同等学力英语阅读-知识点 真题 练习题

阅读知识点

四大明显设题原则

一、语言简化

语言简化是命题专家设置题干与四个选项时所必须遵守的一条重要原则。一般来说，一道题的四个选项不仅长度差不多，用词水平和语法难度也都差不多。此外，答案的文字难度一般低于文章本身，这也是对考生非常有利的一点，有时候甚至还可以通过选项中的答案来帮助理解原文。这是一个普遍的原则，现举例如下：

【例1】

Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children — though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black solders during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his

[A] moral considerations.

[B] military experience.

[C] financial conditions.

[D] political stand.

【解析】文中最后一段的“Washington, ...observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, ...grant his slaves their freedom in his will”明确指出华盛顿给奴隶自由的原因是他们在战争中的勇敢行为，[B]“军事经历”是对其高度地概括。

二、关键词替换

关键词替换是命题专家使用频率最高的原则。命题专家设置题目以及正确选项时一般都会用同义词或者近义词替代原文某个关键词。命题者有时候还会以和原文意思相同但是遣词造句不同的方式来设计正确答案，即用不同的话把原文的某个句子复述一遍，而错误答案反而往往看上去会与原文差不多，这个时候考生需要仔细阅读加以区别。

【例2】

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real cons traints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William 33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?

[A] Non-Americans add to the average height

of the nation.

[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright

posture.

[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the

world.

[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in

Leonard of Northwestern University. adulthood.

【解析】文中第四段第三句的言外之意是，人类身高有其极限，而这个身高极限与直立行走的姿势有关。选项[B]中的conditioned是对原文中struggle with的同义转换。

三、正话反说

即原文中用肯定方式所表述的内容，命题者在设定选项时用否定的方式（如双重否定句，或者一个否定形式加上另一个否定词如never, none等）来进行同义转换。

【例3】

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college, “I struggled a lot to get the college degree, I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para.5) shows that

[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making

money.

[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her

household expenses.

[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by

check.

【解析】从文中也可以看出，作为一个单身母亲，阿尔瓦雷兹面临很大的生存压力，要应付诸多的日常开支，这与[B]“她的薪水几乎不能满足日常生活开销”相吻合。即原文中用肯定方式所表述的内容，设定选项用的是否定方式，也就是正话反说。

四、反话正说

与正话反说正好相反，原文中用否定方式表述的内容，命题者在设定选项时用肯定的

方式把同样的意思再表达一遍。

【例4】

How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride．54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.

[A] turning of the business cycle

[B] restructuring of industry

[C] improved business management

[D] success in education

【解析】第四段第二句指出，没有几个美国人将此仅仅归因于美元贬值或商业周期变化这样显而易见的原因。既然是显而易见，那么“美元贬值或商业周期变化”也应该是作者认同的