定语从句 I
动词的ing形式作表语,定语,宾补和状语
动词的ing形式作表语,定语,宾补与状语一、动词-ing形式作表语1、表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible、(= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job)她的工作就是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
2、表示主语具有的特征、性质与状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词)The problem is quite puzzling、这个问题很令困惑。
3、常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
全析提示:动词-ing形式作表语时,其逻辑主语往往就是句子中的主语,但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is her staying too late every night、(staying too late every night的逻辑主语就是her)二、动词-ing形式作定语1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语,一般具有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途与性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary瞧起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题2 作定语的动词-ing形式如就是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。
doing做定语和宾语补足语和表语
The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. = The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.
A • 1. The ____ boy was last seen___near the East Lake.(2000Shanghai) • A. missing, playing B. missing, play • C. missing, played D. missed, to play • 2. Do you know the boy____ D under the big tree. • A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying • 3. Seeing the sun___ above the surface of the sea, C we let out a shout of joy. • A. to rise B. to raise C. rising D. raising C • 4. _____ the last bus means walking home. • A. Miss B. missed C. Missing D. If missing
18.star in
• • • • • • star in 在……主演；担任主角 She is to star in a new film. 她将主演一部新影片。 [重点用法] star短语： star sb (in sth.) 使某人担任主角；由某人主演 1). Ben Kingsley ________ ________ the film “Gandhi”. • 2). The director wanted to star Michael Caine ________ (介词) his new film. • Keys: 1). starred in 2). in
动词ing形式作定语和状语
动词-ing形式作定语【归纳】★单个的动词-ing形式作定语常位于被修饰名词的前面，既可以表示被修饰成分的性质或用途，也可以表示被修饰成分的动作或状态。
如：The experiment was an amazing success.You can find Jennifer in the reading room.Children in many developing countries can't get basic medical care.They quickly moved the sleeping man out of the prison.★动词-ing形式还可用在名词后作定语，作用相当于一个定语从句。
如：The village is made up of 490 families belonging (= who belong) to five nationalities. Do you know the woman talking (= who is talking) to Jim?【拓展】动词-ing形式的被动式（being done）也可作定语，表示正在发生的被动动作。
如：We must keep the things being discussed a secret.I knew nothing about the experiment being performed there.动词-ing形式作状语【归纳】★动词-ing形式可作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果或伴随情况等，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，动词-ing形式所表示的动作与主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
如：Hearing the news, we all jumped with joy.Working hard, you'll certainly make your dream come true.Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.Weighing almost one hundred kilos, the stone was moved by the boy alone.Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with five children.The little girl was lying in bed crying.★动词-ing形式的一般式所表示的动作常与谓语动作同时发生，其完成式（having done）所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
动词ing形式作表语,定语和宾语补足语
概念引入The music they are playing sounds so e*citing .We watched three boys sharing their food with eachOur job is playing all kinds of music .The girl singing now is a classmate of mine用法讲解非谓语动词中的ing形式包括两种：一种是动名词，另外一种是现在分词。
•根本形式：1、-ing形式作表语1) -ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后,用来泛指*种动作或行为,以说明主语的具体内容(身份、性质或情况)。
如：Her hobby is painting.她的业余爱好是画画。
My job is looking after the children.我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。
2) –ing用来表示主语所具有的特征，如：His concern for his mother is most touching.他对母亲的关爱很感人。
His words are encouraging.他的话很鼓舞人。
2、-ing形式作定语1). 说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，如：building materials= materials for building 建筑材料drinking water= water for drinking 饮用水a reading room= a room for reading 阅览室2). 说明被修饰名词的性质和程度，如：tiring music= music that is tiring 烦人的音乐a surprising result= a result that is surprising一个惊人的结果3). 表示被修饰名词正在进展的动作，如：正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。
The student making the e*periment is our monitor.我们能看到冉冉升起的太阳。
ing做定语
2. -ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修 饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当 于一个定语从句。 -ing形式表示 “......的” 意思, 叫现在分词。如：
They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。 The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。
Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined. 在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被 罚款。
3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语， 相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时， 它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如： His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。
汉译英 1.写字台
a writing desk=a desk for writing
2.阅览室
a reading room=a room for reading
3.一个惊人的结果
a surprising result=a result that is surprising
4.站在那儿的那个人是我的一个同学。
动词ing形式作表语,定语和宾语补足语
概念引入The music they are playing sounds so exciting .We watched three boys sharing their food with eachOur job is playing all kinds of music .The girl singing now is a classmate of mine用法讲解非谓语动词中的ing形式包括两种：一种是动名词，另外一种是现在分词。
•基本形式：1、-ing形式作表语1)-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后,用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的具体内容(身份、性质或情况)。
如：Her hobby is painting她的业余爱好是画画。
My job is looking after the children我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。
2)-ing用来表示主语所具有的特征，如：His concern for his mother is most touching他对母亲的关爱很感人。
His words are encouraging.他的话很鼓舞人。
2、-ing形式作定语1).说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，如：building materialsmaterials for building 建筑材料drinking water=water for drinking 饮用水a reading room=a room for reading 阅览室2).说明被修饰名词的性质和程度，如：tiring music=music that is tiring 烦人的音乐a surprising result=a result that is surprising一个惊人的结果3).表示被修饰名词正在进行的动作，如：正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。
The student making the experiment is our monitor.我们能看到冉冉升起的太阳。
动词的 ing形式 作定语和状语
hold … in arms, cry,
The woman holds her son in arms, crying .
ski, laugh,
They are skiing down the hill, laughing .
box, hit on the face, move, steps The two boxing men try to hit the other on the face, moving their steps carefully.
4) 表结果 ( 表示自然而然、顺其自然的结果） Eg. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother. (=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.) 全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受 欢 迎地歌曲。 The song is sung all over the making it the most popular song country,________________________________.
IV. 改错 1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it. having Not 2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay. working 3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful. Seeing 4. Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful communications, speaking too.
动词的ing形式做定语讲解与练习
动词的-ing形式既包括动名词又包括现在分词,在英语中使用极其广泛,同时也是高考中的重要考点,因此要求每位高中学生对其都应清楚了解并正确运用。
下面就动词的-ing形式在句中做定语总结如下:动词的-ing形式做定语在句中通常有两个位置,如果是单个的动词的-ing形式做定语,常放在被修饰词前做前置定语;如果是动词的-ing形式的短语做定语,常放在被修饰词后做后置定语。
如:1.He is an attacking player.他是一个攻击型的运动员。
2.He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。
3.A little child learning to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌跤。
4.Do you know the number of people coming to the party?你知道来参加晚会的人数吗?注意:当-ing形式做后置定语时,可以相当于相应的定语从句。
如:1.A young man writing novels came to speak to us yesterday.→A young man who writes novels came to speak to us yesterday.一位写小说的青年昨天来向我们作报告。
2.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin.→The girl who was sitting next to me was my cousin.坐在我旁边的姑娘是我表妹。
-ing形式做定语通常从以下三方面考查,即:1)说明被修饰词的性质,特征或用途。
如:1.They set up an operating table in a small temple.他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。
2.He may be in the reading room, for all I know.他说不定在阅览室里。
动词的ing或ed形式做定语讲解与练习--总结
用作定语时，动词的-ing形式既包括动名词又包括现在分词, 动词的-ed形式仅是动词过去分词。
动词的-ing形式做定语在句中通常有两个位置,如果是单个的动词的-ing形式做定语,常放在被修饰词前做前置定语;如果是动词的-ing形式的短语做定语,常放在被修饰词后做后置定语。
如:1.He is an attacking player.他是一个攻击型的运动员。
(表示运动员的特征)2.He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。
(表示“令人….”)3.A little child learning to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌跤。
(表示被修饰词的动作或状态，动词短语后置)4.Do you know the number of people coming to the party?你知道来参加晚会的人数吗?(表示被修饰词的动作或状态，动词短语后置)注意:当-ing形式做后置定语时,可以相当于相应的定语从句。
如:1.A young man writing novels came to speak to us yesterday.→A young man who writes novels came to speak to us yesterday.一位写小说的青年昨天来向我们作报告。
2.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin. →The girl who was sitting next to me was my cousin.坐在我旁边的姑娘是我表妹。
另外需要注意的是上面做定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作是正在进行的工作或习惯性的动作，如果和主句谓语的动作不能同时发生时，则不能用-ing形式做定语而必须用定语从句形式。
如：昨天来我们学校的那位教授在明天给我们做报告。
3.The professor who came to our school yesterday will give us a lecture tomorrow.不正确的表述：The professor coming to our school yesterday will give us a lecture tomorrow. 总结：-ing形式做定语通常从以下三方面考查,即: 1)说明被修饰词的性质,特征或用途。
动词的ing形式作定语和状语
6.Do you know the boy_______ under the big tree?
y B. lain C. laying D. lying
B.7.The flowers _____ sweet in the botanic garden
C.attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
D. C. frighten; frightening D. frightening; frightening
3) It’s pleasure. asleep B. sleep C. sleeping D. slept
B. 4) The ____ buildings showed us that an earthquake was coming.
作原因状语
现在分词作原因状语，分词结构中否 定词通常放在现在分词前面。
C. 4. The student sat there,D____ what to do.
D. doesn’t knowing B. didn’t knowing
E. C. not know
D. not knowing 现在分词作伴随状语
2.他斜靠(lean)着墙站着。 He stood leaning against the wall.
2020/11/30
12
4) 表结果 ( 表示自然而然、顺其自然的结果） Eg. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her an orphan.
=Her mother died in 1990, and left her an orphan.
2.While he was waiting for the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.
doing作定语
doing作定语1.用法：相当于形容词的用法，用来修饰名词；2.分类：前置定语和后置定语；3.条件：单个的单词通常作前置定语，放在名词之前；多个单词或是短语通常作后置定语，放在名词之后；4.单个的动词-ing形式作前置定语的用法：(1)表示主动：动词-ing形式和它所修饰的名词为主动关系；(2)说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
e.g. a reading room＝a room which is used for reading阅览室running shoes＝shoes for running跑鞋a working method＝a method for working工作方法(3)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
e.g. developing countries＝countries that are developingan ordinary-looking house＝a house that looks ordinarya puzzling problem＝a problem that puzzles somebody(4)表示所修饰物的特征、性质和状态(动词ing形式相当于一个形容词)，常译作“令人……的”；①常用来作定语的现在分词有astonishing(令人惊奇的)，amusing(使人发笑的)，confusing(令人困惑的)，disappointing(令人失望的)，boring(令人感到无聊的)，encouraging(鼓舞人心的)，inspiring(鼓舞人心的)，moving(令人感动的)，tiring(令人感到疲惫的)，interesting(令人感到有趣的)，surprising(令人感到惊讶的)等；②注意；此类定语通常用来修饰指物的名词。
e.g. This is an interesting book and many students like reading it.That is a tiring thing and I just don’t want to talk about it. 5.动词-ing形式作后置定语：(1)作定语的动词-ing形式如果是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语，表主动关系，可转换为相对应的定语从句。
动词的_ing形式_作定语和状语
Practise:
(1)They set out _c___ for the ____ boy.
A. searching; losing B. searching; lost
C. to search; lost D. searched; losing
(2) The student sat there, __D__ what to do.
A. doesn’t knowing B. didn’t knowing
C. not know
D. not knowing
) 现在分词的否定式是在一般式和完成式的前面加not (never
(3)He sat there __B___ , with his head on his hand.
A. and think B. thinking
Eg. He sat on the sofa, watching TV.
(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)
They walked on the way home，singing and laughing.
他们笑着谈着走进了教室。
_L__a_u_g_h_in_g__a_n_d__ta_l_k_in_g, they went into the classroom.
a sleeping child
working people
the rising sun
动词 -ing 形式是短语，应放在所修饰的名 词后，相当于一个定语从句。
They are visitors coming from several countries.
who come from several countries.
动词ing和定语从句库
（2）It
is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。来自 （3）It's
a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。
必背：动词的-ing形式作主语的几个常用句
型。 （1）It's no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。 （2） It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。 （3）It's worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
B.动词的-ing主动形式作宾语 动词的-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也
可作介词的宾语。如： 只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词 不能用不定式作宾语。
4．Forbid (1)I forbid_____ in my flat.我不 允许在我家里吸烟A. to smoke B. smoking 5. imagine （1）She couldn't imagine ____in a place like that... 她无法想象住在那样一个地方。 A. to liveB. Living 6. deny 否认 （1）The men deny____ for money. 二人否认曾索要钱财。 A. asking B.ask C.to ask
10.risk
13.Keep 保持 (1)If he says or does something to make you laugh, he will keep____ it even after it isn’t funny any more. 如果他说了什么或者做了什么把你逗笑了，他就老 说老做，尽管已经不再好笑了。 A.doing B.to do 14.practice 练习 (1)practice____ some of the little things. 练习做一些可产生大改变的小事情。A.doing B.to do 15.admit 承认 (1)Do you admit____ the money? 你承认偷了那些钱？ A. stealing B.to steal
ing作后置定语的用法
ing作后置定语的用法英语中，作后置定语的ing形式可用来修饰名词或代词，表达被修饰名词或代词所进行的动作或状态。
这种用法通常用于非限定性定语从句或形容词短语中，为句子增加了更多的信息。
本文将详细介绍ing 作后置定语的用法及相关注意事项。
一、ing作后置定语修饰名词或代词Ing作后置定语修饰名词或代词时，常用于非限定性定语从句中，为句子增加额外的信息。
下面是一些例子：1. The girl, crying bitterly, was consoled by her friend.这个女孩哭得很伤心，她的朋友安慰她。
2. I found the book, written by my favorite author, very interesting.我发现这本书，是我最喜欢的作者写的，非常有趣。
在以上例子中，ing形式的动词短语"crying bitterly"和"written by my favorite author"分别修饰名词"girl"和"book"，起到进一步描述的作用。
二、ing作后置定语修饰句子Ing作后置定语还可用于修饰整个句子，起到形容词短语的作用。
以下是一些例子：1. She sat in the corner, thinking about her future.她坐在角落里，思考着她的未来。
2. He stood there, watching the sunset.他站在那里，看着夕阳。
在以上例子中，ing形式的动词短语"thinking about her future"和"watching the sunset"分别修饰整个句子，描述动作或状态。
三、注意事项1. Ing作后置定语的动词短语通常与被修饰的名词或代词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
例如，在第一个例子中，"crying bitterly"是由名词"girl"引起的，表达了女孩伤心哭泣的状态。
英语ing的用法
英语ing的用法英语中的动名词是一种常见的语法结构，它被称为“-ing形式”，英语中的“ing”可以表示动词的现在分词、过去分词或动名词，除了在英语中拥有多种用法，它们还可以构成一些词组，用以表达不同的意思。
在本文中，我们将讨论英语的-ing形式的用法，以及它们在句子中的应用。
首先，“-ing”形式在英语中可以表示动词的现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词表示一个正在进行的动作，如：singing，dancing。
而过去分词（即-ed形式）则表示一个已经完成的动作，如：sung，danced。
此外，“-ing”形式还可以用来表示动名词，即表示某种活动的名词。
它们可以用作主语、宾语或表语，如：Running is good for health（跑步对健康有益）；I like swimming（我喜欢游泳）；She looks anguishing（她看起来很痛苦）。
除此之外，“-ing”形式还常被用来构成某些特定的短语和习语，以表达不同的意思。
例如，“get +词-ing”短语可以表示“开始做某事”，如：I got running as soon as I woke up（我一醒来就开始跑步了）。
另一个常见的习语“be into+动词-ing”，表示“某人对某事特别感兴趣”，如：She is into painting（她对绘画特别感兴趣）。
最后，值得一提的是，“-ing”形式还可以用于定语从句中，以修饰某个句子的成分，如：The film talking about animals was interesting（讲述动物的电影很有趣）。
总而言之，“-ing”形式是英语中最为复杂的语法结构之一，它可以表示动词的现在分词、过去分词和动名词，以及构成一些特定的短语和习语，而且它也可以用作定语从句。
希望读者能够认真研究，熟练掌握英语“-ing”形式的用法，以达到正确运用、提高英语水平的目的。
ing定语从句
ing定语从句ing 定语从句ing 定语从句动词的-ing形式做定语在句中通常有两个位置，如果是单个的动词的-ing形式做定语，常放在被修饰词前做前置定语;如果是动词的-ing形式的短语做定语，常放在被修饰词后做后置定语。
如：1.He is an attacking player.他是一个攻击型的运动员。
2.He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。
3.A little child learning to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌跤。
4.Do you know the number of people coming to the party?你知道来参加晚会的人数吗?注意：当-ing形式做后置定语时，可以相当于相应的定语从句。
如：1.A young man writing novels came to speak to us yesterday.A young man who writes novels came to speak to us yesterday.一位写小说的'青年昨天来向我们作报告。
2.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin.The girl who was sitting next to me was my cousin.坐在我旁边的姑娘是我表妹。
1.He is an attacking player.他是一个攻击型的运动员。
2.He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。
3.A little child learning to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌跤。
4.Do you know the number of people coming to the party？你知道来参加晚会的人数吗？注意：当-ing形式做后置定语时，可以相当于相应的定语从句。
定语从句的分词用法
定语从句的分词用法定语从句的分词用法定语从句的分词用法是？相信很多人都想知道吧？以下是店铺为您整理定语从句的分词用法的.相关资料，欢迎阅读！定语从句的分词用法关系词充当从句的主语时，如果谓语结构为实词，将关系代词进行省略，而从句中的实词要发生形式的改变。
如果原本从句是一个主动语态，可以将动词直接变成ing形式。
如果原本谓语动词是一个被动语态，可以直接保留过去分词。
如果谓语结构为be+名词，这时，可以将be动词同时省略，将后面的名词和前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。
①若作主语的关系代词之后有be动词,删去关系代词和be动词即成分词短语。
Watch the man whois coming this way.=Watch the mancoming this way.注意向这边走来的那个人。
②若作主语的关系代词之后没有be动词而为一般动词，则删去关系代词，再将动词改为现在分词。
无论时态是不是过去时，都要改为doing形式，如果主句时态是现在时，从句是过去时，则可以去掉关系代词，加having，改一般过去时动词为done的形式，不过这种情况很少见。
Anyone who wishesto leave early may do so.=Anyone wishing toleave early may do so.任何想要早一点儿离开的人都可以离开。
③若做主的关系代词之后有be动词加过去分词的被动语态，则去掉关系代词以及be动词。
An apple that iseaten belongs to me.=An apple eatenbeongs to me.这个被吃掉的苹果是我的。
【定语从句的分词用法】。
ing引导的从句
ing引导的从句
ing引导的从句是指以动词-ing形式作为主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语的从句。
这种从句通常表示同时或递进的关系，常见于复合句中。
比如：
1. Walking in the park is a good way to relax. (主语从句)
在公园散步是一种放松的好方法。
2. I enjoy playing basketball, but studying is more important. (并列主语从句)
我喜欢打篮球，但学习更重要。
3. I saw him running in the park. (宾语从句)
我看见他在公园里跑步。
4. She felt excited about going to the concert. (表语从句)
她对去音乐会感到兴奋。
5. The boy standing over there is my brother. (定语从句)
那个站在那边的男孩是我弟弟。
6. He left the party early, feeling tired. (状语从句)
他感到疲倦，所以早早离开了派对。
ing引导的从句在日常英语中使用频率较高，学习好这种从句对提高英语口语表达能力很有帮助。
- 1 -。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
定语从句Attributive Clauses定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
1. 定语从句的判断Ex. 1（1）. Who will go is not important. (主语从句)（2）. The question is whether we should ask him for help. （表语从句）（3）. Guilin is not what it used to be. (表语从句)（4）. China is not the country (that) it was. （定语从句）（5）. I wonder why she refused my invitation. (宾语从句)（6）. Tom is a nice boy, except that he is sometimes late for school. （宾语从句）（7）. His mother gave him a new cell phone for his birthday, which pleased him a lot. (定语从句)（8）. I will tell her about that when I see her. (状语从句)（9）. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. (状语从句)（10）. There is an expression in his eyes that I can't understand. （定语从句）2. 定语从句的种类（限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句）(1). 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句所修饰的词代表一个,一些或一类特定的人或物.这种定语从句和被修饰的词构成了一个完整的意思,关系密切,对它有限制作用,因此不可缺少,否则会影响全句的意义，不能随便删去。
限制性定语从句前一般不用逗号。
e.g. Those who want to go please sign their names here.You can take anything that you like.(2)非限制性定语从句又叫描述性定语从句，是对所修饰的词做进一步说明、解释或描述。
它与先行词之间是一种松散的修饰关系，去掉之后其他部分意思翻译时仍然清楚。
非限制性定语从句在口语中用停顿的方法表示，在书面语中用逗号分开，从句中的关系代词(即使是作宾语时)不能省略。
that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g. I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow.Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years.△经常使用非限制性定语从句的场合:1)先行词为独一无二的物体时.e.g. The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.2)先行词是指物的专有名词时.e.g. The Great Wall, which is called in Chinese “The Ten Thousand Li Great Wall”, is actually more than 6,000 kilometers long.3)先行词指物且被指示代词或人称代词所修饰时.e.g. This is her house, which was built last year.4)定语从句修饰整个主句时.e.g. He is from America, which I know from his accent.3. 定语从句的结构先行词（名词、代词甚至句子）+ 关系代词/关系副词+ 陈述句语序(1) 关系代词有：who，whom，whose，which，that，as等;在从句中充当主语，宾语，定语，表语等.(2) 关系副词有:when, where, why等;在从句中只能充当状语(3) 关系代词的作用有三个①连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来；②替代作用：关系代词在从句中代替在它前面的先行词；③成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当一个句子成分。
（弄清楚关系词在从句中充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句的关键。
）e.g. The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000. (作主语)The athlete whom you talked to is a famous runner. (作宾语)He is no longer the man that he was. (作表语)The girl whose hair is blond comes from America. (作定语)I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (作状语)Ex. 2 把下列每对句子连成一句，把第二个句子作为定语从句。
1.The boy is my brother. He helped me.2.The students will not pass the exam. They don't study hard.3.Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.4.The time finally arrived. They had to leave at that time.5.She often came to see me during those days. I was sick at that time.6.Do you know the street? Li Fang lives in that street.Answers.1.The boy who helped me is my brother.2.The students who don't study hard will not pass the exam.3.Here is the girl whose brother works in this shop.4.The time when they had to leave finally arrived.5.She often came to see me during the days when I was sick.6.Do you know the street where Li Fang lives?4.限制性定语从句中关系词用法4.1 关系代词的用法(1)关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：{INCLUDEPICTURE "/stu1_course/0607shang/09040913006/RE_B1_YY_21_01_006/images/YY_tp_02.gif"|① 根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；② 根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；③ 根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语或定语。
(2)关系代词用法的注意事项：① 指物：a. 只用that 不用which 的情况b. 只用which 不用that 的情况② 指人：只用who 不用that 的情况③ 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
只用which 不用that 的情况1）介词后2）逗号后，即非限定性定语从句中3）先行词本身是that 时e.g.1. This is the room in which we lived last year.2. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.3.That which is evil is soon learnt. 学坏容易。
指人时，只用who 的情况定语从句中只用WHO ,不用that 的情况只用that 不用which 的情况特殊情况 例句1.当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 时 Do you have anything that you want to say foryourself?You should hand in all that you have.2.当先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, very 等词修饰时 This is the very book that I ’m looking for. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.3.当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best that has been used againstpollution.This is the most interesting film that I ’ve ever seen.当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词修饰时 This train is the last that will go toSuzhou. What is the first American film that you haveseen?4.当先行词既有人又有物时 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?5.当主句的主语是疑问词who 或which 时 Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?6.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which ，另外一个宜用that They secretly built up a small factory whichproduced things that could cause pollution.7.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 Shanghai is no longer the city that it usedto be.1. 先行词是one, ones或anyone, he 时;先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时One who does not work hard will never succeed.Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.Those who learn not only from books but also through practice willsucceed.2. 在以there be…的句子中，先行词为人时There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.3. 当定语从句中又有定语从句,且先行词都为人时The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.4. 当指人的先行词被一些指物的名词修饰时There 's only one student in the school who I want to see.Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is workingin the fields?5. 在非限制性定语从句中指人I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.6. 定语从句中有插入语时, 且先行词为人时Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.4.2 关系副词的用法构成形式说明例句关系副词when 当先行词是表示时间的名词,且从句中缺少时间状语时用when作关系词I still remember the days when we lived together.Summer is the time of year when the days are long and nightsare short.关系副词where 当先行词是表示地点的名词,且从句中缺少时间状语时用where作关系词This is the factory where my father ever worked.The old man wanted to find a house where he could live quietly.关系副词why 当先行词是reason,且从句中缺少原因状语时用why作关系词Did he tell you the reason why he was late?There was no reason why the little boy cried.△关系副词的使用注意一下几点：(1)“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分，比较下面的几组句子：*I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.*I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.**This is the hospital where my mother works.**This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.***The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.***This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .(2)“when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词+ which”，介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。