2010-IEEE-Application of Organizational Project Management Maturity Model Based on BP Neural Network

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IEEE论文专用格式

Paper Title (use style: paper title)Subtitle as needed (paper subtitle)Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3: City, Countryline 4: e-mail address if desired Authors Name/s per 2ndAffiliation (Author) line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3: City, Countryline 4: e-mail address if desiredAbstract—This electroni c docum ent is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. (Abstract)Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)I.中文正文标题一在引言部分,可以采用中文书写。

II.中文正文标题二A.二级标题1二级标题的正文部分。

IEEESignalProcessingSociety：IEEE信号处理学会

Juan Liu, for the paper co-authored with Pierre Moulin, entitled, "Information-Theoretic Analysis of Interscale and Intrascale Dependencies Between Image Wavelet Coefficients," published in the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 10, Number 11, November 2001. S. Basu
Jerome N. Shapiro, for the paper entitled, "Embedded Image Coding Using Zerotrees of Wavelet Coefficients," published in the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Volume 41, Number 12, December 1993.
Digital Signal Processing
Avideh Zakhor, for the paper co-authored with Søren Hein entitled, "Reconstruction of Oversampled Band-Limited Signals from Sigma-Delta Encoded Binary Sequences," published in the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Volume 42, Number 4, April 1994.

Selfish routing in capacitated networks

Date : June 2003; revised February 2004.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classiﬁcation. Primary 90C35; 90B10, 90B20, 90C25, 90C27, 91A10, 91A13,
91A43.
Key words and phrases. Selﬁsh Routing, Price of Anarchy, Traﬃc Assignment, System Optimum, Nash
SELFISH ROUTING IN CAPACITATED NETWORKS
´ R. CORREA, ANDREAS S. SCHULZ, AND NICOLAS ´ E. STIER MOSES JOSE Sloan School of Management and Operations Research Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139-4307
Abstract. According to Wardrop’s ﬁrst principle, agents in a congested network choose their routes selﬁshly, a behavior that is captured by the Nash equilibrium of the underlying noncooperative game. A Nash equilibrium does not optimize any global criterion per se, and so there is no apparent reason why it should be close to a solution of minimal total travel time, i.e. the system optimum. In this paper, we oﬀer positive results on the eﬃciency of Nash equilibria in traﬃc networks. In contrast to prior work, we present results for networks with capacities and for latency functions that are nonconvex, nondiﬀerentiable, and even discontinuous. The inclusion of upper bounds on arc ﬂows has early been recognized as an important means to provide a more accurate description of traﬃc ﬂows. In this more general model, multiple Nash equilibria may exist and an arbitrary equilibrium does not need to be nearly eﬃcient. Nonetheless, our main result shows that the best equilibrium is as eﬃcient as in the model without capacities. Moreover, this holds true for broader classes of travel cost functions than considered hitherto.

IEEE论文排版格式与要求

Paper Title (use style: paper title)Subtitle as needed (paper subtitle)Changchen Zhang1, Jingwei You2, Ziqiao Lv3etc(Affiliation 1): dept. name of organization,name of organization, acronyms acceptable, City, Country (Affiliation 2) : dept. name of organization,name of organization, acronyms acceptable, City, Country (Affiliation 3) : dept. name of organization,name of organization, acronyms acceptable，City, Countrye-mail address if desiredAbstract—This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. (Abstract)Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)I.I NTRODUCTION (H EADING 1)This template, created in MS Word 2000 and saved as “Word 97-2000 & 6.0/95 –RTF” for the PC, provides authors with most of the formatting specifications needed for preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout this document and are identified in italic type, within parentheses, following the example. Some components, such as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not prescribed, although the various table text styles are provided. The formatter will need to create these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.II.E ASE OF U SEA.Selecting a Template (Heading 2)First, confirm that you have the correct template for your paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the A4 paper size. If you are using US letter-sized paper, please close this file and download the file for “MSW US ltr format”.B.Maintaining the Integrity of the SpecificationsThe template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations.III.P REPARE Y OUR P APER B EFORE S TYLING Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a separate text file. Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that for you.Finally, complete content and organizational editing before formatting. Please take note of the following items when proofreading spelling and grammar:A.Abbreviations and AcronymsDefine abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.B.Units•Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used assecondary units (in parentheses). An exception wouldbe the use of English units as identifiers in trade, suchas “3.5-inch disk drive”.•Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This oftenleads to confusion because equations do not balancedimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearlystate the units for each quantity that you use in anequation.•Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter”, not“webers/m2”. Spell out units when they appear in text:“. . . a few henries”, not “. . . a few H”.•Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”.Use “cm3”, not “cc”. (bullet list)C.EquationsThe equations are an exception to the prescribed specifications of this template. You will need to determine whether or not your equation should be typed using either theIdentify applicable sponsor/s here. (sponsors)Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text after your paper is styled.Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), using a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as inα + β = χ.(1)α + β = χ. (1) (1)Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following the equation. Use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is . . .”D. Some Common Mistakes• The word “data” is plural, not singular. •The subscript for the permeability of vacuum μ0, and other common scientific constants, is zero with subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter “o”. •In American English, commas, semi-/colons, periods, question and exclamation marks are located within quotation marks only when a complete thought or name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When quotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italic typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation should appear outside of the quotation marks. A parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.)•A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”. The word alternatively is preferred to the word “alternately” (unless you really mean something that alternates).• Do not use the word “essentially” to mea n “approximately” or “effectively”.•In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can accurately replace the word “using”, capitalize the “u”; if not, keep using lower-cased.•Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones “affect” and “effect”, “complement” and “compliment”, “discreet” and “discrete”, “principal” and “principle”. • Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”.•The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be joined to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.• There is no period after the “et” i n the Latin abbreviation “et al.”.•The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the abbreviation “e.g.” means “for example”.An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].IV. U SING THE T EMPLATEAfter the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the Save As command, and use the naming convention prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS Word Formatting toolbar.A. Authors and AffiliationsThe template is designed so that author affiliations are not repeated each time for multiple authors of the same affiliation. Please keep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not differentiate among departments of the same organization). This template was designed for two affiliations. 1) For author/s of only one affiliation (Heading 3): To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a) Selection (Heading 4): Highlight all author and affiliation lines.b) Change number of columns: Select the Columns icon from the MS Word Standard toolbar and then select “1 Column” from the selection palette.c) Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines for the second affiliation.2) For author/s of more than two affiliations: To change the default, adjust the template as follows.a) Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines. b) Change number of columns : Selec t the “Columns” icon from the MS Word Standard toolbar and then select “1 Column” from the selection palette.c) Highlight author and affiliation lines of affiliation 1 and copy this selection.d) Formatting: Insert one hard return immediately after the last character of the last affiliation line. Then paste down the copy of affiliation 1. Repeat as necessary for each additional affiliation.e) Reassign number of columns: Place your cursor to the right of the last character of the last affiliation line of an even numbered affiliation (e.g., if there are five affiliations, place your cursor at end of fourth affiliation). Drag the cursor up to highlight all of the above author and affiliation lines. Go to Column icon and select “2 Columns”. If you have an odd number of affiliations, the final affiliation will be centered on the page; all previous will be in two columns.B.Identify the HeadingsHeadings, or heads, are organizational devices that guidethe reader through your paper. There are two types: componentheads and text heads.Component heads identify the different components of yourpaper and are not topically subordinate to each other. Examplesinclude A CKNOWLEDGMENTS and R EFERENCES and, for these, the correct style to use is “Heading 5”. Use “figure caption” fory our Figure captions, and “table head” for your table title. Run-in heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head from the text.Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchicalbasis. For example, the paper title is the primary text headbecause all subsequent material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles named “Heading 1”, “Heading 2”, “Heading 3”, and “Heading 4” are prescribed.C.Figures and Tables1)Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a sentence.TABLE I. T ABLE T YPE S TYLESa. Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote)Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity “Magnetization”, or “Magnetization, M”, not just “M”. If including units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. In the example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K)”, not “Temperature/K”.A CKNOWLEDGMENT (H EADING 5)The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in America is without an “e” after the “g”.Avoid the stilted expression, “One of us (R. B. G.) thanks . . .” Instead, try “R.B. G. thanks”. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnum-bered footnote on the first page.R EFERENCESThe template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [3] was the first . . .”Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.Unless there are six authors or more give all authors' names; do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as “in press” [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols.For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6].[1]G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals ofLipschitz-Hankel typ e involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.(references)[2]J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol.2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.[3]I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchangeanisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.[4]K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.[5]R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. NameStand. Abbrev., in press.[6]Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopystudies on magneto-optical med ia and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].[7]M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:University Science, 1989.。

IEEE standard for Terminology and Test methods for ADC Std 1241-2000

IEEE Std1241-2000 IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Methods for Analog-to-Digital ConvertersSponsorWaveform Measurement and Analysis Technical Committeeof theof theIEEE Instrumentation and Measurement SocietyApproved7December2000IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract:IEEE Std1241-2000identifies analog-to-digital converter(ADC)error sources and provides test methods with which to perform the required error measurements.The information in this standard is useful both to manufacturers and to users of ADCs in that it provides a basis for evaluating and comparing existing devices,as well as providing a template for writing specifications for the procurement of new ones.In some applications,the information provided by the tests described in this standard can be used to correct ADC errors, e.g.,correction for gain and offset errors.This standard also presents terminology and definitions to aid the user in defining and testing ADCs.Keywords:ADC,A/D converter,analog-to-digital converter,digitizer,terminology,test methodsThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.3Park Avenue,New York,NY10016-5997,USACopyrightß2001by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.All rights reserved. Published 13 June 2001. Printed in the United States of America.Print:ISBN0-7381-2724-8SH94902PDF:ISBN0-7381-2725-6SS94902No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association(IEEE-SA)Standards Board.The IEEE develops its standards through a consensus development process,approved by the American National Standards Institute,which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve theﬁnal product.Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation.While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process,the IEEE does not independently evaluate,test,or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary.The IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury,property or other damage,of any nature whatsoever,whether special,indirect,consequential,or compensatory,directly or indirectly resulting from the publication,use of,or reliance upon this,or any other IEEE Standard document.The IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein,and expressly disclaims any express or implied warranty,including any implied warranty of merchantability orﬁtness for a speciﬁc purpose,or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement.IEEE Standards documents are supplied‘‘AS IS.’’The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce,test,measure,purchase, market,or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard.Furthermore,the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard.Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least everyﬁve years for revision or reaﬃrmation.When a document is more thanﬁve years old and has not been reaﬃrmed,it is reasonable to conclude that its contents,although still of some value,do not wholly reﬂect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard.In publishing and making this document available,the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other services for,or on behalf of,any person or entity.Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person or entity to another.Any person utilizing this,and any other IEEE Standards document,should rely upon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.Interpretations:Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to speciﬁc applications.When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE,the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses.Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests,it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests.For this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party,regardless of membership aﬃliation with IEEE.Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text,together with appropriate supporting ments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary,IEEE-SA Standards Board445Hoes LaneP.O.Box1331Piscataway,NJ08855-1331USANote:Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subjectmatter covered by patent rights.By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to theexistence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith.The IEEE shall not be responsible foridentifying patents for which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiriesinto the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.IEEE is the sole entity that may authorize the use of certiﬁcation marks,trademarks,or other designations to indicate compliance with the materials set forth herein.Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.,provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee,please contact Copyright Clearance Center,Customer Service,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA01923USA;(978)750-8400.Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Introduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std1241-2000,IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Methods for Analog-to-Digital Converters.)This standard deﬁnes the terms,deﬁnitions,and test methods used to specify,characterize,and test analog-to-digital converters(ADCs).It is intended for the following:—Individuals and organizations who specify ADCs to be purchased—Individuals and organizations who purchase ADCs to be applied in their products —Individuals and organizations whose responsibility is to characterize and write reports on ADCs available for use in speciﬁc applications—Suppliers interested in providing high-quality and high-performance ADCs to acquirersThis standard is designed to help organizations and individuals—Incorporate quality considerations during the deﬁnition,evaluation,selection,and acceptance of supplier ADCs for operational use in their equipment—Determine how supplier ADCs should be evaluated,tested,and accepted for delivery to end users This standard is intended to satisfy the following objectives:—Promote consistency within organizations in acquiring third-party ADCs from component suppliers—Provide useful practices on including quality considerations during acquisition planning —Provide useful practices on evaluating and qualifying supplier capabilities to meet user requirements—Provide useful practices on evaluating and qualifying supplier ADCs—Assist individuals and organizations judging the quality and suitability of supplier ADCs for referral to end usersSeveral standards have previously been written that address the testing of analog-to-digital converters either directly or indirectly.These include—IEEE Std1057-1994a,which describes the testing of waveform recorders.This standard has been used as a guide for many of the techniques described in this standard.—IEEE Std746-1984[B16]b,which addresses the testing of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters used for PCM television video signal processing.—JESD99-1[B21],which deals with the terms and deﬁnitions used to describe analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.This standard does not include test methods.IEEE Std1241-2000for analog-to-digital converters is intended to focus speciﬁcally on terms and deﬁnitions as well as test methods for ADCs for a wide range of applications.a Information on references can be found in Clause2.b The numbers in brackets correspond to those in the bibliography in Annex C.As of October2000,the working group had the following membership:Steve Tilden,ChairPhilip Green,Secretary&Text EditorW.Thomas Meyer,Figures EditorPasquale Arpaia Giovanni Chiorboli Tom Linnenbrink*B.N.Suresh Babu Pasquale Daponte Solomon MaxAllan Belcher David Hansen Carlo MorandiDavid Bergman Fred Irons Bill PetersonEric Blom Dan Kien Pierre-Yves RoyDan Knierim*Chairman,TC-10CommitteeContributions were also made in prior years by:Jerry Blair John Deyst Norris NahmanWilliam Boyer Richard Kromer Otis M.SolomonSteve Broadstone Yves Langard T.Michael SoudersThe following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard:Pasquale Arpaia Pasquale Daponte W.Thomas MeyerSuresh Babu Philip Green Carlo MorandiEric Blom Fred Irons William E.PetersonSteven Broadstone Dan Knierim Pierre-Yves RoyGiovanni Chiorboli T.E.Linnenbrink Steven J.TildenSolomon MaxWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on21September2000,it had the following membership:Donald N.Heirman,ChairJames T.Carlo,Vice-ChairJudith Gorman,SecretarySatish K.Aggarwal James H.Gurney James W.MooreMark D.Bowman Richard J.Holleman Robert F.MunznerGary R.Engmann Lowell G.Johnson Ronald C.PetersenHarold E.Epstein Robert J.Kennelly Gerald H.Petersonndis Floyd Joseph L.Koepfinger*John B.PoseyJay Forster*Peter H.Lips Gary S.RobinsonHoward M.Frazier L.Bruce McClung Akio TojoRuben D.Garzon Daleep C.Mohla Donald W.Zipse*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Alan Cookson,NIST RepresentativeDonald R.Volzka,TAB RepresentativeDon MessinaIEEE Standards Project EditorContents1.Overview (1)1.1Scope (1)1.2Analog-to-digital converter background (2)1.3Guidance to the user (3)1.4Manufacturer-supplied information (5)2.References (7)3.Deﬁnitions and symbols (7)3.1Deﬁnitions (7)3.2Symbols and acronyms (14)4.Test methods (18)4.1General (18)4.2Analog input (41)4.3Static gain and oﬀset (43)4.4Linearity (44)4.5Noise(total) (51)4.6Step response parameters (63)4.7Frequency response parameters (66)4.8Diﬀerential gain and phase (71)4.9Aperture eﬀects (76)4.10Digital logic signals (78)4.11Pipeline delay (78)4.12Out-of-range recovery (78)4.13Word error rate (79)4.14Diﬀerential input speciﬁcations (81)4.15Comments on reference signals (82)4.16Power supply parameters (83)Annex A(informative)Comment on errors associated with word-error-rate measurement (84)Annex B(informative)Testing an ADC linearized with pseudorandom dither (86)Annex C(informative)Bibliography (90)IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Methods for Analog-to-Digital Converters1.OverviewThis standard is divided into four clauses plus annexes.Clause1is a basic orientation.For further investigation,users of this standard can consult Clause2,which contains references to other IEEE standards on waveform measurement and relevant International Standardization Organization(ISO) documents.The deﬁnitions of technical terms and symbols used in this standard are presented in Clause3.Clause4presents a wide range of tests that measure the performance of an analog-to-digital converter.Annexes,containing the bibliography and informative comments on the tests presented in Clause4,augment the standard.1.1ScopeThe material presented in this standard is intended to provide common terminology and test methods for the testing and evaluation of analog-to-digital converters(ADCs).This standard considers only those ADCs whose output values have discrete values at discrete times,i.e., they are quantized and sampled.In general,this quantization is assumed to be nominally uniform(the input–output transfer curve is approximately a straight line)as discussed further in 1.3,and the sampling is assumed to be at a nominally uniform rate.Some but not all of the test methods in this standard can be used for ADCs that are designed for non-uniform quantization.This standard identiﬁes ADC error sources and provides test methods with which to perform the required error measurements.The information in this standard is useful both to manufacturers and to users of ADCs in that it provides a basis for evaluating and comparing existing devices,as well as providing a template for writing speciﬁcations for the procurement of new ones.In some applications, the information provided by the tests described in this standard can be used to correct ADC errors, e.g.,correction for gain and oﬀset errors.The reader should note that this standard has many similarities to IEEE Std1057-1994.Many of the tests and terms are nearly the same,since ADCs are a necessary part of digitizing waveform recorders.IEEEStd1241-2000IEEE STANDARD FOR TERMINOLOGY AND TEST METHODS 1.2Analog-to-digital converter backgroundThis standard considers only those ADCs whose output values have discrete values at discrete times, i.e.,they are quantized and sampled.Although diﬀerent methods exist for representing a continuous analog signal as a discrete sequence of binary words,an underlying model implicit in many of the tests in this standard assumes that the relationship between the input signal and the output values approximates the staircase transfer curve depicted in Figure1a.Applying this model to a voltage-input ADC,the full-scale input range(FS)at the ADC is divided into uniform intervals,known as code bins, with nominal width Q.The number of code transition levels in the discrete transfer function is equal to 2NÀ1,where N is the number of digitized bits of the ADC.Note that there are ADCs that are designed such that N is not an integer,i.e.,the number of code transition levels is not an integral power of two. Inputs below theﬁrst transition or above the last transition are represented by the most negative and positive output codes,respectively.Note,however,that two conventions exist for relating V min and V max to the nominal transition points between code levels,mid-tread and mid-riser.The dotted lines at V min,V max,and(V minþV max)/2indicate what is often called the mid-tread convention,where theﬁrst transition is Q/2above V min and the last transition is3Q/2,below V max. This convention gets its name from the fact that the midpoint of the range,(V minþV max)/2,occurs in the middle of a code,i.e.,on the tread of the staircase transfer function.The second convention,called the mid-riser convention,is indicated in theﬁgure by dashed lines at V min,V max,and(V minþV max)/2. In this convention,V min isÀQ from theﬁrst transition,V max isþQ from the last transition,and the midpoint,(V minþV max)/2,occurs on a staircase riser.The diﬀerence between the two conventions is a displacement along the voltage axis by an amount Q/2.For all tests in this standard,this displacement has no eﬀect on the results and either convention may be used.The one place where it does matter is when a device provides or expects user-provided reference signals.In this case the manufacturer must provide the necessary information relating the reference levels to the code transitions.In both conventions the number of code transitions is 2NÀ1and the full-scale range,FSR,is from V min to V max.Even in an ideal ADC,the quantization process produces errors.These errors contribute to the diﬀerence between the actual transfer curve and the ideal straight-line transfer curve,which is plotted as a function of the input signal in Figure1b.To use this standard,the user must understand how the transfer function maps its input values to output codewords,and how these output codewords are converted to the code bin numbering convention used in this standard.As shown in Figure1a,the lowest code bin is numbered0, the next is1,and so on up to the highest code bin,numbered(2NÀ1).In addition to unsigned binary(Figure1a),ADCs may use2’s complement,sign-magnitude,Gray,Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD),or other output coding schemes.In these cases,a simple mapping of the ADC’s consecutive output codes to the unsigned binary codes can be used in applying various tests in this standard.Note that in the case of an ADC whose number of distinct output codes is not an integral power of2(e.g.,a BCD-coded ADC),the number of digitized bits N is still deﬁned,but will not be an integer.Real ADCs have other errors in addition to the nominal quantization error shown in Figure1b.All errors can be divided into the categories of static and dynamic,depending on the rate of change of the input signal at the time of digitization.A slowly varying input can be considered a static signal if its eﬀects are equivalent to those of a constant signal.Static errors,which include the quantization error, usually result from non-ideal spacing of the code transition levels.Dynamic errors occur because of additional sources of error induced by the time variation of the analog signal being sampled.Sources include harmonic distortion from the analog input stages,signal-dependent variations in the time of samples,dynamic eﬀects in internal ampliﬁer and comparator stages,and frequency-dependent variation in the spacing of the quantization levels.1.3Guidance to the user1.3.1InterfacingADCs present unique interfacing challenges,and without careful attention users can experience substandard results.As with all mixed-signal devices,ADCs perform as expected only when the analog and digital domains are brought together in a well-controlled fashion.The user should fully understand the manufacturer’s recommendations with regard to proper signal buﬀering and loading,input signal connections,transmission line matching,circuit layout patterns,power supply decoupling,and operating conditions.Edge characteristics for start-convert pulse(s)and clock(s)must be carefully chosen to ensure that input signal purity is maintained with suﬃcient margin up to the analog input pin(s).Most manufacturers now provide excellent ADC evaluation boards,which demonstrate IN P U T IN P U T(a)Figure 1—Staircase ADC transfer function,having full-scale range FSR and 2N À1levels,corresponding to N -bit quantizationIEEE FOR ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS Std 1241-2000IEEEStd1241-2000IEEE STANDARD FOR TERMINOLOGY AND TEST METHODS recommended layout techniques,signal conditioning,and interfacing for their ADCs.If the characteristics of a new ADC are not well understood,then these boards should be analyzed or used before starting a new layout.1.3.2Test conditionsADC test speciﬁcations can be split into two groups:test conditions and test results.Typical examples of the former are:temperature,power supply voltages,clock frequency,and reference voltages. Examples of the latter are:power dissipation,eﬀective number of bits,spurious free dynamic range (SFDR),and integral non-linearity(INL).The test methods deﬁned in this standard describe the measurement of test results for given test conditions.ADC speciﬁcation sheets will often give allowed ranges for some test condition(e.g.,power supply ranges).This implies that the ADC will function properly and that the test results will fall within their speciﬁed ranges for all test conditions within their speciﬁed ranges.Since the test condition ranges are generally speciﬁed in continuous intervals,they describe an inﬁnite number of possible test conditions,which obviously cannot be exhaustively tested.It is up to the manufacturer or tester of an ADC to determine from design knowledge and/or testing the eﬀect of the test conditions on the test result,and from there to determine the appropriate set of test conditions needed to accurately characterize the range of test results.For example,knowledge of the design may be suﬃcient to know that the highest power dissipation(test result)will occur at the highest power supply voltage(test condition),so the power dissipation test need be run only at the high end of the supply voltage range to check that the dissipation is within the maximum of its speciﬁed range.It is very important that relevant test conditions be stated when presenting test results.1.3.3Test equipmentOne must ensure that the performance of the test equipment used for these tests signiﬁcantly exceeds the desired performance of the ADC under ers will likely need to include additional signal conditioning in the form ofﬁlters and pulse shapers.Accessories such as terminators, attenuators,delay lines,and other such devices are usually needed to match signal levels and to provide signal isolation to avoid corrupting the input stimuli.Quality testing requires following established procedures,most notably those speciﬁed in ISO9001: 2000[B18].In particular,traceability of instrumental calibration to a known standard is important. Commonly used test setups are described in4.1.1.1.3.4Test selectionWhen choosing which parameters to measure,one should follow the outline and hints in this clause to develop a procedure that logically and eﬃciently performs all needed tests on each unique setup. The standard has been designed to facilitate the development of these test procedures.In this standard the discrete Fourier transform(DFT)is used extensively for the extraction of frequency domain parameters because it provides numerous evaluation parameters from a single data record.DFT testing is the most prevalent technique used in the ADC manufacturing community,although the sine-ﬁt test, also described in the standard,provides meaningful data.Nearly every user requires that the ADC should meet or exceed a minimum signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio(SINAD)limit for the application and that the nonlinearity of the ADC be well understood.Certainly,the extent to whichthis standard is applied will depend upon the application;hence,the procedure should be tailored for each unique characterization plan.1.4Manufacturer-supplied information1.4.1General informationManufacturers shall supply the following general information:a)Model numberb)Physical characteristics:dimensions,packaging,pinoutsc)Power requirementsd)Environmental conditions:Safe operating,non-operating,and speciﬁed performance tempera-ture range;altitude limitations;humidity limits,operating and storage;vibration tolerance;and compliance with applicable electromagnetic interference speciﬁcationse)Any special or peculiar characteristicsf)Compliance with other speciﬁcationsg)Calibration interval,if required by ISO10012-2:1997[B19]h)Control signal characteristicsi)Output signal characteristicsj)Pipeline delay(if any)k)Exceptions to the above parameters where applicable1.4.2Minimum specificationsThe manufacturer shall provide the following speciﬁcations(see Clause3for deﬁnitions):a)Number of digitized bitsb)Range of allowable sample ratesc)Analog bandwidthd)Input signal full-scale range with nominal reference signal levelse)Input impedancef)Reference signal levels to be appliedg)Supply voltagesh)Supply currents(max,typ)i)Power dissipation(max,typ)1.4.3Additional specificationsa)Gain errorb)Oﬀset errorc)Diﬀerential nonlinearityd)Harmonic distortion and spurious responsee)Integral nonlinearityf)Maximum static errorg)Signal-to-noise ratioh)Eﬀective bitsi)Random noisej)Frequency responsek)Settling timel)Transition duration of step response(rise time)m)Slew rate limitn)Overshoot and precursorso)Aperture uncertainty(short-term time-base instability)p)Crosstalkq)Monotonicityr)Hysteresiss)Out-of-range recoveryt)Word error rateu)Common-mode rejection ratiov)Maximum common-mode signal levelw)Diﬀerential input impedancex)Intermodulation distortiony)Noise power ratioz)Diﬀerential gain and phase1.4.4Critical ADC parametersTable1is presented as a guide for many of the most common ADC applications.The wide range of ADC applications makes a comprehensive listing impossible.This table is intended to be a helpful starting point for users to apply this standard to their particular applications.Table1—Critical ADC parametersTypical applications Critical ADC parameters Performance issuesAudio SINAD,THD Power consumption.Crosstalk and gain matching.Automatic control MonotonicityShort-term settling,long-term stability Transfer function. Crosstalk and gain matching. Temperature stability.Digital oscilloscope/waveform recorder SINAD,ENOBBandwidthOut-of-range recoveryWord error rateSINAD for wide bandwidthamplitude resolution.Low thermal noise for repeatability.Bit error rate.Geophysical THD,SINAD,long-term stability Millihertz response.Image processing DNL,INL,SINAD,ENOBOut-of-range recoveryFull-scale step response DNL for sharp-edge detection. High-resolution at switching rate. Recovery for blooming.Radar and sonar SINAD,IMD,ENOBSFDROut-of-range recovery SINAD and IMD for clutter cancellation and Doppler processing.Spectrum analysis SINAD,ENOBSFDR SINAD and SFDR for high linear dynamic range measurements.Spread spectrum communication SINAD,IMD,ENOBSFDR,NPRNoise-to-distortion ratioIMD for quantization of smallsignals in a strong interferenceenvironment.SFDR for spatialﬁltering.NPR for interchannel crosstalk.Telecommunication personal communications SINAD,NPR,SFDR,IMDBit error rateWord error rateWide input bandwidth channel bank.Interchannel crosstalk.Compression.Power consumption.Std1241-2000IEEE STANDARD FOR TERMINOLOGY AND TEST METHODS2.ReferencesThis standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publications.When the following speciﬁcations are superseded by an approved revision,the revision shall apply.IEC 60469-2(1987-12),Pulse measurement and analysis,general considerations.1IEEE Std 1057-1994,IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders.23.Definitions and symbolsFor the purposes of this standard,the following terms and deﬁnitions apply.The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms [B15]should be referenced for terms not deﬁned in this clause.3.1Definitions3.1.1AC-coupled analog-to-digital converter:An analog-to-digital converter utilizing a network which passes only the varying ac portion,not the static dc portion,of the analog input signal to the quantizer.3.1.2alternation band:The range of input levels which causes the converter output to alternate between two adjacent codes.A property of some analog-to-digital converters,it is the complement of the hysteresis property.3.1.3analog-to-digital converter (ADC):A device that converts a continuous time signal into a discrete-time discrete-amplitude signal.3.1.4aperture delay:The delay from a threshold crossing of the analog-to-digital converter clock which causes a sample of the analog input to be taken to the center of the aperture for that sample.COMINT ¼communications intelligence DNL ¼diﬀerential nonlinearity ENOB ¼eﬀective number of bits ELINT ¼electronic intelligence NPR ¼noise power ratio INL ¼integral nonlinearity DG ¼diﬀerential gain errorSIGINT ¼signal intelligenceSINAD ¼signal-to-noise and distortion ratio THD ¼total harmonic distortion IMD ¼intermodulation distortion SFDR ¼spurious free dynamic range DP ¼diﬀerential phase errorTable 1—Critical ADC parameters (continued)Typical applicationsCritical ADC parametersPerformance issuesVideoDNL,SINAD,SFDR,DG,DP Diﬀerential gain and phase errors.Frequency response.Wideband digital receivers SIGINT,ELINT,COMINTSFDR,IMD SINADLinear dynamic range fordetection of low-level signals in a strong interference environment.Sampling frequency.1IEC publications are available from IEC Sales Department,Case Postale 131,3rue de Varemb,CH 1211,Gen ve 20,Switzerland/Suisse (http://www.iec.ch).IEC publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department,American National Standards Institute,25W.43rd Street,Fourth Floor,New York,NY 10036,USA ().2IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,445Hoes Lane,P.O.Box 1331,Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331,USA (/).。

OECD绿色增长战略阶段性报告2010英文版

Boxes
Box 1. Contribution of the Green Growth Strategy ................................. 14 Box 2. Progress on key environmental challenges.................................. 16 Box 3. Environmental externalities and market failures ....................... 19 Box 4. Key pillars for pro-poor Green Growth ......................................... 25 Box 5. Employment potential of green components of stimulus packages – some examples ........................................................................ 27 Box 6. The scope for moving forward public infrastructure investment .................................................................................................... 29 Box 7. Car-scrapping schemes and green growth................................... 30 Box 8. Agricultural subsidies and green growth ..................................... 35 Box 9. Examples of renewed interest in CO2-related taxes.................... 38 Box 10. Proceeds from auctioned emissions trading permits: some examples ....................................................................................................... 40 Box 11. Addressing carbon leakage and competitiveness impacts of climate policies............................................................................................. 41 Box 12. Patents and international technology transfer.......................... 47 Box 13. Transport – a growing source of CO2 emissions1 ....................... 52 Box 14. An extension of the OECD ENV-Linkages model....................... 56 Box 15. Regional and local implications of a transition towards a low-carbon economy and green growth .................................................. 58 Box 16. Key principles in selecting indicators to monitor progress with green growth........................................................................................ 62 Box II.1. The role of regulatory policy and reform .................................. 77 Box II.2. Markets and competition............................................................. 79 Box II.3. Consumer policy ........................................................................... 80 Box II.4. Responsible business conduct in support of a low carbon economy ........................................................................................................ 81 Box II.5. Taxation, innovation and the environment ............................. 82 Box II.6. “Smart” ICT applications enabling green growth .................... 84 Box II.7. Regional innovation systems for eco-innovation .................... 85 Box II.8. New models for international co-operation on ecoinnovation ..................................................................................................... 86 Box II.9. Enhancing the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity policies...... 87 Box II.10. Outcome of the February 2010 OECD Agriculture Ministerial Meeting ...................................................................................... 88 Box II.11. Relevant work for green growth measurements ................... 89

在燃烧室燃烧振荡的反馈控制

Short communicationFeedback control of combustion oscillations in combustion chambersWei Wei a,*,Jing Wang a ,Dong-hai Li b ,Min Zhu b ,Ya-li Xue ba School of Information Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,ChinabState Key Lab of Power Systems,Department of Thermal Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 14November 2009Received in revised form 17December 2009Accepted 18December 2009Available online 28December 2009Keywords:Active control Model freeThermoacoustic instabilities Active compensation Longitudinal oscillationsa b s t r a c tModel-based algorithms are generally employed in active control of combustion oscilla-tions.Since practical combustion processes consist of complex thermal and acoustic cou-plings,their accurate models and parameters may not be obtained in advance economically,a model free controller is necessary for the control of thermoacoustic insta-bilities.Active compensation based control algorithm is applied in the suppression of com-bustion instabilities.Tuning the controller parameters on line,the amplitudes of the acoustic waves can be modulated to desired values.Simulations performed on a control oriented,typical longitudinal oscillations combustor model illustrate the controllers’capa-bility to attenuate combustion oscillations.Ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionCombustion oscillations have been plaguing designers of the propulsion and power generation systems,and oscillations arise more frequent when the combustors are under the operating condition of lean premixed to reduce the nitrous oxide emissions.Oscillations in combustion chambers occur as a result of couplings between the unsteady heat release rate and acoustic pressure.Their self-excited feedback loop can be diagrammed in Fig.1.Unsteady heat release is an efﬁcient acoustic source,and combustor may be high resonant systems [1].In most cases,such oscillations are unwanted since they can cause structural damage.Due to the oscillations’severity,a signiﬁcant multitude of efforts have made to prevent or alleviate them.Traditionally,two approaches are adopted to interrupt the couplings.Passive approaches,such as changing the combustors geometry or installing bafﬂes and acoustic dampers,resort to reduce the sensibility of the combustion process to the acoustic excitation [2–4].The problem is that they may be ineffective when the operating conditions are changed,and the changes of design involved are costly and time consuming.That is,the passive approaches have bad robustness.Active feedback control provides another way of suppressing oscillations in combustors.At ﬁrst,controllers are designed as a way of trial-and-error [5–7],which are empirical and unsuitable for practical instable combustion processes.Such ap-proaches can not provide guarantees of the stability and may excite the amplitude of the thermoacoustic oscillations.A con-troller,which can offer suitable gains and phases in real time,is desirable.Control theories are applied in interrupting the couplings between acoustic waves and unsteady combustion.Consequently,systematic approaches to controllers design are utilized.Model-based control algorithms are designed to decouple the physical processes leading to thermoacoustic instabilities.Adaptive control [8–11],robust control [12–14],LQR control [15,16],State-feedback [17]and PID [18–20]con-trol etc are intensively studied,all of which demonstrate the valid of active feedback control approaches in suppressing com-bustion oscillations.A summary of active control designs for combustion oscillations can be found in Ref.[1].However,the1007-5704/$-see front matter Ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/sns.2009.12.020*Corresponding author.Address:Mailbox 136,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China.E-mail address:weiweiustb@ (W.Wei).Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–3283Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCommun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulatjournal homepage:www.else v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c n s n sexact models of the combustion processes needed in model-based algorithms are not practical or economical.A control algo-rithm,which does not depend on the precise mathematical models of the physical processes,is of signiﬁcance.In this paper,a controller,based on active compensation,is designed for the control-oriented model of unsteady motions in a combustor [17].The control technology employed here is model free and its parameters can be tuned easily to suppress the instabilities.In what follows,a control-oriented theoretical model of an unsteady combustion chamber is stated in Sec-tion 2.Control algorithm,stability analysis of the closed-loop system and the analysis of ability to suppress oscillations are given in Section 3.In Section 4,simulations are performed on the model stated in Section 2to demonstrate the controller.Section 5concludes the paper.2.Controlled dynamic models of combustion chambersYang et al.[17]developed control-oriented models for combustion processes,a set of linear ordinary differential equa-tions governing the dynamics of the combustor is given for the time-dependent amplitude of each mode [17]€g n þx 2n g n þXK i ¼1ðD ni _g i þE ni g i ÞþF NL n ðg 1;g 2;...;_g 1;_g 2;...Þ¼w n ðt ÞþU n ðt Þ;n ¼1;2;...;K ð1Þwhere w n ðt Þis the noise,D ni and E ni are linear coefﬁcients associated with growth rate and frequency shift,respectively.F NL nrepresents all nonlinear processes.K ,the number of the modes,should be inﬁnite to describe the combustion dynamics com-pletely.As a matter of fact,however,the unsteady motions can be represented by a truncated mode,i.e.K may be large but ﬁnite.The distributed control of the secondary fuel may be provided by M point actuators,each actuator supplies an exci-tation u i ðt Þat a position r i as shown in Fig.2.The control input to the n th mode can be written asU n ðt Þ¼a2 p E 2n X Mi ¼1u i ðt Þw n ðr i Þð2Þwhere E 2n ¼R R R w 2n dV is the Euclidean norm of the mode function,w n ¼cos n p L z is normal mode function,and a is the speed of sound in mixture.The unsteady pressure ﬁeld is measured by P point sensors,the sensor output measured at the position r j ,with the mea-surement noise modeled by a random function v j ðt Þ,in the chamber can be written as followsy j ¼c j pX K n ¼1g n ðt Þw n ðr j Þþv j ðt Þ;j ¼1;2;...;Pð3ÞThe controlled dynamics of combustion chambers are described in Eqs.(1)–(3).We consider the deterministic and linearsystems,i.e.w n ðt Þ¼v j ðt Þ¼0and F NL n ¼0.Nonlinear problems are considered in Ref.[19].According to Ref.[17],the ﬁrst N modes (N <K )are controlled,the state variables can be classiﬁed into controlled and uncontrolled (residual)parts as follows.x ¼½x N ;x R TFig.2.Scheme of active control system with distributed actuators.Fig.1.Thermoacoustic instabilities loop.W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–32833275where,x N ¼½g 1;_g1;g 2;_g 2;...;g N ;_g N T ;x R ¼½g N þ1;_g N þ1;g N þ2;_g N þ2;...;g K ;_g K T .Thus,Eqs.(1)–(3)can be written as following state-space form_x N _x R ¼A N A NRA RN A Rx N x R þB N B R uy ¼C N x N þC R x R8<:ð4Þwhere,A N ;A NR and A R ;A RN are system matrices associated with controlled and uncontrolled modes.Input and output matri-ces are expressed by B N ;B R and C N ;C R ,respectively.u ¼½u 1;u 2;...;u M T 2R M ;y ¼½y 1;y 2;...;y P T 2R P .Similar to Ref.[17],two controlled and two residual modes of longitudinal oscillations are considered.We use one actu-ator and one sensor.Thus,the state variables,system matrices,input matrices,and the output matrices are shown below,respectively.x N ¼½g 1;_g1;g 2;_g 2 T ;x R ¼½g 3;_g 3;g 4;_g 4 T ;u 2R ;y 2R ;A N ¼0100Àðx 21þE 11ÞÀD11ÀE 12ÀD 12001ÀE 21ÀD 21Àðx 22þE 22ÞÀD 22B B B@1C CC A ;A R ¼0100Àðx 23þE 33ÞÀD33ÀE 34ÀD 34001ÀE 43ÀD 43Àðx 24þE 44ÞÀD 44B B B@1C CC AA NR¼0000ÀE 13ÀD 13ÀE 14ÀD 140000ÀE 23ÀD 23ÀE 24ÀD 240B B B @1C CC A ;A RN¼0000ÀE 31ÀD 31ÀE 32ÀD 320000ÀE 41ÀD 41ÀE 42ÀD 42B B B @1C CC A ð5ÞB N ¼0a 2w 1ðr Þ pE 210 a2w 2ðr Þp E 2B B B B B @1CC C C CA ;B R ¼0a 2w 3ðr Þ pE 230 a2w 4ðr Þp E 4B B B B B @1CC C C CA ;C N ¼ðc pw 10c pw 20Þ;C R ¼ðc p w 30c pw 40Þ3.Controller designIn this section,an active compensation based controller is designed to suppress the oscillations in combustion chambers,i.e.to make the amplitudes of the pressure oscillation g n approach zero.3.1.Control law and closed-loop block diagramAn active compensation based controller,proposed by Tornambe and Valigi [21],is employed here.We may call it TC con-troller in this paper.The control law,when relative degree is 1,has the formu ¼Àh 0ðy Ày r ÞÀ^d^d ¼n þk 0ðy Ày r Þ_n ¼Àk 0n Àk 20ðy Ày r ÞÀk 0u8>><>>:ð6Þwhere ^d is the extended state observer,which estimates the uncertainties.y is the output of the system.y ris the desired tra-jectory.n is the intermediate variable.h 0;k 0are tunable variables,and h 0determines,the response speed of the system.The control block diagram is shown in Fig.3.In the diagram,u c is the control output of the controller,u p is the control input of the combustion process.3276W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–32833.2.Stability analysisControl law Eq.(6)can be rewritten as e¼yrÀyu¼ðh0þk0ÞeÀn_n¼Àh0k0e8><>:ð7ÞTo simplify the notation,we have c1¼Àðh0þk0Þ;c2¼h0k0.Under the function of TC controller,the closed-loop state-space description of the system Eq.(5)is given belowx¼½g1;_g1;g2;_g2;g3;_g3;g4;_g4;n T;_x¼Aclxwhere A cl¼010000000Àðx21þE11Þþ a2w1ðrÞp E21c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD11ÀE12þ a2w1ðrÞp E21c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD12ÀE13ÀD13ÀE14ÀD14À a2w1ðrÞp E21000100000ÀE21þ a2w2ðrÞp E22c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD21Àðx22þE22Þþ a2w2ðrÞp E22c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD22ÀE23ÀD23ÀE24ÀD24À a2w2ðrÞp E22000001000ÀE31þ a2w3ðrÞp E23c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD31ÀE32þ a2w3ðrÞp E23c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD32Àðx23þE33ÞÀD33ÀE34ÀD34À a2w3ðrÞp E23000000010ÀE41þ a2w4ðrÞp E24c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD41ÀE42þ a2w4ðrÞp E24c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD42ÀE43ÀD43Àðx24þE44ÞÀD44À a2w4ðrÞp E24c p w1ðrÞc20c p w2ðrÞ20000000 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B @1 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Að8ÞCorollary1.If A cl is Hurwitz,the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.We note that the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þa8k8þÁÁÁþa1kþa0.If all the roots of j k IÀA cl j¼0have negative real parts,the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.Note that the matrixQ¼a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a0B BB BB BB BB BB BB BB B@1C CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CAAccording to the Hurwitz criterion[22],fðkÞis Hurwitz if and only if the matrix Q’s leading principal minors are positive:detq11q12...q1kq21...q2k.........qk1qk2...qkkB BB BB@1C CC CC A>0;k¼1;2;...;9:ð9Þthat is,D1¼a8>0;D2¼a8a61a7>0;D3¼a8a6a41a7a50a8a6>0;D4¼a8a6a4a21a7a5a30a8a6a401a7a5>0;D5¼a8a6a4a2a01a7a5a3a10a8a6a4a201a7a5a300a8a6a4>0;W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–32833277D 6¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2a 001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2001a 7a 5a 3>0;D 7¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0001a 7a 5a 3a 1000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0001a 7a 5a 3a 1000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2>0;D 8¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 00001a 7a 5a 3a 10000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 00001a 7a 5a 3a 10000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 00001a 7a 5a 3a 10000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 001a 7a 5a 3a 1>0;D 9¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0>0:are satisﬁed.Thus,the A cl is Hurwitz,or the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.3.3.Analysis of the ability to suppress oscillationsIn order to illustrate the capable of suppressing oscillations,we make an assumption that y ¼sin ðX t Þ.Substituting y intoEq.(7),we have e ¼Àsin ðX t Þand u ¼c 1sin ðX t Þþc 2cosðX t ÞXþC ,where C is the integral constant.It is obvious that the phase-shift resulting from the control input depends on the term c 1sin ðX t Þþc 2cosðX t Þ.As a matter of fact,c 1sin ðX t Þþc 2cos ðX t ÞX¼1X ½c 1X sin ðX t Þþc 2cos ðX t Þ ¼1X ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃc 21X 2þc 22q sin X t þarctan c21Xh i ¼1ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃðh 0þk 0Þ2X 2þh 20k 20q sin X t Àarctan h 0k 000 h iHence,the phase-shift made by control input is arctan h 0k 0h 0X þk 0X,in other words the time delay on account of the control in-put is 1X arctan h 0k 00X 0X.This explains why the TC controller is capable of suppressing the combustion instabilities in combustors.4.Simulations for the modelTo demonstrate the TC controller,we performed simulations for the four modes of longitudinal pressure oscillations.The normalized natural radian frequency of the fundamental mode and the ampliﬁcation factor (c )of the pressure signal are both taken to be unity.The linear parameters D ni and E ni in Eq.(1)are given in Table 1.According to Ref.[17],the optimal locations of actuators and sensors are selected to be at z o ¼L =7:5.L is taken as 76.2cm as in Ref.[18].In this paper,we deﬁne e as the ratio of u cmax to y max .Simulations are performed on system Eq.(5),the results are shown below,respectively (see Figs.4–9).Table 1System parameters.i =1i =2i =3i =4D ni n =1À0.010.007À0.0010.007n =20.010.10.007À0.001n =3À0.010.010.750.008n =40.02À0.0050.01 1.50E ni n =1À0.005À0.0050.00250.016n =2À0.0025À0.0150.010.01n =3À0.0050.0À0.020.02n =40.010.020.02À0.00253278W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–3283W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–328332794.1.Simulation results for TCThe parameters and performance indexes of TC controllers are given in Table2.To check whether the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable under the function of TC controller,we verify the Eq.(9)for each system.3280W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–3283(1)Under the function of TC1,the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þ2:34k8þ8165:7k7þ18846:2k6þ234295:1k5þ264215:2k4þ1714489:6k3þ576571:9k2þ2933414:7kþ12191:5, and D1¼2:34,D2¼261:5,D3¼4264354:8,D4¼5:1079Â1011,D5¼1:7429Â1016,D6¼1:8386Â1022,D7¼4:2955Â1026,D8¼1:0029Â1033,D9¼1:2227Â1037.Eq.(9)is satisﬁed,the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–32833281Table2Parameters and performance indexes of TC.TC k0h0u cmax y max e IAE10.020.00530.00170.06830.0247 3.278620.040.00640.00310.06830.0454 2.553230.050.00450.00360.06830.0533 2.39573282W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–3283Table3Parameters and performance indexes of phase-shift control.Phase-shift s c k p u cmax y max e IAE10.3À0.02530.00170.06830.0247 3.398920.2À0.04640.00310.06830.0454 2.606630.3À0.05450.00360.06830.0533 2.4872Table4Comparison of TC and phase-shift controller.e IAETC controller Phase-shift controller0.0247 3.2786 3.39890.0454 2.5532 2.60660.0533 2.3957 2.4872(2)Under the function of TC2,the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þ2:34k8þ14949:8k7þ34551k6þ429514:8k5þ484984:4k4þ3144421:4k3þ1061213:2k2þ5381370:2kþ29447, and D1¼2:34,D2¼431:5,D3¼13692874:4,D4¼3:0075Â1012D5¼1:8922Â1017,D6¼3:6443Â1023, D7¼1:6566Â1028,D8¼6:6567Â1034,D9¼1:9602Â1039.Eq.(9)is satisﬁed,the closed-loop system is asymptoti-cally stable.(3)Under the function of TC3,the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þ2:34k8þ17554:1k7þ40551:4k6þ504393:7k5þ568912:4k4þ3692469:9k3þ1241233:6k2þ6319299:4kþ25882:3, and D1¼2:34,D2¼525:2,D3¼19866748:8,D4¼5:127Â1012,D5¼3:7695Â1017,D6¼8:5727Â1023, D7¼4:28Â1028,D8¼2:1563Â1035,D9¼5:5811Â1039.According to Eq.(9),the closed-loop system is also asymp-totically stable.The time traces of closed-loop systems are shown in Figs.4–6,respectively.A popular control algorithm utilized for suppressing the combustion oscillations in experimental devices is phase-shift control,and it is independent of exact models of the physical processes.For the reasons above,we choose the standard con-trol algorithm,i.e.phase-shift control,as the benchmark,and make some comparison with TC controller.Simulations are performed on the same system with the same parameters.The results are given in Figs.7–9,respectively.4.2.Simulation results for phase-shiftThe parameters and performance indexes of phase-shift controllers are shown in Table3.The time traces of closed-loop systems are given in Figs.7–9,respectively.From Figs.4-9and IAE values given in Tables2and3,we can see that the TC controller,under the same control cost,is superior to the phase-shift controller.To show the advantages of TC controller over the phase-shift controller more distinct, we have Table4.From Table4,we may see clearly that the IAE values of TC controller,at the same price of control input,is minimal.In contrast to the phase-shift controller,the TC controller parameters has obvious physical interpretation,therefore the param-eter adjustments are more practicable.5.ConclusionIn this paper,a combustor model,which takes account of the inﬂuences of acoustic andﬂame dynamics,is considered and active compensation based controllers are adopted in the suppression of combustion oscillations.Controller employed,by comparison,does not need the prior knowledge of the process models.Tuning the parameters on line,the control action can suppress the amplitudes of oscillations to prespeciﬁed values,which may provide a realistic solution.However,the work in this paper is a necessary preparation for practical applications.With the purpose of verifying the control algorithm employed in this paper,the higher order and nonlinear models describing the combustion dynamics more exactly will be taken into account.Furthermore,the experimental veriﬁcation is of importance in the forthcoming research as well.AcknowledgementThis work is supported by National Basic Research Program of China Grant No.2007CB210106.W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–32833283 References[1]Dowling AP,Morgans AS.Feedback control of combustion oscillations.Annu Rev Fluid Mech2005;37:151–82.[2]Culick F.,Combustion instabilities in liquid-fueled propulsion systems:an overview.In:AGA-RD conference on combustion instabilities in liquid-fueled propulsion systems;1988.[3]Steele RC,Cowell LH,Cannon SM,Smith CE.Passive control of combustion instability in lean premixed combustors.J Eng Gas Turbines Power2000;122(3):412–9.[4]Richards GA,Straub DL,Robey EH.Passive control of combustion dynamics in stationary gas turbines.J Prop Power2003;19(5):795–810.[5]Ffowcs Williams JE.Antisound.Proc Roy Soc London1984;A395:63–88.[6]Langhorne PJ,Dowling AP,Hooper N.A practical active control system for combustion oscillations.J Prop Power1990;6:324–33.[7]Seume J,Vortmeyer N,Krause W,Hermann J,Hantschk C,Zangl P.Application of active combustion instability control to a heavy duty gas turbine.J EngGas Turbines Power1998;120:721–6.[8]Billoud G,Galland MA,Huynh Huu C,Candel S.Adaptive active control of combustion bus Sci Technol1992;81:257–83.[9]Himani Jain,Ananthkrishnan N,Fred EC.Culick,Feedback-linearization-based adaptive control and estimation of a nonlinear combustion instabilitymodel.In:AIAA guidance,navigation,and control conference and exhibit;2005.p.5847–56.[10]Morgans AS,Annaswamy AM.Adaptive control of combustion instabilities for combustion systems with right-half plane bus Sci Technol2008;180:1549–71.[11]Kopasakis George,Delaat John C,Chang Clarence T.Adaptive instability suppression controls method for aircraft gas turbine engine combustors.J PropPower2009;25(3):618–27.[12]Chu Yun Chung,Dowling AP,Glover Keith.Robust control of combustion oscillations.In:Proceedings of IEEE international conference on controlapplications;1998.p.1165–69.[13]Hong Boe Shong,Yang Vigor,Ray Asok.Robust feedback control of combustion instability with modeling bus Flame2000;120:91–106.[14]Chu Yun Chung,Glover Keith,Dowling AP.Control of combustion oscillations via H1loop-shaping,l-analysis and integral quadratic constraints.Automatica2003;39:219–31.[15]Annaswamy AM,Ghoniem AF.Active control in combustion systems.IEEE Control Syst1995:49–63.[16]Annaswamy AM,Fleiﬁl Mahmoud,Rumsey JW,Prasanth Ravi,Hathout Jean-Pierre,Ghoniem AF.Thermoacoustic instability:model-based optimalcontrol designs and experimental validation.IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol2000;8(6):905–18.[17]Yang Vigor,Sinha Alok,Fung YT.State-feedback control of longitudinal combustion instabilities.J Prop Power1992;8(1):66–73.[18]Fung YT,Yang Vigor,Sinha Alok.Active control of combustion instabilities with distributed bus Sci Technol1991;78:217–45.[19]Fung YT,Yang Vigor.Active control of nonlinear pressure oscillations in combustion chambers.J Prop Power1992;8(6):1282–9.[20]Krstic Miroslav,Krupadanam Ashish,Jacobson Clas.Self-tuning control of a nonlinear model of combustion instabilities.IEEE Trans Control SystTechnol1999;7(4):424–35.[21]Tornambe A,Valigi PA.Decentralized controller for the robust stabilization of a class of MIMO dynamical systems.J Dynam Syst,Measure,Control1994;116:293–304.[22]Wuqi.Principle of automatic control.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press;1990.。

IEEE(IFITA 2010 IEEE出版 EI&ISTP双检索)Research on Operation and Management of Mobile Informationiza

Research on Operation and Management of Mobile InformationizationWang Chun1,2, Xie Zhong1, Tang Min21 School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)(CUG), Wuhan 430074, China2 Hubei Branch of China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430048, Chinawangchun186@, aaaa50@ABSTRACT:Mobile informationization is a strategic decision that the operators response the stronger competition, create and development market, and realize sustainable development, of which effective implementation is an important research program that the operators and the entire industrial chain must challenge. Neither domestic nor foreign successful experiences can be provided at present. Firstly, this article describes the definition and function of mobile informationization. Secondly, it introduces the classification and current application situation of mobile informationization. Finally, it discusses how to effectively implement operation and management of mobile informationization from such six aspects as industrial chain, commercial mode, organizational structure, development system, support of operation, and integration of promotion. KEYWORDS: Mobile Informationization1; Industrial Chain2; Commercial Mode3; Integrated Marketing4I.I NTRODUCTIONMobile informationization is also called as professional application of mobile value added business, which means to expand the informationization resolution under wire networking environment inside of government, enterprises and institutes (hereinafter called as “Professional Users) into the wireless networking environment and provide the other comprehensive IT integrating service to meet the demands of production, operation, and management of the professional users anytime and anywhere.On one hand, mobile informationization has expand the coverage of informationization to make that the informationization application based on LAN and PC to the mobile ends such as mobile phone and PDA etc; on the other hand, “wireless access” and “wide area coverage” of mobile communication network makes that informationization transmission of business outside office may be possible and that the management, production and operation can be beyond the restriction of time and space, which may enhance efficiency of production, operation and management for the professional users [1-3].II.CURRENT APPLICATION SITUATION OFMOBILE INFORMATIONIZATIONMobile informationization may be classified in various points of view. From gradation of service, it may be classified in three aspects i.e. such basic products as handy broad band, short messages for group etc, such application service as wireless office and star of enterprise etc, and integrated resolution of professional informationization. From point of view for technical realization, it may be have five categories i.e. information acquisition and release based on short messages, mobile OA based on WAP, data acquisition, transmission and process based on VPDN, GPSOne-based position service, and transmission, monitoring and control of video based on stream media.Information acquisition and release based on short messages is widely used for such industries as education, finance, and governmental sectors etc, for example, meeting notice, short message notice of official document transmission, educational affairs message, reminding account changing etc. With prevailing agree mobile phone, the existing OA of the professional users may be transferred to mobile WAP-based OA so that the professional users may conveniently access anytime and anywhere.Based on mobile operator’s CDMA1X mobile packet network, VPDN can provide such services as high-speed, safe and movable acquisition, transmission, and process of data for the professional users. The remote users can access the industrial intranet such ends as computer, data collector and mobile phone etc. anytime and anywhere via internet so that key data can be safely and conveniently be used, which has widely be applied for wireless ATM/POS in banking industry, wireless intellectual traffic management system of enterprises and institutes[4], monitoring system of safety and production in coal mine, wireless order management system for tobacco, monitoring and dispatching system of urban water supply, wireless transmission system of meteorological data, e-traffic police in public security industry, and wireless office of governmental sectors.GPSOne-based position service may realize such functions as precise positioning, route tracing, real-time dispatching, calling police for assistance, remote-control operation, and monitoring situation for vehicle etc[5], which may widely be used for such industries needing real-time acquisition of positioning information as industry and commerce, policing affairs, urban management, fire fighting, transportation, and logistics etc.Transmission, monitoring and control of video based on stream media is widely used for such industries as transportation, finance, fire fighting, and demolition etc, for example, on-vehicle video monitoring and control used for financial armored vehicle, fire fighter, supervision vehicle of urban management, emergency rescuer etc[6];the places that wire network unable to be accessed such as high voltage transmission line of electric power, expressway, temporary distribution and defense of public security detection, environmental monitoring, troop field drilling, fire protection for forest; the sites that persons can hardly access such as hazard sites with flammable and explosive substances, strong2010 International Forum on Information Technology and Applicationsepidemic zones and hazard areas with chemical and biological weapons etc.III.TRATEGY OF OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MOBILE INFORMATIONIZATION With evolution of technologies for mobile communication and computer, mobile informationization has become an important measure to promote management level and capability of production and operation for the professional customers, which is also a strategic decision that the operators response the stronger competition, create and development market, and realize sustainable development, of which effective implementation is an important research program that the operators and the entire industrial chain must challenge. The following explorations describe how to effectively realize operation and management of mobile informationization at six aspects i.e. industrial chain, commercial mode, organizational structure, development system, support of operation, and integration of promotion.A.Construction of Open Industrial Value ChainThe competition of mobile informationization is not only competition among the operators, but also that among the entire industrial chains keeping the operators as a leading role. The operators must construct effective cooperative mechanism to establish open, high-efficiency, and strong industrial value chain to rapidly meet the real and potential demands of the professional users with all kinds of advantages and resources[7].Firstly, The operators must open the technical specifications and standards to let all types of partner be involved into the developing business of mobile informationization application at fast speed and with high efficiency for playing their roles.Secondly, The operators shall adopt such means as “combined research and development, consigned to develop” etc to strengthen cooperation with partners, promote the value connotation of mobile informationization resolution, and rapidly response real demands of the users.And then, For pushing expansion of mobile informationization, actively strengthen cooperation with the agents, investors, software developer to jointly operate through utilization of their advantages in some industries for developing market and adoption of shared revenue.Finally, Because some professional users cannot understand demands of informationization, the operators will ask consultant and utilize industrial application developer. Link them with hardware equipment manufactures and system integrators to form a free and effective organization and find potential demands of users and help the operators promoting development of industrial application.B.Seeking Profitable Commercial ModeWin-win modes and profits can jointly be realized by SP, CP, SI, consulting company, system integrator, agent, and user only through effective commercial modes to ensure sustainable and sound development of mobile information. From practical situation of wuhan branch of China Unicom, reference of some innovated commercial modes may be made for no-paper office, customers’ relationship management, enterprise resources management, supply chain management of the professional users.Firstly, B-B-C commercial mode shall be established through extension toward the professional users’ customers. Not only do the operators serve for the professional users, but also they penetrate into the customer management flowof the professional users of mobile informationization to provide featured customer relationship resolution and create value for the professional users by means of short message.Secondly, B-B-E commercial mode shall be established through extension toward the employees of the professional users. The operators penetrate into the internal management flow of the professional users to enhance their management efficiency through mobile informationization. For example, for no-paper office, the operator may incorporate the message hints with the existing OA of the professional usersto realize such functions as reminding official document turnover, email notice, and information issue etc, which may either increase internal management efficiency of the professional users, or realize that the operator may integrally developed and maintain the professional users.C.Change of Organizational Structure and Configurationof Human ResourcesThe mobile informationization operation based on contents and application may essentially differ from the traditional voice operation. The mobile informationization features complicated products and requires providing one-stop resolution, which requires changes of the operators’ organizational structure and human resource configuration set for accommodation of 2G operating business. From practical situation of wuhan branch of China Unicom, establishment of specific promotion mechanism for informationization i.e. informationization promotion center under group customer department has been made. With reference of pre-sales, in-sales, and after-sales system in IT industry, the project team consisting of product manager, customer manager, and resolution group is responsible for promotion of mobile informationization. From this center, two or three persons having profound technical background and familiar with value added and mobile business are designated as resolution specialists of mobile informationization, who are responsible for deeply finding demands of mobile informationization together with the informationization department of the professional users. Determine design and implementation of integral resolutionof informationization with such IT manufactures as Huawei, ZTE, and FiberHome etc. The customer manager shall be responsible for pre-sales and after-sales business to develop market, visit to communicate, and maintain relationship with the customers. The product manager shall be responsible forin-sales business, who will visit to understand and initiate further demands of the professional customers to draft informationization resolution and submit to the specialists for review and revision so that the back end serves for the front end, the front end serves for the customers and all serve for the market according to the customer manager’s feedback and with his or her cooperation.D. Establishment of Flow and System for Product Development and Project Implementation Comparing with voice products, the mobile informationization products feature complication, customization, specialization, mainly oriented to group users, and large impacted range due to defects. Therefore, the flow and system shall be established to differ from product development and business promotion of voice business operation. For the product development, find the demands of existing and potential mobile information of the users through enhancing customer’s sense by standardized product database with general purpose plus specific purpose, cases of industrial application, and demonstration hall. After determination of demands, form unobstructed product-oriented development flow with high efficiency, high performance, and fast speed. For plan of investment and implementation of project, establish fast customer-oriented response mechanism. According to end-to-end one-stop marketing service requirements, set up a virtual intra-profession and intra-department team integrating with business, network, plan, and support etc to form uniform system of development and implementation with definitude responsibilities, service standards and requirements of time limit.E. Establishment of Powerful Operation Support System The industrial chain of mobile informationization is an open system, having complicated value chain, operation and settlement mode. It needs to establish a specific operation support system to support development of business [8]. Firstly, the system shall be required to have flexible charging and pricing principle which may support either on-line charging or off-line charging, support event charging, duration charging or session-based charging. It also supports such preferential such as accumulative scores and discounts etc. Secondly, the system must support end-to-end management of working flow to ensure turnover of information and contents between the partners and the operators themselves through effective implementation of business flow due to multiple partners. And then, For safety support, the operator’s interests shall be ensured to prevent from losing through complicated monitoring, control, fraud management and income guarantee measures and shall support safety and integrity of the users’ service. Finally, The system should flexibly be able to regulate all kinds of business process mode relating to business operation support system according to actual needs though setting regulations and provide adaptive capability to possible changes occurred in the future to meet the needs providing new business and new services for the customers in the future and the needs of competition and development for market.F. Integrated Marketing The mobile informationization resolution needs that the operator shall combine the external and internal resources to deploy Integrated Marketing. From practical situation of wuhan branch of China Unicom, the promotion may be summarized as the following eight aspects: 1) Brand marketing: It is obvious that brand effect may promote business. For example, GoTone released by China Mobile, World Wind launched by China Unicom have certain public praise, which promote and develop the business. Directing at application of mobileinformationization, Guangdong Mobile put forward “Power 100” business brand. However, it needs to be further discussed how the industrial application brand is positioned, how to implement influence, how to segment with business brand and how to promote each other. 2) Involvement of able person: On one hand, find some key roles acting as key position and able to solve key problems in the target users in the industry to give full play of strategy for public relation and rapidly open new situation; on the other hand, adoption of effective measures may be made to employ some able persons having strong social influence to penetrate into the inside of the target users in the industry. 3) Start from preaching with bringing in and going out: Construct demonstration feel hall for industrial application. Train the preaching force. Bring in the individual high-end users and professional users. Demonstrate application of new technology and new business for mobile communication in all kinds of industry. Display advantages of business and resolution at various points of view and different levels. Promotion may widely be made penetrating into professional users in flexible way to bring in customers and make business go out. 4) Classify them with regard to importance and focus on importance: On one hand, optimize to choose the important industries implementing informationization from diversified industries in the society. For example, financial industry, governmental sectors and logistic industry may be priority; on the other hand, step-by-step implementation shall be made through determination of important business demands in relevant industries according to features of each industry and attention points to informationization demands. For example, firstly meet the specific-purpose demands of data transmission with high-safety requirement in financial industry by means of wireless POS and wireless ATM and then meet the general-purpose demands of wireless office and customer relationship management for the purpose of enhancing working efficiency and saving costs andexpenditures. 5) Make breakthroughs on the key issues and promote work in all areas by drawing upon experience gained in thework on key points: The points means the industrial seed users having better customer relationship or urgent demands of mobile informationization with the operators. Establish breakthrough strategy and propaganda and promotion proposal according to actual situation. During industrial development, concentration on seed users can not only bring about breakthrough, but also can form industrial benchmark to drive application of spreading and following users. 6) Strategy of key persons: The key persons can play a critical role for that the professional users select operators and for progress of business promotion, which may realizeaccumulative scores and uniform payment according to informationization application degree. Link the preferential consuming of the key persons with integrated accumulative scores of the professional users.7) Design marketing scene: Comparing with voice communication, industrial application needs participation of key persons playing various roles from professional users. Therefore, marketing scene needs to be carefully designed. For example, for informationization department of professional users, place extra emphasis on technical realization of proposal; for financial department, place extra emphasis on promotion of benefits, for the leaders, emphasis will be placed on promotion of management efficiency.8) Strengthen maintenance and enhance royalty: At present, the operators should transfer emphasis on maintenance of existing users from development of new users due to rapid spread in use of mobile communication. Comparing with voice business, industrial application features higher adhesion degree. However, the competitors may also transfer the professional users wholly by means of better services. The operators also need to enhance maintaining relationship to the professional users and enhance accessibility and cost / performance ratio of industrial application service. cultivate the industrial application as an integral part of working and living for the professional users to enhance their royalty to the operators.IV.CONCLUSIONAt present, mobile informationization application has been extended into each sector such as management, finance, production, operation, and sales etc. of government, enterprise and institute. Establishment of industry and informationization department marks that mobile informationization may express higher expectation for such aspects as restructuring flow of traditional industries, rebuilding enterprise and improvement of service etc.With development of 3G, the transmission speed and service quality of mobile network will greatly be improved, which can support more informationization application. Further in-depth development will be made for mobile informationization so that more innovative application will be emerged to push and drive social development.R EFERENCES[1]HUI Min，The Mobile City System and Its Vision[J]. ZTECommunications, Shenzhen, 2007,13(4):24-27[2]JIANG Peihua ，Initial Analysis on The Solution ofInformationization Based on Mobile[J]. Designing Techniques of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 2006, 4：58-61[3]HU Tao，The application of mobile value-added service in logisticsenterprises[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Social Sciences Edition), Beijing, 2006，2：52-56[4]LIU Dan ，Corporation Personnel Management Based on GIS andMobile Location Technology[J]. Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences), Wuhan, 2006，31(5)：693-698[5]HUANG Min，overhead transmission line Wireless VideoSurveillance System Based on the CDMA1X[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, Beijing, 2007,31(5)：105-107[6]LIN Yang, Research on organizing modes of value-added service[D],Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Master's thesis，Beijing, 2007，p27-36[7]WANG RongJun，Analyse of the Business Operation Support Systemfor Mobile Value-Added Service[J]，Telecom Engineering Technics and Standardization,Beijing, 2008,(04) :26-30[8]XIAO Feng，Research of the Bundling Marketing Strategy ofMAVS[D]，Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Master's thesis, Beijing, 2007，p32-36。

副主席(按姓氏字母)

I. Mezić University of California, Santa Barbara, USA J.L. Moiola Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina M. Ogorzalek University of AGH, Poland C. Pierre McGill University, Canada P. Pokorny Institute of Chemical Technology, Czech J.S. Rao Vibration Institute of India, India J. Šklíba Technical University, Czech Republic D. Soeffker Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Germany P. Sooraksa KingMongkut’sInstituteofTechnologyLadkrabang,Thailand J.Q. Sun University of California, Merced, USA C.W.S. To University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA 谢智刚香港理工大学
科学委员会（按姓氏字母） D.K. Arrowsmith Queen Mary University of London, UK M.A. Aziz-Alaoui University of Le Harvre, France A.K. Bajaj Purdue University, USA S. Banerjee Indian Institute of Technology, India M. di Bernardo University of Naples, Italy S. Celikovsky Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech 陈立群上海大学陈树辉中山大学 X. Chen University of Windsor, Canada 褚福磊清华大学戴晖辉香港城市大学 M.Z. Ding University of Florida, USA Z.S. Feng University of Texas-Pan American, USA A.L. Fradkov Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia M.G. Goman De Montfort University, UK 郭永新辽宁大学 K.S. Hedrih Mechanical Engineering University of Nis, Yugoslavia D.J. Hill Australian National University, Australia

IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage Differential Signals (LVDS) for Scalable

IEEE Std 1596.3-1996
IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage Differential Signals (LVDS) for Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI)
Sponsor
Microprocessor and Microcomputer Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society
IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA

硝酸铵热危险性综合研究

(5) Ammonium nitrate oxidizing is classified as category 2. The tag symbol of solid ammonium nitrate is "flame in the ring", the signal word is "risk", and the risk illustration is “possible fuel combustion improver; antioxidant”.
Key words: ammonium nitrate, solid, solution, thermal hazard, wood powder, chloride ion
中北大学学位论文
（6）通过 C600 微量热仪测试，硝酸铵固体在密闭环境下在 271.6℃发生放热分解，加入水形成溶液后，起始分解温度在浓度 80%时低于纯硝酸铵，浓度 90%放热量大于纯硝酸铵放热量。混入 Cl-后，硝酸铵水溶液的热分解温度显著减小，随着 Cl-含量增大又呈现逐渐升高的趋势。
中北大学学位论文
and heat quantity increase. (2) When the ammonium nitrate in packing state was heated under high temperature
surface heating, there was no ignition burning before melting point; when mixed with wood powder, after severe burn in around 220℃, with the increase of the content of wood powder, the ignition temperature was on the decline.

2010第三届IEEE计算机与电气工程国际会议论文模板

Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)
line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization line 2: name of organization, acronyms acceptable line 3: City, Country line 4: e-mail: name@
Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. DO NOT USE SPECIAL CHARACTERS, SYMBOLS, OR MATH IN YOUR TITLE OR ABSTRACT. (Abstract) Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)
would be the use of English units as identifiers in trade, such as “3.5-inch disk drive”. Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity that you use in an equation. Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter”, not “webers/m2”. Spell out units when they appear in text: “. . . a few henries”, not “. . . a few H”. Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”.

在iee中引用的缩写

在iee中引用的缩写
在IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers）中引用的缩写有很多，以下是一些常见的缩写及其含义：
1. IEEE，电气和电子工程师协会（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers）。

2. IAS，工业应用协会（Industry Applications Society）。

3. PES，电力和能源学会（Power & Energy Society）。

4. CS，计算机协会（Computer Society）。

5. APS，天线和传播学会（Antennas and Propagation Society）。

6. VTS，汽车技术学会（Vehicular Technology Society）。

7. CASS，电路与系统学会（Circuits and Systems Society）。

8. SSCS，固态电路学会（Solid-State Circuits Society）。

9. WIE，女性工程师（Women in Engineering）。

10. RAS，机器人学与自动化学会（Robotics and Automation Society）。

这些缩写代表了IEEE旗下的不同学会和部门，涵盖了电气工程、计算机科学、通信技术、能源、自动化等多个领域。

这些缩写在学
术论文、会议论文以及IEEE出版物中经常被引用和提及。

IEEE作
为国际上最大的专业技术组织之一，其相关缩写在工程技术领域具
有广泛的影响力和应用范围。

《信息检索》模拟考试试题

《信息检索》模拟试题（一）一、填空1. 小王在某个数据库中检索到了50篇文献，查准率和查全率分别为40％、80％，则全部相关文档有 25 篇。

2. INTERNET是基于 TCP/IP 协议的。

3. TXT 。

文件类型是文本文件。

4. 多数网页采用HTML编写，这里的HTML指的是：超文本标识语言。

5. 目录型搜索引擎主要提供族性检索模式，索引型搜索引擎主要提供特性检索模式。

6. 在使用搜索引擎检索时，URL:ustc可以查到网址中带有ustc的网页。

7. 根据索引编制方式的不同，可以将搜索引擎分为索引型搜索引擎和网络目录型搜索引擎。

8. 按文献的相对利用率来划分，可以把文献分为核心文献、相关文献、边缘文献。

9. 定期（多于一天）或不定期出版的有固定名称的连续出版物是期刊。

10. 检索工具具有两个方面的职能：存储职能、检索职能。

11. 以单位出版物为着录对象的检索工具为：目录。

12. 将文献作者的姓名按字顺排列编制而成的索引称为：作者索引。

13. 利用原始文献所附的参考文献，追踪查找参考文献的原文的检索方法称为追溯法，又称为引文法。

14. 已知一篇参考文献的着录为：”Levitan, K. B. Information resourcemanagement. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP,1986”，该作者的姓是：Levitan 。

15. 检索语言可分为两大类：分类语言、主题词语言。

16. LCC指的是美国国会图书馆分类法。

17. 当检索关键词具有多个同义词和近义词时，容易造成漏检，使得查全率较低。

18. 主题词的规范化指的是词和概念一一对应，一个词表达一个概念。

19. 国际上通常根据内容将数据库划分为：参考数据库、源数据库、混合数据库。

20. 查询关键词为短语"DATA OUTPUT"，可以用位置算符(W)改写为： DATA (W)OUTPUT 。

21. 着录参考文献时，对于三个以上的着者，可以在第一着者后面加上 et al. ，代表"等人"的意思。

A UWB Dipole Antenna With Enhanced Impedance and Gain Performance

A UWB Dipole Antenna With EnhancedImpedance and Gain Performance Xue Ni Low,Zhi Ning Chen,Fellow,IEEE,and Terence S.P.SeeAbstract—A planar dipole antenna is proposed with enhanced impedance and gain performance across an ultrawideband(UWB) operating bandwidth of3.1–10.6GHz.The proposed antenna con-sists of two semi-elliptical-ended arms connected by a shorting bridge.With the shorting bridge,the length of the antenna is re-duced and the radiation performance in terms of gain is improved especially at higher frequencies.The performance of the proposed antenna is validated experimentally using a wideband balun to realize the microstrip-co-planar strip transition.The results show that the proposed antenna can achieve a gain of2.4–6.2dBi across a VSWR=2impedance bandwidth of118%(2.8–10.9GHz). The time domain responses of pulsed UWB signals through con-ventional and proposed antennas are compared.Furthermore,a parametric study is performed to provide antenna engineers with the information about the design.Index Terms—Antenna gain,dipole,ultrawideband(UWB).I.I NTRODUCTIONT HE release of an extremely wide spectrum from3.1–10.6GHz with a limit to the emission level of41.3dBm/MHz by the Federal Communication Commis-sion(FCC)for emerging commercial microwave ultrawideband (UWB)applications has greatly spurred the research and development of microwave UWB technology for communi-cations,imaging,radar,and localization applications[1].One of promising commercial UWB applications is in the area of consumer electronics with short-range but high-data-rate wireless connection[1]–[6].In a variety of UWB applications,the antennas for portable devices are playing critical roles with special requirements of broadband impedance matching,acceptable gain,and consistent radiation patterns[2].So,the small/compact design is strongly ually,the requirement for small design limits the per-formance of antennas as size affects the gain and bandwidth of the antenna signiﬁcantly.Thus,miniaturization of the an-tenna with a broad impedance bandwidth and acceptable gain is a challenging task.In view of the criteria imposed upon UWB antennas, monopole and dipole-type antennas have been widely em-ployed in UWB devices[3],[4].Along with the developmentManuscript received February20,2008;revised October13,2008.First pub-lished July28,2009;current version published October07,2009.The authors are with Institute for Infocomm Research,138632Singapore (e-mail:lowxueni@;chenzn@.sg;spsee@i2r.a-star. edu.sg).Color versions of one or more of theﬁgures in this paper are available online at .Digital Object Identiﬁer10.1109/TAP.2009.2028541in the manufacture of microwave printed circuits,increasing amount of research efforts are devoted to printed dipoles for their low cost,low proﬁle,and suitability for integration with feed network.The most common printed dipole has been reported early in[7]and its operating bandwidth is40%for .Since then,dipoles of different geometries [8]–[14]have evolved to improve impedance matching across a broad bandwidth.Despite the widened impedance bandwidth, the gain of the antennas at certain direction is also an important consideration for system performance.Therefore,there is still big room to improve the radiation performance of dipole antennas in terms of consistent gain at the direction of interest because the variation of the gain will distort short pulses or signals used in UWB systems although the phase response is linear[2].There are several wideband antennas with constant gain proﬁle in the direction of interest such as the Vivaldi and the“bunny-ear”antenna.However such antennas are bulky in size or have a high proﬁle[15],[16].This paper presents a printed dipole antenna with consis-tent gain at the direction perpendicular to the planar structure across whole UWB band of3.1–10.6GHz.The arms of antenna are connected by a shorting bridge for reduction of arm length and increases in maximum gain at the higher frequencies for a consistent gain response over the achieved bandwidth.The en-hancement of gain and gain stability is conducive to pulse-based UWB systems as an UWB antenna may function as a bandpass ﬁlter and distort the waveforms of radiated/received pulses[2], [17].The performance of the proposed antenna is examined in both frequency and time domains.II.A NTENNA D ESIGN AND P ERFORMANCEThe geometry of the antenna is shown in Fig.1.The param-eters are asfollows,mm,mm,mm,mm,mm.mm,mm, mm,and mm.The proposed antenna is printed on a substrate of thickness 0.8mmand.The antenna lies inthe plane with its normal direction is parallel tothe-axis.The two arms of the dipole are of the same dimensions and connected via a shorting bridge.The arms are excited by a differential input RF signal. The inner sections of the arms are tapered for better impedance matching.Thedimensionsand are chosen such that the impedance of the slotline is100.With the shorting bridge, the antenna becomes a combination of a dipole and loop.The following discussion is based on the simulation by using IE3D, a method of moment based software package.Fig.2compares the simulated return losses for the proposed antenna and the case without the shorting bridge.It is seen that0018-926X/$26.00©2009IEEEFig.1.Geometry of the proposedantenna.parison of simulated return losses of the dipole with and without shorting bridge.the shorting bridge helps to reduce the lower edge frequency of impedance bandwidth from 4.3GHz to 3GHz because the shorting bridge increases current length by providing a direct current path across the two arms.As a result,the arm lengthsof dipole can be reduced fromtypicalto(corre-sponding to that of the lower edge frequency)at the price of a slight increase in width.Fig.3(a)and (b)show the magnitude and phase of the trans-mission response for the antennas with and without shorting bridge using the method suggested in [4]where a pair of iden-tical antennas was used as transmit and receive antenna,respec-tively and positioned face to face at a distance of 1m.It can be seen that the antennas with the shorting bridge have a ﬂatter transmission magnitude response as compared to the antennas without the shorting bridge which suffers a rapid decrease in the transmission above 8GHz.The phase responses for both the an-tennas are generally linear across the impedance bandwidth.Fig.4shows that the shorting bridge increases the max-imum gain of dipole across the entire UWB bandwidth of 3.1–10.6GHz especially at the higher frequencies.It alsoreduces the variation of the gain inthedirection from about 8dBi in the case of dipole without the shorting bridge to less than 3dBi for the proposed antenna.Fig.5(a)and (b)show the average current distributions of the proposed antenna as well as the antenna without the shorting bridge at 3GHz.It is evident from Fig.5(b)that the horizontal components of the current along the two tapered edges oftheFig.3.(a)Magnitude response.(b)Phase response for antennas with and without shortingbridge.parison of peak gain and gain in 6z direction of dipole antenna with and without the shorting bridge.antenna are in the opposite direction (as depicted by the dotted region).This results in the cancellation of part of the radiated energy,and thus limits the overall gain of the antenna.In the case of the proposed antenna,the current is directed towards the shorting bridge.This reduction of the current density along the tapered edges leads to less cancellation of energy,thus in-creasing the maximum gain of the antenna.At higher frequencies,the conventional dipole is no longeradipole.Therefore,radiation patterns will be distorted.Fig.6(b)shows the average current distribution on the conven-tional dipole at 9GHz.Due to the difference in current length,the currents along the two parallel edges of the radiating arms are out of phase.This gives rise to the cancellation in energy that eventually limits the achievable maximum gain and distorts the radiation patterns.The shorting bridge helps to alleviate this problem.Fig.6(a)shows that the current on the arms becomes very weak and does not contribute to the resultant radiation patterns.At higherLOW et al.:A UWB DIPOLE ANTENNA WITH ENHANCED IMPEDANCE AND GAIN PERFORMANCE2961Fig.5.Average current distributions of (a)proposed antenna and (b)antenna without shorting bridge at 3GHz.Fig.6.Average current distributions of (a)proposed antenna and (b)dipole antenna without shorting bridge at 9GHz.frequencies,the length of the shorting bridge isapproximately.As such,the shorting bridge is the main radiator,behaving likea dipole.On top of that,the resultant current along the tapered edges of the antenna is in phase with that of the shorting bridge,increasing the maximum gain.The resultant radiation patterns are slightly directional as the tapered edges of the an-tenna acts as the reﬂector to the shorting bridge.The proposed antenna has both electric and magnetic dipole moments,and the dipole moments are at a right angle.At higher frequencies,theproposed antenna behaves likeaantenna [18].The radia-tion patterns of the proposed antenna as well as that of the dipole without the shorting bridge at 9GHz are as shown in Fig.7.The simulated radiation patterns for the proposed antenna for 3.0GHz,6.0GHz,and 9.0GHz are as shown in Fig.8.III.A NTENNA M EASUREMENTThe proposed antenna was tested by using a wideband balun proposed in [19].The balun used a Chebyshev three-sectiontransformer (ripplelevel)described in [20]to trans-form a50input port to a155output port as shown in Fig.9.The striplines are printed on the same substrate as the antenna and a ground plane on the underside of the substrate as indi-cated by dotted-line.The section impedances of the transformer are124,87,and61,respectively.Since the gap of the coplanar stripeline (CPS)and the slotline are the same,the ﬁeld matching can be easily obtained.With tapered lines,the CPS of155gradually changes to a100slotline to feed the antenna.To maximize the radiation,the proposed antenna is placedsuchparison of simulated radiation patterns of antennas with and without shorting bridge at 9GHz in the (a)xz plane (cross-polarization levels <020dB);(b)yz plane,and (c)xy plane (cross-polarization levels <020dB).that it is approximatelya at 6.85GHz from the edge of the ground plane for measurement purpose.The effect of the ground plane on the performance of the antenna will be taken into account when the antenna is integrated into the system.The balun is designed at the centre frequency of 6.85GHz.Fig.10shows the return loss for the proposed antenna with and without the balun and that without the balun.It can be observed that the balun introduces additional resonances to the antenna.Due to the limited bandwidth of the balun,the impedance band-width of the prototype is compromised.The gain of the antenna is also affected by the balun as shown in Fig.11.There is an increase in peak gain at the lower fre-quencies as the ground plane of the balun acts as a reﬂector and increases the directivity of the antenna.However,the balun ex-periences a higher loss at the upper frequencies and thus causing the peak gain to fall as compared to the antenna without thebalun.The increase in ﬂuctuation in the gain inthedirec-tion is attributed to the distortion of radiation patterns due to the2962IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL.57,NO.10,OCTOBER 2009Fig.8.Simulated radiation patterns for proposed antenna at 3,6,and 9GHz in the (a)xz ,(b)yz ,and (c)xyplane.Fig.9.Geometry of antenna prototype withbalun.Fig.10.Return losses of antennas with and without balun.leaky radiation from the balun.The back-to-back insertion loss of the balun is measured as shown in Fig.12.IV .E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONSA.Performance in Frequency DomainThis design was simulated using IE3D,and followed by ex-perimental veriﬁcation.The returnloss,,measurement was taken using an HP8510C vector network analyzer,and com-pared to the simulated ones as shown in Fig.13.ThemeasuredFig.11.Peak gain and gain in the 6z direction of proposed antenna with and withoutbalun.Fig.12.Back-to-back insertion loss of balun for proposedantenna.Fig.13.Return loss of antenna prototype.and simulated results are in good agreement.The antenna is wellmatched withachieveddB across the frequency range of 2.8–10.9GHz.Slight discrepancy between the mea-sured and simulated results is observed.This may be caused by the inﬁnite and ﬁnite substrates used in the simulation and mea-surement,respectively.The simulated and measured radiation patterns in the three principle planes are compared at 3.0GHz,6.0GHz,and 9.0GHz as shown in Fig.14(a)–(c).There is good agreement between the simulated and the measured radiation patterns.The steps in width of the balun give rise to spurious radiation that result in the high cross-polarization level.The measured and simulated gain discussed is obtained by summing the insertion loss and the gain at each frequency.This is done to compensate for the loss experienced in the balun.LOW et al.:A UWB DIPOLE ANTENNA WITH ENHANCED IMPEDANCE AND GAIN PERFORMANCE2963parison of measured and simulated radiation patterns at 3.0GHz,6.0GHz,and 9.0GHz in the (a)xz-plane.Fig.14.(Continued).Comparison of measured and simulated radiation pat-terns at 3.0GHz,6.0GHz,and 9.0GHz in the (b)yz -plane.Fig.15shows the comparison between the measured and simu-lated peak gain and gain inthe direction of the antennapro-Fig.14.(Continued).Comparison of measured and simulated radiation pat-terns at 3.0GHz,6.0GHz,and 9.0GHz in the (c)xy-plane.Fig.15.Measured and simulated peak and gain in the 6z direction.totype.The measured and simulated results are in good agree-ment.Fluctuation of the gain inthedirection can be ob-served especially at the higher frequencies.This is the result of manufacturing tolerance and sensitivity of the antenna at high frequency.An optimized conventional dipole,matched across the fre-quency range of 3.1–10.6GHz,was also fabricated and mea-sured.The optimized length of the conventional dipole is found to be 20%longer than that of the proposed dipole.The measuredpeak gain and gain inthedirection of the two antennas are shown in Fig.16.Even though the proposed antenna is electrically smaller,its peak gain is comparable to that of the conventional dipole.Fur-thermore,the proposed antenna has a more constant gain proﬁleinthedirection than the conventional dipole.2964IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL.57,NO.10,OCTOBER2009Fig.16.Measured peak and gain in the6z direction of the conventional dipole antenna and the proposed antenna.B.Performance in the Time DomainIn UWB systems,it is very important to know the impact of the channel from a transmit antenna to a receive antenna on the signals,in particular,the waveforms of the pulses re-ceived at the output of the receive antenna[4],[21].The dis-tortion of the pulse waveform can be suppressed by optimizing the source pulses and antenna performance with aﬂat response over the whole bandwidth of interest[20],[22].Alternatively, the characteristics of transmit antennas can be designed to have a“half-derivative”to realize the dispersionless channel[21]. The received pulses for the antennas with and without the shorting bridge were also investigated for the single-band scheme using a sine-modulated Gaussian pulse as well as the multi-band scheme,where the UWB band is divided into15 sub-bands.In this study,a pair of identical antennas is oriented face-to-face and separated at1m from each other.In this study,a source pulseof ps and modulatedat4GHz,6.85GHz,and8.3GHz was used.Fig.17(a),(b) show the normalized source spectrum and pulses,respectively. The modulation frequencies that were chosen correspond to the centre frequency of the lower(3.1–5GHz),upper(6–10.6GHz), and whole UWB band(3.1–10.6GHz).Fig.18(a)–(c)show the received pulses for each modulation frequency where the wave-forms have been normalized at the frequency for comparison. It can be observed that the amplitude of the waveform for the antenna with shorting bridge is generally larger with less dis-tortion,at6.85and8.3GHz because the majority of the en-ergy of the source pulse can be received as shown in Fig.18(a) and can pass the transmit and receive antennas well as shown in Fig.18(b),(c).At the lowest frequency of4GHz,the an-tenna without shorting bridge experiences a spread in the wave-form because part of energy of the source pulse is located out of the operating bandwidth,which will beﬁltered by the antenna. There is generally little ringing produced by both the antennas, which is due to the linear phase responses shown in Fig.3(b). In the multi-band scheme,the UWB band is divided into 15equal sub-bands with500MHz–10dB bandwidths and the corresponding waveforms of source pulses are shown in Fig.19(a).The central frequency for theﬁrst sub-band is 3.35GHz,with an interval of0.5GHz between each sub-band.The pulseparameter ps was chosen so as to obtainthe500MHz–10dB bandwidth for each pulse.The received pulses through the face-to-face oriented antennas areshown Fig.17.(a)Source spectrum and(b)source pulses at4GHz,6.85GHz,and 8.3GHz.Fig.18.Received waveforms for the single-band scheme using a Gaussian pulse modulated at(a)4GHz(b)6.85GHz(c)8.3GHz.in Fig.19(b),(c).It can be seen that the amplitudes are not constant for different sub-bands,which is due to non-constant magnitude response as shown in Fig.3(a).However,as com-pared to the antenna without shorting bridge,the amplitudes at the different sub-bands for the antenna with the shorting bridge are higher and relatively constant.V.P ARAMETRIC S TUDYA parametric study was carried out for all parameters of the antenna using IE3D software package.Of all investigated design parameters,four of them,namely length,width,length of the horizontal branch of the shortingbridge,and the length of the vertical branch of the shortingbridge are important in determining the performance of the antenna.A.LengthBy increasing the length from38to42mm,the lower edge frequency of the antenna shifts down while leaving the upper edge frequency constant.The corresponding changes in gain and radiation patterns are found to be insigniﬁcant.This allows the antenna to be tuned to resonate in the desired frequency band without compromising its performance.LOW et al.:A UWB DIPOLE ANTENNA WITH ENHANCED IMPEDANCE AND GAIN PERFORMANCE2965Fig.19.Received waveforms for the multi-band scheme (a)source pulse;(b)antenna without shorting bridge;(c)antenna with shortingbridge.Fig.20.Return loss of proposed antenna of different length,l.Fig.21.Return loss of antenna with different,w .B.Width and Length of Horizontal Branch of ShortingBridgeAs the width of the radiating arms is reduced from 11mm to 9mm,the upper edge frequency is shifted up while the lower edge frequency remains relatively constant.The same trend is observed from Fig.22when the length of the horizontal branch of the shortingbridge is reduced.The corresponding changes in gain and radiation patterns are found to be insigniﬁcant.The three parameters discussed above can be used to tune the antenna to operate at the desired band.However,as the ratioofFig.22.Return loss of antenna with different,l.Fig.23.Impedance locus of antenna with different,l.Fig.24.Return loss of antenna with different,l .the upper edge frequency to the lower edge frequency becomes too large,the antenna will be operating in a dual-band mode.C.Length of the Vertical Branch of the ShortingBridgeThe length of the vertical branch of the shorting bridge has to be carefully chosen so as to achieve a wide impedance band-width.Whenthe is small,the two tapered edges of the an-tenna will be at a close proximity to each other.This increases the coupling between the two edges.Strong coupling results in ahigh -factor which is indicated by the large impedance locuswhenmm as shown in Fig.23.As is increased to 18mm,the coupling between the tapered edges reduces as they are now further apart.The impedance locus shrinks and thus achieves better impedance matching.The corresponding return loss plot is shown in Fig.24.2966IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL.57,NO.10,OCTOBER 2009VI.C ONCLUSIONAn UWB dipole antenna with a shorting bridge has been pre-sented in this paper.The shorting bridge has been introduced to reduce the length of the dipole and enhance the radiation perfor-mance in terms of the maximum gain and stability of gain re-sponse inthedirection.A wideband balun has been used so as to measure the proposed dipole antenna.The performance of the proposed antenna has been examined in both frequency and time domains for both the single-band and multi-band schemes.The proposed antenna has showed the advantages of the ﬂat gain response in frequency domain or the less distortion of wave-forms in time domain over the conventional dipole antenna.A detailed parametric study of this antenna has been carried out.The variables for tuning the upper and lower-edge frequencies independently have been identiﬁed.R EFERENCES[1]First Report and Order ,Federal Communications Commission (FCC),Feb.2002.[2]European IST FP5Project Power Aware Communications for WirelessOptimised Personal Area Networks (PACWOMAN),[Online].Avail-able:http://www.imec.be/pacwoman Apr.2007[3]European IST FP6Project MAGNET ,[Online].Available:http://www. Apr.2007[4]Z.N.Chen,X.H.Wu,H.F.Li,N.Yang,and M.Y.W.Chia,“Consid-erations for source pulses and antennas in UWB radio systems,”IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.,vol.52,no.7,pp.1739–1748,Jul.2004.[5]Z.N.Chen,M.J.Ammann,X.Qing,X.H.Wu,T.S.P.See,and A.Cai,“Planar antenna:Promising solutions for microwave UWB appli-cations,”IEEE Microw.Mag.,pp.63–73,Dec.2006.[6]Z.N.Chen,T.S.P.See,and X.Qing,“Small ground-independentplanar UWB antenna,”in Proc.Antennas Propag.Soc.Int.Symp.,Jul.9–14,2006,pp.1635–1638.[7]B.Edward and D.Rees,“A broadband printed dipole with integratedbalun,”Microw.J.,pp.339–344,May 1987.[8]A.Horita and H.Iwasaki,“Planar trapezoid dipole antenna,”in Proc.Antennas Propag.Soc.Int.Symp.,Jul.3–8,2005,vol.2B,pp.540–543.[9]J.P.Zhang,Y.S.Xu,and W.D.Wang,“Ultra-wideband microstrip-fedplanar elliptical dipole antenna,”Electron.Lett.,vol.42,no.3,pp.144–145,Feb.2006.[10]K.Kiminami,A.Hirata,and T.Shiozawa,“Double-sided printedbow-tie antenna for UWB communications,”Antennas Wireless Propag.Lett.,vol.3,no.1,pp.152–153,2004.[11]E.Lule,T.Babi,and K.Siwiak,“Diamond dipole antenna for ultra-wideband communications,”Microw.Opt.Tech.Lett.,vol.46,no.6,pp.536–538,Jul.2005.[12]W.Y.Li,K.L.Wong,and S.W.Su,“Ultra-wideband planar shorteddipole antenna with two c-shaped arms for wireless communications,”Microw.Opt.Tech.Lett.,vol.49,no.5,pp.1132–1135,Mar.2007.[13]N.Telzhensky and Y.Leviatan,“Planar differential elliptical UWB an-tenna optimization,”IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.,vol.54,no.11,pp.3400–3406,Nov.2006.[14]M.A.Peyrot-Solis,G.M.Galvan-Tejada,and H.Jardon-Aguilar,“State of the art on ultra-wideband antennas,”in Proc.Int.Conf.EEE ,Sep.7–9,2005,pp.101–105.[15]P.J.Gibson,“The Vivaldi aerial,”in Proc.Eur.Microw.Conf.,Oct.1979,pp.101–105.[16]A.M.Abbosh and M.E.Bialkowski,“A UWB directional antennafor microwave imaging applications,”in Proc.Int.Symp.Antennas Propag.,Jun.9–15,2007,pp.5709–5712.[17]Z.N.Chen,“UWB antennas:From hype,promise to reality,”in Proc.Loughborough Antennas Propag.Conf.,Apr.2–3,2007,pp.19–22.[18]J.McLean and G.Crook,“P 2M antennas for immunity testing andother ﬁeld generation applications,”in Proc.Int.Symp.IEEE pat.,1999,vol.2,pp.624–628.[19]W.H.Tu and K.Chang,“Wide-band microstrip-to-coplanar stripline/slotline transitions,”IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech.,vol.54,no.3,pp.1084–1089,Mar.2006.[20]D.M.Pozar ,Microwave Engineering .New York:Wiley,1998,ch.5.[21]J.S.Tyo,“Self-compensating antenna concept for a dispersionlessUWB propagation channel,”IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.,vol.56,no.5,pp.1491–1494,May 2008.[22]D.M.Shan,Z.N.Chen,and X.H.Wu,“Signal optimization for UWBradio systems,”IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.,vol.53,no.7,pp.2178–2184,Jul.2005.[23]D.M.Pozar,“Waveform optimizations for ultrawideband radio sys-tems,”IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.,vol.51,no.9,pp.2335–2345,Sep.2003.Xue Ni Low was born in Singapore,in 1985.She re-ceived the B.Eng.degree in electrical and electronic engineering from the Nanyang Technological Uni-versity,Singapore.She worked with the Institute for Infocomm Re-search,Singapore for her Industrial Attachment and Final Year Project,2007–2008.Zhi Ning Chen (M’99–SM’05–F’08)received the B.Eng.,M.Eng.,and Ph.D.degrees from the Institute of Communications Engineering,China,in 1985,1988,1993,and the Do.E.degree from the University of Tsukuba,Japan,in 2003,all in electrical engineering.Since 1988,he has been with the Institute for Communications Engineering,Southeast Univer-sity,City University of Hong Kong,University of Tsukuba,and IBM Thomas J.Watson Research Center,with teaching and research appointments.Heis now working as Principal Scientist and Department Head for RF &Optical.He has published more than 270papers,four book chapters,and four books.Dr.Chen founded IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iW AT).He is a Fellow of the IEEE and an IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Distinguished Lecturer(2008–2010).Terence S.P.See received the B.Eng.and M.Eng.degrees in electrical engineering from the Na-tional University of Singapore in 2002and 2004,respectively.In 2004,he joined the Institute for Infocomm Re-search,Singapore.He is currently holding the posi-tion of Senior Research Engineer in the Antenna Lab under the RF and Optical Systems Department.His main research interests include antenna design and theory,particularly in small and broadband antennas and arrays,diversity antennas,antennas for portabledevices,and antennas for on-body communications.。

软件工程术语表

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Q (86)QA (86)qualifier限定词 (86)qualityassurance(QA)质量保证 (86)18. R (86)racecondition竞争状态 (86)rank等级 (86)rationale理由 (86)RDBMS (87)receiveamessage接收消息 (87)receiverobject接收方对象 (87)reception接收 (87)reference引用 (87)refinement改进 (87)relationship关系 (87)release发布版 (88)releasemanager发布经理 (88) RemoteMethodInvocation(RMI)远程方法调用 (88) RemoteProcedureCall(RPC)远程过程调用 (88) report报告 (88)repository储存库 (89)requirement需求 (89)requirementattribute需求属性 (89) requirements需求 (89) requirementsmanagement需求管理 (89) requirementstracing需求跟踪 (89) requirementtype需求类型 (89) resourcefile资源文件 (90) responsibility职责 (90)result结果 (90)resurrect反串行化 (90)review评审 (90)reuse复用 (90)rework返工 (90)RFC (90)RMI (91)RMIcompilerRMI编译器 (91) RMIregistryRMI注册表 (91)risk风险 (91)role角色 (91)RPC (91)RSA (91)rule规则 (91)19. S (92)S/MIME (92)sandbox沙箱 (92)scenario场景 (92) scopemanagement范围管理 (92) semanticvariationpoint语义分歧点 (92) sendamessage发送消息 (92) senderobject发送方对象 (93)SEPA (93)sequencediagram序列图 (93)serialize串行化 (93)server服务器 (93)Servlet (93)SET (94)severity严重性 (94)SHTTP (94)signal信号 (94)signature签名 (94)singleinheritance单重继承 (94)singlevalued单值 (94)single-bytecharacterset单字节字符集 (95)SMTP (95)SNMP (95)SocketSecure套接字保护 (95)SOCKS (95)softwarearchitecture软件构架 (95)SoftwareEngineeringProcessAuthority(SEPA)软件工程过程管理委员会 (96)softwareengineeringprocessgroup(SEPG)软件工程过程组 (96) softwarerequirement软件需求 (96)softwarerequirementsspecifications(SRS)软件需求规约 (96)softwarespecificationreview(SSR)软件规约评审 (96)specification规约 (96)SQL (96)SRR (96)SRS (97)SSL (97)SSR (97)stakeholder受益者，涉众 (97)stakeholderneed涉众需要 (97) stakeholderrequest涉众请求 (97)Startpage起始页 (97)state状态 (97)statechartdiagram状态图 (98)statemachine状态机 (98)staticartifact静态工件 (98) staticclassification静态分类 (98) staticinformation静态信息 (98)stereotype构造型 (98)stimulus激励 (99)structuralfeature结构特性 (99) structuralmodelaspect模型的结构侧重面 (99)stub桩模块 (99)subactivitystate子活动状态 (99)subclass子类 (99)submachinestate子机状态 (99)substate子状态 (100)subsystem子系统 (100)subtype子类型 (100)superclass超类 (100)supertype超类型 (100)supplier提供端 (100)swimlane泳道 (101)synchstate同步状态 (101) synchronousaction同步操作 (101) systemrequirementsreview(SRR)系统需求评审 (101) 20. T (102)taggedvalue标注值 (102)task任务 (102)TCP (102)TCP/IP (102)teamleader团队负责人 (102) technicalauthority技术权威 (102) Telnet (103)template模板 (103)test测试 (103)testcase测试用例 (103) testcoverage测试覆盖 (103) testdriver测试驱动程序 (103) testitem测试项 (103) testprocedure测试过程 (104) thinclient瘦客户机 (104)thread线程 (104)timeevent时间事件 (104) timeexpression时间表达式 (104) timingmark时间标记 (104) toolmentor工具向导 (104) traceability可追踪性 (105)trace追踪 (105)transaction事务 (105) transactionprocessing事务处理 (105) transientobject临时对象 (105) transition产品化/转移 (105)type类型 (106)typeexpression类型表达式 (106) typolist微错清单 (106)21. U (106)UI (106)UML (106)Unicode统一编码 (106) UnifiedModelingLanguage(UML)统一建模语言 (107) uniformresourcelocator(URL)统一资源定位符 (107) URL (107)usage用途 (107)usecase用例 (107)use-casediagram用例图 (107)use-caseinstance用例实例 (107)use-casemodel用例模型 (107)use-caserealization用例实现 (108)use-caseview用例视图 (108)userinterface(UI)用户界面 (108)utility实用工具 (108)22. V (108)validation确认 (108)value值 (109)variable变量 (109)verification验证 (109)version版本 (109)vertex顶点 (109)view视图 (109)viewelement视图元素 (110)viewprojection视图投影 (110)virtualmachine(VM)虚拟机 (110)visibility可见性 (110)vision前景 (110)visualprogrammingtool可视化编程工具 (110)VM (110)VPN (111)23. W (111)walkthrough走查 (111)webapplicationWeb应用程序 (111)webbrowserWeb浏览器 (111)webserverWeb服务器 (111)websiteWeb站点 (111)websystemWeb系统 (112)Widget窗口组件 (112)workbreakdownstructure工作细分结构 (112)workguideline工作指南 (112)workproduct工作产品 (112)worker角色 (112)workflow工作流程 (113)workflowdetail工作流程明细 (113)workspace工作区 (113)workstation工作站 (113)WorldWideWeb(WWW或Web)万维网 (113)WYSIWYG (113)24. X (114)XML (114)1.Aabstractclass:抽象类提供一组子类共有行为的类，但它本身并不具有实例。

《信息检索与应用》总复习题

《信息检索》期末复习一、单项选择题1、文摘、题录、目录等属于（B ）。

A、一次文献B、二次文献C、零次文献D、三次文献2、从文献的（B ）角度区分，可将文献分为印刷型、电子型文献。

A、内容公开次数 B 载体类型 C 出版类型 D 公开程度3、按照出版时间的先后，应将各个级别的文献排列成（C ）。

A、三次文献、二次文献、一次文献B、一次文献、三次文献、二次文献C、一次文献、二次文献、三次文献D、二次文献、三次文献、一次文献4、手稿、私人笔记等属于（C ）文献，辞典、手册等属于（C ）文献。

A、一次，三次 B 零次、二次C、零次、三次 D 一次、二次5、逻辑“与”算符是用来组配（C）。

A、不同检索概念，用于扩大检索范围。

B、相近检索概念，扩大检索范围。

C、不同检索概念，用于缩小检索范围。

D.相近检索概念，缩小检索范围。

6、利用文献后面所附的参考文献进行检索的方法称为（A）A、追溯法B、直接法C、抽查法D 综合法7、如果检索结果过少，查全率很低，需要调整检索范围，此时调整检索策略的方法有（B ）等。

A、用逻辑“与”或者逻辑“非”增加限制概念。

B.用逻辑”或“或截词增加同族概念。

C、用字段算符或年份增加辅助限制。

D、用”在结果中检索“增加限制条件。

8、根据国家相关标准，文献的定义是指“记录有关（C）的一切载体。

A、情报 B 、信息C、知识D、数据9、以作者本人取得的成果为依据而创作的论文、报告等，并经公开发表或出版的各种文献，称为（B ）A、零次文献B、一次文献C、二次文献D、三次文献10、哪一种布尔逻辑运算符用于交叉概念或限定关系的组配？（A ）A、逻辑与（AND）B、逻辑或（OR)C、逻辑非(NOT)D、逻辑与和逻辑非11、逻辑算符包括（D）算符。

A、逻辑“与”B、逻辑“或”C、逻辑“非”D、A、B和C12、事实检索包含检索课题（A ）等内容。

A、背景知识、事件过程、人物机构B、相关文献、人物机构、统治数据C、事件过程、国外文献、国内文献D、国内文献、国外文献、统计数据13、区别于一般期刊论文或者教科书，参考工具书的突出特点是（C ）。

IEEE 802.3和以太网

目录视图摘要视图订阅) :A seven layer abstractreference model for communications protocols in which each layer performs a specific task. The intent of the原创：47篇转载：10篇译文：0篇评论：13条dark_goldz 访问：16944次积分：662分排名：第10518名PMD （Physical Medium Dependent ，物理媒体相关）子层：位于MDI 之上的PMD 负责与传输媒体的接口。

PMA （Physical Medium Attachment ，物理媒体附加）子层：负责发送、接收、定时恢复和相位对准功能。

PCS （Physical Coding Sublayer ，物理编码子层）：负责把数据比特编成合适物理媒质传输的码组。

GMII （Gigabit Media Independent Interface ，吉比特媒质无关接口）：吉比特MAC 和吉比特物理层之间的GMII 允许多个数据终端设备混合使用各种吉比特速率物理层。

RS （Reconciliation Sublayer ，协调子层）：提供GMII 信号到MAC 层的映射。

数据链路层由下列子层组成（由下到上顺序）：MAC （Media Access Control ，媒体访问控制）子层：负责向物理层的数据转发功能（与媒介无关）。

一般地来说，MAC 子层负责封装（成帧、地址标示、差错检测）和媒体接入（冲突监测和延时过程）功能。

MAC Control （MAC 控制）子层：MAC Control 是可选的子层，负责MAC 子层操作的实时控制和处理。

定义了MAC 控制子层以允许未来加入新功能。

LLC （Logical Link Control ，逻辑链路控制）子层：负责数据链路层与媒体访问无关的功能，它不在IEE 802.3标准的范畴之内。

ieee transactions on engineering management引用缩写

ieee transactions on engineering
management引用缩写
IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management（简称IEEE TEM）是电气电子工程师协会（IEEE）旗下的一个旗舰期刊，专注于工程管理领域的学术研究。

该期刊自创刊以来，一直致力于推动工程管理理论与实践的发展，为全球工程管理领域的学者和实践者提供了一个高水平的交流平台。

IEEE TEM的缩写“TEM”在学术界被广泛接受和使用，它不仅代表了该期刊的名称，更代表了工程管理这一学科领域的精髓。

这一缩写在学术论文、会议报告、研究报告等文献中频繁出现，成为了工程管理领域的一个重要标识。

IEEE TEM以其高质量的学术论文、严格的审稿制度和广泛的读者群体而著称。

它涵盖了工程管理领域的多个研究方向，包括项目管理、质量管理、风险管理、创新管理、领导力等。

这些研究内容不仅涉及到工程管理的理论和方法，还关注工程管理在实际应用中的问题和挑战。

作为IEEE旗下的旗舰期刊，IEEE TEM的影响力不断扩大。

它的论文被广泛引用和参考，为工程管理领域的发展提供了重要的学术支撑。

同时，IEEE TEM也积极推动工程管理领域的国际合作与交流，为全球工程管理学术界和产业界的发展做出了重要贡献。

总之，IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management（IEEE TEM）作为工程管理领域的旗舰期刊，以其高质量的学术论文和广泛的影响力而备受关注。

其缩写“TEM”已经成为工程管理领域的一个重要标识，代表了这一学科领域的精髓和发展方向。

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Application of Organizational Project Management Maturity Model Based on BP Neural NetworkSuike Li,Sijun Bai,Rong Feng,Yuntao GuoSchool of ManagementNorthwestern Polytechnical University, NPUXi’an, Chinalisk@Abstract—The objective of this paper is to present an approach to apply the Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3) to effectively assess organizational project management capability. Assessment index system is put forward based on OPM3, and BP neural network assessment model is constructed.Model is trained and validated through computer simulation by Matlab software. The result shows that the proposed approach can obtain objective and accurate assessment.Keywords-BP neural network; Organizational Project Management Maturity Model(OPM3); assessment; Matlab simulationI.I NTRODUCTIONIn the context of economic globalization, organizations are faced with all-round competition. As the enterprise，on the one hand there is the competition from outside the enterprise, which is a brand-new competition field for the enterprises.Therefore, a good understanding of competitors is critical, and it is needed to understand the strengths and weaknesses of competitors and familiar with the benchmark of the external environment. On the other hand, enterprise should start the access to a comprehensive understanding of its own, and conduct a reasonable position and internal cognition. And then, this also needs a ruler proceeding based on own determination and empowerment. Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3) is to formulate such a standard, applicable to different sizes and forms, different industries and cultural organizations, to guide the organization to cultivate and enhance project management capabilities, namely, to achieve the organizational strategic goals by the success of the project. OPM3 is a relatively new field, which is a framework and tools to describe the evolutionary paths for an organization from chaos, immature processes to disciplined, mature processes. OPM3 can be used to assess the current status of project management, find the problems and clear out the directions for improvement. At the same time, it establishes a benchmark, so that the organization can follow this benchmark, set out to the objectives to achieve the best project management states, and provide the method for the organization to enhance the competitiveness through the implementation of an effective project management processes.Artificial neural networks can handle highly complex non-linear models, and can effectively address the problem of indirect and low efficiency in the information and knowledge acquisition area, with high accuracy and without resorting to a mathematical model.In this paper, BP neural network model was constructed with assessment system that is according to OPM3, and the evaluation data of 27 enterprises are used to train the model, and then related data of another 9 enterprises are to generation into the training model for computer simulation, finally simulation results are compared with the results of expert evaluation.II.THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDA.Maturity Models and OPM3Maturity model was first put forward by the U.S. Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering Institute (SEI) in 1987, who proposed software process capability maturity model (CMM) from the perspective of the software process capability in the software industry [1]. Subsequently, a number of researchers or organizations referred to CMM and the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) and put forward their own Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM) from the perspective of project management [2].In November 2003, the U.S. Project Management Institute (PMI) launched the Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3), and promoted as the industry standard [3].At present, many studies of the project management maturity focused on empirical research, examined the stage of enterprise project management, and determined the enterprise project management in which a certain stage of maturity model.James J. Jiang et al. investigated software enterprise management maturity, noted the high failure rate in the software design, and insisted that CMM can improve the success rate of software production [4].E.S. Anderson and S.A. Jessen investigated the status of the project maturity in organization, pointed out that the maturity of the organization primarily composed of three steps: the project management, program management, and document management, and put forward that the attitudes and knowledge is more important than the action for an organization in terms of maturity management [5]. Pekka Berg proposed the Quality Maturity Model (QMM) to determine the management level of R&D projects [6]. Some scholars analyzed the feasibility and limitation of OPM3 applied to large construction projects in China, and showed that OPM3 evaluated the maturity level and also proposed some key points to improve management level [7]. Mohammad Khoshgoftar and Omar Osman compared recent maturity models in terms of selectedThis study is sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.70772071) and by the funds of NPU for Science & TechnologyInnovation (No.2008KJ02035) and Humanities & Social Sciences &Management Revitalization (No.RW200704).2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-Governmentvariables, and concluded that OPM3 is a more suitable model than others [8].B.The Application of BP Neural Network in OPM3At present, the commonly used methods in the specific assessment process of OPM3 are Delphi, AHP, gray clustering method and fuzzy evaluation method [9]. However, these methods are susceptible to subjective factors, lack of self-learning ability, leading to results of the assessment with a certain degree of subjectivity and arbitrariness. As a typical artificial neural network model, BP neural network (full name is back-propagation model) is a multi-layer sensor structure, composed by a number of neurons, and the network is not only the input layer nodes, output layer nodes, but also can have a layer or multi-node hidden layer. That BP neural network is used to evaluate or predict can effectively avoid subjective factors and the inaccuracy of evaluation results, which compared with the shortcomings of above-mentioned commonly used algorithms [10].III.A SSESSMENT S YSTEM OF O RGANIZATIONAL P ROJECTM ANAGEMENT CAPABILITYA.Construction of assessment index system based on OPM3The opm3 proposed by PMI provides a framework and guideline to assess the organizational project management capability. Based on the opm3, many scholars have put forward the evaluation index system of project management capability. Rad, Parviz F. Levin, and Ginger divided the project management capacity into four areas: enterprise management, material management, people management and technical content management [11]. Jian Lirong and Liu Sifeng applied the ideas of systems engineering to analyze the system of project management capabilities, and divided project management capabilities into four levels: capability to develop project management strategic planning, ability to choose the project management organization, systems engineering capabilities of project management, project management team ability [12]. Ou Lixiong and Yuan Jiajun proposed the SZ-PMMM (Shenzhou Project Management Maturity Model), and divided the key areas of enterprise-level project management maturity into five areas: organization, processes, methods, personnel, and corporate culture [13]. Research members of the National Natural Science Foundation of China had undertaken extensive research on the organizational project management capability index system, and strived to construct the C-OPM3 [14-16]. They put forward project management capability index system from the project management processes, knowledge areas, key success factors et al.In order to comprehensively and objectively assess the organizational project management capability, the index system should follow the principle of systemic, independence, testability, and the flexibility. Based on summing up the previous academic study of OPM3 and C-OPM3, this paper put forward a three-level assessment index system: First-level indicators is to evaluate the target layer: organizational project management capability; second-level indicators has six elements: organizational strategy, organization and team, project management, portfolio management, program management and technology; third-level indicators are specific performance, and is a series of the raw data that need to be collected in the application process. Construction of the evaluation index system is as shown in TABLEⅠ.TABLE I. ASSESSMENT INDEX SYSTEM OF O RGANIZATIONAL PROJECTMANAGEMENT CAPABILITYFirst-levelindicatorsSecond-levelindicatorsThird-level indicatorsOrganizationalprojectmanagementcapabilityorganizationalstrategy C1Strategic planning capacity X1Strategic change management capabilities X2organizationand team C2Organizational structure design and selectioncapability X3Organization coordinate and responsescapability X4PMO a support and assist capability X5Project team build capability X6Team performance management capabilitiesX7Project manager's management capacity X8projectmanagementC3Ability to define the scope of the project X9Project decomposition capability X10Progress plan and management capability X11Cost plan and management capability X12Reasonableness of project cost decompositionX13Quality plan and management capability X14Quality process ensures capability X15Risk plan and management capability X16Risk response plans development level X17Risk assessment and analysis capability X18programmanagementC4Program recognition capability X19Program plans develop capability X20Program progress implementation capabilityX21Program revenue management capability X22Program audit capability X23portfoliomanagementC5Project classification capability X24Project portfolio selection capability X25Project prioritization capability X26Project portfolio governance capacity X27Portfolio reporting and review capability X28Project tracking capability X29TechnologyC6Hardware of project management X30Integrity of project information system X31Market information data collection capabilityX32Common processes develop capability X33methods and tools development capability X34a. PMO is the Project Management Office.B.Application of BP neural network to assessment model1)S tandardization of the assessment indexThere are both qualitative and quantitative indicators in the assessment index system. To enable the various s in the whole system has comparability, each indicator must be normalized.a) Standardize quantitative indexes: In order to minimize the impact of different measurement units on the evaluation results, the proportion of indicators are more used to this system. However, differential number is different and the trend is not necessarily consistent, the indicators must be standardized and treated as the same trend-style.• Suppose that the results of the evaluation is betterwhen the target value is bigger:()()minmaxminj j j j j x xx x F −−=. (1)• Suppose that the results of the evaluation is better when the target value is smaller:()()minmaxmin1j j j j j x xx x F −−−=. (2) As in (1) and (2), j F is standardized value of the target value j x for;minj xis the pre-determined minimum value ofj-indicators, max j xis the pre-determined maximum value ofj-indicators, j is the number of assessment index.b) Standardize qualitative indexes: There are a large number of qualitative indicators in the assessment index system. First of all, these indicators should be quantified. Five capability levels are divided based on the opm3, followed by: chaotic, standardize, measure, control, and continuously improve, and the corresponding quantitative score is fixed quantity as shown in TABLE Ⅱ. And then, these quantified indicators are standardized in the same way, to maintain comparability between the quantitative indicators.TABLE II.C APABILITY LEVEL QUANTITATIVE SCORESQuantitativeScaleCapability levelChaotic Standardize Measure ControlContinuously Improvescore (0,0.2] (0.2,0.4] (0.4,0.6] (0.6,0.8] (0.8,1.0]2) D escription of the algorithmIn this paper, a typical BP neural network model is adopted, which has the three-layer structure: input layer, hidden layer and output layer (as shown in Fig. 1). The learning process of BP network consists of the two parts of forward and reverse spread, the algorithm is described asfollow.Figure 1. BP neural network model.a) Initialization: ij ω and j b are initialized to the random number (generally between 0 and 1). Here, ij ω is used to express the connection weight of neuron i to neuron j, j b is used to express the threshold of neuron j (the hidden layer and output layer).b) Input data: Pre-trained sample set {}pl x and the corresponding desired outputs set {}pl y are input, where p and l respectively represent the number of samples and the number of input vectors.c) Calculate the output value O of each layer: For theinput layer, its input is the same as output, i.e.plplO x =, whichpl x is for the first i values of the first p samples; and for thehidden layer and output layer, output operations for the neuronas in()pl jipl O fO b ω=−∑. (3)As in (3), pl O is the output of neuron i, and also the input of neuron j; ()fx is a nonlinear differential non-decreasingfunction, which takes the commonly used S-shaped function, i.e. ()()11x f x e −=+.d) Calculate the error signal of layers: The input layer:()()1pj pj pj pj pj y O O O δ=−−. (4)The hidden layer:()1pj pj pj pj pj jO O δδω=−∑. (5)e) Back-propagation: The weight is amended, as in()()1ij ij pj pjt t a ωωδω+==. (6)And as in (6), α indicates the learning speed.f) Calculate errors: i.e.()22r pk pk p k E O y ⎧⎫=−⎨⎬⎩⎭∑∑. (7) When the value of r E is less than the given fitting error, the network training can be ended, otherwise go to step (c) tocontinue training.C. Computer simulation using MatlabBased on the theory of the artificial neural network, neural network toolbox software package writes a variety of the subroutine of network design and training by the Matlab language. It can enable us call the relevant function according to our need, freed from the tedious programming, and enhance efficiency. 1) S tructure parameters of BP neural network modelThe number of the third-level indicators based on the assessment index system is used for the number of neuron in input layer, i.e.34m =. The number of neurons in the output layer is determined, i.e.1n =. It is generally believed that the number of neurons in hidden layer has a direct relationship with the number of neuron in the input and output layer. First, the number of neurons as k in hidden layer is determined according to (8), i.e.),[1,10]k c c =∈And then, the method trial and error is used to adjust and thesame sample set is repeated trained, the corresponding number of hidden layer neurons is determined when the network error is the least. In this way, the initial number of hidden layer neurons can be set to 8, and the basic structure of three-layer BP neural networks has been identified as shown in Fig.2.Figure 2. BP neural network structure.2) T raining and learning of neural networkThe expert evaluations data of 27 enterprises are selected as training data, and enter the model after standardized. Log-Sigmoid function Logsig() and the tangent Sigmoid function Tansig() are respectively adopted as the transfer function of network input layer to hidden layer and hidden layer to output layer, and Trainrp function has been selected to train thenetwork. Main training parameters are set as in ..15net trainParam goal e =−,..10000net trainParam epochs =,and ..25net trainParam show =; and the other parameters, e.g. net.trainParam.lr et al., using default values. After the network is initialized, the Matlab7.0 neural network toolbox is implemented to construct and train the model, through the 79-epochs training, set objectives and requirements are achieved, as shown in Fig. 3.1010101010101079 EpochsT r a i n i n g -B l u e G o a l -B l a c kPerformance is 9.54417e-006, Goal is 1e-005Figure 3. BP neural network training process3) M odel validation and conclusionsAfter the model training is completed, the other 9 sample data that do not participate in the training are used to test results, as shown in TABLE Ⅲ. It can be seen that the organizational project management maturity assessed by BP neural network model is the closer to actual value, the result is more reasonable, and the accuracy is satisfactory. In order to make systematic errors in line with required accuracy and have convergence, the BP neural network model determined after training 27 samples can follow the guidelines for the optimal iterations algorithm, and continuously adjust neural network architecture until it reaches a relatively steady state.TABLE III.M ODEL VALIDATION RESULTSSample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Actual value 0.35 0.42 0.18 0.59 0.67 0.26 0.83 0.31 0.61 Simulation value 0.35551 0.41942 0.18071 0.58909 0.66890 0.25601 0.8232 0.31239 0.61153Error 5.510E-03 -5.812E-04 7.141E-04 -9.054E-04 -1.102E-03 -3.986E-03 -6.82E-03 2.391E-03 1.536E-03Actual level standardize measure chaotic measure control standardizeContinuouslyImprove measure control Validation result standardize measure chaotic measure control standardize ContinuouslyImprovemeasure controlIV. C ONCLUSIONAt present, more and more organizations have considered the project management as a key strategy to maintain competitive advantage in today's highly competitive business environment, and strive to adopt a variety of efforts to develop their own project management capabilities to theirdevelopment strategies. OPM3 is a relatively new topic in the field of international project management research in recent years, which provides for the organizations with the framework of evaluation and improvement to enhance project management capabilities. It is a hot topic of current research that how to combine the OPM3 model and the organizational project management practice, to come up with practical andeffective measures to assess and improve the organizational project management capability. BP neural network is very close to the human brain in the principles of constitute, functions and features, so that it can self-adapt to the environment, sum up the law to complete a certain operation, identification and process control through training and learning. It has advantages that using this approach to assess organizational project management capability, without the need to artificially set the weight of assessment index, and effectively avoid the influence of human factors in the AHP, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the gray clustering law. In this paper, organizational project management capability assessment index system is built based on OPM3, and BP neural network method was applied to build simulation models. Through trained and validated by computer simulation, it is found that the use of BP neural network to assess organizational project management capability is valid and feasible.However, as of a new method to apply OPM3 to assess organizational project management capability, it is also needed to improve and develop in the future research and practice. Factors or indicators require a combination of reality to be selected in the assessment practice of organizational project management capability and are necessary to extend or improve. In addition, it is also worthy of further study content that improve the BP neural network, and give it a fuzzy input and output systems.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe acknowledgments first go to all the references for the support of definitions, standards and methods. Some professionals took time out of their busy schedule to respond to our survey. 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