Chapter Six (General Introduction)
大学英语精读第四册第六单元内容讲解
大学英语精读第四册第六单元内容讲解大学英语精读第四册第六单元内容讲解导语：大家应该都是喜欢看书的人吧，那么大家知道怎么标记一本书吗，下面是一篇讲述如何标记一本书的英语课文，欢迎大家参考。
Text"Don't ever mark in a book!" Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised. But Mortimer Adler disagrees. He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself.HOW TO MARK A BOOKMortimer J. AdlerYou know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher'sicebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.)Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt!I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or thethoughts the author expressed. Let me develop these three points.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. you can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, "Gone with the Wind," doesn't require the most active kind of reading. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the crooning of Mr. Vallee. You have to reach for them. That you cannot do while you're asleep.If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know that you read actively. The most famous active reader of great books I know is President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago. He also has the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know. He invariably read with pencil, and sometimes, when he picks up a book and pencil in the evening, he finds himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he calls " caviar factories" on the margins. When that happens, he puts the book down. He knows he's too tired to read, and he's just wasting time.But, you may ask, why is writing necessary? Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory. To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen thosequestions. You can pick up the book the following week or year, and there are all your points of agreement, disagreement, doubt and inquiry. It's like resuming an interrupted conversation with the advantage of being able to pick up where you left off.And that is exactly what reading a book should be: a conversation between you and the author. Presumably he knows more about the subject than you do; naturally you'll have the proper humility as you approach him. But don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end. Understanding is a two-way operation; learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle. The learner has to question himself and question the teacher. He even has to argue with the teacher, once he understands what the teacher is saying. And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author.There are all kinds of devices for marking a book intelligently and fruitfully. Here's the way I do it:1. Underlining: of major points, of important or forceful statements.2. Vertical lines at the margin: to emphasize a statement already underlined.3. Star, asterisk, or other doo-dad at the margin: to be used sparingly, to emphasize the ten or twenty most important statements in the book.4. Numbers in the margin: to indicate the sequence of points the author makes in developing a single argument.5. Number of other pages in the margin: to indicate where else in the book the author made points relevant to the point marked; to tie up the ideas in a book, which, though they may be separated by many pages, belong together.6. Circling of key words or phrases.7. Writing in the margin, or at the top or bottom of the page, for the sake of: recording questions (and perhaps answers) which a passage raise in your mind; reducing a complicated discussion to a simple statement; recording the sequence of major points right through the book. I use the end-papers at the back of the book to make a personal index of the author's points in the order of their appearance.The front end-papers are, to me, the most important. Some people reserve them for a fancy bookplate, I reserve them for fancy thinking. After I have finished reading the book and making my personal index on the back end-papers, I turn to the front and try to outline the book, not page by page, or point by point (I've already done that at the back), but as an integrated structure, with a basic unity and an order of parts. This outline is, to me, the measure of my understanding of the work.New Wordspersuadevt. cause (sb.) to do sth. by reasoning, arguing, etc. 说服，劝服librariann. 图书馆管理员propertyn. (collectively) things owned; possessions 财产preluden. action, event, etc. that serves as an introduction 序幕;前奏曲possessionn. possessing; ownership; (pl.) property 拥有;所有权;财产ownershipn. the possessing (of sth.); right of possessing 所有(权)illustrationn. an example which explains the meaning of sth.; adn explanatory picture, diagram, etc. 例;图例;插图beefsteakn. 牛排transfervt. had over the possession of (property, etc.); change officially from one position, etc. to another 转移;调动butchern. a person who kills, cuts up and sells animals for food 屠夫iceboxn. a box where food is kept cool with blocks of ice; (AmE) refrigeratorbloodstreamn. the blood as it flows through the blood vessels of the body 血流absorbvt. take or such in (liquids); take in (knowledge, ideas, etc.)吸收best-sellern. book that is sold in very large numbers 畅销书individualn. any one human being ( contrasted with society ) 个人woodpulpn. 木(纸)浆dipv. plunge or be plunged quickly or briefly into a liquid, esp. to wet or coat 浸;蘸shinya. giving off light as if polished; bright 发亮的restrainvt. prevent; control; hold back 抑制;控制，约束dogeareda. (of a book) having he corners of the pages bent down with use, like a dog's ears (书页)卷角的dilapidateda. (of things) broken and old; falling to pieces 破旧的;倾坍的'loosenv. make or become loose or looser (使)松开continuala. repeated; frequent 不断的;频繁的scribblev. write hastily or carelessly; write meaningless marks on paper, etc. 潦草书写;乱涂preservevi. keep safe from harm of danger 保护;保存intacta. untouched; undamaged 完整无损的elegantlyad. beautifully; gracefully 优美地;雅致地elegant a.bind (bound)vt. tie or fasten with a rope, etc.; fasten together sheets of (a book) and enclose within a cover 捆，绑;装订(书)editionn. form in which a book is published; total number of copies (of a book, newspaper, etc.) issued from the same types (书等的)版本;版paradisen. the Garden of Eden; Heaven 伊甸园;天堂crayonn. 蜡笔; 颜色笔originala. of or relating to an origin or beginning; being the first instance or source from which a cop can be made 最初的;原著的;原创作者的paintingn. a painted picture; picturestatuen. an image of a person or animal in wood, stone, bronze, etc. 雕像inseparablea. impossible to separate from one anothermanufacturevt. make, produce on a large scale by machinery 制造;(大量)生产magnificenta. splendid; remarkable 华丽的;宏伟的indispensablea. absolutely essential or necessary 必不可少的consciousa. aware; able to feel and think 有意识的;神志清醒understandingn. knowledge of the nature of sth., based esp. on learning or experience 理解fictionn. (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances 小说croonvi. sing gently in a low soft voice, usu. with much feeling 低声吟唱readern. person who readsinvariablyad. unchangeable; constantly 不变地;始终如一地intelligenta. having or showing a high degree of powers of reasoning or understanding 聪明的caviar(e)n. 鱼子酱sharpenv. become or make sharp(er)disagreementn. the fact or a case of disagreeing; lack of similarity 分歧;不一致disagree viinquiryn. question; asking 询问resumevt. go on after stopping for a time (中断后)重新开始naturallyad. of course; as one could have expectedhumilityn. humble condition or state of mind 谦卑solelyad. not including anything else or any others; onlysole a.receptaclen. a container for keeping things in 容器literallyad. actually; virtually 确实地;简直fruitfullyad. productively; with good results 富有成果地fruitful a.underlinevt. draw a line under (a word, etc.) esp. to show importance 在……下划线(表示强调)forcefula. strong; powerfulverticala. 垂直的emphasizevt. call attention to; stress 强调asteriskn. a starlike mark used to call attention to sth. 星号(即*)doo-dadn. (informal) a fancy, trifling ornament 小装饰物sparinglyad. economically; frugally 节约地sequencen. succession; connected line of events, ideas, etc. 顺序;连续;一连串relevanta. connected with what is being discussed; appropriate 有关的;适宜的phrasen. 短语end-papern. (often pl.) a piece of blank paper stuck inside the cover atthe beginning or end of a book 衬页indexn. 索引fancya. not ordinary; brightly coloured 别致的;花哨的bookplaten. a piece of paper with the owner's name, usu. pasted to the inside front cover of a book 藏书票integratevt. put or bring together (parts) into a whole 使成一整体structuren. way in which sth. is put together, organized, etc.; framework or essential parts of a building 结构basica. essential; fundamental 主要的;基本的unitym. an arrangement of parts to form a complete whole; the state of being united 总体布局;统一Phrases & Expressionsread between the lines(fig.) find more meaning than the words appear to express 体会字里行间的言外之意do(sb.) goodhelp or benefit (sb.) 帮助(某人);对(某人)有益dip intoread or study for a short time or without much attention 浏览;稍加探究no more……than……in no greater degree……than……a set ofa number of (thing that belong together) 一套so to speak/ say(used as an apology for an unusual use of a word or phrase) as one might say; if I may use this expression, etc. 可以说;容许我打个譬喻get in the waybecome a nuisance or hindrance 挡道;碍事in the second placeas the second thing in order or importance 第二，其次think throughthink about until one reaches an understanding or conclusion 彻底全面考虑reach forstretch out one's hand to grasp; make an effort to grasp 伸手去抓;努力争取set downwrite down on paperpick upstart again after interruption 中断后重新开始leave offstopconsist inlie in; be equivalent to 在于;存在于tie upconnect closely; fasten with rope, etc. 系紧;捆牢reduce……tostate in a more concise form; summarize as 把……归纳为Proper NamesRembrandt伦勃朗(姓氏)Dewey杜威(姓氏) Vallee瓦利(姓氏) Hutchins哈钦斯Chicago芝加哥(美国城市)。
外语教学法部分问答题及答案
外语教学法Chapter 1 General Introduction1. What is structuralism?“Structuralism”, also called in different cases ”structuralism linguistic school”, “ structural linguistics” and “structural grammar”, in its broad meaning, refers to the study of any language that regards language itself as an independent, phonological, grammatical and lexical system. In its narrow sense it refers to the linguistic approach of the Prague school, which supposes that any individual linguistic element must be associated for an analysis with other elements where it occurs.Chapter 5 The Audiolingual Method1. What contributions does the Audiolingual Method make to language teaching?The Audiolingual Method’s contributions to language teaching are as follows:①It is among the first theories to recommend the development of alanguage teaching theory on declared linguistic and psychological principles. The audioingual theory is probably the first language teaching theory that openly claims to be derived from linguistics and psychology.②It attempts to make language learning accessible to large groups ofordinary learners. With large classes, drills are of particular use in that they maximize student participation.③The Audiolingual Method stresses syntactical progression and usespattern drills to help the students gain control over grammatical structures.④It leads to the development of simple techniques of varied, graded, andintensive practice of specific features of the language, and more scientifically selected and systematically arranged materials and structural patterns to go with.⑤It develops the separation of the language skills into a pedagogicaldevice. The Audiolingual Method introduces specifically designed techniques of auditory and oral practice.Chapter 6 The Cognitive Approach1. How useful are the techniques used by a cognitive teacher to yourEnglish teaching and learning experience?The rule learning, meaningful practice and creativity are the focus of English teaching and learning experience. Using these techniques is to helpthe learner to understand English as a system, and to master the meaningful material, then to achieve successful communication. These techniques used by a cognitive teacher can stimulate learners subjective activity and creativity, and raise their language competence and language performance. By using these techniques, the teacher can achieve the objectives of English teaching and learning experience: to develop in the students the native- like competence: to develop intuitive thinking in learners; to develop strategies of language use, to enable the students to learn from errors.2. What are the main features of the Cognitive Approach? And in whataspects is the Cognitive Approach different from the Audiolingual Method?Features:①It concentrates on the learner’s processes of knowing rather than onmechanistic procedures;②It gives importance to grammar teaching as an aid to learning;③It believes the learner is the center of classroom teaching;④It gives equal importance to all the four skills;⑤It holds mistakes are unavoidable.Differences:Cognitive Method Audiolingual Method①meaningful learning and practice ①imitation and memorization②the learner is the center of class- ②learners play a reactive roleroom teaching③deliberate grammar teaching ③teachers are warned not toteach grammar④equal importance to all the four ④emphasis on the teaching ofskills speaking and listening beforereading and writing⑤mistakes are unavoidable ⑤ a negative attitude towardsstudents’ language errorsChapter 7 The Natural Approach1. Which one is most plausible the tenets of Krashen’s Input Hypothesis?Which one is least plausible? Justify your answer.The most plausible point is that people acquire language best by understanding input that is slightly beyond their current level of competence. Comprehension is helped by the situation and the context, extra linguistic information and knowledge of the world. This point is in accordance with the learning cognitive development of learners.The least plausible point is that humans acquire language in only one way—by receiving comprehensible input. It ignores the advanced cognitive development of adults and the advantages of formal teaching and learning. Krashen argues that the best way to learn a second language is to approachthe language as children do when they are acquiring their first language. In fact, adult learners have cognitive skills that enable them to take advantages of formal interaction.2. How would you take the “best” of krashen’s theories and apply themin the classroom and yet still be mindful of the various problems inherent in his ideas about second language acquisition?①Krashen’s distinction between acquisition and learning makes peoplerealize the importance of creating the kind of natural environment in aforeign language classroom so that learners can resort to theirsubconscious learning. Using these two processes together, learningwould be more successful.②The monitor hypothesis states that grammar plays the limited role insecond language learning. The focus on language teaching should notbe rule learning but communication.③The natural order hypothesis states it is not always a good idea to startwith a rule by considering only whether it is simple in terms of structure.④The input hypothesis is that people acquire language best byunderstanding input i+1. The input should be interesting andchallenging enough to keep learners motivated and they can feel asense of achievement. The focus of language input should be onmeaning, and meaning should be presented in context.⑤The affective filter hypothesis states that learning is not purely anintellectual and cognitive process, and it is also an affective process. If learners have a positive attitude, enough confidence, interest and motivation in learning a foreign language, learning would be more effective.3. What is main context of the acquisition-learning hypothesis proposedby Krashen?Krashen claims that adult learners of second language have two ways of developing their competence. In a second/foreign language, one is acquisition which refers to the subconscious process in which they develop their language proficiency through natural communications in the target language. The other is learning which refers to the conscious process in which they acquire the explicit knowledge of the rules of the target language. Chapter 8 The Communicative Approach1. Appropriacy of language use has to be considered alongsideaccuracy. What implications does this have for attitudes to errors?Since both appropriacy and accuracy are important in language use, we should pay the same attention to these two aspects. If one’s language production is appropriate, but dotted with a lot of grammar errors, communication would be affected. On the other hand, if one’s language production is correct in grammar, but not appropriate in use, e.g. The wrongaddress form, communication would not be as effective as expected either. Therefore, we should be tolerant to the students’errors which do not affect communication, and be strict to those which interfere with communication and cause ill effects or ill feeling in the other communicators.2．How do you interpret the idea of “communicating in English” in your case, as a learner of English?As a learner of English who is studying in a non-English-speaking atmosphere, ”communicating in English”means to experience real communicative situation in which one learns to express his own ideas, views and attitudes, and in which he is taken seriously as people. Meaningful communicative activities on his English level will improve his language performance and generate more interest.3.Is the Communicative Approach a useful one for all proficiency levels, particularly for beginners?The Communicative Approach can be a useful teaching method for all proficiency levels. The Communicative Approach emphasizes that the goal of language learning is communicative competence. We can make use of whatever learning and teaching techniques which help the learners develop their communicative competence. On condition that we follow the basic principles of the Communicative Approach, such as information gap activities, meaning-based communication, authentic material, our language learners would achieve the goal of mastering a foreign language. Even if with beginners, we can still use the approach.4. Does it always matter if the “real world” is not being practiced in the classroom? Why or why not?Since learners will have to use the foreign language in real communication outside the classroom. The ideal language learning setting is to practice language as it is used in the real world. However, it is not always possible to do so because classroom setting is after all different from the outside world. Language learning and language teaching are considered at several stages. At the drilling stage, when the focus is on language form, the “real world” situation does not have to be practiced. But when the focus is on language communication and learners are engaged in communicative activities, the “real-world” situation does matter much.5. Why is it important for an FL learner to study the target culture while acquiring the target language?As language and culture are integrated, anyone who intends to acquire a foreign language is actually to undergo the process of getting to know the foreign culture. The FL learner has to go through the process of modification in attitude, knowledge, and behavior in order to function well, e.g., linguistically in the foreign culture. The better he gets used to the new culture, the better he can acquire and use the target language. Mere attention to the language without knowing the culture is not likely to make a successful language learner.Chapter 9 General Trend of Development in FLT1. What do you think of those six methods proposed by Chineselanguage teachers?The emergency of the six methods, Three Dimensional Approach, the ASSRF Method, Dual Activity Method, Dual Activity Method, Global Method, Leveled Method, and Zhang Sizhong method, reflects a fact that the Chinese ELT professionals are trying to find a method which is scientifically based and which suits the Chinese conditions, the Chinese language teachers and learners. What we need is not blind application of foreign teaching methods, nor is eclecticism, but judgement. We should have to explore the law of English teaching in China and create our new system of English language methodology.2. Apart from what is introduced in this chapter, what other methods orapproaches do you know which are used in China?There are Game method(游戏教学法), Situational teaching method（情景教学法）, Action method（动作教学法）, Activity method of teaching（活动教学法）,The trinity teaching method（三位一体教学法）, Cooperative learning method（合作学习法）and Functional approach（功能意念法）and so on.3. From your own experience of learning English, how should a foreign language be taught in your opinion?A foreign language should be taught considering the following aspects:①How to study a foreign language well depends on many factors,such as motivation, goal, intelligence, self-confidence,self-determination, and learning environment. So it is necessary forlanguage teachers to guide learners, including encouraging theirmotivation by building up self-confidence, developingself-determination, improving the learning environment, andhelping them acquire learning strategies, etc.②Language is learned not taught, language learners shoulder beactive and creative in learning process. They must try to learn thenew language independently, actively, and purposely.③Language is for communication. Learners should be taught to usethe foreign language, not just to know something about it.④A foreign language is a tool, which should be taught for use. Inlearning the foreign language, practice is the key.。
summary of chapter6
Chapter 6: Transforming a Focus Statement into a One Page OutlineThis chapter introduces the one page outline as well as the role it plays in the development of a doable dissertation; how we can use the outline to facilitate the discussions with your adviser, and then examine the various formats of the dissertation. Create outlines that are dynamic that facilitate soliciting useful feedback from your advisor and that serve as the agenda or road map. When we begin to expand our focus statements into one page outlines, our dissertations start to seem real. And then expand the one page outline into a long outline with references.The first section is about the role and elements of one page outline. During the plan stage, we should begin at the beginning and work through to the end; during the revision stage, we can double back and revisit the earlier sections. The one page out- line is a one-page overview of your whole dissertation. It serves as the sturdy skeleton. Along with helping us to organize our dissertation and facilitate discussions with our adviser, the one-page outline can also help you stay engaged during those inevitable times when you can’t work on our dissertation. Minimize the warm-up time needed when you return to work on your dissertation. Additionally, keeping our dissertation outline fresh in our mind facilitates the connections an insight which are the result of sustained contemplation.The outline begins with the working title of your dissertation. The author encourages us to start using a working title as early as possible; it will help us to visualize our completed dissertation. Right under the working title, we type our name and the date. Next type our focus statement. Following the focus statement, list our chapter headings, and under each chapter heading jot down a bulleted list of topics to be discussed in that chapter. Do not worry about the grammar, syntax, or order; we will address the issues later. Send an electronic version of the outline to him a day or two before you meet with your dissertation adviser. To be prepared, bring two copies to the meeting. Be sure to type your name, the project title (for example, one-page outline: Demystifying Dissertation writing), and the date on the outline.Choose an appropriate formulate in your field. Every field has a template, a formula, a method for planning, for reviewing the literature, for citing sources, forpresenting analysis, for writing and revising the dissertation, and for conducting the dissertation defense. Three formats are widely accepted for humanities and social science dissertations: the thematic dissertation, which is most common in the humanities fields; the data analytic dissertation, which is most common in the social sciences; and the journal article dissertation, which is becoming increasing popular in both the social science and humanities fields..Next, we engage ourselves in group exercises that transform focus statements into one page outline. By committing to group exercises, students have to go through a four-step process first: gathering information; bringing order; setting goals; revising and organizing.At last, create a computer-generated table of contents. Then, depend on the formatting requirements for the writing project. To be able to generate a table of contents, we need to style the headings and subheadings in our document.。
【大二英语】【中国文化概况】中国文化概况期末考试复习资料
Chapter 1 A General Introduction to Chinese CultureWords and Expressions:the descendants of Y an and Huang 炎黄子孙porcelain 瓷器The appellation of ChinaChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Y an, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Y ellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Y an and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.China is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.In Europe, people regarded Changnan porcelain as something precious and delicate and would take pride in possessing one. As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.Chapter 2Chinese Philosophy and ReligionPart 1 Chinese Thoughts and PhilosophyWords and Expressions:Confucianism 儒家Taoism 道家The Analects 《论语》benevolence 仁慈，善行ritual礼制，仪式，惯例filial piety 孝，孝心The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学)The buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学)Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清实学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views.The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)1.ConfucianismConfucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese for thousands of years and is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. It is an integration of intellectual, political, and religious tradition with the focus on the individual morality and ethics in daily life and the proper exercise of political power.Who is Confucius?Family name: Kong; Given name: Qiu; courtesy name: ZhongniHe is a great thinker, an educator, a statesman, a philosopher, the founder of the Confucian school and Confucianism.The landmark of Confucianism is the Analects, which was written by his disciples after his death. The core of Confucius’s philosophy are the concepts ofRen (benevolence)Ren(仁): Confucius defines it as “Airen”(爱人），that is , to love others.The Chinese character “仁”（benevolence) consists of “a person （人）” on the left and “two(二)” on the right indicating the relationship between people.Li (ritual)Li （ritual-礼）refers to the rules of human conduct and moral norms such as politeness, courtesy, propriety, proper etiquette and good manners ranging from speech and behavior to the performance of rituals which are usually codified and treated as an all-embracing system of socialnorms.Xiao (filial piety)Xiao(孝）refers to the filial piety, which was regarded as one of the greatest of virtues in Chinese tradition, denoting the respect and obedience that the children should show to their parents. Zhong (loyalty)Zhong(loyalty-忠）is a great virtue, which emphasizes the obligations and duties to the superior, to friends, family, and spouse.2. T aoismFounded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, the school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all of them must conform. Based on the work of Dao De Jing, Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. The school favours the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action”(无为而治)3. MohismBase on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there will be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities.In politics and ethics, Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism (宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness(节俭).4. LegalismLegalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the campaign of “banning all schools of thought except Confucianism(罢黜百家，独尊儒术)”. He chose officials from th ose who were steeped in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.Traditional Chinese ethicsTraditional Chinese ethics includes both good and bad elements. Some reflect the high standard ofmoral pursuit of the Chinese people, while others seem less relevant in modern society. For example, the three obediences and four virtues (三从四德) and the three basic rules and five constant virtues (三纲五常) have long been abandoned by the Chinese people.The traditional ideal of a woman is that she is a dependant being whose behavior is governed by “three obediences” (to father before marriage, to husband after marriage, and to son after becoming a widow: 未嫁从父, 既嫁从夫, 夫死从子) and four “virtues” (morality, pro per speech, modest manner, and diligence: 品德、言语、仪态、女工).These were the social norms prescribed by feudal morality.The three basic rules: a king should rule over his subjects; a father, his son; a husband, his wife (君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).The five constant virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity (仁、义、礼、智、信).Part 2 Religions and BeliefsWords and Expressions:Heaven worship 祭天Ancestor worship 祭祖Confucianism 儒教The Confucian Temple 孔庙Taoism 道教The Five Elements 五行Buddhism 佛教Buddha 佛像，佛祖，佛陀nirvana涅槃Heaven worshipThe heaven worship was the bureaucratic(官僚的) belief system adopted by most dynasties of China until the overthrow(推翻) of the Qing Dynasty.Heaven was believed to manifest itself through the powers of the weather and natural disasters. Heaven was seen as a judge of humans.The emperors are Sons of Heaven(天子), and their power are authorized by heaven. Such beliefs actually consolidated(巩固) the authority of the Emperor.Ancestor worshipChinese worship of ancestors dates back to the prehistory. Chinese culture, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism all value filial piety as a top virtue, and the act is a continued display of piety and respect towards departed ancestors.Confucianism儒教Confucianism is not a real religion, it is just an ethical(伦理道德的) and philosophical system, which developed from Confucius‟ thoughts and later was treated as a kind of belief to educate common people(教化大众).The T aoist ReligionA General Introduction of TaoismTaoism is the indigenous (土生土长的) religion in China.The Taoist religion evolved out of witchcraft (巫术), necromancy（方术) and self-cultivation techniques. Its highest belief is called “Dao”, its bible is called “Dao De Jing”.It had great impact on the thinking of the Chinese people, as well as on the political, economic and cultural life of the country.BeliefsYin-yang TheoryYin-yang are opposing, Yin-yang are mutually rooted, Yin-yang mutually transform, Y in-yang mutually wax and waneThe Five Elements/Wuxing“五行”The relationship between the five elements:The Generating CycleWood feeds Fire; Fire creates Earth; Earth bears Metal; Metal carries Water; Water nourishes Wood.The Overcoming CycleWood parts Earth; Earth absorbs Water; Water quenches Fire; Fire melts Metal; Metal chops Wood.BuddhismBuddhism is the most important religion in China. It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) from Hotan（和田）in Xinjiang to Central China. During its development in China, it has a profound （深远的）influence on traditionalChinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.Its Deity is Sakyamuni(释迦牟尼);Its doctrine is based on transmigration(轮回).What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?Desire!What did the Buddha teach?The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛)⏹life is suffering,⏹the cause of suffering is desire,⏹the answer is to quench (抑制) desire,⏹the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path (八正道).What do Buddhists believe?Nirvana is a peaceful, detached state of mind.Achieving Nirvana means escape from the cycle of rebirth.Buddhism in China has developed into three sections, namely the Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.Chapter 3Chinese Characters, Calligraphy and PaintingWords and Expressions:Chinese Characters 汉字calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家Oracle bone script甲骨文The regular Script 楷书Four Treasures of the Study文房四宝brush 毛笔ink stick 墨ink stone 砚台The origin of the Chinese characters1.Keep records by tying knots (结绳说）2.The Eight Diagrams (八卦说)3.Cang Jie created the characters(仓颉造字说)The evolution of Chinese characters font(汉字的字体演变)Oracle bone scriptIt refers to incised(雕刻的) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which are animal bones or turtle shells used in divination(预言) in ancient China.Bronze ware script金文It refers to characters found engraved on bronze vessels, utensils, weapons etc. TheSealCharacters (篆书)Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shape keep the seal form characters more close to pictography (象形文字). Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (对称的) pattern. The Official Script(隶书)It was the turning point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and is the foundation of the later script forms. It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal form into linear (直线的) and flat square (扁方形) shapes.The regular Script (楷书)It is still today‟s standard writing. It is square in form, and non-cursive in strokes.Therunning Script (行书)The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms allowing simpler and faster writing.The Cursive/Grass Character(草书)This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together.The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next. It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated (夸张的).CalligraphyPlaying musical instruments, playing chess,calligraphy and painting were considered as the four essential skills for a learned scholar.The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.Four T reasures of the Study文房四宝brush毛笔ink stick墨paper 纸ink stone砚Famous Chinese Calligraphers in HistoryWang Xizhi —the sage of Chinese calligraphyZhang Xu (张旭）——the “sage of the cursive hand””草圣”Y an Zhenqing——the four greatest masters of Regular script.Liu Gongquan——a master of Regular Script and Running-cursive(行草)PaintingPaintingChinese Traditional Painting refers to ink - wash painting (水墨画) .Traditional Chinese paintings are not “purely” paintings. They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and se al engraving to achieve an artistic unison (一致). Human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions are the most important themes of traditional Chinese painting.The classification of Chinese paintingAccording to subject matterFigure paintingLandscape paintingBird-and-flower paintingAccording to the techniqueThe xie yi schoolThe gong bi schoolChapter 4LiteratureWords and ExpressionsCelestial Poet (诗仙)Saint Poet (诗圣)Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》The T ang PoemThe Tang Dynasty saw the continued development of Chinese poetry. The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems (《全唐诗》), edited in the early Qing Dynasty, is the biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry. It contains 48,977 poems by 2,208 poets who wrote in different styles.The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages, namely Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang, and Late Tang (初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐）Early T angThe Four Literary Eminences(初唐四杰)Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu ZhaolinHigh T angA whole generation of literary giants appeared during the High Tang period when society enjoyed prosperity and stability. Li Bai and Du Fu are regarded as the twin master poets of the Tang Dynasty.Li Bai,the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature. In his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are blended effortlessly.Du Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature.A mirror of the times, his poems faithfully and profoundly reflect the social realities of Tang Dynasty in decline, like a poetic historical account. Because he reached perfection in developing a depressing literary style, his works have been considered as the classics of realism. The other poets in this period can be grouped into two categories: frontier poets (边塞诗人）represented by Gao Shi and Cen Shen, and pastoral poets (田园诗人）represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei.Mid-T angThe outstanding poet Bai Juyi succeeded Du Fu with poems reflecting the reality of society.Late T angWith the deterioration of the government in the late Tang Dynasty, the poems reflected, more and more, the hopeless and helpless feelings of the people. Poets turned to the theme of nostalgia (怀旧) for the former splendor (辉煌)of old times. The most talented of these were Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who were often called “Y oung Li Bai and Du Fu”.Fiction in the Ming and Qing DynastyIn the Song Dynasty, huaben (话本), the earliest novels written in colloquial language started to appear. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, novels grew rapidly as a lively and free literary form. The language of the novels was simple, easy to understand, and welcomed by the public.Four famous Chinese classical novelsRomance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》Winner of the Noble Prize in Literature, Mo Y anOn 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Y an had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work . Aged 57 at the time of the announcement, he was the 109th recipient of the award and the first ever resident of mainland China to receive it .Mo Y an has written 11 novels, and several novellas and short story collections.《红高粱家族》Red Sorghum, 《天堂蒜薹之歌》The Garlic Ballads, 《十三步》Thirteen Step,《食草家族》The Herbivorous Family, 《丰乳肥臀》Big Breasts and Wide Hips, 《酒国》The Republic of Wine: A Novel,《红树林》Red Forest, 《檀香刑》Sandalwood Death, 《生死疲劳》Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out,《四十一炮》Pow!, 《蛙》FrogChapter 5EducationWords and ExpressionsPrivate Schools私塾Official Schools官学the Four Books andthe Five Classics四书五经Imperial Examination 科举Nine-year Compulsory Education 九年制义务教育V ocational Education 职业教育College Entrance Examination 高考Bachelor‟s degree学士学位Master‟s degree 硕士学位Doctor‟s degree 博士学位Confucius Institute孔子学院Private SchoolsA private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study.In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schoolsof thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.Confucius‟ private school:3000ciples(弟子);72 virtuous and talented studentsConfucius‟ educational ideas:“Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status.”（有教无类）“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）Official SchoolsOfficial schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called Xiangxue .Only children of nobles were admitted.The teaching materials were centered onthe Four Books andthe Five Classics(四书五经). Imperial Examination System (科举)Imperial Examination System in China began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination was held during the Qing Dynasty.It was conducted at two levels: xiangshi(乡试) and huishi(会试)During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the examination was designed to select jinshi(进士). It featured writing ,which involved the writing of an Eight-part Essay(八股文).After the Opium War in 1840with the spread of the Westernideology and technology in China ,it was under attack by people. It was abolished in 1905.Nine-year Compulsory EducationThe law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education.China‟s Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope (希望工程) and the Spring Bud Project (春蕾计划) These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.The National College Entrance Examination is an academic examination held annually in China aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.Higher EducationMore than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. Confucius InstituteConfucius Institute is not a generalsense of the university, butthepromotion and dissemination（传播）of Chinese culture and Chinese language education.Chapter 6Dress and Adornment CultureWords and Expressionsattire/ costume/trappings 服装、服饰The Silk Road 丝绸之路The Maritime Silk Road海上丝绸之路embroidery/im…brɔidəri /刺绣;刺绣品Li Brocade 黎锦The Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产China has many ethnic groups with a long history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture.Cheong-sam(Qi Pao)Cheong-sam came from Qizhuang of manchu women‟s costume. The cheongsam is easy and comfortable to wear, snugly fitting the female Chinese figure. Its neckline is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be short, medium or full length, depending on the sea son or the wearer‟s taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose bodice, a fitted waist, and side-slits to the hem, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female‟s figure.Chinese tunic suit (Zhongshan suit /Mao suit)The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication.T ang CostumesA tang costumes (literally: "Chinese suit" ) is a Chinese jacket that originated at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The tangzhuang evolved from the magua (Chinese: 马褂), which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.In Chinese communities, the Zhongshan suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions.The Silk RoadThe Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, and the Maritime Silk Road. Embroidery (刺绣)Embroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraft featuring flowers, birds and scenery on silk or other cloth in colored silk threads. Chinese embroidery dates back over 3,000 years. It has distinct regional and ethnic characteristics.Embroidery in China includes:Shu Embroidery (蜀绣) from Sichuan,Su Embroidery (苏绣) from SuzhouSu embroidery enjoys a good reputation of the first of the Top-four embroidery in China.Xiang Embroidery (湘绣) from HunanY ue Embroidery (粤绣) from Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaimed as a "living fossil" of Chinese textiles, the Li-style brocade was chosen in the first batch of items for the Intangible Cultural Heritage list released by UNESCO in 2009. The Li brocade has been part of China's national cultural heritage, but as few people nowadays have the skills necessary to weave the special brocades, the practice is in danger of becoming extinct.Chapter 7 Part 1Food CultureWords and Expressionsfoodie 吃货culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）aroma芳香，香味seasonings调味品、调料A general introduction of Chinese foodChinese cuisine(菜肴)is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverseculinary(烹饪的) cuisines and heritages in the world.A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: Zhushi (main food)---typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed bun), and accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items, known as cai (dish) in the Chinese language. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein(蛋白质) is often considered the main food(主食).Chinese cuisine is a complete presence of color, aroma(芳香，香味) and taste. (色香味俱全)In China, we have eight branches of cuisine.Shandong Cuisine山东菜系(鲁菜)Guangdong Cuisine广东菜系(粤菜)Sichuan Cuisine四川菜系(川菜)Hunan Cuisine湖南菜系(湘菜)Jiangsu Cuisine淮扬菜系(苏菜)Zhejiang Cuisine浙江菜系(浙菜)Fujian Cuisine福建菜系(闽菜)Anhui Cuisine安徽菜系(徽菜)Hainan CuisineHainan is noted for its "Four Best Known Dishes" -- Wenchang Chicken, Jiaji Duck, Dongshan Mutton东山羊and Hele Crab和乐蟹.Chapter 7 Part 2 T ea and Wine CultureA Brief Introduction to T ea CultureT ea (茶) commonly denotes the drink made from steeping(浸泡）the processed leaves, buds（芽）, or twigs of the tea bush (茶树) in water.On both casual and formal Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly. In addition to being a drink, Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.It is universally acknowledged that China is the original tea-growing area, as well as the firstcountry to grow, produce and drink tea.At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch(荷兰人) brought word to Europe that there was a kind of magic leaf in the east, from which tasty drinks could be made, and this was the first time that Europeans heard of tea.In 1610, the East India Company(东印度公司) was the first to sell tea to Europe, after which the habit of drinking tea took root there. Britain is famous for its tea drinking.The Classifications of Chinese T eaGreen tea绿茶Black tea红茶Oolong tea乌龙茶Y ellow tea黄茶White tea 白茶Scented tea花茶Compressed tea砖茶Unique customs of taking tea in different regions:Guangdong Morning teaFujian Kongfu teaSichuan “Covered-bowl tea”Tibetan Buttered tea(酥油茶)Inner Mongolia Milk teaHainan Laoba TeaHainan Laoba T ea“Laoba tea”(Laoba means father) is a special scene in Haikou, a pot of tea with some snacks, people sit around an old table,for killing time and strengthening the relationship with theirs friends, it hasn’t the limitation of time or place. Most of places of traditional Laoba tea are barely furnished, the prices of food and tea there are cheap. The teahouse of Laoba tea is a little world of society, a mirror of the traditional life in Hainan.The Functions of Offering T eaTo show respectTo apologizeTo express thanks to the elders on one’s wedding dayT ea EtiquetteServing a cup of tea is more than mere politeness.When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip.When you pour tea, the rule of “full cup for wine and half cup for tea”should be observed. Chinese Wine CultureThe Origin of Chinese WineChinese wine, as a special form of culture, has a history of more than five thousand years . Chinese wine making can be traced back as far as 4000 BC, to the early period of the NeolithicY angshao Culture (新石器时代的仰韶文化). During its long development, Chinese wine has developed distinctive characteristics.T ypes of Chinese WineHuangjiu (yellow rice wine)Huangjiu is one of three dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in the world. Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a history of several thousand years. Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.Baijiu(white wine)Being made from sorghum, corn, barley or wheatFruit WineFermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); May also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs.Red WineA type of wine made from dark-coloured (black) grape varieties. The actual colour of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines.BeerT oast etiquetteChinese Drinking Etiquette(礼仪)The Chinese people care more about the people we drink with.That is Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect of the drinkersThe host and guests have their own seat and order of toast(敬酒顺序)When toast,the host come first,and firstly,they should toast the most honored guest.The wine vessel must be full.The younger should toast the elder and drink all of the wine.(先干为敬)Western Drinking EtiquetteThe drinking etiquette of west show the respect of wine.To distinguish wine we need to watch its color, smell its fragrance, taste its taste(观其色、闻其香、品其味). They drink for enjoying, so sometimes they drink themselves. They do not encourage others to drink, neither do they consider letting other drunk is a way to show their etiquette.Chapter 4 T raditional Festivals and CustomsWords and ExpressionsLegal holiday/ official holiday 法定节假日Solar calendar阳历Lunar calendar 阴历/ Agricultural calendar 农历Spring Festival （春节）Lantern Festival (元宵节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/ Qing Ming Festival (清明节）Dragon Boat Festival（端午节）Mid-autumn Festival （中秋节）Double Ninth Festival （重阳节）Intangible Cultural Heritage非物质文化遗产Spring Festival （春节）China’s most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.CustomsSpring CleaningWrite and paste couplets(对联) on doorsSet off fireworksReceive Gift MoneyGreet each otherLantern Festival (元宵节）The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival. It marks the end of the New Y ear celebrations, following which life returns to normal. The most prominent activity of the Lantern Festival is the grand display of beautiful。
财务专业英语ppt课件
a. How does the description of accounting as the "language of business" relate to accounting as being useful for investors and creditors?
a. Information used to determine which products to produce. b. Information about economic resources, claims to those resources,
and changes in both resources and claims. c. Information that is useful in assessing the amount, timing, and
•Definition of Accounting: business language information system basis for decisions
•Types of Accounting Information: (1)Financial Accounting: •Internal users
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
Contents
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three Chapter Four
现代大学英语精读6文章概述
现代大学英语精读6文章概述如何使我们不为穷人的存在而内疚A brief summary of the essayIn the essay, the author brings up 5 historical solutions in presenting both historical solutions and current designs at first. He then concentrates on 5 current designs for getting the poor off our conscience. In presenting both historical solutions and current designs he expresses his critical attitudes implicitly. At the end of the essay, he warns the policy makers and people who are wealthy that "civil discontent and its consequences do not come from contented people.”and that poverty is the permanent ailment of society.Five solutions:1. The next life theory 2. Utilitarianism 3. Poor people’s fault 4. Survival of the fit test 5. Vague denial Five designs:1. Incompetent government 2. Harmful to the poor 3. Adverse effect on incentive 4. Adverse effect on freedom 5. Simple psychological denialThe main idea of the essay:Based on the analysis of historical solutions and current designs, the author ironically criticizes the attitude of getting the poor off our conscience, on which the scholars and politicians have been elaborating for centuries.1、Why the author chooses such a title as this essay?Look at the following photos. Millions and millions of people are struggling for their survival, thousands and thousands of people die of hunger, cold and illness. While ‘Millennium Development Goals are to meet the needs of the world’s poorest”, do you think the author really tries t o call people to get the poor off their conscience?“Plutarch was led to say”implies that it was the actual existence of the rich and poor or the logic of his analysis that made him come to such a conclusion: …If the Rome republic suffered from the same problems 2,000 years ago, it proves the author’s point that poverty is a perpetual (permanent) problem.2.five historical solutionspara. 3 The first solution (next-life theory)Does the author really think that this is an admirable solution?No, he doesn’t.He is being ironical here. He calls it “an admirable solution”because now the rich “get the poor off their conscience”.Para. 4:The second solution (utilitarianism)utilitarianism is a general philosophical idea like idealism. which means the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over had for everyone affected by our action.Consequently, the greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. If they promote the greatest human welfare actions are right, if they do not actions are wrong.Para. 5: the third solution (poor people’s fault)Para. 7: the forth solution (Social Darwinism -- survival of the fittest)…the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration:The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.Para. 9: the fifth solution (more vague denial of poverty)It declined in popularity, and references to it acquired a condemnatory tone:People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the target of criticism.3.Para. (10-11):a transition（1）Why does the author call it a revolution?Because it broke away from the traditional conception that the federal government was not responsible for social welfare. The Social Security Act of 1935 laid foundation for the current social welfare system of the United States. Readers can easily sense that the author is for the revolution.（2）What did people feel when a number of social welfare measures were put into practice? Were they right in thinking so? (para.10)People felt that the policy of ignoring the poor and refusing assistance had been abandoned. Since the government was making efforts to relieve the misery of the poor, they did not need to pay attention to any more.They were not completely right. The government did take many measures, but the desire to get the poor off our conscience still lingered on, waiting for chances to come back.4.five current designsPara.12: the first designdesign: planWhat is the argument of the first design?The argument is: Most of the assistance to the poor has to be undertaken by the government, but the government is in essence incompetent and ineffective and will make a mess of thejob. Therefore, the government should not be asked to aid the poor.What is the essence of the first design?The essence of the first design is to take away the responsibility to aid the poor from the government and to put an end to the social welfare policies since the New Deal.Para.13: analysis of the first designIn paragraph 12 and 13 , the author, on three occasions, mentions the pentagon or national defense. Why does he make these references?The author wants to point out the ironical fact that those people who attack the government or the bureaucracy will not include the military establishment. They want the government to do less or nothing in social welfare but more on “national defense”. The author is highly critical of such a view. He opposes huge military expenditures.What is the basic view of the author?On the whole, the author is positive about public service and government employees. He thinks that the American government has recruited many talented and dedicated people. His criticism is directed at the military establishment. Para. 14-15: the second designThe second design is: Any form of public help to the poor will hurt the poor themselves. Such help will destroy poor people’s motivation, make them lazy and break up their marriages. This is another typical argument put forward today by the conservatives in the U.S. in the discussion of social welfare reform.Does the author agree to the argument?No, the author thinks the accusations are groundless. Hefurther points out that those who support the design have no way to prove that the damage of the aid to the poor is greater than the damage to them caused by a loss of public assistance.Para.16: the third designThe third design: When you give public assistance to the poor, you take money away (through taxes) from the rich and give it ( in the form of public assistance) to the poor. The result is the rich become less willing to work hard and create wealth and the poor are encouraged to remain idle.The author’s view:The author uses two rhetorical questions to counter the argument. He implies that it is not the case that most poor people would prefer welfare to paying job. As for corporate executives, they are working very hard, showing no sign of lack of incentive. To say they are being lazy because they are not paid enough is an insult to the business executives. (the author is using a clever retort here.)Para.17-18: the forth design:The forth design argues that transferring money from the rich to the poor through the government has bad effect on freedom. By freedom, the designers mean spending as much money as one sees fit and giving the government as little as possible.This is possibly the most transparent of all the designs: No mention is ordinarily made of the relation of income to the freedom of the poor:The author is being ironical when he uses the word “transparent”. He means it is the most obvious that when these people talk about freedom they only have in mind the freedom of the rich.Para. 19: the fifth design: psychological denialThis is a psychic tendency that in various manifestations is common to us all.We all have the tendency to close our eyes to unpleasant things or refuse to think about them. This tendency may take different forms.5.conclusionIn the last part, the author subtly points out that public assistance to the poor is in the interest of conservatives. The ending seems not that dramatic but it is in line with the mild irony of the whole piece.肯尼迪总统就职演说The speech claims that all Americans should take on the responsibility of defending freedom and they should oppose Autocratic, poverty, disease and war that are enemies of mankind and in order to accomplish this task, to ensure common prosperity of human life, we compose of large global alliance.General analysis of a political speech1. He must try every possible means to arouse the feelings of audience. What he says represents the interests of the whole people. successful appeal to the emotion of the audience2. specific policyThe speech must have high-sounding words and empty promises3. The speech must be concise and short4. clever-choice of words to convey different meanings/tones.5. the use of biblical style to make it formal/ rigid.6. the use of a lot of rhetorical devices to make his address as powerful/ impressive as possible.1。
Unit 6 英语短篇小说教程
As she grew old, she began to dream again. She had not dreamed much in her middle years; or, if she had , the busyness of her days, converging on her the moment she awoke, had pushed her dreams right out of her head … (“The Swing,” lines 1-3)
In one of the flashbacks, there is description of one of the Sunday dinners at the adult son’s home. How is the mother-son conversation different from her talks with her boy on the swing?
Flashback (2):
Different forms of flashbacks can be used to achieve the desired effect, such as the narrator’s re-creation of earlier situations, the stories and events of the past that the characters tell, or memories of a person in the form of dreams and daydreams.
汉英翻译(chapter six)
科技文本分类
一是科技著述，科技论文和报告，实验报告和方 案； 二是各类科技情报和文字资料； 三是科技实用手段，包括仪器、仪表、机械、工 具等的结构描述和操作说明； 四是有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语； 五是有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词； 六是科技发明、发现的报道； 七是科学幻想小说。
琼州学院外国语学院
8
后缀“-logy”
biology (生物学) ecology (生态学) translatology（翻译学） psychology (心理学) anthropology (人类学)
后缀“-ics”
physics (物理学) electronics (电子学) cybernetics (控制论) phonetics (语音学) genetics (遗传学) economics (经济学)
琼州学院外国语学院 2
一、科技英语文本的特点
科技英语是随着科学技术的产生、发展而出现、发展的，并且 逐步地引起科学界和语言学界的关注和重视。现在全世界有许 多国家设有科技英语研究中心，专门从事科技英语语言的研究。 科技英语虽已发展成为一门独立的文本而为人们所研究，但在 语言本质上，即构成语言的三大要素 ____ 语音、词汇和语法， 与普通英语没有区别。在语音上，科技英语和普通英语共有一 个语音系统；在词汇上，科技英语中虽有大量专业技术词汇和 术语，但其基本词汇都是普通英语中固有的，一般的科技书刊 中出现的绝大部分词汇都是普通词汇(通常称为半科技词汇)。 即使在科技性极强的科技文章里，普通词汇的使用率也远远超 过专业词汇。此外，许多专业词多来源于普通词，虽被赋予新 义，但仍能看出与基本词义间相互的关系。
大学英语精读六[上海外语教育出版社]
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大学英语精读六[上海外语教育出版社]大学英语精读六（上海外语教育出版社）presentation['prezen'tei54n]n.提出，呈递；介绍，报告client['klai4nt]n.委托人，当事人；顾客obstacle['3bst4kl]n.障碍，障碍物，妨害marketing['m2:kiti:6]n.营销economics['i:k4'n3miks]n.经济学；经济accounting[4'kaunti6]n.会计学anthropology[1n7r4'p3l4d9i]n.人类学data['deit4]n.资料，数据，信息element['elim4nt]n.要素intend[in'tend]v t.想要，打算precise[pri'sais]a.精确的，严格的significance[sig'nifik4ns]n.意义，意味；重要性economic[i:k4'n3mik]a.经济的；经济学的consumption[k4n's8mp54n]n.消费(量)teenager['ti:n`eid94]n.13岁到19岁的年轻人relevance['reliv4ns]n.中肯，适当relevant['reliv4nt]a.有关的，贴切的segment['segm4nt]n.切片，部分；段，节regulation['regju'lei54n]n.规则，规章；管理investigate[in'vestigeit]v.调查，调查研究summary['s8m4ri]n.摘要，概要，一览consideration[k4n'sid4'rei54n]n.考虑，思考；体贴assessment n.估定；查定；估计数rhetorical[ri't3:rikl]a.修辞(学)的enhance[in'ha:ns]v t.提高，增加thorough['78r4]a.十分的，彻底的tradition[tr4'di54n]n.传统；惯例；传说description[dis'krip54n]n.描写，形容；种类subject['s8bd9ikt, s8b'd9ekt]n.实验对象，试验品evaluate[i'v1ljueit]v t.评价，估计stroke[str4uk]n.打，击；鸣声；中风factor['f1kt4]n.因素；要素overall['4uv4r3:l]a.全面的duplicate['dju:plikit]v t.复写，复制tendency['tend4nsi]n.趋向，趋势，倾向hypothesis[hai'p37isi:z]n.假设；前提antithetical['1nti'7etikl]a.对立(面)的expectation['ekspek'tei54n]n.期待，期望，预期validity[v4'liditi]n.正确(性)；合法(性)，有效第1页valid['v1lid]a.有效的；正当的construction[k4n'str8k54n]n.建造；建筑；建筑物federal['fed4r4l]a.(美国)联邦的guideline n.方针approve[4'pru:v]v.赞成，满意；批准，通过skilled a.技术熟练的personnel['p4:s4'nel]n.全体人员，全体职员applicable['1plik4bl]a.可适用的，可应用的formal['f3:m4l]a.形式上的，正式的emphasis['emf4sis]n.强调，重点objection[4b'd9ek54n]n.异议pleasing['pli:zi6]a.令人高兴的，愉快的，合意的accuracy['1kjur4si]n.精确性，正确度clarity['kl1riti]n.清楚，透明draft[dra:ft]n.草稿，草案edit['edit]v t.编辑ensure[in'5u4]v t.保证，担保aid[eid]n.帮助，援助heading['hedi6]n.标题，题词，题名methodical[m4'73dikl]a.有方法的，有系统的eliminate[i'limineit]v 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d.直率地；慷慨地intersession['int4'se54n]n.两个学期之间的时间段beer[bi4]n.啤酒companion[k4m'p1ni4n]n.同伴；共事者；伴侣brassy['br1si]a.厚脸皮的jolly['d93li]v t.使快活，使高兴protagonist[pr4u't1g4nist]n.主角gabby['g1bi]a.饶舌的ratio['rei5i4u]n.比(率)tag[t1g]v t.紧随flirt[fl4:t]n.轻佻的人gracious['grei54s]a.亲切的cute[kju:t]a.聪明的，伶俐的pal[p1l]n.(infml)好朋友，伙伴flip[flip]v i.快速地翻转index['indeks]n.索引；指数；指标polish['p3li5]v t.润色soar[s3:]v i.翱翔；剧增tangible['t1nd94bl]a.实实在在的testimony['testim4ni]n.证明；公开的表明germ[d94:m]n.萌芽，起源第3页editorship n.编辑的地位、职位senior['si:nj4]n.毕业班学生 a.高中或大学毕业班的outlet['aut-let]n.出口，出路perspective[p4:'spektiv]n.观点，看法broaden['br3:dn]v.放宽，变宽，扩大heck[hek]i nt.咒骂(用作程度较轻的咒骂)yearn['j4:n]v i.渴望uproot[8p'ru:t]v t.将……连根拔掉inferiority[infi4ri'2:iti]n.劣势inferior[in'fi4ri4]a.差的；自卑的coward['kau4d]n.胆怯者pellet['pelit]n.小球gang[g16]n.一群(伙，组，套)starry['sta:ri]a.布满星星的sweater['swet4]n.毛线衫，厚运动衫fond[f3nd]a.喜爱……的，慈爱的metaphysical[met4'fizikl]a.哲理的；高度抽象的disorganized a.紊乱的，无组织的preoccupy[pri'3kjupai]v t.使对……全神贯注mechanics[mi'k1niks]n.力学，机械学；(制作的或操作的)手法，技巧assimilate[4'simileit]v t.吸收chaos['kei3s]n.混乱(状态)no doubt无疑地，必定to top it off(通常用于引出令人不快的事情)另外，除此之外be stuck in陷于，困在(某种不利境地)know one's way around/about精通世故地as for至于sink in被完全理解get over克服(困难等)set one's sights for胸怀大志cheer up感到振奋at present现在，目前what with因为，由于，考虑到be preoccupied by/with全神贯注于……make the best of充分利用；尽力而为come one's way碰到，遇上quest[kwest]n.寻求extraterrestrial[`ekstr4t4'restri4l]n.地球外的，宇宙的ponder['p3nd4]v.沉思，考虑muse[mju:z]v.沉思，默想，冥想第4页contemplate['k3ntempleit]v.凝视，沉思exotic[ig'z3utik]a.外国的；异国情调的biology[bai'3l4d9i]n.生物学；一个地区的生物cosmic['k3zmik]a.宇宙的；广大无边的exquisite['ekskwizit]a.精巧的；敏锐的acceptable[4k'sept4bl]a.合意的extraordinary[iks'tr3:din4ri]a.非常的，特别的，非凡的unimaginably a d.不能想象地；不可思议地astronomy[4s'tr3n4mi]n.天文学array[4'rei]n.列阵detector[di'tekt4]n.发觉者，探测器dedicated['dedikeitid]v t.专注的，献身的dedicate['dedikeit]v t.献给；献身于operationally a d.用于操作地；运转地operational['3p4'rei54nl]a.操作上的；可使用的galaxy['g1l4ksi]n.星系assign[4'sain]v t.确定，决定quantity['kw3ntiti]n.量，数量abundance[4'b8nd4ns]n.丰富，充裕planetary['pl1nit4ri]a.行星的likelihood['laiklihud]n.可能，相似性probability['pr3b4'biliti]n.可能性；概率characteristically a d.表示特性地characteristic['k1rikt4'ristik]n.特性 a.典型的，特有的breathtakingly a d.惊人地，惊险地exhilarating[ig'zil4reiti6]a.令人激动的，喜人的diversity[dai'v4:siti]n.差异，多样性lifestyle n.生活方式commerce['k3m4:s]n.商业，贸易candidate['k1ndidit]n.候选人；参加考试者astronaut['1st54un3:t]n.宇宙航行员，宇航员visitation['vizi'tei54n]n.访问，探望remote[ri'm4ut]a.遥远的，偏僻的inexpensive['iniks'pensiv]a.便宜的，不贵重的anthropocentric[1n7r4pou'sentrik]a.以人类为宇宙中心的electromagnetic a.电磁的spectrum['spektr4m]n.光谱；波谱ray[rei]n.光线，射线，辐射线peer[pi4]n.同等的人、事物backward['b1kw4d]a.向后的第5页observatory[4b'z4:v4t4ti]n.天文台，了望台princess[prin'ses]n.公主；王妃optimistic['3ptimistik]a.乐观的；乐观主义的imply[im'plai]v t.暗示，意味stellar['stel4]a.恒星的muster['m8st4]v t.集合，召集respectability[ri'spekt4'bil4ti]n.受尊重的品格、地位Mars n.火星mission['mi54n]n.代表团；使馆burgeon['b4:d94n]v i.萌芽lately['leitli]a d.最近，不久前manifestation['m1nifes'tei54n]n.表明；现象skeptic['skeptik]n.怀疑者interstellar['int4'stel4]a.星际的spacecraft['speiskra:ft]n.航天器，宇宙飞船ply[plai]v.(船、车等)定期地来往conveniently a d.便利地colony['k3l4ni]n.殖民地premature[pri:m4'tju4]a.早熟的surmise['s4:maiz]v t.猜测detect[di'tekt]v t.察觉，发觉，侦查international['int4:'n154nl]a.国际的，世界的traffic['tr1fik]n.交通，通行；交通量incompletely[ink4m'pli:tli]a d.不完全地modulation[m3dju'lei54n]n.调制pulsar['p8ls2:]n.脉冲星quasar['kweiza:]n.类星体galactic[g4'l1ktik]a.银河的ethic['e7ik]n.伦理noninterference['n3nint4'fi4r4ns]n.不干涉appropriate[4'pr4upriit]a.适宜的immortality['im3:'t1liti]n.不死(朽)，永存；不灭的声望motivation['m4uti'vei54n]n.动因；动力gallivant[g1l4'v1nt]v i.闲逛adolescent[1d4'les4nt]n.青少年assurance[4'5u4r4ns]n.确信brim[brim]v i.满溢amenable[4'mi:n4bl]a.经得起检验的verification[verifi'kei54n]n.证明，核实extensive[iks'tensiv]a.广大的，广阔的，广泛的第6页organism['3:g4niz4m]n.生物体，有机体if any若有的话seek out搜寻出might very well很可能to date到目前为止，迄今hand in hand with手拉着手地be dedicated to致力于……along with一起depend on由……而定，取决于；从属于so as to以便，以求；以致in a position to能够brim over with满溢cry out for迫切需要lobby['l3bi]n.门廊,门厅porter['p3:t4]n.勤杂工mop[m3p]v t.用拖把拖洗、擦、抹commercial[k4'm4:54l]a.商业的，贸易的hearsay['hi4sei]n.传闻furious['fju4ri4s]a.狂怒的，狂暴的denunciation[din8nsi'ei54n]n.谴责，痛斥scorn[sk3:n]n.轻蔑，嘲笑denounce[di'nauns]v t.公开指责，公然抨击，谴责castigate['k1stigeit]v t.严厉地批评riverfront n.(城镇的)河边地区，河边陆地patronize['p1tr4naiz]v t.保护，赞助insecure[insi'kju4]a.心神不定的，缺乏自信心的offhand['3f'h1nd]a.唐突的；随便的banter['b1nt4]v i.善意地与人开玩笑contempt[k4n'tempt]n.轻视，轻蔑solidarity['s3li'd1riti]n.团结Baptist['b1ptist]n.浸礼会教徒comprehend['k3mpri'hend]v t.领会，理解Kluxer三K党成员sympathizer['simp47aiz4]n.同情者；支持者anti-(前缀)反对的refer[ri'f4:]v i.(to)提交，谈及pope[p4up]n.(罗马天主教的)教皇lover[l8v4]n.情人；爱好者southerner['s804n4]n.南方人，居住在南方的人imponderable[im'p3nd4r4bl]a.不可估计的第7页suspiciously a d.猜疑着，怀疑着pose[p4uz]v t.提出；陈述supervise['sju:p4vaiz]v t.管理，监督，监考forge[f3:d9]v t.伪造foolproof a.十分简单的，十分安全的nigger['nig4]n.(蔑称)黑鬼errand['er4nd]n.差使；差事doff[d3f]v t.脱掉respectful[ris'pektful]a.恭敬的，尊敬的，尊重人的unbookish[8n'buki5]a.不想读书的patron['peitr4n]n.庇(保)护人；赞助人optical['3ptik4l]a.视觉的，光学的suspicious[s4s'pi54s]a.可疑的，怀疑的suspicion[s4s'pi54n]n.怀疑，疑心，猜疑duck[d8k]v t.闪避bold[b4uld]a.大胆的pointedly a d.尖锐地doubtful['dautful]a.可疑的，不确的，疑心的title['taitl]n.标题；书名；头衔thumb[78m]v i.以拇指翻书页frown[fraun]v i.皱眉(表示不满)pork[p3:k]n.猪肉bean[bi:n]n.豆；豆科植物jar[d9a:]v t.震动，刺激sweeping['swi:pi6]a.扫荡的，彻底的raging['reid9i6]a.狂怒的rage[reid9]v i.大怒demon['di:m4n]n.魔鬼，恶魔slash[sl15]v t.乱砍；鞭打；抨击extol[iks't3l]v t.极度称赞；颂扬mock[m3k]v t.嘲弄reality[ri'1liti]n.真实，事实weapon['wep4n]n.武器；斗争手段club[kl8b]n.棍棒；球棒；俱乐部conviction[k4n'vik54n]n.深信，确信revel['revl]v i.狂欢crude[kru:d]a.天然的，未加工的surge[s4:d9]v i.汹涌，澎湃hunger['h86g4]v i.欲望，渴望disbelieve['disbi'li:v]v t.不相信第8页novel['n3v4l]n.小说，长篇故事lug[l8g]v t.拖，拉golf[g3lf]n.高尔夫球mythical['mi7ikl]a.神话的，虚构的revive[ri'vaiv]v t.(使)苏醒vivid['vivid]a.生动的；明亮的naturalism['n1t54r4liz4m]n.自然主义mood[mu:d]n.心情，情绪；语气ream[ri:m]n.令(纸张的计数单位)sufficiently a d.充分地，足够地ignorance['ign4r4ns]n.无知，愚昧Jim Crow〈贬〉黑人aside from除……以外on earth究竟call down招致out of the question不可能fit into适合refer to提到，谈到address oneself to专注于；致力于on errands外出办事slip up疏忽be clear of避开危险的call up打电话给……under one's breath小声地right off立刻，马上be through完事，做完be consumed with被……吞噬；因……而变得憔悴run across偶遇look up(在词典参考书中)查寻surge up汹涌，澎湃hunger for渴望nothing less than不亚于beyond one's reach无法达到地，力所不能及地strategy['str1tid9i]n.战略，策略，计谋paradox['p1r4d3ks]n.似非而是，自相矛盾paradoxical['p1r4'd3ksik4l]a.荒谬的discontented['disk3n'tentid]a.不满意的statistics[st4'tistiks]n.统计(资料)institution['insti'tju:54n]n.风俗，制度，惯例popular['p3pjul4]a.流行的；受欢迎的第9页desirable[di'zai4r4bl]a.值得要的，合意的liability['lai4'biliti]n.责任，义务；不利条件asset['1set]n.资产，宝贵的东西anymore a d.不再，再也不yarn[ja:n]n.绳子electrical[i'lektrik4l]a.电的，有关电的plug[pl8g]n.塞子，插头bond[b3nd]n.联结物；联系functional['f86k54nl]a.功能的affectional[4'fek54n4l]a.情感上的，爱情的affection[4'fek54n]n.慈爱，爱；爱慕desertion[di'z4:54n]n.抛弃，遗弃overcome['4uv4'k8m]v t.战胜，克服，胜过order['3:d4]n.序；整齐intimacy['intim4si]n.亲密；熟悉；秘密dissatisfaction['dis's1tis'f1k54n]n.不满，不平improvement[im'pru:vm4nt]n.改进，改善；改进处way[wei]a d.远远地，大大地familiarity[f4'mili'1riti]n.熟悉，通晓religious[ri'lid94s]a.宗教的；虔诚的plot[pl3t]v t.绘图incidence['insid4ns]n.发生率participative a.参与的layman['leim4n]n.门外汉，外行passive['p1siv]a.被动的，守势的contemporary[k4n'temp4r4ri]a.当代的，同时代的changer n.改变者medium['mi:dj4m]n.媒体activism['1ktivizm]n.行动(第一)主义；激进主义rebellion[ri'belj4n]n.谋反，叛乱engender[in'd9And4]v t.产生；酿成assess[4'ses]v t.估计，估价；评估gradual['gr1dju4l]a.逐渐的，逐步的increment['inkrim4nt]n.增量，递增resist[ri'zist]v t.抵抗，反抗mobilize['m4ubilaiz]v t.动员organizational a.组织的reform[ri'f3:m]n.改革；改良；革除arrangement[4'reind9m4nt]n.排列，安排component[k4m'p4un4nt]n.组成部分；成分；组件第10页romance[r4u'm1ns]n.浪漫文学，浪漫故事esthetic[es'7etik]a.(审)美的victimize['viktimaiz]v t.牺牲environment[in'vai4r4nm4nt]n.环境，外界；围绕fulfill[ful'fil]v t.完成；满足；履行frontier['fr8ntj4]n.尚待开发的领域exploration['ekspl3:'rei54n]n.考察；勘探；探查seemingly a d.表面上地limitless['limitlis]a.无限的，无界限的when it comes to一谈到……；就……而论for that matter讲到那件事，关于那一点the other way round相反in terms of按照；用……的话；在……方面bring about使发生，致使can't help but无可奈何只有……，只能take (great) pains (with/to do)努力做……monster['m3nst4]n.怪物；畸形的动植物undersized a.较一般为小的，不够大的sickly['sikli]a.有病的，苍白agony['1g4ni]n.苦恼，极大痛苦coarse[k3:s]a.粗糙的，粗鄙的delusion[di'lu:94n]n.欺骗；幻觉；迷惑grandeur['gr1nd94]n.庄严，伟大dramatist['dr1m4tist]n剧作家；戏曲家composer[k4m'p4uz4]n.作曲家compose[k4m'p4uz]v t.创作(乐曲)conversationalist[k3nv4'sei54nlist]n.健谈者，善于谈话的人monologue['m3n4l3g]n.独白maddeningly a d.令人发狂地，使人恼火地tiresome['tai4s4m]a.无聊的，烦人的mania['meinj4]n.狂热，癖好hint[hint]n.暗示，迹象trivial['trivi4l]a.琐细的，价值不高的harangue[h4'r16]n.大声疾呼的演说volubility[v3lju'biliti]n.流利；滔滔不绝deafen['defn]v t.使聋；使隔音vegetarianism[ved9i'te4ri4nizm]n.素食主义pamphlet['p1mflit]n.小册子expense[iks'pens]n.费用，代价opera['3p4r4]n.歌剧(院)第11页summon['s8m4n]v t.传唤(被告等)，命令applause[4'pl3:z]n.喝彩；夸奖，称赞needless['ni:dlis]a.不必要的，无用的eminent['emin4nt]a.显赫的，杰出的vocalist['vouk4list]n.声乐家，歌手rave[reiv]v i.胡言乱语；咆哮suicidal[su:4'saidl]a.自杀的，自取灭亡的gloom[glu:m]n.阴暗，阴沉darkly['da:kli]a d.暗黑；暗中Buddhist['budist]a. & n.佛教的；佛教徒monk[m86k]n.和尚，僧侣，修道士grief[gri:f]n.悲痛，忧伤pet[pet]n.爱畜；宠物；受宠爱的人callous['k1l4s]a.无感觉的；无情的emperor['emp4r4]n.皇帝，君主shudder['58d4]v i.战慄；发抖incapable[in'keip4bl]a.无能力的；无资格的grovel['gr3vl]v i.卑躬屈膝，奴颜婢膝loftily['l3ftili]a d.崇高地，傲慢地benefactor['beni'f1kt4]n.施主；捐助人mortally['m3:t4li]a d.致命地offend[4'fend]v t.得罪，使……不愉快recipient[ri'sipi4nt]n.接受者legal['li:gl]a.法律的，法定的rajah['r2:d94]n.(印)王侯，王公prospective[pr4s'pektiv]a.预期的；未来的royalty['r3i4lti]n.版税pressing['presi6]a.紧急的jail[d9eil]n.监狱；监禁unscrupulous[8n'skru:pjul4s]a.肆无忌惮的；不道德的endless['endlis]a.无止境的，无穷的infidelity[infi'deliti]n.不忠admirer[4d'mai4r4]n.赞美者，羡慕者wealthy['wel7i]a.富裕的，富庶的selfish['selfi5]a.自私的，利己的devotion[di'v4u54n]n.献身；忠诚；专心lessen['lesn]v.减少，减轻autobiography[3:t4bai'3gr4fi]n.自传disagreeable['dis4'gri4bl]a.令人不悦的stupendous[stju:'pend4s]a.惊人的；巨大的第12页musical['mju:zik4l]a.音乐的，和谐悦耳的genius['d9i:nj4s]n.天才unquestionably[8n'kwest54n4bl]a d.无疑地，无可非议地rank[r16k]v.排列，把……分等musico-dramatic a.音乐剧的masterpiece['ma:st4pi:s]n.杰作headache['hedeik]n.头痛；使人头痛的事loot[lu:t]v t.掠夺 n.掠夺物，战利品trilogy['tril4d9i]n.(小说、戏剧等的)三部曲faithless['fei7lis]a.背信弃义的，不忠的compromise['k3mpr4maiz]v i.背弃；妥协downright['daunrait]a d.彻底grand[gr1nd]a.显赫的，高傲的forgive[f4'giv]v.原谅，饶恕scratch[skr1t5]v.抓；擦；乱涂shriek[5ri:k]v i.尖声喊叫miracle['mir4kl]n.奇迹in relation to关于，涉及in one's eyes根据某人的观点，意见in support of支持at sb's expense归某人付费needless to say不必说out of sorts不高兴地under obligation (to do)有责任(义务)做good for有效的；有益于lay one's hands on逮住，抓住；找到，得到run up抬高on record记录在案connection[k4'nek54n]n.连接，关系-stricken(后缀)表示被打中的，遭殃的，患病的ice-encased a.(像)放在冰箱的hysterical[his'terik4l]a.歇斯底里的lick[lik]v t.舔subsequently a d.其后，其次，接着hind[haind]a.后面的，后部的follow-up a.接着的，后续的dispatch[dis'p1t5]n.急件disappearance['dis4'pi4r4ns]n.消失，消散；失踪rescue['reskju:]v t.拯救，营救，挽救nap[n1p]n.(白天)打瞌睡，打盹第13页defrost[di:'fr3:st]v.除霜，解冻unfair['8n'fA4]a.不公平的luckless['l8klis]a.不幸的，坏运气的indisputably a d.无争论余地地；无可置疑地exorbitant[ig'z3:bit4nt]a.过度的，过高的，昂贵的storage['st3:rid9]n.贮藏，保管；仓库facility[f4'siliti]n.设备；容易；便利row[r4u]n.吵嚷substantial[s4b'st1n54l]a.很多的；大量的refund[ri:'f8nd]n.归还，偿还额，退款publicity[p8b'lisiti]n.宣传，广告enterprise['ent4praiz]n.艰巨的事业；企业；事业心whimper['wimp4]n.牢骚，怨声fee[fi:]n.酬金；费ironclad[ai4n'kl1d]a.装甲的，打不破的，坚硬的mainstay a.支柱，中流砥柱admirable['1dm4r4bl]a.令人倾佩的，值的赞美的chamber['t5eimb4]n.室，房间hue and cry追捕犯人时的叫喊声；(表示反对的)叫嚷crime[kraim]n.罪，罪行；犯罪haul[h3:l]n.获得量anonymity[1n4'nimiti]n.匿名enforcement[in'f3:sm4nt]n.实施，执行agent['eid94nt]n.代理人；工具；力量fugitive['fju:d9itiv]n.逃亡者，亡命者illegal[i'li:g4l]a.不合法的，非法的diligently a d.勤勉地，坚持不懈地bizarre[bi'z2:]a.奇怪的unparalleled[8n'p1r4leld]a.举世无双的liquidate['likwideit]v t.清算；偿付yacht[j3t]n.游艇，快艇arduous['a:dju4s]a.费劲的goodly a.颇大的，颇多的pensioner['pen54n4]n.领年金者proportion[pr4'p3:54n]n.比率，比例；大小inexhaustible[inig'z3:st4bl]a.无穷无尽的insupportable[ins4'p3:t4bl]a.忍耐不住的，不能忍受的marital['m1ritl]a.婚姻的confession[k4n'fe54n]n.坦白；忏悔incarcerate[in'kars4'ret]v t.幽闭；监禁第14页unamiable['8n'eimj4bl]a.不和蔼的，不友好的spouse[spauz]n.配偶scheme[ski:m]n.计划，规划；诡计visit['vizit]v t.惩罚；降罪于lifework n.一生的工作，毕生的事业fanatically a d.狂热地，盲信地meticulous[m4'tikjul4s]a.细致的，过细的double-check n.重新检察或检查；证实shrewd[5ru:d]a.机敏的，精明的dissatisfy[dis's1tisfai]v t.使感觉不满、不满足greed[gri:d]n.贪心，贪婪greedy['gri:di]a.贪吃的；贪婪的expand[iks'p1nd]v.使膨胀，详述，扩张grievance['gri:v4ns]n.不平；冤情；抱怨immature[im4'tju4]a.不成熟的，未完全发展的frivolous['friv4l4s]a.不严肃的，轻浮的foresee[f3:'si:]v t.预见，预知slip[slip]n.犯过失，出错elapse[i'l1ps]v i.过去，消逝awesome['3:s4m]a.引起敬畏的sweetheart['swi:tha:t]n.心肝，宝贝accusation['1kju:'zei54n]n.罪名，谴责rumor['ru:m4]n.谣言；传闻freezer['fri:z4]n.冷冻箱mandatory['m1nd4't4uri]a.强制性的choke[t54uk]v t.哽，噎；阻塞transport[tr1ns'p3:t]n.运输；运输工具Congress['k36gres]n.立法机构，如美国国会warehouse['wA4haus' 'wA4hauz]n.仓库dehydrate[di:'haidreit]v t.使脱水in brief简言之；以简洁的形式as far as就……来说，一直到……的程度for one举个例子说dry off弄干stop dead in one's tracks猛地停下来be bound up with与……有密切关系first and last总的说来，主要地put away放好，储存……备用die down变弱，逐渐停止，渐渐消失on the track of追踪，得到……线索第15页make a living谋生at that另外，而且还是be caught in被缠住、绊住；被雨淋，被风吹to the point where到……程度play around玩耍settle down定居，平静下来take with a grain of salt对……持怀疑态度；有所保留go through被通过genre[92:6r]n.(文艺作品的)体裁，样式；类型controversial['k3ntr4'v4:54l]a.争论的，争议的forecast['f3:ka:st]v t.预想，预测planetwide a.遍布整个星球的humankind['hju:m4nkaind]n.人类probable['pr3b4bl]a.很可能的，大概的inevitable[in'evit4bl]a.不可避免的，必然的mode[m4ud]n.方式，模式spaceship['speis5ip]n.太空船，宇宙飞船flexibility['flAks4'bil4ti]n.灵活性，柔韧性tabular['t1bjul4]a.制成表的gimmick['gimik]n.别致的玩意儿；新奇的发明robot['r4ub3t]n.机器人；自动机sorrow['s3r4u]n.悲哀，悲伤；遗憾prehistoric['pri:hi'st3:rik]a.史前的，古老的formula['f3:mjul4]n.公式，规则decisive[di'saisiv]a.决定性的；果断的exterior[eks'ti4ri4]a.外部的，外在的 n.外部，表面clash[kl15]n.冲突lurk[l4:k]v i.埋伏；潜伏；隐藏joint[d93int]a.共同的，联合的headline['hedlain]n.大字标题；新闻提要hectic['hAktik]a.忙乱的badger['b1d94]v t.纠缠，使困恼tragedy['tr1d9idi]n.悲剧historian[his't3:ri4n]n.历史学家craft[kra:ft]n.工艺；手艺，行业covertly['k8v4tli]a d.偷偷摸摸地poetry['p4uitri]n.诗，作诗法endeavor[in'dAv4]n.努力，尽力sober['s4ub4]a.冷静的plodding['pl3di6]a.沉重缓慢的，单调乏味的第16页phalanx['f1l16ks]n.方阵，密集的人群(兽群、东西) soulless['soulis]a.没有精神的，没有灵魂的electromagnetism[ilektr4u'm1gnitiz(4)m]n.电磁(学) slice[slais]n.薄片，切片electronics[ilek'tr3niks]n.电子学stolid['st3:lid]a.不易激动的awe[3:]n.敬畏underarm['8nd4r'2:m]a.手臂下的，腋下deodorant[di:'oud4r4nt]n.除臭剂deride[di'raid]v t.嘲笑，愚弄fuzzy['f8zi]a.模糊的，失真的egghead['eghed]n.有知识者，受过高等教育的人，理论家minority[mai'n3riti]n.少数(民族)；少数tuck[t8k]v t.存放于安全地；储藏site[sait]n.地点，地基；场所Pacific[p4'sifik]a.太平洋的atoll['1t3:l]n.环礁，环状珊瑚礁humanist['hju:m4nist]n.人道主义者，人文主义者humanistic[hju:m4'nistik]a dj.人文主义的glorification[gl2:ifi'kei54n]n.赞颂chaotic[kei'3tik]a.混乱的celebrate['selibreit]v t.庆贺，庆祝；表扬，赞美tidal['taidl]a.潮水的unperturbed[8np4't4:bd]a.泰然自若的mythology[mi'73l4d9i]n.神话集；神话学manfully a d.男子气概地，雄伟地geological[d9i4'l3d9ik4l]a.地质学的，地质的politician['p3li'ti54n]n.政治家；[贬]政客preach[pri:t5]v.说教，布道；鼓吹gospel['g3sp4l]n.信条；教义archaic[a:'keik]a.古老的，古代的，陈旧的fruitful['fru:tful]a.富有成效的interpreter[in't4:prit4]n.翻译interpret['in't4:prit]v i.解释，说明evangelize[i'v1nd9ilaiz]v t.传福音，使信基督教farthermost['f2:04moust]a.最远的knowledgeable a.有见识的come out被出版；被刊行bit by bit渐渐，一点一点lean on靠着第17页feel for同情in one's hands在……控制之下on the ground that因为；由于think out仔细考虑back up支持tuck away藏起来take thought寻思，考虑rusty['r8sti]a.生锈的lining['laini6]n.衬里inheritable[in'herit4bl]a.可继承的，会遗传的worrier['w4:l4]n.爱担心的人，常发愁的人glum[gl8m]a.阴郁的，阴沉的gene[d9i:n]n.基因reflower[ri:'flau4]v i.再开花，使再开花all-purpose a.通用的，多用途的suck[s8k]v t.吸vogue[v4ug]n.时髦(品)；风气fad[f1d]n.(infml)时尚celestial[si'lestj4l]a.天空的，天的UFO飞碟，不明飞行物ominously a d.不吉祥地worrisome['w4:is4m]a.令人不安的polar['p4ul4]a.两极的，极地的submerge[s8b'm4:d9]v.浸没，淹没tasty['teisti]a.好吃的，可口的inexorably a d.无情地，冷酷地riddle['ridl]v t.刺出无数窟窿，打排孔wreck[rek]n.遇难船的残骸quaint[kweint]a.离奇的；有奇趣的transient['tr1nzi4nt]a.短暂的，瞬时的manageable['m1nid94bl]a.易控制的，可应付的rust[r8st]v.(使)生锈terror['ter4]n.恐怖，令人恐怖的事surrender[s4'rend4]v.交出；引渡；放弃optimist['3ptimist]n.乐观主义者inspiration['insp4'rei54n]n.灵感eastern['i:st4n]a.东方的；朝东的posture['p3st54]n.姿势trump[tr8mp]v t.胜过antique[1n'ti:k]n.古物，古董第18页inundation[in8n'dei54n]n.洪水，泛滥；水灾overdue['4uv4'dju:]a.过期(未付)的warning['w3:ni6]n.警告；前兆canal[k4'n1l]n.运河；(人体内)导管pedestrian[pi'destri4n]n.步行者，行人a.(fig.)单调的，平凡的，枯燥的immemorial['imi'm3ri4l]a dj.古老的，远古的，无法追忆的cryogenically a d.使用冷冻地toe[t4u]n.趾，脚趾relocate[ri:'loukeit]v.重新部署self-cancelling a.自相抵消的enlarge[in'la:d9]v.扩大，放大rink[ri6k]n.溜冰场dud[d8d]n.哑弹, 无用物, (sl.) 失败的人或事digest[di'd9est, 'daid9est]v t.消化；领会spit[spit]v t.吐出flash[fl15]n.(火焰等)一闪,闪亮chinch bug麦虱menopause['men4p3:z]n.绝经期endorse[in'd3:s]v t.认可，签署suck up吸收，抽取but then但另一方面，不过at hand即将到来turn back往回走look up to尊敬,仰望get through到达；完成；接通电话drop dead倒毙，猝死make room of为……提供场地run out of用完，耗尽ease off缓和，减轻burn out烧掉，烧尽play a part参与debate[di'beit]n. & vt.争论；辩论unknowable[8n'nou4bl]a.不可知的puzzlement['p8zlm4nt]n.迷惑turbulence['t4:bjul4ns]n.骚动subside[s4b'said]v i.减退，衰减package['p1kid9]v t.组装glimpse[glimps]n.一瞥，一看incomprehension[in'k3mpri'hen5n]n.不了解，不领悟reconfirm['ri:k4n'di54n]v t.再次证实，再次确认第19页。
商务英语毕业论文
商务英语毕业论文篇一：商务英语毕业论文毕业论文论文题目：商务英语函电的文本特征学生班级：外语系商务英语班学生姓名：指导教师：2021 年 4 月 20 日诚信声明本人郑重声明：本人所呈交的毕业论文《商务英语函电的文本特征》是在方教师的指导下，根据任务书的要求，独立撰写的。
本论文中所引用的其他个人或集体已发表的文字和研究成果，或为获得教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料，均已明确注明。
凡为本文的撰写所提供的各种形式的帮助，本人在致谢中已经明确表达了谢意。
本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果。
毕业论文作者签名：2021年4 月 20日目录一、摘要 (4)二、关键词 (4)三、前言 (5)四、商务英语函电的文本特征 (6)1. 商务英语函电的语言特征 (6)1．1商务英语函电的词汇特征 (7)1．2商务英语函电的句型特征 (7)五、参考文献 (8)六、致谢 (9)摘要商务英语函电是日后与客户建立往来业务关系的一种书面交际语言，其意义是为了成一笔交易，建立贸易关系。
我作为商务英语专业的学生，选此题的目的一是它与专业相关，二是我想从事外贸跟单、外贸业务等工作，能写出优秀的商务英语函电是开发客户，拿到定单和业绩的基础，所以写好商务英语函电这篇论文可以整理如何写商务英语函电的方法技巧对日后的写作水平是很有作用的。
它的主要研究内容包括语言特点、词汇特征、句法特征及结语。
语言特点的范围包括：其行文通常严格遵守原则是礼貌、体谅、完整、清楚、简洁、具体、正确。
词汇特征有正式词汇、专业术语、缩略词汇，一词多义等等。
句法特征的主要句型有复合句、并列句与被动句。
要写好商务英语函电常常会遇到语言生硬、书面化、句式单一，用词枯燥等问题，然而平时注重单词量的积累，多看英文杂志，多练口语，多跟外国人交流是解决这些问题的有效方法。
关键词：语言特征，词汇特征和句法特征。
前言英文写作体现了一个人英文水平，最主要的是英文写作能力。
然而外贸函电不仅仅再现地是书写能力，还有语言表达技巧，交流技巧。
懂你英语level6文档精校版最新中英对照
Level 6 Unit 1 1/4 ListeningHarry bitchem works for a high-tech German company, based in Munich.Last month he was in an automobile accident.He was on his way to attend an important meeting in New York City.哈里·比特汉姆在慕尼黑的一家德国高科技公司工作。
上个月他出了车祸。
他正在去纽约参加一个重要会议的路上。
He had just arrived on a flight from London and was taking a taxi into the city.The purpose of his trip was to attend a meeting.The weather was terrible and the road was icy.他刚从伦敦乘飞机到达，正在打车进城。
他这次旅行的目的是参加一个会议。
天气很糟糕，道路结冰。
He was in a hurry so he asked the taxi driver to get him into the city as soon as possible.The taxi driver agreed and sped up. But just as they left the airport, the car went out of control. Itspun around and skidded into the path of an oncoming truck.Fortunately, the truck wasn’t going too fast, so nobody was killed.But the taxi was severely damaged and both passangers were injured.他很着急，所以他请出租车司机尽快把他送到城里。
大学英语精读第六册
大学英语精读第六册 Unit 01Phrase & Expressionson the job: while working; at work 在上班,在工作岗位上,忙碌break down into: separate into different kinds; divide into types分为………项,分类a variety (of): a number or collection of different sorts of the same general type多种多样的,品种多样的make up : form as a whole; constitute 组成, 构成as a whole:普遍说来, 一般地说,整体来看under consideration: being discussed; begin given thoughtful attention在考虑中,考虑中as such: as being what is indicated or suggested; in itself or in themselves依其身份、资格或名义等; 本身,take on: begin to have; assume 具有(特征等),呈现，呈现某种特性write up: rewrite in a fuller, better organized way; give a full written account of 整理好写成文章, 全部写出, 详细描写get down: write, record (usu. quickly or with difficulty) 写下; 记下,记录下live by：make a living from(sth．or doing sth．) 靠……谋生live for：have as a reason for living；give most attention to为…而生活, 以…为生活目的,极注意live on：have as one’s only food；live at the cost of(sb．else)靠………为生live out：live till the end of 活过,活到live through：remain alive in spite of or through the time of(sth．)经历过; 经历…而未死,经受过,经历过,熬过live up to： act according to；do(what is expected or promised)根据………做live with：learn to accept(sth．unpleasant)；put up with学会接受,忍受get across：(cause to)become understood or accepted 使理解,接受get along：advance；form or have a friendly relationship(with sb．)进展,相处得好,相处融洽get around／round：(of news)spread；move freely，travel传播开,自由移动,走动,旅行get around／round to： find time for(sth．or doing sth．)有时间做get at： mean；reach and discover 意味着,意思是,够得着,发现get by：pass；continue to live，often in spite of difficulties经过,度日, 继续存在get down： record(sth．)in writing 写下; 记下,记录下get down to： begin to give serious attention to 开始认真注意get over： recover from；deal with；control 痊愈,处理,解决,控制get through： reach(sb．)by telephone；finish 接通电话,完成TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English：1．当你面临的某项任务显得太大时，将其分解成若干项较小的、更容易对付的任务也许会有所助益。
国际商务函电Chapter_six ppt课件
▪ enable sth.
使某事成为可能
Please amend the L/C immediately to enable October shipment.
请立即修改信用证以便十月装船。
➢国际商务函电 Chapter_six
4. make n. （工业）产品；制造方 法或式样
▪ Chinese makes 中国牌子的产品；中国货
• execution n 执行；履行
We believe you will do your utmost to execute our first order as it will lead to a series of transactions between us. 1) 我们认为你方会尽最大努力执行我方第一个
订货信分为： • 1.行文式：适合对单一商品的订购 • 2.列表式：适合对多种商品的订购 • 3.填写订货单 • 4. 填写购货确认书 • 订货信是对报盘信的答复，因而具备答复信的特点。
• 订单(order)是为了要求供应具体数量的货物而提 出的一种要求。它是对报盘或询盘后发出报价而 促成的结果。订单可以用信或印制好的订单、传 真或email来发送。订单的主要特点是正确和清楚。 订单或订购信函应：
1. 包含所定购货物的品质、规格、数量、价格以 及货号等
2. 说明包装方式、目的港以及装运期
3. 确认在初期洽谈时所同意的付款条件
Key Words & ➢acceptance ➢confirmation of order ➢sales contract ➢purchase contract ➢sales confirmation ➢purchase confirmation ➢sign ➢signature ➢counter-signature
国际贸易英文版教材
作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A．Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China p ress. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Producti on-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are KeyProduction with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of AgricultureThe Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors?Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and TradeScale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and DeindustrializationEffects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. WagesPART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not HumansHow Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade DiversionOther Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor MovementsForeign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Mul tinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual PlaceMNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction（第一章导论）1.1 Reasons for International Trade （国际间贸易的起因）1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （国际贸易与国内贸易的差异）1.3 Classification of International Trade（国际贸易的分类）1.4 Export and Import Procedures（进出口贸易的程序）1.5 Overview of This Book （本书的基本内容）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Two International Trade Terms（第二章国际贸易术语）2.1 Three Sets of Rules （三种贸易术语的解释规则）2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 （2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念）2.3 Application Issues（贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题）2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms （贸易术语选用的决定因素）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Three Export Price（第三章出口商品的价格）3.1 Expression of Export Price（出口价格的表达）3.2 Pricing Considerations（影响定价的因素）3.3 Calculation of Price（价格的计算）3.4 Understanding the Price（价格的评估）3.5 Communication of Price（价格的沟通）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Four Terms of Commodity（第四章商品条款）4.1 Name of Commodity （商品的名称）4.2 Specifying Quality（商品的品质）4.3 Measuring Quantity（商品的数量）4.4 Packing and Marking（商品的包装及标志）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Five Cargo Transportation（第五章国际货物运输）5.1 Ocean Transportation （海洋运输）5.2 Other Modes of Transportation （其他运输方式）5.3 Transportation Documents（运输单据）5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的装运条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance（第六章货物运输保险）6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance（货物保险的基本原则）6.2 Marine Risks and Losses（海上风险和损失）6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC（我国海上货物保险范围）6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC（协会货物保险范围）6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance（其他货物保险的种类）6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance（货物保险程序）6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的保险条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Seven International Payments（第七章国际货款支付）7.1 Issues in Concern（影响支付条件的因素）7.2 Paying Instruments（支付工具）7.3 Remittance（汇付）7.4 Collection（托收）7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit（信用证基础知识）7.6 Types of Documentary Credit（跟单信用证的种类）7.7 Letter of Guarantee（L/G）（保函）7.8 Export Financing（出口融资）7.9 Payment Problems（支付中出现的问题）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Eight Export Documentation（第八章出口单证）8.1 Significance of Documentation（单证的重要性）8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation（单证的基本要求）8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation（制单的依据）8.4 Export Documents（出口单证的种类）8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract（销售合同中有关单证的条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration（第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁）9.1 Commodity Inspection（商品检验）9.2 Disputes and Claims（争议和索赔）9.3 Force Majeure（不可抗力）9.4 Arbitration（仲裁）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Key to Exercises（练习答案）Glossary（词汇表）Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 （FOB, CFR, CIF）（附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则（FOB，CFR，CIF））Appendix 2CISG 1980 （Part II）（附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980（第二部分）) References （参考书目）帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of ContractChapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliographyPaul R.Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics:Theory andPolicy,8E. Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易：概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳，International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS''1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONof Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论：由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础：要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。
大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译-中英对照
Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.
Chapter Six
Adjustment Letter: steps
• Begin directly---with the good news. • Incidentally identify the correspondence that you are answering. • Avoid negatives that recall the problem. • Regain lost confidence through explanation or action. • End with a friendly, positive comment.
Ending • Thank you for this opportunity to explain. We shall continue to work hard to provide you with the service you have a right to expect. • We hope to see you again in the store, and we look forward to the opportunity of serving you..
Refusal • We understand your concern about the.... As always, we are willing to do as much as we reasonably can to make things right. • You were right in assuming that.... We are always interested in doing whatever we can to make our sales satisfactory. • Your order and request are sincerely appreciated. We are always grateful for the opportunity of serving you in the best way we can.
chapterV (3)
An abstract or summary refers primarily to the author’s own unpublished results, and uses the past tense. Most of the introduction section emphasizes previously established knowledge, given in the present tense. Both the Materials and Methods and the Results sections describe what the author did and found. They appear in the past tense. Finally the discussion emphasizes the relationship of the author’s work to previously established knowledge. This section is the most difficult to write smoothly because it includes both past and present tenses.
D. Use the present tense to refer readers to your figures, tables, or graphs
Even though these are new and unpublished material, they are explanatory aids, not research itself. Discussion of the research itself remains in past tense, but directives appear in present tense. 11. Antibodies occurred in 11% of our mice, as Table 1 indicates.
典范英语8第六篇英文概括
典范英语8第六篇英文概括Title: A Comprehensive Summary of Chapter Six in Exemplary English 8Introduction:Chapter Six of Exemplary English 8 introduces essential techniques for summarizing English texts effectively. This chapter aims to equip readers with skills to comprehend and summarize written material accurately, concisely, and eloquently. The following comprehensive summary provides an overview of key concepts and practical applications discussed in Chapter Six.1. Understanding the Art of SummarizingSummarizing refers to the process of condensing large amounts of information into concise and coherent paragraphs. It involves identifying the main idea, key supporting details, and disregarding irrelevant information. Effective summarizing skills enable readers to grasp the essence of a text while saving time and improving comprehension.2. Strategies for Effective Summarizinga) Identify the main idea: Read the text carefully and determine the central theme or argument being presented. Focus attention on the author's purpose and intended audience.b) Highlight key supporting details: Recognize the significant points and evidence that support the main idea. Pay attention to facts, examples, statistics, and quotations.c) Disregard irrelevant information: Exclude details that are unrelated to the main idea or do not contribute significantly to the overall meaning of the text. This step helps streamline the summary.d) Paraphrasing and vocabulary choices: Use your own words to rephrase the original text while maintaining its essence. Ensure the chosen vocabulary accurately represents the author's intention.e) Organization and coherence: Arrange the summarized information in a logical and coherent flow. Connect ideas smoothly to enhance readability and comprehension.f) Conciseness: Strive to keep the summary brief, omitting unnecessary words, phrases, and repetitive information. Aim for clarity and precision in expressing the main points.3. Different Types of Summariesa) Informative Summary: This type of summary provides a condensed version of a text, reporting the main ideas and supporting details without expressing personal opinions or interpretations. It focuses on objectivity and accuracy.b) Descriptive Summary: In contrast to an informative summary, a descriptive summary allows room for the inclusion of personal observations and interpretations. It aims to provide readers with a vivid understanding of the original text while maintaining objectivity.c) Critical Summary: A critical summary requires the author to evaluate the source material objectively, identifying strengths, weaknesses,inconsistencies, and potential biases. It showcases an analytical approach by offering balanced judgments supported by evidence.4. Common Challenges in Summarizinga) Over-summarizing: Avoid excessive condensation, as it may result in the omission of crucial information, distorting the author's intended message. Ensure the summary retains the fundamental ideas and supporting details.b) Under-summarizing: On the contrary, under-summarizing overlooks key information, leading to incomplete or inaccurate representations of the original text. Strive to strike a balance between conciseness and comprehensiveness.c) Maintaining the author's tone: A well-constructed summary should reflect the author's tone and writing style. Pay attention to the use of language, formality, and rhetorical devices employed in the original text to capture the intended ambiance in the summary.Conclusion:Chapter Six in Exemplary English 8 serves as an invaluable resource for mastering the art of summarizing in English. The ability to summarize effectively not only improves comprehension but also enhances communication skills. By employing the strategies and techniques outlined in this chapter, readers can confidently summarize a wide range of written materials, enabling them to extract the main ideas accurately and efficiently.。
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4.The age of Romanticism and Transcendentalism was by and large over. Meanwhile younger writers appeared on the scene, such as William Dean Howells, Henry James, Mark Twain, and so on, which means the coming of new literary age, American realism.
上课时间
The fifthweek
上课节次
two periods
课型
te Literature of American Realism (Ⅰ)General Introduction
教学目的
Aim of knowledge: 1. To make students get to know thedefinition, reasons and characteristicsof American Realism.
3.The frontier was about to close and the safety valve was ceasing to operate, and a reexamination of life began. Beneath the glittering surface of prospective there lay suffering and unhappiness. Disillusionment and frustration were widely felt.
Character is more important than action and plot
3) Open-ending
4）The subject matter of Realism is drawn from“our experience”. They focus on common characters and the everyday events. It treated
2)Also because he was the champion of realism, having helped to publish many realistic local color writings by Bret Harte, Mark Twain, George Washington Cable, and others.
1. Frontier Humor
1)It is the vital and exuberant literature that was generated by the westward expansion of theUnited Statesin the late 18th and the 19th centuries.
The American realists advocated “verisimilitude of detail derived from observation,” the effort to approach the norm of experience —— a reliance on the representative in plot, setting, and character, and to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and experience.
1.Frontier Humor
2.Midwestern Realism
3.Cosmopolitan Novelist
4.Regionalism (local color)
5.Naturalism
6.TheChicagoSchoolof poets
7.The Rise of Black American Literature
1.The Civil War which broke out in 1861 taught men that life was not so good, man was not and God was not. The war marked a change, in the quality of American life, a deterioration, in fact, of American moral values. It led people to question the assumptions: natural goodness, the optimistic view of nature and man, benevolent God.
Difficulties:Henry James’sinternational novels
时间分配
教学内容
板书或课件版面设计
10mins
5 mins
20 mins
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3mins
2mins
Step 1:The Reasons for the Coming ofAmerican Realism( Outline P88-89)
2.In post-bellum increasing industrialization and mechanization of the country in full swing produced soon extremes of wealth and poverty. Wealth and power were more and more concentrated in the hands of the few “captains of industry” or “robber barons”, but life for the millions was fast becoming a veritable struggle for survival.
2)He has always emphasized on ethics. He stresses the need for sympathy and moral integrity, and the need for different social classes to harmoniously adapt to their environment and to one another.
the common
the average
the non-extreme
the representative
the probable
5) concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations of characters in an environment of sordidness and depravity
His masterpiece:The Rise of Silas Lapham
1)A fine specimen of American realistic writing. There is nothing heroic, dramatic or extraordinary. Howells is here so devoted to the small, the trivial, and the commonplace.
6) Class is important; the novel has traditionally served the interests and aspirations of an insurgent middle class.
Step 3The Schools of American Realism
2. Characters(Outline P89-90)
1) Truthful description ofcontemporary life and everyday scenes; truthful treatment of material
2) Typical character under typical circumstance
2)The spontaneity, sense of fun, exaggeration, fierce individuality, and irreverence for traditional Eastern values in frontier humor reflect the optimistic spirit of pre-Civil WarAmerica.
2. Midwestern Realism
1)It just refers toWilliam Dean Howells(1837 - 1920)’s realismbecause he came from the AmericanMidwest and carefully interweaved the life and emotions of ordinary middle-class there in his works.
2. To make students get the general idea aboutthe schools of American Realism and some masterpieces of those representatives.