5.nonverbal communication(1)
跨文化交际英文版5 Nonverbal Communication (I)讲课稿
The thumbs-up
Britain: _____ & _____ Sardinia: _____ Greece: _____
Beckoning
America: _____ Malaysia: _____ Yugoslavia: _____ Indonesia: _____ Australia: _____ China: _____
interested Do not believe
Turn toward the person you are talking to.
Roll your eyes and turn your head away.
I. Understanding Nonverbal Communication
NVC involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his / her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar, 2000: 149)
“Something is a bit suspicious / odd here.”
Italy--- to say “Hello.” Indonesians, Malaysians, and some speakers of Arabic---it signals “Come here.”
“Oh, I forgot.” or an expression of surprise.
nonverbal communication in intercultural communication
Classifications of Nonverbal Communication
• 1. those that are primarily produced by the body (appearance, movement, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, smell, and paralanguage); • 2. those that the individual combines with the setting (space, time, and silence)
Nonverbal Communication
• • • • Ⅰ. General Appearance and Dress Ⅱ. Kinestics (身势学movements of body) Ⅲ. Paralanguage (副语言) Ⅳ. Space and Distance (spatial language or proxemics空间学) • Ⅴ. Time (temporal language or chronemics时间学) • Ⅵ. Silence
2. Complementing
• Complementing adds more information to messages. For example, you can tell someone that you are pleased with his or her performance, but this message takes on extra meaning if you pat the person on the shoulder at the same time. • Many writers in the area of nonverbal communication refer to this as a type of accenting because it accents the idea the speaker is trying to make.
浙江省网络课程平台-跨文化交际题库(附答案)
Course11.Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in intercultural situations based on one’s intercultural knowledge, _______ and attitudes.【skills】2.Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in intercultural situations based on one’s intercultural knowledge, skills and__________.【attitudes】3.Intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and _____in intercultural situations based on one’s int ercultural knowledge, skills and attitudes.【appropriately】4.Some scholars classify four kinds of intercultural communication. They are ______, interethnic communication, interregional communication and interracial communication.【Intelnational communication】5.Intercultural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural and _________symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.【perception】1.Taking pictures without asking is considered as violation of privacy in a certain cultural groups.【√】2.Communication barriers are caused by the same communication having different meaning in different cultures.【√】3.International communication takes place between such groups as African Americans and Latin Americans.【×】4.Different people may have different interpretations about what we say and behave because we have different values.【√】5.Intercultural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are similar to alter the communication event.【×】Course21.A person’s culture is ___________.【learned】2.Which of the descriptions below is NOT an accurate representation of the relationship between communication and culture?【. Culture and communication are not really related to each other】3.People learn the lessons of culture through __________.【.proverbs myths mass medla all the above】4.According to Edward Tylor, which one of the following is not included by the complex term of culture?【institution】1.The SPEAKING model is a model to analyze spoken and written texts.【×】2.Culture is transmitted from generation to generation to ensure that its crucial messages and elements are passed on.【√】3.Communication can simply refer to the act and process of sending messages among people to connect and interact with other human beings.【×】4.Failure in interaction arose because people in different cultures may choose similar rules and genres to conduct the dialogue.【×】5.Culture is dynamic, which is ongoing and subject to change.【√】6.Feedback is essential to good communication.【√】Course31.In China, as in other Asian societies that have accepted the teaching of Confucius, people are believed to be basically good, yet the ________has a lot of impact on them.【environment】2.Periodic increases in yang are accompanied by corresponding decreases in yin─this followed by an __________ cycle in which yin increases while yang decreases.【opposite】3.People who have the Taoist world view hold that the universe is best seen as an infinite system of elements and_______ in balanced dynamic interaction. Further, two of the forces present in this universe are good and evil.【forces】4.In the Bible story of Adam and Eve, God threw them out of the Garden of Eden because they ate the fruit from ___________.【the tree of knowledge】5.The traditional Western belief about human nature is that human beings are basically ______________.【evil】6.According to Christian teaching, all humans have been born with ___________.【original sin】1.Westerners don’t think we can perfect our nature even if we keep on doing good things.【×】2.Much of Europe also have a good/evil approach to human nature. They believe that while we might be born evil, through learning and education we can become good.【√】3.The traditional Western belief about human nature is that human beings are basically evil.【√】Intercultural conflicts are often caused by differences in value orientations.【√】5.People who have the Taoist world view hold that the universe is best seen as an infinite system of elements and forces in balanced dynamic interaction.【√】6.British anthropologist, Florence Kluckhohn, identified five orientations, five categories of beliefs and behaviors that are universal.【×】7.Buddhism maintains that people are born evil.【×】8.As a result of the rise of humanism in the West, the basic belief has changed to one of seeing humans as a mixture of good and evil. Everybody has both good side and bad side.【×】9.Yang and yin are cyclic; they are regularly repeated; they go through natural periods of balanced increase and decrease.【√】1.Case analysis：Lucia, a Native American college student, when one of her uncles passed away during the first week of school, was expected to participate in family activities. She traveled out of state with her family to his home, helped cook and feed other family members and attended the wake and the funeral. Then her aunt became ill, and she had to care for her. Thus, she missed the first two weeks of school. Some of her professors were sympathetic; others were not. Questions: What was troubling Lucia? Why did she feel troubled?【Lucia feels almost constantly torn between the demands of her collectivistic family and the demands of the individualistic professors and adminstration.】Course41.Being-in-becoming orientation stresses the idea of【development and growth】2.The Arab proverb “The eye cannot rise above the eyebrow” demonstrates ______________attitude.【authoritarian orientation】From former president Lyndon Johnson’s speech“Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is ours to win or to lose.”，we can see Americans believe that they can _____________.【control and future】4.Most Latin cultures have the view that the__________ activity is the one that matters the most.【current】5.In present-oriented societies, the past and present often exist side by side. People don’t see any contradiction in that fact. They find it easier to combine __________ and modern ideas and enjoy whatever they have.【tradition】1.In present-oriented societies, the past and present don’t often exist side by side.【错】2.Cultural orientation of controlling nature can also be seen in what is most controversial today, bioengineering and genetic programming.【对】3.The Western approach doesn’t value technology, change and science.【错】4.Many Japanese believe that humans are dominating the nature.【错】5.In Western medicine, the human body is treated as an object that can be studied and then controlled.【对】Course51.C.B. Halverson created a Cultural Context Inventory for us to understand the bigger picture of the context. There are 4 components: Association, Interaction, Temporality, and _____________.【learning】2.America is a _________ culture.【low-context】3.High context communication is communication that places values on implicit information and ___________ cues in order to understand the message. 【nonverbal】4.High context communication is communication that places values on ____________ information and nonverbal cues in order to understand the message.【implicit】5.China is a _________________ culture.【high-context】1.High context communication “Relies heavily on subtle, often non-verbal cues to convey meaning, save face, and maintain social harmony. Communic ators…discover meaning from the context in which a message is delivered.”【对】2.Networking is not important in high-context cultures.【错】3.Examples of high-context cultures include: Asian, African, Arab, Central European, and Latin American countries.【对】4.While high-context communication is a lens in which we can analyze how a message is being interpreted, we can categorize cultures according to generalizations about their communication patterns that influence their communication habits.【错】5.Intercultural communication is a type of communication that shares information across different cultures and societal groups.【对】Course61.In low-context cultures, the communication goal is the exchange of information, ideas, and opinions. When there is a disagreement, it is not _______.【personal】2.Adler & Elmhorts say low context communication “uses ______________ primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically as possible【language】3.The meaning of a statement in low context culture is in the __________________.【Words spoken】4.Examples of low-context cultures include: American, _______________, Scandinavian, and French.【German】5.Temporality illustrates low-context culture’s approach to time. Events and tasks are _____________and done at specific times【scheduled】6.In low-context cultures, space is compartmentalized and __________ is of the upmost importance.【privacy】7.In low-context cultures, the communication goal is the _______________ of information, ideas, and opinions. 【exchange】8.Low context communication is communicating information ____________ so the message is carried and the information is well determined.【indirectly】1.The low-context association also manifests in a task-oriented mindset where productivity relies on procedures and focusing on the end goal, as well as the identity being found in one’s self and their own accomplishments.【对】2.The meaning of a statement in low context culture is largely in the body language.【错】Course71.Most countries around the world are _______________ .【collectivistic】2.Collectivistic countries typically consist of people that can expect their relatives to look after them in exchange for _____________.【loyalty】3._______________ is the most important in a high power distance society.【respect】The fundamental issue in the Power Distance Dimension is how a society handles _____________ among people.【inequalities】5.Hofstede’s cultural dimensions represent independent preferences for one circumstance or situation over another that distinguishes _____________ from each other.【countries】1.The Power Distance Dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power to be distributed unequally.【对】2.People feel comfortable with inequality and accept the unbalanced distribution of power in a society of high distance power.【对】3.Malaysia is a low distance power culture.【错】4.In societies with lower power distance, people accept a social hierarchy in which everybody has a role to play.【错】5.The first dimension is the Power Distance Dimension.【对】Course81.In the long-term orientation versus short-term orientation dimension, the ________ the score the more emphasis the country shows for long-term orientation.【higher】2.In a masculine society, people regard ______________ as more central to one’s life.【work】3.Countries exhibiting strong Uncertainty Avoidance need ___________ rules.【formal】4.A faminine society at large is more -oriented___________.【concensus】Russia is a typical example of indulgent culture.【错】2.Many countries in Latin America are feminine societies while Spain and Portugal both are categorized as masculine societies.【错】3.Masculinity represents a preference in society for achievement, power, and possessions.【对】4.Planning everything carefully, Germans are not keen on uncertainty.【对】5.Short-term orientation does not emphasize a respect for tradition.【错】6.Indulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.【对】Course91.the four ______ of Asia（亚洲四小龙）【tigers】2.a _________ in the path/way (拦路虎)【lions】3.teach _________ to swim （班门弄斧）【fish】4.Spring up like _________（雨后春笋）【mushrooms】5.One _______ does not make a summer. （独木不成林）【seallow】6.Spend money like _________（挥金如土）【water】7.a _________ movie （黄片）【red】a _________ day （吉日）【white】9.______Fraiday（灾难的一天）【black】10.________ at one’s job （无工作经验）【red】1.Although both dove and 鸽子refer to the same bird, they connotate different meanings.【错】2.The color of red is always associated with something dangerous and threatening in the West.【对】3.猫头鹰in Chinese symbolizes wisdom.【错】4.The number of eight is taken as a lucky number in Chinese as well as English.【错】5.Verbal communication is the communication or exchange of ideas that occurs through written words.【错】6.Like Chinese people, Americans associate the moon with their home.【错】7.A word’s denotation refers to its literal or dictionary meaning.【对】8.A word’s connotation refers to its assciated meaning.【对】9.In verbal communication, we find differences at phonemic, lexical, syntactic, discourse and pragmatic levels between different cultures.【对】10.Words of the same literal meaning from different cultures always have same associated meanings.【错】Course101.The westerners tend to focus on the stages of the discourse as the most crucial __________________.【opening】2._______________ tend to look for the crucial points to occur somewhat later.【the Chinese】3.When we talk to someone who is superior to you, we tend to use______________ , because it’s more indirect and more polite.【logical pattern】4.Discourse patterns greatly depend on ___________________ .【thought pattern】5.Some factors such as ________________, social distance and weight of imposition of a request influence the choice of induction and deduction.【power distance】6.English paragraph development is characterized by _________________, directness, clarity and logic.【linearity】1.We can never take a single word as discourse.【错】2.An English paragraph typically begins with a topic statement.【对】3.Induction is a reasoning process in which particular or minor points move forwards a general or major topic.【对】4.Discourse is naturally spoken or wirtten language in context.【对】Course111.For English native speakers, an apology is necessary whenever inconvenience or offence is made with little consideration of the __________ of the people concerned.【status】2.In English the offer is mostly in the form of a/an【question】3.In Chinese, the proper use of kinship terms to address others, strangers or relatives, can show a person’s _______________, respectfulness and friendliness.【politeness】1.A Chinese name is usually arranged in the order of given name plus surname.【错】2.Some family members might call each other by their first names in English speaking countries.【对】3.The Chinese host makes the offer directly like a command or a statement.【对】1.Li Ming was a Chinese student studying in the US. He was lost on his way to the post office, so when he saw an old lady about the same age as his grandmother, he went to her for help. Li Ming: Excuse me, Granfma, could you tell me how to get to the nearest post office? The lady: Are you talking to me, young man? I’m not your grandma! Question: Was it appropriate for Li Ming to use the kinship term “grandma” as a form of addressing to the lady in this conversation?【It is not acceptable to apply a kinship term to greet a stranger in English. Li Ming made a pragmatic transfer.】Course121.Nonverbal communication is simply known as the “_________ ” language or the “hidden dimension” of communication, however you and I already know all about it!【silent】2.An American poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson, once said “What you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say”. What we “do” is our ________________.【nonverbal communication】3.Ray Birdwhistell, an American anthropologist, estimates that 65 to 70 percent of the conversation is carried by ________________ communication.【nonverbalcommunication】1.Nonverbal communication can occur without the presence of words.【对】2.Body movements can include posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and other displays.【对】1.What is kinesics?正确答案:Kinesics, or body language, refers to all nonverbal codes, which are associated with body movements. Body movements can include posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and other displays.Course131.Time perceptions include: , willingness to wait, _______________ and interactions.【punctuality】2.Hall describes proxemics as having two main types of space: territory and ______________ space.【personal】1.How you are aware of time varies by culture and normative expectations of adherence to time.【对】2.M-Time cultures are typically task-oriented.【对】3.Personal space determines how we interact in the real world. Edward Hall postulates that there are 4 zones: intimate, personal, social, and public.【对】Course151．Racism is associated with oppression and power.【√】2．Most people assume that other people perceive, evaluate, and reason about the world in the same way that they do.【√】3．It is easy to get rid of cultural biases as they are bad.【×】4．People generally perceive their own experiences, which are shaped by their own cultural forces, as natural, human, and universal.【√】5．Racism is the tendency by group in control of _____________ to use it to keep members of groups who do not have access to the same kinds of power at a disadvantage.【power】6．Stereotypes are always negative.【×】7．Ethnocentrism is “the notion that the beliefs, values, norms, and practices of one’s own culture are __________ to those of others.”【正确的，最好的，superior】8．The consequence of stereotyping is that _______________ among the members of any one group may be ignored.【differences】9．Ethnocentrism tends to ____________ cultural differences.【highlight and exaggerate】10．The disadvantage of the human information processing is that it can create some ______________ to intercultural competence.【discrimination and racism obstacles】Course161.At any given moment, one has many ‘ ________ ’ that make up your identity.【facets】2.Mr. Portokalos, the father in the movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding hangs a _______ flag to show the family’s tribute to their heritage.【Greek】3.Cultural differences and distinguishing characteristics can __________________ one culture from another.【differentiate】4.Developing one’s involves learning about __________________ and accepting the traditions, heritage, language, religion, ancestry, aesthetics, thinking patterns, and social structures of a culture.【cultural identity】5.The stage of cultural identity achievement is characterized by a dear, confident acceptance of _____________ and an internalization of one's cultural identity.【oneself】1.During the stage of unexamined cultural identity, one’s cultural characteristics are taken for granted.【√】During the stage of an examiner cultural identity, once cultural characteristics ar e taken for granted.2.When children notice that some of their playmates have different colored skin, they may fear or feel superior to them like adults.【×】even when children may notice that some of their places have different color sche me. as they are not aware of the significance associated with the color scheme, th ey do not fear or feel superior to them.3.In the second stage, for some individuals, there might be a turning point or crucial event leading to this stage.【√】In the second stage,cultural identity research involves a process of exploration and questioning about one's culture and not to learn more about it.And to understand the imp lications of membership in that culture for some individuals,there might be a turning point of crucial event leading to the stage.4.Cultural identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.【√】or i'm American by saying that you have consciously or unconsciously formed your c ultural identity and which re fers to one sense of belonging to a particular culture or et hnic group.5.Cultural identities are static, fixed, and enduring within a changing social context.【×】Cultural identities are dynamic,so your cultural identity exists within a changing soci al context.Course171．Honeymoon phase is followed by adjustment phase when the person feels confused and uncomfortable.【×】2．Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.【√】3．All through life people are confronted with new situations that require them to adjust their thinking and behavior【√】4．Adaptation is a process with ________________________ stages.【identifiable】5．When we are feeling confused, frustrated or tense because of intercultural misunderstandings, please remember that the feelings are _________________ .【only temporary】6．To adapt more successfully, we need to pay attention to differences within thenew culture: avoid making broad ________________ about everybody in the hostculture;【generalize Asians】7．To adapt more successfully, please be alert to signs of adaptation stress: health problems; loss of self-confidence; loneliness; sense of loss; severe homesickness; withdrawal from social contacts; negative feelings; behaving more_________________ than usual.【aggressively】8．The third stage of culture shock is characterized by gaining some _________________ of the new culture.【understanding】9．To adapt more successfully, please seek _____________ experiences within the new culture: if you like to watch football, watch football with people from the new culture; if you enjoy music, enjoy it with people form the new culture【positive】10．To adapt more successfully, please use your cross-cultural experience to increase your skills: Notice and ______________ the communication styles of people from the new culture【imitate】Course181．Sometimes reentry shock is even more difficult than culture shock.【√】2．When people return home to their original cultural contexts, the same processof adaptation occurs and may again involve culture shock.【√】3．Reentry shock can be depicted by the U-curve model.【×】4．The W-curve pattern suggests that when we return home, we must proceedthrough the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again.【√】5．The person who return home is the same person who left home.【×】6．There are two fundamental differences between the first and second U curves, related to issues of personal change and expectations. In the reentry phase, the sojourner has _______________ through the adaptation process.【has changed through】7．International students who return home also talk about how their friends and families expect them to be a little different (more educated) but basically the ___________________as before they went off to school.【same】8．In a new environment, one will lose all the familiar ____________ from his home culture.【similar cues from】9．Experiencing culture shock has a strong ___________________ to make people be multicultural or bicultural.【potential】10．There are two fundamental differences between the first and second U curves, related to issues of personal change and expectations. In the initial curve or phase, the sojourner is fundamentally _________________ and is experiencing new culturalcontexts.【unchanged】11．Experiencing culture shock gives the sojourners a chance to learn moreabout ___________________ and at the same time, other cultures.【themselves】12．The new environment makes demands for which one has no _________________responses.【ready-made】。
Nonverbal Communication
非言语交际话语的影响力受说话方式的影响。
在讲话的时候，非言语交际是一个至关重要的因素，你可以在适当的场合使用适当的面部和身体动作。
设想你在参加一个晚会。
晚会期间你对周围的人有了种种印象。
艾伦看上去悠然自得，性情平和。
玛格丽特却是神经紧张，性格暴躁。
卡伦落落大方，直言快语；而埃米却是心存芥蒂，言辞含糊。
埃里克见到你很高兴，而马克则明显不是你是怎样得出这些结论的?令人吃惊的是，你得出这些结论并不是基于人们说了些什么话，而是由于他们以非言语方式，——即通过他们的姿势、手势，和面部表情所表达出来的东西。
假设你坐在马克旁边，他说，“这个晚会太棒了。
非常高兴今晚能和你在一起。
”然而，他的身体却微微挪到一边，并不断地看屋子对面的某个人。
不管他嘴上如何说，你知道那晚他并不高兴和你在一起。
在进行演讲时，类似的事情也往往发生。
下面一则故事讲的就是一个学生最初两次在教室里所作的演讲，以及每次演讲时他的非言语行为所产生的效果：丹·奥康纳的第一次演讲并不很成功。
尽管他事先选择了一个很有趣的话题，做过仔细的研究，并非常认真地练习过，他却没有考虑到非言语交际的重要性。
轮到他讲时，他的脸掠过惊恐的神色。
他像个死囚犯似的从椅子上站起来，步履沉缓地走上讲台，那样子像是走向断头台。
他说的相当不错，可演讲的同时他的那双手却自行其事。
他的手一会儿摆弄他的演讲稿，一会儿抚弄衬衫上的扣子，一会儿又在讲台上敲打。
整个演讲过程丹低着头，并不断地看表。
不管他嘴里在讲什么，他的身体在表明，“我可不想在这儿！”最后终于讲完了。
丹跑向他的座位，一下子瘫在位置上，如释重负的样子。
不用说，他的演讲不怎么成功。
幸运的是，人们指出他在非言语交际方面的问题时，丹认真地去改正。
他的下一次演讲就完全两样。
这次他从座位上站起来，迈着大步很自信地跨上讲台。
他控制着双手，集中注意力与听众进行目光接触。
这确实是个进步，因为丹和上次一样紧张。
不过，他发现自己越是显得自信，就越变得自信。
跨文化交际 Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication
Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication (非言语交际) refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message.
Chapter 9 Nonverbal Communication
The Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
a. Replacing
There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand
One first and very important feng shui career tip talks about your desk position. The desk or table you use for working should be placed in a position that allows you to see the main door. Your desk should never be with your back at the door, since that would be very harmful for your career. And if possible, you should also try to place it in such an angle where you can also see the window.
Non Verbal Communication 非言语交流
angry
Part of body associated with emblems
Often the hands... but not exclusively Nose wrinkle Disgust Drop of the jaw and exaggerated raising of the eyebrows Surprise Upturned palms, shrugged shoulders Uncertainty
•Clothing •Hairstyle •Architecture •Symbols •Dance •Icons (Image, picture, or representation) •Handwriting style •arrangement of words •physical layout of a page
Use of Emblems (a)
Insults Directions come stop Greetings Departures
go slow down
Use of Emblems (b)
selected responses to questions yes no maybe I don’t know
The Silent Language : The Non Verbal Communication
Our actions silence expressions in the eyes gestures posture walk Facial expression Vocal cues Touch Appearance -all these can communicate without words.
nonverbal communication1
What do you think this indicates?
What is the relation between these two persons?
What does this signify?
What type of person is this lady?
Body distance Short Medium
Mediterranean Europeans Northern Europeans Japanese Latins
Long
Americans Mediterranean Arabs
Clothing and bodily characteristics
• Muslin girls usually wear scarves(披肩） to cover their heads, and in most instance, “girls are not allowed to participate in swimming classes because of the prohibitions（禁令） against exposing their bodies.” Modesty （端庄） is highly valued among Arabs. • Perhaps nowhere in the world is the merger（联 合体） between attire （服装）and a culture’s value system more evident than in Japan. “The proclivity(倾向,癖性 ) for conservative dress styles and colors emphasizes the nation’s collectivism and, concomitantly(同时地）, lessens the potential for social disharmony arising from nonconformist （不墨守成规的） attire.”
胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》章节练习(非语言交际)【圣才出品】
第6章非语言交际一、填空题1．通常把非言语行为分为以下几个类型：体态行为、时空行为、外表行为和________。
（厦门大学2011年研）【答案】类语言行为【解析】非语言行为的类型有：体态行为，时空行为，外表行为和类语言行为。
2．________是交际者利用空间距离传递信息的行为，即人们在言语交际中处理相互之间空间距离的方式。
（厦门大学2010年研）【答案】空间信息【解析】非言语交际包括体态语、副语言、客体语和环境语，其中，环境指的是文化本身所造成的生理和心理环境，而不是自然环境。
环境语中的空间信息是指交际者用空间距离传递信息，即人们在言语交际中处理相互之间空间距离的方式。
合理利用空间语可以加强交际的效果，有时还会超过言语的作用。
二、判断题1．语言是人们进行交际的唯一工具。
（北京大学2010年研）【答案】错误【解析】语言只是人们交际的一个手段。
除了语言这一重要工具，人们还使用许多其他手段表达自己的思想和感情、传送各种信息。
包括眼神、手势、身势、微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人之间的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念、对空间的使用等等。
2．手势语不是人际交往的工具。
（首都师范大学2011年研）【答案】错误【解析】除了语言这一重要工具，人们还使用许多其他手段表达自己的思想和感情、传送各种信息。
一切不使用语言进行的交际活动统称之为非语言交际（Nonverbal communication），手势即属于非语言交际。
3．英语国家的人在太阳穴处用食指划一圈表示要动动脑子。
（中山大学2011年研）【答案】错误【解析】英语国家的人在太阳穴处用食指划一圆圈表示太古怪了（too queer）。
4．进餐时，英语国家以肘部不放在桌子上为礼貌。
（中山大学2011年研）【答案】正确【解析】在美国，通常是吃饭的时候你的肘部不能放在桌子上。
事实上，这些严格的规定的意思当你用你的右手吃饭的时候，左手应该呆在你的大腿上。
5．在泰国摸孩子的头没有问题。
Nonverbal Communication单词
disagreement n. 异议；不同意 agreement n. 同意；一致 have difficulty (in) doing 做……有困难 We have difficulty in learning math. 我们学习数学有困难
3. For_in_s_t_an_c_e_(例如), a smile and handshake show welcome.
4. Shaking the head means _d_is_a_g_re_e_m_e_n_t (不同意)
5. When we can’t make a decision, we _f_r_ow_n__(皱眉).
1. 抄写单词，三英一汉。 2. 背过单词。 3. 完成练习册第二课时第一部分。 4. 将作业拍照上传。
之一。 rather than 而不是，并非 I am a teacher rather than a doctor. 我是一个老师而不是一个医生。
Asian adj. 亚洲的 n. 亚洲人 Asia n. 亚洲 consider v.考虑 consideration n.考虑 (1) 考虑 consider +n. /pron. /v-ing e.g. You’d better consider my suggestion.
by means of 用……方法，通过……手段 gesture n. 手势；姿势 We can communicate with each other by
means of gestures. 我们可以通过手势与彼此交流。
facial adj. 面部的 facial expression 面部表情 face n.面部 v.面对；朝向；对着
Non-verbal communication
No.3
Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous.
The interpretation of the nonverbal behaviors will be affected by:
• 5. Nonverbal communication can be more emotional than verbal communication.（非语言交流更富有情感）
(P84)
• eg.when somebody is angry.
Functions
Of Nonverbal Communication
Characteristics
Of Nonverbal Communication
No.1
Nonverbal Communication is Less Systematized than Verbal Communication.
No.2
Nonverbal Communication is Culture-Bound. •Nonverbal cues are not universal, the same cue may carry various meanings across cultures.
Kinesics 举止神态学
Proxemics 空间关系学
Paralanguage 副语言
Chronemic 时间线程学
Kinesics: body language
• Definition: the study of body movement and activities in human communication. • Classification: based on the function of each body movement, 5 categories: =OKAY 1. Emblems: kinesics cues that have direct verbal counterpart. 2. Illustrators: nonverbal messages that are directly tied to speech and that are used to describe, reinforce, or supplement what is said verbally. E.g. “its over there” with figures pointing at the direction. Ps. Culturally varied. “come here” ,palm upward and downward.
跨文化交际Terms Questions and case答案
跨文化交际1.Intercultural communication（跨文化交际）It refers to communication that takes place between people of different culture backgrounds, whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication events.2.Culture (from intercultural communication perspective)It is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. 3.High context （高语境）❖High Context CultureCultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people (or the ones in which most of information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message), are labeled high-context culture.4.Stereotype （文化定势）It refers to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.5.Taboo（禁忌语）It refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are often offensive and impolite.6.Nonverbal communication (from narrow perspective) （非言语交际）It refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbols to communicate a specific message or the messages sent without using words.7.Chronemics（时间行为）It is the study of how people perceive and use time. Our understanding of time falls under a class of nonverbal communication called chonemics.8.Culture shock（文化休克）It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.9.Prejudice （文化偏见）It refers to the irrational (非理性的) dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.10.Euphemism（委婉语）It is taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary.petent CommunicationIt is interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfilling certain rewarding objectives and is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.1.Write your opinions about how your current educational setting embodies Chinese culturevalues?2.Summarize the stages of intercultural adaptation in your own words.（1）U-curve PatternHoneymoon Period：Crisis Period：Adjustment Period：Biculturalism Period：（2）W-curve PatternDescribe the process of reverse culture shock.3.Summarize the categories of nonverbal communication and explain what they are briefly.（1）Paralanguage：is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.（2）Silence：is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture.（3）Chronemics：is the study of how people perceive and use time.（4）Proxemics：refers to the perception and use of space, including territoriality (领地感) and personal space. （5）others：Oculesics、Olfactics、Haptics、Kinesics、Chromatics 、Attire4.Give colors as examples and try to find out the different interpretation of the same colors indifferent cultures.nguage can be a big barrier in the intercultural communication. Try some examples to showhow language can be a problem in the intercultural communication and explain the reasons.（1）Lack of V ocabulary Equivalence（2）Lack of Idiomatic Equivalence（3）Lack of Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence（4）Lack of Experiential Equivalence：Thanksgiving 文化大革命（5）Lack of Conceptual EquivalenceLanguage is the reflection of culture、values and the environment.6.Summarize the strategies you have learned on how to avoid culture shock and engaged inintercultural adaptation.（1）Study the host culture（2）Study the local environment（3）Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skills（4）Develop intercultural relationships（5）Maintain an intimate social network（6）Assume the principle of difference/Remember your perceptual context（7）Anticipate failure events1、Coconut-skating （4）The case reflects the characteristics of culture----culture is learned and pervasive.We learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization. Culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influence the way we think and behave.The Philippine women must have learned this way of mopping from their own culture. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor mopping.2、Why Don’t You Eat The Pizza?（12）This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication.Culture can greatly influence people’s belief, value, norm and social practice. Ignoring cultural differences can affect communication and cause problems.In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and cannot be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.3、Different Responses to Noise （16）This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation and perception.No two of people can assume that their sensations and perceptions are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense and perceive the world.In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.4、Who is the most beautiful woman? （19）This case reflects that people from different cultures have interprete the same sentence “Who is the most beautiful woman at the reception?” differently.Fred is from western culture and his understanding of a beautiful woman focus on the looking only. While in Philippine where power distance is high, people pay more attention to social status, so Manuel thinks the maid should not be considered as a member of the reception.5、A Danish Woman in New York （21）This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.Assuming similarities instead of difference refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone which is common in Denmark is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.6、Success Story （25）This case can reflect different communication styles----direct and indirect styles.The direct and indirect styles differ in the extent to which communicators reveal their intentions through their tone of voice and the straightforwardness of their message. In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intention. The speaker’s verbal style reflects his or her cultural and personal value.In this case, Mary and Ms. Goshima had very different communication styles. Mary’s tended to be direct while Ms Goshima tended to be indirect. Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. Thus came the communicative problem.7、Are Americans Indifferent? （33）This case can reflect the difference in kinesics(身势语）, one of the categories of nonverbal communication, among cultures.The term kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Kinesics involves not only the actions but also the cultural interpretation of those actions in relation to the verbal communication uttered simultaneously.In this case, compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. Because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.8、Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm（36）This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.Different culture s have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Martin’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Martin from Chile does not know the cultural taboo at all.9、Getting Frustrated （41）This case can reflect different norms in different cultures.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.In this case, much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on a middleman and having a middleman is a norm there. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands, and the left one and the right one have different functions. What is more, Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interactions. All these above make perfect sense to Saudis but not to Jay, an American businessman. Westerners’norms concerning these are totally different. Thus, Jay and Saudis had communicative problems.10、The Improvement Does Not Work（43）This case can reflect one of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientation----relational orientation.Relational orientation has three potential types: individualism, linearity and collaterality.In this case, following their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups.However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance. In the US, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.11、When Shall We Meet for Dinner? （44）This case can reflect one of Hofstede’s value cultural dimensions----uncertainty avoidance.Uncertainty avoidance indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations.In this case, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the US, possesses a relatively low avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high avoidance index. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?12、A Gift from a Chinese （48）This case can reflect that a rules for gift giving are very different from culture to culture.Chinese people love giving gifts. Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face. Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide. Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.13、R efuse to Be Treated （50）This case can reflect culture’s influence on the health care context.In the case just described, the U.S. American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness. Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next, and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first.However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first. Their position, age, and wisdom demanded respect. For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectful.The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible. Because the U.S. Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good that they were willing to do so. Sadly, this is not always the case.14、Doubts （52）This case can reflect the problems one may encounter during intercultural adaptation. When an individual enters a new culture, he may first experience excitement. But later more serious problems may come to him. When facing these problems, one may fell anxious and not know how to deal with the present situation.In this case, Wu Lian not only encounter language problem, and he also faces a lot of learning difficulties due to cultural differences. And besides, he also meets many difficulties in daily life. All these make him feel uncomfortable and stressed.The only way out for him is to learn more knowledge and skills to conquer these hindrances and become successful in intercultural adaptation.15、Missing China （55）This case can reflect reverse culture shock.When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again.In this case, John, whose comes from Canada, has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture. Therefore, when he returns to Canada, he cannot adapt well to his native culture.。
nonverbalcommunication跨文化交际
(1) General Appearance and Dress
Muslin girls usually wear scarves to cover their heads, and in most instance, “girls are not allowed to participate in swimming classes because of the prohibitions against exposing their bodies.” Modesty is highly valued among Arabs.
副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声 音）
客体语（object language，包括皮肤颜色、气 味、衣着化妆、家具等）
环境语言（environmental language，包括时 间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响 等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。
Different categorization
（1）时间学(chronemics)——研究人们利用时 间的方式及其意义。
（2）空间学（proxemics）——研究人际距 离及空间使用方式及其意义。
non-verbal communication 无语言交流(课堂PPT)
.
29
Hands
• Clapping to indicate applause
unintentional
• Ambiguous
• Primary
• Continuous
• Multi-channeled
.
11
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• To provide information • To regulate interaction • To express or hide emotion and affect • To present an image • To express power and control
.
23
Time
• Time is a conception, a culture, and ways of life.
• Different cultures have different interpretation and conception of time.
• Americans say that he who hesitates is lost, while we Chinese often say that think three times before you act. (Think twice before you leap.)
.
7
Definition: (1)
• “Metacommunication (beyond
the usual commmunication),
paralinguistics, second-
order messages, the silent
经典：Nonverbal-Communication-非语言交际
美国人问候时要握手，阿拉伯人文化时要亲吻双颊，日 本人问候时要鞠躬，墨西哥人则要常常相互拥抱。土耳 其人认为摸一下耳朵可使人免受凶眼的伤害；在意大利 南部，这种手势却用来嘲笑懦弱无能；在印度，这又是 自责或真诚的表示。在大多数远东或中东国家，用拇指 指人是不礼貌的。在泰国，示意某人走过来，需要某人 走过来，需要手掌向下，手指前后移动，而在美国，让 人过来则手掌向上，手指向自己移动；在越南，美国这 种手掌向上的手势只用来唤狗。汤加人在长辈面前应该 走下，而在西方晚辈应该站在。在美国，双腿交叉而坐 表示放松；在朝鲜，这是社交禁忌。在日本，交换礼物 要用双手；穆斯林则视左手不洁，不用左手吃东西或传 递物品。佛教认为，人在沉默时能大彻大悟，美国人认 为交谈出真挚。
大多数美国人认为，壳应该是完美无瑕的。许多人意识到，由 性别、衣服样式、种族、年龄、民族、身份、体形、情绪等外 化出来的表象来反映某人的基本特征。研究表明：在美国，肥 胖者收入低，结婚率低，受教育程度低。我们根据一个人的魅 力、着装以及个人小饰品对其“知识、性别、年龄、亲和力、 财政状况、阶层、品味、价值观和文化背景等”。魅力迷恋在 文化中已根深蒂固，即便小孩也更愿意选择与漂亮的小朋友为 伴。
大多数非语言交际具有普遍性，但是许多非语言行为都 是文化潜移默化的结果。
2
非语言交流的重要性
判断心态：人们会自觉不自觉地、有意无意地对别人心态做出 判断 – 这种心态常常不是通过语言表达出来的。从说话的语气， 你与说话对象的距离，到身体接触的次数，了解彼此间关系的 亲疏。如果看到某人紧握双拳、表情犹豫，无需交谈你就知道 她不高兴。听到某人声音发颤，手发抖，您能推断出他很恐惧 或焦虑。
5
非语言交流的分类
非语作、面部表情、目光接触、触摸和副语言）；另一 类是个体同环境相结合所发出的信息（空间、时间和沉默）。
跨文化交际Nonverbal Communication ppt课件
2021/3/30
7
Level of Meaning
• Cognitive content - stated messages, what is said openly
• Affective content - feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
2he use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.
rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.
2021/3/30
18
The “V” sign
• Palm outward: - two, victory, general approval, peace or friend
• Palm facing yourself - two, insulting (up yours)
• Personal Distance (45-120cm) - friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relatives
2021/3/30
29
Categories of Distance (cont’d)
• Social Distance (1.3-3m) - colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings
✓ 7% through words, 38% through voice, and 55% through looks and behaviors
2021/3/30
8
第四讲 非语言传播(nonverbal communication)
身体动作与姿势（kinemics）
动作： 符号势 图解势 调节势 心情展示 适应势 姿势： 接近性 地位 性别差异 移动 情无意 • 服装与个性
• 对着装的定型见解：职业、身份、年龄、 群体认同 • 随身用品：眼镜、烟斗、手提包 • 服装效果：对观察者，对穿衣人
定义
• 一般说来，非言语传播就是除言语传播之 外的一切交流形式。 严格地说：非言语传播具有社会性共知 的含义，被有目的的或被解释为有目的的 发出，被有意识地接收，并有可能由接受 者反馈的、除使用言辞本身以外的人类属 性或行动。
传播发生的四种情况
有意发出并被感 有意发出而不被 觉为有意 感觉为有意的
文化与时间（proxemics）
• 心理时间观：过去观，现实观，未来观 • 生物时间体系： 体力、情绪、智力生物节律周期 • 文化时间观： ▪技术时间 ▪正规时间：顺序、周期性、价值、实在性、▪ 合成性、持续性和深度 ▪非正规时间
练习六：
1. 观察自己一天，以确定自己与时间的关 系。记录下你一天中看钟表，问时间或 以任何方式涉及时间的行为次数。你有 没有发现与你有不同时间倾向的人，如 何相处？
练习三
• 给陌生人打电话，根据其声音判断他的 性别、年龄、声高、体重和来自的地区。 重复几次以确定声音要素或帮助、或妨 碍或不影响对个人背景和人格特征的判 断。
环境
对环境的感觉：
正规 温暖 隐秘性 熟悉 限制 距离
对环境的反应 环境的吸引力 颜色 灯光 声音 空间安排与座位选择 会谈桌型 亲密度 支配性 效果 个性 教室空间 办公室的间隔
触摸
• 触摸的功能 职业性 社交性 友爱 情爱 唤起情欲 • 触摸与生长发育：动物与人 • 触摸的文化差异 • 触摸的信息：情绪 地位 接触需要信号
跨文化交际实训Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication-文档资料
Glossary
harassment affectionate ritualized slap Estonian n. 骚扰 adj. 情深的，充满情爱的 adj. 仪式化的 vt. 拍击 n. 爱沙尼亚人
Comprehension Questions
1. Identify the different ways people use touch to convey messages to others in different cultures.
Key Terms
Contact culture接触性文化/Low-contact culture低接触 文化 根据身体接触的多少,分为接触性文化和低接触文化。 接触性文化中，人们相互之间关系亲密，因而身体 的接触较多。接触文化包括大部分阿拉伯国家，地中 海地区（包括法国、希腊、意大利），欧洲及中东的 犹太民族，东欧及俄罗斯人、印尼人及西班牙血统的 民族等。低接触文化的人们关系趋于冷淡，身体接触 相对较少。低接触文化包括北欧大部、德国、英国和 美国的盎格鲁-撒克逊族人以及日本人。澳大利亚人居 于两者之间。
Key Terms
Nonverbal communication 非言语交际 非言语交际是指不用言语，而是通过面部表情、 手势、眼神、身体的运动以及对时空的态度来进 行的沟通。
Glossary
indispensable complement
substitute
accent soothing elaborate
IV. Body Touch 身体接触
Hand-shaking 握手
Hugging and kissing 拥抱和亲吻
Key Terms
2017.6月跨文化复习范围
跨文化视听说复习范围名词解释(20考10)1.culture shocka condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes.2. context(1)discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation.(2)the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event.3. acculturationthe adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture.4. territorialitythe behavior of a male animal, human or country that defines and defends its territory.5. feedbackresponse to an inquiry or experiment.6. kinesicsKinesics is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures — or, more formally, non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole.7. ethnocentrismbelief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.8. time systemswo lijiewei jisuanjichenxuxitong de yigebufen yongyu shijian de jiliang he shiyong.9. encoding(1)the activity of converting from plain text into code.(2)the process of amino acids in accordance with the order of the genes are given specific constitute to peptide or protein.(major noun in biology,by myself^^)10. connotationan idea that is implied or suggested.11. languagea systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols.12. affect displaysIn psychology, affect display or affective display is a subject's externally displayed affect.13. stereotypea conventional or formulaic conception or image.14. low-contextA low-context communication is just the opposition, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.15. nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people.16.uncertainty avoidance"a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity". It reflects the extent to which members of asociety attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty.17. identity conflictshenfen chongtu, what’s mean?18. polychronic time systemduochong shijian xitong?19. time orientationsTime orientation can be divided into three kinds of human time orientation can be divided into three kinds:past-orientation,present-oriented and future-oriented.20. monochronic time systemdanyi shijian xitong?对错判断(20考10)1. Culture is often compared to an iceberg, suggesting that most of it is concealed while a small part of it lies visible.文化常被比作一座冰山，这表明它大部分是隐蔽的，而一小部分是可见的。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
French gesture for 'I don't believe you'guess what this gesture means?⏹Praise/ for me/ Good luck / screw youWho won the game of one-on-one basketball?⏹a. The man on the left⏹b. The man on the right⏹a. She will ask them to sit somewhere else.⏹b. She will stare at the space "invaders" defiantly, but she will not move .⏹c. She will leave, saying nothing to the three people who invaded her personal space.⏹Two business people are sitting at a negotiation table. One is from Africa and one is from Europe. The African businessman is putting his index finger to his temper, which means he is thinking how to start negotiating with has counterpart. The gesture seems to annoyed the European businessman, who has got impatient and stands up and shouts, “Why do you say at the beginning of our negotiation that I‟m crazy?” The African, himself, is confused and is at a loss as to what has gone wrong.InterculturalNon-verbal CommunicationNonverbal CommunicationMore than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!People turn to believe nonverbal codes when they contradict the verbal ones!1.Definition:⏹Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004)⏹Nonverbal communication is the communication using our bodies, gestures and tones of voice—everything except the actual words we use.Definition: (2)⏹“Metacommunication (beyond the usual communication), paralinguistics, second-order messages, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.” (Hal l, 1959)Definition in Chinese⏹一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。
⏹非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。
非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。
因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。
Overview of Nonverbal Communication2. Different categorization安德逊（Andersen，见Samovar et al．，1991：287)的分类系统:（1）时间学(chronemics)——研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义。
（2）空间学（proxemics）——研究人际距离及空间使用方式及其意义m（3）身势学（kinesics）——研究人们的面部表情（facial expression）、身体动作（body movements）、手势（gestures）等。
（4）体触学（haptics）——研究身体接触所传达的信息。
（5）外表（physical appearance）——研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。
（6）目光学（oculesics）——研究人们通过目光接触（eye contact），眨眼（blinks），眼珠转动（eye movements）及瞳孔放大（pupil dilation）等所传达的信息。
（7）副语言（paralanguage／vocalics）——研究声音的非言语成分（nonverbal elements）所传达的信息。
（8）嗅觉学（olfactics）——研究人们如何通过气味来传达信息。
Act out the following ideas:⏹Me?⏹Stop.⏹No.⏹Come here.⏹I‟m full.⏹It‟s smelly here.⏹I don‟t know.⏹Go away.⏹I can‟t hear it.⏹I am surprised.⏹We share a secret.⏹Everything is fine.⏹I‟m warning you.⏹I feel embarrassed.⏹I cannot believe this nonsense.⏹Oops, I forgot it.1. Repeating: using verbal message to repeat a point one tries to make.⏹ e.g. knocking the table while saying, “silence, please.”2. Complementing: closely related to repeating. Although messages that repeat can stand alone, complementing generally adds more information to messages.⏹ e.g. Smiling and saying, “Welcome!”3. conveying: convey our emotions and our attitudes towards the people we are communicating with.4. Substituting: we use substitution in nonverbal communication when we perform some action instead of speaking.5. Regulating: we often regulate and manage communication by using some form of nonverbal behavior. Our nonverbal behavior helps us control the situation.6. Contradicting: on some occasions, our nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal meanings contained in our verbal messages.1.1 Body Language⏹Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements.⏹Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.(1) General Appearance and DressConcern with how one appears is universal.We make inferences (often faulty) about another‟s “intelligence, gender, age, approachability, financial well-being, class, tastes, values, and cultural background” from attractiveness, dress, and personal artifacts.⏹“By the husk you may judge the nut.”⏹“Clothes make the man.”⏹“Do not judge a book according to its cover.”⏹Hairstyle, lipstick, figure, etc.⏹overweight⏹Definition of beauty in different culturesDress tradition: material, style, and color⏹Dress of different cultures⏹Wedding dress(2) Gestures⏹Do you know what the following gestures means?Number 1 is used together with the verbal message “Let‟s keep our fingers crossed” in the United States, England, and Sweden to mean that the person is hoping for good luck. But in Greece and Turkey it means the breaking of a friendship, and in parts of Italy it means “O.K.”.Number 2 is normally used when talking privately about a third person, meaning that person is crazy, often in a joking way.Finger(1)⏹In the United States, the index finger is used to point to objects and even at people.⏹Germans point with the little finger⏹Japanese point with the entire hand, palms up⏹In much of Asia, pointing with the index finger is considered rudeFinger(2)⏹“cross one's fingers”⏹keep one…s fingers crossed。