1-Redeveloping American Cities

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II. Urban Renewal
Herbert J. Gans： ：
(1) Relocation is often ruthlessly handled, poor people’s economic and cultural deprivation are magnified. (2) Neighborhood are destroyed, since the relocation was based on individual family and large cohesive areas were cleared all at once. (3) The supply of cheap housing decreases, only about one sixth the number of homes were built as were destroyed. (4) Benefits for the poor are also slow in coming, business has tended to make a great deal of profit at the expense of the poor.
What Is Urban Planning? Why does the city need to plan? How to practice urban planning?
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What Is Urban Planning?
Planning & Planners Planning involves logical, rational preparation for probable future events.(P218) Rational preparation/plans enable us, in some measure, to control the future. The goals of planning:
First, in the term of city, planners usually attempt to modify conditions related to what has been called “today’s urban crisis.” Second, there is an attempt to preserve “traditional values,” “historical places,” and “quality environments.” The urban crisis or urban problems
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II. Urban Renewal
The goals of the Housing Act of 1949 were to:
(1) relocate slum dwellers in decent housing (2) stimulate large-scale private rebuilding (3) add tax revenues to the city (4) revitalize the central city, especially its central business district (5) halt the exodus of whites to the suburbs
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4. Housing
(1)Substandard Housing. (2)Energy. (3)Vacancy Rates. (4)Gray Areas. (5)Life-Cycle Changes. (6)Quality of the Environment. (7)Rising cost.
Urban Sociology
Section Ⅲ
Urban Problems and Planning
2011-03-23 Wang Meiqin
Contents
1 Introduction
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Redeveloping American cities
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Town Planning
2
Introduction
Redeveloping American Cities
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Contents
I. The Urban Crisis II. Urban Renewal III. Zoning IV. Model Cities V. Summary
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I. The Urban Crisis
Political Ineffectiveness Finances Energy
preservation of valued physical structures and traditions renovation of city sections creation of entirely new cities
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Why does the city need to plan?
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9. Aging
Over the age of sixty-five. The elderly, instead of being revered, lose status, are often forced into dependents roles, and find their incomes restricted. They are also a part of urban crisis which require specialized planning and attention. We are just beginning to deal with the problems of the elderly in the city.
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II. Urban Renewal
Urban renewal refers to process or program through which deteriorated neighborhoods are upgraded through clearance and redevelopment (building, infrastructure, and public amenities). One of the largest and grandest efforts directed at the urban crisis. In American urban renewal officially began with passage of the Housing Act of 1949.
Dimensions of the Urban Crisis
Urban crisis consists of problems in such diverse areas as
Transportation
Housing
Discrimination
Employment
Poverty
Crime
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Aging
(3)ecological location of jobs
A net trend toward shifting locations of jobs within urban areas from the central city to the periphery.
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7. Poverty
Poverty is obviously related to employment. One of the most widely-recognized aspects of the urban crisis. Who Are the Urban Poor? Causes of Poverty.
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How to practice urban planning?
Urban Renewal (Urban Redevelopment/ Urban Revitalization/Urban Regeneration) Zoning Model Cities Town Planning
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Chapter 9
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II. Urban Renewal
Urban renewal had a very modest success. The damage done by urban renewal seems to greatly outweigh its successes. Critiques of Urban Renewal:
(1)“the system” or the “environment” (2)discrimination (3)normative(“Culture of Poverty”) (4)social structural conditions
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8. Crime
Increasing Property Crime Crime Rates There is also ecological patterning of criminal activity.
A disjunction between service demands and resources for service provision. Decay of the central city, especially the centrportation
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6. Employment
(1)unemployment
Nonfarm workers, blue-collar workers, the young, minorities, and the elderly.
(2)underemployment
An individual has skills that are not currently (required) in the marketplace, An individual has ability, but lacks adequate skills.