专八辅导英美文学2013

2013年专八文学知识辅导吴澜英国文学史1.Old English：Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)<Beowulf>: the first national epic2.Medieval English: The Anglo-Norman Period( 1066 – 1350)King Arthur and his Round Table KnightsSir Gawain and the Green KnightGeoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use 'heroic couplet'3. The Renaissance （14th century—early 17th century）Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being and the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser：<The Faerie Queene> 《仙后》斯宾塞节奏Christopher Marlowe - the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse, hyperbole夸张University Wits(大学才子派)；Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, Thomas Nashe, John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele.<Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral lifeWilliam Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear ， Macbeth<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal beauty<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality<Hamlet>Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method (归纳法) in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies> How studies exert influence over human character –“reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.”4. The 17th century: Revolution and RestorationJohn Donnemetaphysical poetry Conceits, syllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising><Death, Be Not Proud><The Flea>John Milton:<Paradise Lost>失乐园 the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained>复乐园<Samson Agonistes> 力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim‟s Progress 天路历程 allegoryVanity Fair成为William Makepeace Thackeray小说标题《名利场》5.Neoclassicism 新古典主义- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracy6.Enlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceAlexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawedProper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal><Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding –Prose HomerComic epic in prose 散文体史诗<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary,last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplacePre-Romanticism: William Blake; Robert BurnsWilliam Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>Robert Burns：苏格兰农民诗人A Red, Red RoseAuld Lang Syne8. Romanticism(1798-1832)The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads>William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature'Lake Poets' –William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> t<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> t<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways><The Solitary Reaper>Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoems can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>, <Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan>George Gordon Byron'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>.<Song for the Luddites> 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece> from<Don Juan> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England><Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'John Keats4 great odes – <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>, <Ode to Psyche><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'Jane Austen六部小说<Pride and Prejudice> ;Sense and Sensibility;Mansfield Park ;Emma ;Northanger Abbey and Persuasion9.The Victorian Period:critical realism（1832－1901/1918）Darwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义 was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities><Oliver Twist> Oliver Twist； The Pickwick Paper； David Copperfield；Domeby and Son； A Tale of Two Cities； Bleak House； Little Dorrit；Hard Times； Great ExpectationsThe Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre><Wuthering Heights>Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next worldRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improves and mature the dramatic monologue内心独白<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night><Parting at Morning>George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex,'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 10. The Modern Period （England）Difference between Modernism and RealismModernism is a reaction against realism in many aspects（1）Modernism rejects rationalism， which is the theoretical base of Realism（2）Modernism refects the source of Realism， i.e. the external，objective， material world（3）Modernism rejects almost all the traditional elements in literature wenceThe Rainbow； Women in Love；Lady Chatterley…s LoverSons and Lovers，White PeacockGeorge Bernard ShawMrs Warren‘s Prof ession; St. Joan； The Apple CartJohn GalsworthyThe Forsyte SagaTrilogy：The Man of Property； In Chancery； To LetWilliam Butler YeatsWhen You Are Old; The Lake Isle of Innisfree； Down by the Salley GardensT.S.EliotThe Waste Land（1）presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society（2）reflects disillusion and despair of a whole post wargeneration.anguish，menace，sterility had been afflicting all sensitive members of the postwar generation（3）concerns with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning（4）reflects the 20th century people…s disillusion and frustration in a meaningless and boring worldThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock： dramatic monologue in ironic toneJames Joyce1.scene：the same setting： Ireland， especially Dublin， the same subject： the Irish people and their life2. works： Ulysses：an account of man…s life during one day3.stream of consciousness4.Araby（from Dubliners）：a tale of the frustrated quest for beauty Virginia Woolf意识流 Mrs. Dallorway; Waves; To the Lighthouse美国文学1. American Romantic Period（1800－1865）Started with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass>, also called “the American Renaissance.”Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism.Washington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithFirst novel <A History of New York><The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales<Rip Van winkle >,<The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>James Fenimore CooperThe Leatherstocking Tales:The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The PrairieEdgar Allan PoeThe Fall of the House of UsherTo HelenThe RavenAnnabel LeeRalph Waldo Emerson- the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement超验主义<The American Scholar>“美国文学的独立宣言”, <Self - Reliance>,<The Over-Soul><Nature> is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism David Thoreau：WaldenNathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter><Young Goodman Brown>Mosses from an Old HouseThe Mable FaunHerman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne.<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator; the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac(偏执狂)Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of LifeThe Slave’s DreamMy Lost YouthThe Song of Hiawatha2. Realistic period （1865－1914/1918）T he Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence.Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's controlMark Twain - the true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, “the damned human race”The Gilded AgeThree boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn>Henry James- international theme, psychological realist, Stream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures. Walt Whitman ：<Leaves of Grass>,Openness, freedom, individualism<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideasSong of My selfI Sit and Look OutBeat! Beat! DrumsO, Captain, my CaptainEmily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joysI Heard a Fly Buzz--- When I diedI Died for Beauty---But was scareBecause I Could not Stop for DeathJack LondonThe Sea WolfMartin EdenThe People of the AbyssThe Iron HeelThe Call of the WildTheodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists. Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle lawTrilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic><Sister Carrie>；An American Tragedy3.The modern periodThe second American Renaissanc e, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz AgeEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'<The Cantos><In a Station of the Metro>The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter><A Pact> agreement with Whitman's free verseRobert Lee Frost- four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene <After Apple-Picking><The Road Not Taken><Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>T.S.EliotThe Waste Land（1）presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society（2）reflects disillusion and despair of a whole post war generation.anguish，menace，sterility had been afflicting all sensitive members of the postwar generation（3）concerns with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning（4）reflects the 20th century people…s disillusion and frustration in a meaningless and boring worldThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock： dramatic monologue in ironic toneEugene O'Neill - founder of the American drama<The Hairy Ape> Full-length playBeyond the Horizon,The Emperor Jones,Desire Under the Elms,F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsider American Dream<The Great Gatsby>Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressureWilliam Faulkner- awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth, imprisonment in the pastStream of consciousness, multiple points of viewThe Sound and The Fury； Light in August； Absalom， Absalom！； Go Down， Moses； The Marble Faun；Soldiers‘ P ay； As I Lay Dying；Wild Palms； The Hamlet； Intruder in the Dust（Nobel Prize）； The Bear； Requiem for a Nun； The Fable； The Town； The MansionYoknapatawpha Country<A Rose for Emily>4.“The Lost Generation” by Gertrude Stein5.John Steinbeck：―The Grapes of Wrath‖Allen Ginsberg：―Howl‖， the manifesto of Beat Movement J.D.Salinger：“The Catcher in the Rye”。