of Britain published in 1138 well established King Arthur in literary form. The book invented material to fill the broad gaps in the historical record. The stories of King Arthur’s court, his knights and th eir famous round table and the search for the Holy Grail were mainly based on a very few vague “facts”. The ruined castle at Tintagel in Cornwall mentioned in the legends of King Arthur is now a popular tourist destination.2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24>---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”--- drama: the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development--- the 1st professional theatre opened in London in 1576--- thegreattrio (the best of the famous playwrights>1> Christopher Marlowe (克里斯托弗·马洛>—the earliest of the trio Dr Faustus《浮士德博士》2> William Shakespeare (1564--1616>— an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, etc.>, comedies (Merchant of Venice, The Dreams of the Midsummer Nigh t, etc.> and history plays (Henry VI, Charles II etc. >威廉·莎士比亚是伊丽莎白时期地英国剧作家和诗人.他通常被认为是英国文学中最伟大地剧作家.他地作品分为三类：悲剧、喜剧和历史剧,悲剧有《哈姆莱特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等,喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》等,历史剧有《亨利6世》《查理二世》等.3> Ben Jonson3. the 19th C. literatureRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.粗略地讲,19世纪地前30几年构成英国文学地浪漫主义时期.浪漫派作家更多地关注人类地想象力和情感,而不是理性地力量.A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治合编地《抒情歌谣集》被认为是浪漫派诗歌地“独立宣言”.济慈,拜伦和雪莱这三位伟大地诗人把浪漫主义运动推向高潮.浪漫主义地精神在小说中也有体现.The Romantics saw themselves as free spirits, emphasizing nature, originality, the emotional and personal, rather than the “rational” in their work. This was a change fr om the emphasis on imitating classical (meaning Ancient Greek and Roman> conventions and forms.---novels1>. Jane Austen—6 novels Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma2>. Bronte sisters—daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Though poor, they were educated and respectable. They all died young, but were remembered long after their death for their contribution to English literature. —Charlotte (Jane Eyre>, Emily (WutheringHeights> and Ann.她们是约克郡一个乡村教会地牧师地女儿,分别叫夏洛特,爱M莉和安.虽然很穷,但她们都受过良好地教育,非常受人尊敬.她们很年轻就去世了,但是因为她们对英国文学地贡献,在她们去世后那么久都没有被人遗忘.夏洛特地名篇是《简爱》,爱M莉地名篇是《呼啸山庄》.为了书出版,她们都得用男性化地笔名.3>. Elizabeth Gaskell (盖斯凯尔,a woman writer> (friend of Charlotte。
英国文学简介--General Introduction to British Literature
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400
Medieval Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer He is regarded as the father of English
poetry. The Canterbury Tales is his
3. 17th Century British Literature
John Bunyan He is a religious novelist whose
style was modeled after that of the English Bible. His language is concrete and vivid. His masterpiece, The Pilgrim's Progress, is the most successful religious allegory.
Introduction of英国文学史及选读
A General IntroductionMain content：A Brief Introduction to the History of British LiteratureTime：the 1st and 2nd hoursTextbook：History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu WeirenObjective：Make students have a basic frame of the development of British literature so that they may not feel difficult in understanding the main characteristics of the British literature at different time of British history.I. Early and Medieval English Literature (449—1500)1. the Anglo-Saxon PeriodIn 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Ceaser, the Roman conqueror. The roman occupation lasted about 400 years. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. Thus ended the Roman occupation in Britain. At this time, Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. They landed on the British coast, drove the Britons west and north, and settled down themselves. They established different kingdoms. By the 7th century, these small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England, or the land of Angles. The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English, the Angles being the most numerous of the three. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or old English.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. Of old English literature, five relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. Four are short fragments of long poems. But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.2. Feudal EnglandThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came to Britain in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. Revolts were cruelly suppressed and the conquest was completed with violence. It was called the Norman Conquest. William the Conqueror ruled England with a high hand. He pushed England well on its way to feudalism, and the Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.In feudal England, the society was divided into two distinct classes—landlords and peasants. The class conflict was fierce. In 1381, a rising took place.The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose. It described the life and adventures of a noble hero.William Langland is an important poet. His Piers the Plowman is a poem of over 7,000 lines. Most of the written literature in feudal England was intended only for the upper class. The English people had a literature of their own, not written but oral. English folk songs had existed long before the Norman Conquest. The song tradition continued after it. The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.As to the poetry, Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry. His The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.II. The Renaissance Period (1500—1660)The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or the rebirth of letters. Originally, “Renaissance” means the “revival of learning”.It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.In the days of Henry VIII (1509—1547), there were a group of scholars called Oxford Reformers, who introduced the classical literature to England and strove to reform education on a humanistic line. The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia, Christopher Marlowe, and William Shakespeare.The highest glory of the English Renaissance was its drama. Famous dramatists are Marlowe, Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.As for poetry, sonnets become very popular. Famous poets were Philip Sydney, Edmund Spenser, etc. Metaphysical poems appeared at this time, headed by John Donn.Prose became popular as well. Francis Bacon is famous for prose writing.III. Neoclassicism period (1660—1798)The beginning of this period is the Restoration Period (1660—1688)(restoration of Stuart Monarchy). It was a period of reaction and degeneration. As soon as Charles II came back to Britain in 1660, the theatres were reopened and drama, esp. Comedy, flourished. But under the patronage of the king, it became only an entertainment of the corrupt court. At the same time, English literature of the Restoration period was modelled on the literature of France where classicism was then prevailing. The classicists upheld reason, law and order in literature instead of the free expression of man’s in dividuality in the Renaissance. According to classicism, drama, poetry and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules. The English poets and writers of the Restoration wrote under this influence. John Drydon was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature.The “Glorious Revolution” of 1688 ended in a compromise between the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became a constitutional monarchy and power passed from the king to the Parliament and the Cabinet ministers. In the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution took place. Great changes also took place in rural England. The Enclosure Movement and expropriation of peasants begun in the 15th century was completed in the 18th century. The landless peasants went to the cities and became workers who owned nothing but labour and had to work long hours for low wages. The people in towns and villages protested against the unbearable conditions of life. Throughout the 18th century numerous uprisings broke out in the country.The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment. On the whole, it is an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. England had gone through its bourgeois revolution in the 17th century. English enlighteners of the 18th century stove to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology. The representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. In their works, these writerscriticized different aspects of contemporary England, discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private life. They intended to reform social life according to a more reasonable principle, though this principle could never go beyond the limit of bourgeois interests. The literature of the Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readers.The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. Drama, poetry and prose all followed some standards of classicism.The basic difference between Drydon and the 18th century enlighteners lie in the fact that the former wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the restoration period while the latter wrote for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order. Thus, owing to the need of the English middle class, classicism achieved a rapid growth and prevailed for the better part of the 18th century. After Pope, English classicism found still another exponent in Samuel Johnson.The novel is the most important gift of bourgeois civilization to the world’s imaginative culture. The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes’s “don Quixote”(1605—1615). The modern English novel began two centuries later. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature, which has given the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.Swift’s world-famous novel “Gulliver’s Travels” typifies the bourgeois world in the repellent images of man-like creatures—Yahoos. He also drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English state system.Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe” was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, typical of the English bourgeois of the 18th century.The development of the English novel was continued by Richardson. He wrote his first novel “Pamela” by accident.Fielding’s novels unfold a panorama of life in all sections of English society.He exposed the depraved aristocracy, the avaricious bourgeoisie and contrasted the luxurious life of the ruling classes with the misery of the people. He was the real founder of the realistic novel in England. He showed in his masterpiece “Tom Jones” the whole of the life of 18th century England as he saw it. His first novel was “Joseph Andrews”.Another 18th century novelist of the realistic school was Smollett, the author of Rodrick Random and Humphry Clinker.The new element of sentiment or sensibility was added to the novel by Sterne. His “Tristram Shandy” is a very strange novel in English literature.The 18th century was the golden age of English novel. The novel of this period spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist” was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.In drama, Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s comedy was important.His masterpiece is The School for Scandal.In the first half of the 18th century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. By the middle of 18th century, sentimentalism turned to the countryside for its material (classicism and confined its material to the clubs and drawing-rooms, the social and political life of London), though its form was still in a classical style. The poetry of the sentimentalists is marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken expropriatedpeasants. The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite — romanticism in English poetry. The representative was Thomas Gray.In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry. This trend was ushered by Percy, Blake and Burns.IV. Romanticism in English Literature (1798—1832)At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution. It was the product of the social conflicts.Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in political attitudes, they split into two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. the “merry old England” as their ideal.These were the older and sometimes called passive, or escapist romanticists. The representatives are Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Others expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a re volt against prosaic, sordid daily life, against the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature also plays an important role in their works. The passions of man and the beauties of nature appealed strongly to the imagination of the romantic writer, and the glory of lakes and mountains, the little joys or sorrows of children, the weal and woe of ordinary uncultured peasants, the wonder of the fairy world, and the splendour of the Greek art all became the fountain-heads of the writer’s inspiration.Poetry is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The romantic period was one of poetic revival.The great novelists in this period were Walter Scott and Jane Austen. Their works combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common people’s life. They marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hunt.V. Victorian Age (1836—1901)—The Age of Critical RealismThe Chartist Movement took place in this period. It played an important role in the development of English progressive literature in connection with the working class movement. In this period of tense class struggle appeared a new literary trend—critical realism. The English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and early 50s. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he creates pictures of bourgeoiscivilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Other critical realists were William Makepeace Thackeray and Thomas Hardy.In prose writing, thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Mathew Arnold, Thomas Babington Macaulay were important.The poetry in this period experienced some new ways of expression. Important poets were Robert Browning and his wife Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning), and two Rossettis (Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Georgina Rossetti).At the end of the 19th century, some literary trends appeared in the English literature. In fiction, naturalism was important. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”, but by giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. However, some of the best naturalistic novels may approach or even become forceful realistic literature because naturalism in reality was a development of realism. George Gissing wrote under the influence of naturalism in Britain.Another literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19th century was neo-romanticism. Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality, and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, some writers adopted this new trend. Neo-romanticism lays emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. It led the novel back toward story-telling and to romance. Robert Louis Stevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island made him famous. Another famous book was Kidnapped.Another trend was aestheticism. Its theory was “art for art’s sake”.Walter Pater was a representative in prose, and Oscar Wilde in drama. Oscar Wilde and Shaw were forerunners of modernist drama.VI. The 20th CenturyIn the early 20th century, realist novels continued to prevail. Famous realists were John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennet.The first 30 years of the 20th century marked the golden age of modernism. The representatives in fiction included James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, D. H. Laurence, Katherine Mansfield. In poetry, W.B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot were important. They two also played important roles in modernist drama. Lady Gregory and O’Casey tried in modern drama as well.Bernard Shaw has been regarded as the most famous dramatist in English literature after Shakespeare.。
ABriefIntroductiontoEnglishLiterature英国文学史
ABriefIntroductiontoEnglishLiterature英国文学史A Brief Introduction to English Literature1、Early English LiteratureA brief history:The Early Settlers：BritonsIn the middle of the 5th century, Brain was invaded by three Germanic tribes- the Anglos,the Saxons and the Jutes. Old Englishappeared.Characteristics of Early English Literature：A handful of short heroic fragmentsSome short lyrics抒情诗Several Christian poemsA few prose works- mostly translations fromLatinObscure, repetitious, strangely childishRepresentative Work -BeowulfIt is the most important work of Old English literature.It is the national epic史诗of the English people. It is composed around 750 and passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it waswritten down.It consists of 3183 lines.The Story of BeowulfThree episodes in the story of Beowulf:The fight with the monster: GrendelThe fight with Grendel’s mother, a still more frightful she-monster.The mortal combat 生死之战with the Fire dragon.The ideals of the ancient British People:Valor勇猛, the love of glory; honor, duty, loyalty and the generosity.The vivid portrayal of a great national hero who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpfulto his people and his kinsfolk.Language features of Beowulf: The use of alliteration“Thus joined the m en of the Geats in m ourningTheir h ero’s end. His h earth-companionsCalled him the best among the kings of the earthK indest to k insmen and k eenest for fame.”The use of metaphors and understatements Metaphor:King: ring-giverAttendant warrior: hearth companionsSea: s wan’s path; whale’s roadSolider: shield-bearer; spear-fighterUnderstatement:Very welcome: not troublesomeCondemn: deed not praise(gives an impression of reserve and at times a tinge of ironical humor.)A mixture of pagan 异教徒and Christianelements:For example:Blood-revenge; the praise of worldly glory (pagan)The existence of Heaven and Hell (Christian)2、The Middle English Literature(1066-1485)Historical Background:The Norman Conquest:In 1066 England was conquered by the Normans lead by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy.The Normans brought with them their social organization, new laws and new speech.French became the dominant language at that time, and English was only spoken by people of lower classes.The century and a half after the Conquest, English literature almost stood still. It wasn’t until the 14th century that the Middle English literature began to awake.Forms of Middle English LiteraturePoemsKing Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table Popular Ballads民谣Robin HoodMedieval dramamiracle playsmorality playsInterludes幕间幽默短剧Representative WorkThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury Tales presents before the reader a panoramic 全景的view of the Medieval life.(1)Chaucer is an artist. His poem is rich in musicand elegant to a very high degree.(2)He is a keen observer of life.(3)The characters in his tales are most vividlydrawn.(4)He sympathizes with true piety and goodnessand attacks severely the hypocritical伪善的人.(5)He is a master of satire. The fusion of humorwith satire is the basic note of his style.Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature (1)He introduced from France and Italy the rhymedstanzas of various forms to English poetry. (2)He is the first poet who wrote in current Englishlanguage.3、The English Renaissance Renaissance Literature (1485-1660)“Renaissance” means “Rebirth”--Rebirth of interest in the Greek and Latin classicsCharacteristics：(1)Emphasis on humanistic education forstatesmanship政治才能.(2)Focus on the individual and a concern with thefullest possible cultivation of human potentialthrough proper education; focus on individualconsciousness and the Interior mind(3)Concern with the refinement of the language andthe development of a national literatureThree Stages of the English RenaissanceThe Beginning (1485-1558)The Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)The Seventeenth Century (1603-1660)The Beginning of the English Renaissance (1485-1558)The Oxford ReformersThey were students and later teachers at Oxford University. They traveled and studied in Italy, introduced classical literature to England and tried to reform education on a humanistic line.The Elizabethan Age(1558-1603)The Age of ShakespeareIt is the peak of the English Renaissance, and is considered the most creative period in thehistory of English literature. A golden age.Famous names at that time:–Edmund Spencer–Christopher Marlowe–Ben Johnson–Francis Bacon–William ShakespeareEdmund Spencer(1552-1599)Spencer was called the “poets’ poet” because of his superb technical skills, perfect melodies, rare sense of beauty, splendid imagination, lofty moral purity and seriousness, and delicate idealism.Representative Work:The shepherd’s CalendarFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)The most important prose writer. The first English essayist.Some Essays Written by BaconOf studyOf friendshipOf beautyOf loveOf envyOf revengeOf travelOf Marriage and single lifeOf Parents and KidsQuotes From Bacon’s WorksKnowledge is powerIt is impossible to love and be wise.Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studiesthemselves do give forth directions toomuch at large, except they be bounded in byexperience.William Shakespeare (1564-1616)As the greatest English poet and dramatist, he left us a great wealth of 154 sonnets, 37 plays including 14 comedies, 12 tragedies and 11 historical plays, as well as 2 long poems.S ome of Shakespeare’s Great WorksThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s dreamThe TempestTwelfth NightRomeo and JulietJulius CaesarHamletOthelloKing Lear……Theme in Shakespeare’s PoemGood always overcame evil in the long run, and justice would eventually win its cause in the end. Love, faith, work and duty were the four elements that in all ages made the world right.Youth, love and ideal of happiness, as well as the victory of the humanist ideal after severe struggle against all obstacles.The heroes and heroines fight against destiny itself andmould their own fate according to theirown will.There is an unconquerable contradiction between humanist ideals and terrible social realities. Chief Achievements and Characteristics of Shakespeare’s Dr amaThe progressive significance of his themes.His successful character portrayal.His master hand高超的技艺in constructing plays.The ingenuity巧妙of his poetryHis mastery of English Language.The Seventeen’s Century (1603-1660) Characteristics of this age:It has no unity of spirit as in the days of Elizabeth.Much of the literature of this period is somber in character. It saddens rather than inspires us. Itdoesn’t have the hopefulness and vigor of theprevious age.It has lost the romantic impulse of youth and become critical and intellectual.Representative WorkJohn Milton and His Paradise LostThe rebellion of Satan and his fellow angelsTheir defeat and expulsion from HeavenThe creation of the Garden of Eden and the first man and woman Adam and Eve ?The fallen angels in hell plotting against GodSatan’s temptation of EveThe exile of Adam and Eve from Paradise John Milton:The great poet and prose writer.4、The Eighteen’s Century Literature(1660-1798)The rise of the English novelDaniel Defoe and his Robinson Crusoe.5、The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832) Characteristics:(1)The Spontaneous Overflow of PowerfulFeelings(2)The creation of a world of Imagination(3)The Return for Nature for Material(4)Sympathy with the Humble and Glorificationof the Common-place(5) A sense of Melancholy and loneliness(6)The Rebellious SpiritRepresentative Works●William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads●Robert Burns: Red Red Rose●George Gordon Byron: When we two parted;She walks in Beauty●Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind ●John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale6、The Victorian Age(1832-1901)Literature CharacteristicsVariety in style and subject matter.The flourishing of realistic novels.The memorable poetry of the “Big Three”: Tennyson, Browning and Arnold.The emergence of the Aesthetic美学的Movement, represented by Oscar Wilde. Representative WorksCharles Dickens (1812-1870)Oliver TwistDavid CopperfieldA Tale of Two CitiesGreat ExpectationsWilliam Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) Vanity FairGeorge Eliot (1819-1880)MiddlemarchCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane EyreThomas Hardy (1840-1928)Tess of the D’Urbervilles7、The Twentieth Century Literature Modernism:Radical and deliberate break from traditional forms. Symbolism; Impressionism; Stream of Consciousness Modernist Poets：Yeats and Eliot Characteristics of their poems:Direct treatment of things and avoidance of any unnecessary words.Freer metrical韵律的movementSymbolism in the poemsCloser to that of conversation by the use of colloquial expressions and even slangs.Frequent use of irony and puns Modernism NovelistHenry James (1843-1916)Daisy MillerPortrait of a LadyThe Emphasis is laid on how a character feels rather than how he acts, and the conflict are moved from the outside world to the inner world of the characters.Psychological NovelistD.H. Laurence (1885-1930)Sons and LoversThe RainbowA combination of psychological analysis and social criticism。
英国文学简介--General Introduction to British Literature
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400
Medieval Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer He is regarded as the father of English poetry. The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece. He presents, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and creates a whole gallery of vivid characters from all works of life. It was Chaucer who made London dialect the foundation for modern English speech. His characterization is vivid.
Reading British literary works can enable us to gain deeper insights into its culture.
Different stages of British Literature
1. Medieval Literature (approximately from 500 BC to 1485) Beowulf Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the AngloSaxons. The epic describes the heroic deeds of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil.
英国文学发展史一览
英国文学发展史一览1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodTime: about 7th centuryFeatures: verse literature （唱诗）two groups: pagan （非宗教性的）and religiousMain works:“Beowulf”poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf2.English Literature of Middle CenturiesTime: mid 11th Century – 15th CenturyFeatures:1.influence of the Norman Conquest2.Main works and writers:3.the Romances （骑士文学）4.Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”3.English Literature of RenaissanceTime: early 16th Century—mid 17th CenturyFeatures: the first glori ous period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds …” （百家争鸣，百花齐放）Main writers:1.Thomas More2.Edmund Spencer3.Francis Bacon4.Shakespeare4.English Literature during the Bourgeois RevolutionTime:1625—1688The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642Features:Puritan age represented by John MiltonMain literary form: PoetryMain writers:John Milton 1608--16745.English Literature of the 18th CenturyFeatures:Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期）It is divided into 3 stages:1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730’s;2.The mature period (1740’s—1750’s);3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century.Main authors:（小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding（诗人）Alexander Pope6.Romanticism in EnglandTime: 1798--1832Features:1.是英国文学史上诗歌最为繁盛的时期；2.分为消极和积极两组。
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, theyear of ______.A. Old----RenaissanceB. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of EnglandC. Middle ---- RenaissanceD. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the______ century.A. mid-13thB. mid-14thC. mid-15thD.mid-16th3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as thenational ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.A. sonnetB. essayC. epicD. novel4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. William Langland5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______.A. Geoffrey Chaucer----witsB. William Shakespeare----witsC. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanityD. WilliamShakespeare----humanity6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.A. Old English, Greek, LatinB. Old English, French, LatinC. Old English, Greek, FrenchD. English, Greek, French7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.A. coupletB. blank verseC. heroic coupletD. epic8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.A. spiritual----heroB. natural----leaderC. spiritual----godD. natural----monster9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.A. manB. theoryC. doctrineD. era10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.A. rhymedB. alliterativeC. socialD. visionary2. Explain the following literal terms.1). Romance2). Heroic Couplet3). Epic3. Answer the following questions.1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?Chapter1. The Renaissance Period一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：Renaissance Period1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. loyal2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity---- William ShakespeareB. Humanism-----Francis BaconC. Humanity---- Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism----William Shakespeare4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.A. novel--- Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry----Francis BaconC. drama----Ben JonsonD. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.A. Roman ---- moralB. French---- reasonC. Roman---- manD. French---- God6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Anglo-Saxon7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama----freeB. sonnet----blankC. terzarima----blankD. couplet----free8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science inEngland.A. Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson2. Explain the following literal terms.1). the Renaissance Period2). blank verse3). Humanism3. Answer the following questions.1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.2). Make a comment on humanism3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学)
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
★ The estoration and Eighteenth Century(1660—1789)
The golden age of English literature; 3 periods 1660—1700 The beginning of Neo-classical John Dryden (1631--1700) All for Love (1677) An Essay of dramatic Poesy (1668) 1700—1744 The Prime of Neoclassical Alexander Pope (1688--1744) The Rape of Lock (1714) Jonathan Swift(1667--1745) Gulliver’s Travels(1726) Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) Robinson Crusoe 1745—1784 The decline of Neoclassical (The age of prose) Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709--1784) Preface The lives of the Poets Edward Gibbon (1732--1794) The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学 概论)
★ The Early Seventeenth Century (1603--1660)
Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) : John Donne (1572--1631) Songs and Sonnets Andrew Marvel (1621--1678) The Garden George Herbert (1593--1633) The Temple The Cavalier poets（骑士派诗人） Ben Johnson (1573--1637) Song to Celia John Suckling（1609--1641） Robert Herrick (1591-1674) John Milton (1572-1631) Paradise Lost: the first English Epic.
lecture 1 introduction 英国文学简介
The Song of Beowulf (written at the
The Romance
The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry.
Literature before Shakespeare
King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table;
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The English Ballads
The Robin Hood Ballads
William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the
An Outline of British Literature
5.Romantic literature (1798-1832)
Robert Burns, poet, “My love’s like a red, red rose”, “ Auld Lang Syne” William Wordsworth, poet, Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude Samuel Coleridge, poet, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Kubla Khan” George Byron, poet, Don Juan Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Ode to the West Wind” John Keats, “Ode on a Grecian Urn”
An Outline of British Literature
• 1.Medieval literature (5th century – 1485) • 2.Renaissance literature • 3.17th century literature • 4.Enlightenment literature (late 17th century --- middle 18th century) • 5.Romantic literature (1798-1832) • 6.Realist literature • 7.Modernist literature
Oliver Goldsmith, sentimentalist poet, “The Deserted Village”, Chinese Letters Thomas Grey, sentimentalist poet, “Elegy written in a country churchyard”
英国文学史及选读 第一节课 Introduction
What are we going to learn in this course? • Syllabus for this course see the contents of the textbook
一、课程性质与任务
• 该门课程在英语专业人才培养中旨在使学生从 英国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，掌握英国 文学各个时期的主要文学、文化思潮，文学流 派，主要作家及其代表作，同时帮助学生对英 国文学的发展有深刻的了解和认识，并通过介 绍一些最基本的文化理论和批评方法，对部分 在思想上艺术上有代表性，有影响的作家及作 品进行分析、导读，增强学生对英国文学的形 成和发展的理解，提高他们对文学作品的鉴赏 能力和文学修养。
History and Anthology of British Literature
Today’s Schedule
• Introduction Why do we study British literature? What is literature? What are we going to know in this course?
•
五、教学的重点、难点
• • • • • 1. 文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚 2. 十七世纪：多恩、弥尔顿 3. 十八世纪：笛福、斯威福特、布莱克、彭斯 4. 浪漫主义时期：华兹华斯、拜伦、雪莱、济慈 5.十九世纪：狄更斯、简·奥斯汀、勃朗特姐妹、 丁尼生 • 6. 二十世纪：哈代、王尔德、劳伦斯、乔伊斯
• As Robert Frost says, literature is a performance in words. It is the work of men who are specially sensitive to the language of their time and who use the skill of languagife.
英国文学ppt课件
An Introduction to British and American Culture
English Novel
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
Robinson Crusoe describes how Crusoe makes great efforts to overcome the hardships and difficulties he encounters on the island. . .
Jane Eyre tells the story of an orphan, who has a loveless childhood at a terrible boarding school.
An Introduction to British and American Culture
English Novel
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
佳句赏析 “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in profession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.” 凡是有财产的单身汉，必定需要娶位太太，这 已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
Hamlet is the most performed play in the world.
An Introduction to British and American Culture
#Lecture 1 Introduction to British Literature
novel?
Contents
• What is literature? • The historical development of British
Literature
• Early and Medieval English Literature • The Renaissance Period
Ⅲ Match the literary works in Column A with the corresponding authors in Column B. (15%, 1% for each)
Column A Column B
Sister Carrie George Gordon Byron
thought.
• Def. 3. Style is the man, that is, the
unconscious expression of the writer’s own personality. It is the very soul of one man reflecting, as in a glass, the thoughts and feelings of humanity.
• 5. Students who plagiarize or cheat will fail this
Statements for the final exam
Ⅰ Multiple Choice. (25%, 1% for each) 1. The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a
which makes us play truant with the present world and run away to live awhile in the pleasant realm of fancy.
A brief introduction of British Literature
VI. English Literature of the Mid and Late 19th Century
A. English Critical Realism:
intense class struggle---critical realism humor and satire “The Epic of The Bourgeois Society” 1. Charles Dickens（狄更斯）:
VI. English Literature of the Mid and Late 19th Century
B. English Poetry
1. Alfred Tennyson 丁尼生： “Ulysses”，“The Idylls of the king” 2. Robert Browning 布朗宁： “The Ring and the Book” dramatic monologue Mrs. Browning：poetess “Sonnets from the Portuguese”
IV. The 18th Century
F. Gothic novel:
Mysterious, horrible Dark Romanticism
V. Romanticism in England
A. the Romantic Period: B. William Wordsworth 华兹华斯
III. English Revolution Period(17th)
2. Milton 弥尔顿： 3. Bunyan 班杨： Paradise Lost The Pilgrim’s Progress a religious allegory
IV. The 18th Century
介绍英国英文版演讲稿范文
Ladies and Gentlemen,Good evening. It is a great pleasure to stand before you today to share with you a glimpse into the rich tapestry of British culture. Britain, with its long and storied history, has contributed immensely to the world in various fields, including literature, music, art, and politics. In this speech, I will take you on a journey through some of the key aspects of British culture, highlighting its unique characteristics and its influence on the global stage.I. Historical FoundationsThe history of Britain is as vast as it is fascinating. It dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of human settlements found in the Stone Age. Over the centuries, Britain has been shaped by various invasions, including the Romans, the Vikings, and the Normans, each leaving their mark on the landscape and the culture.One of the most significant periods in British history is the Middle Ages, characterized by the establishment of the English monarchy and the development of the English language. The Norman Conquest in 1066 marked a turning point, as William the Conqueror imposed Norman rule and introduced the feudal system.The Elizabethan era, in the 16th and 17th centuries, was a time of great cultural flourishing. It was during this period that William Shakespeare wrote his masterpieces, and the Elizabethan Renaissance brought about a renaissance in art, music, and literature.II. LiteratureBritish literature has produced some of the greatest writers and worksin the world. The likes of William Shakespeare, Geoffrey Chaucer, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and the Brontë sisters have left an indelible mark on the literary landscape.Shakespeare, often hailed as the greatest playwright of all time, wrote plays that are still performed today. His works, such as "Hamlet,""Romeo and Juliet," and "Macbeth," explore universal themes of love, power, and morality.Jane Austen's novels, such as "Pride and Prejudice" and "Sense and Sensibility," offer a delightful exploration of the British class system and the intricacies of courtship during the Regency period.III. MusicMusic has always been an integral part of British culture. From theearly folk music of the Celts and the Norsemen to the classical compositions of composers like Elgar and Britten, British music has arich tradition.The 1960s saw the rise of the British Invasion, with bands like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and The Who revolutionizing the music scene. Their influence spread globally, and their music remains a significant part of popular culture.In the 21st century, British musicians continue to make waves. Artists like Adele, Ed Sheeran, and Coldplay have achieved international acclaim, showcasing the diversity and innovation of British music.IV. Art and ArchitectureBritish art and architecture have contributed to the world's cultural heritage. From the neoclassical buildings of London to the picturesque landscapes of the Lake District, Britain offers a wealth ofarchitectural and artistic wonders.The British Museum, founded in 1753, is one of the world's most significant cultural institutions, housing a vast collection ofartifacts from ancient civilizations.The Tate Gallery, established in 1897, is dedicated to modern and contemporary art. It houses works by famous artists such as J.M.W. Turner, David Hockney, and Tracey Emin.V. Politics and Social InfluenceThe British political system, known as the Westminster system, has been a model for many countries around the world. It is characterized by a constitutional monarchy, a parliamentary democracy, and the separation of powers.The UK has also been influential in social issues. The suffragette movement, led by figures like Emmeline Pankhurst, fought for women's right to vote, leading to the Representation of the People Act in 1918.VI. ConclusionIn conclusion, British culture is a rich and diverse tapestry that has influenced the world in countless ways. From its historical foundations to its literary, musical, and artistic contributions, Britain has left an indelible mark on the global stage.As we explore the many facets of British culture, we are reminded of the power of creativity, the importance of social progress, and the enduring impact of human achievement. Let us continue to appreciate and celebrate the unique contributions of British culture, for they are a testament to the spirit of innovation and the enduring power of the human spirit.Thank you for your attention.。
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An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
★ The Restoration and Eighteenth Century(1660—1789)
The golden age of English literature; 3 periods 1660—1700 The beginning of Neo-classical John Dryden (1631--1700) All for Love (1677) An Essay of dramatic Poesy (1668) 1700—1744 The Prime of Neoclassical Alexander Pope (1688--1744) The Rape of Lock (1714) Jonathan Swift(1667--1745) Gulliver’s Travels(1726) Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) Robinson Crusoe 1745—1784 The decline of Neoclassical (The age of prose) Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709--1784) Preface The lives of the Poets Edward Gibbon (1732--1794) The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
Essays in Romantic period
Familiar Style: Charles Lamb (1775-1834) Essays of Elia (1823) William Hazlitt (1778-1830) Table Talk (1821-1922) Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
English Literature of the Victorian Age (1832-1901)
English literature of the Victorian age can be divided into three periods: The early Victorian age(1832-1848) A time of troubles
Novels in the Romantic Period
Gothic Novel , Historical Novel and Novel of Manners Gothic novel Historical Novel : William Scott (1771-1832) Ivanhoe (1819) Novel of Manners Jane Austen (1775-1817) pride and Prejudice (1813)
Emily Bronte(1818-1848 ) Wuthering Heights Anne Bronte (1820-1849) Agnes grey George Eliot (1819-1880) Mary Ann Evans: The Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch William M Thackeray (1811-1863) Vanity Fair Samuel Butler(1835-1902) The Way of All Life
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学 概论)
★ The Early Seventeenth Century (1603--1660)
Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) : John Donne (1572--1631) Songs and Sonnets Andrew Marvel (1621--1678) The Garden George Herbert (1593--1633) The Temple The Cavalier poets（骑士派诗人） Ben Johnson (1573--1637) Song to Celia John Suckling（1609--1641） Robert Herrick (1591-1674) John Milton (1572-1631) Paradise Lost: the first English Epic.
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
English Literature of the Victoriቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱn Age (1832-1901)
Bronte sisters: Charlotte Bronte (1861-1855) Jane Eyre
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) Pamela or Virtue Rewarded (1740) Epistolary Novel(书信体小说):A kind of novel form in which stories are told in a series of letters sent from one to others. It is best employed to give psychological portrayal of characters. Henry Fielding（1707-1754）The real father of English novel. Joseph Andrews(1742) ,Tom Jones (1749) Picaresque Novel(流浪汉小说) a kind of realistic and ironical novel in which the adventures of the trampers are described. Among the Picaresque novels, the best are Don Quixote , Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders, Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones , mark Twain’s the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
British literature has a long history of roughly 1560 years with glorious literary traditions. It can be divided into the following periods and each has its distinctive features: ★ Middle English Literature(449--1485) Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) Epic: Beowulf The middle English period (1066-1485) Romance: King Arthur and His Knights of the round Table Thomas Malory(?--1471): Le Morte d’Arthur Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?--1400) : Canterbury Tales English ballads : (1200--1500) The embryo of English literature
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
★ English Renaissance (1485--1603) Humanism Thomas More (1478--1535): Utopia (1516) Edmund Spencer (1552-1599) The Faerie Queen (1590-96) William Shakespeare(1564-1616) great Tragedies , Comedies, Historical plays, Sonnets Francis Bacon The first peak of the development of British literature, called The Elizabethan Age.
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
English Romanticism (1798-1832)
From William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge ‘s Lyric Ballads to Sir. W. Scott’s death. The major differences from Neo-classical: to stress on man’s personal feelings and individualities ; to stress on imagination and emotions; to gain inspirations from folktales and fairy stories; to stress on individual values rather than the collective values. Three Periods: The pre-romanticism William Blake (1757-1827)and Robert Burns(17591796) The Early Romanticism: W. Wordsworth, Coleridge The Late Romanticism : P.B. Shelley (1792-1822), Lord Byron (17881824)John Keats (1795-1821)