九型人格测试(RHETI版)英文版(英语版)
Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科
The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral triangles The modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural wholephenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagramis that it can be used to illustrate Gurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help from outside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram web points which havea triangle point in between. In order that this point wouldpass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3.At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings of Gurdjieff's students -principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims anauthority based on a line of succession directly through Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements and continues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates. Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as to something as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It iscurrently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075. 2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts forsurvival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma.This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a stateof unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, toactually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning andinspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen assuccessful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency oruselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is Avarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender- Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure- Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scaredof disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously。
九型人格英文版
将下面短文翻译成中文：Enneagram of Personality 九型人格The Enneagram is a highly sophisticated system of nine personality profiles that are meant to help us know ourselves and others “as we/they are to themselves”. Each type profile serves as a customized road map for on-going personal growth consistent with categories of modern psychological typology. The nine types are as follows:Type One: The Perfectionist"I'm not angry, I'm just trying to get it right!"Basic Proposition: There is a right way and a wrong way to do everything. Habitual Focus of Attention: What is right or wrong, correct or incorrect. What "Perfectionists" tell us about themselves:They live with a powerful inner critic that monitors every thought, word, and deed;They worry about getting things right and are unusually sensitive to criticism;They strive for perfection and feel responsible;"Perfectionists" also report a focus on being good and repress their impulses/desires for pleasure;They can be rigid, overly controlled, seeing virtue as its own reward.Type Two: The Giver"I know lots of people who couldn't get along without me. Where's the pride in that"Basic Proposition: Love and survival depend on "giving to get". Habitual Focus of Attention: Other people's needsWhat "Givers" observe about themselves:A preoccupation with the needs of others;Pride in giving and helping;Sometimes feel taken advantage of;Have a hard time expressing their own needs;Are manipulative; andAlter their self-presentation to meet the needs of important others. Type Three: The Performer"I'm busy all of the time. There's competition in everything I do. I just love that arena."Basic Proposition: Love and recognition are only for "champions". Habitual Focus of Attention: Tasks, Roles, & ResultsWhat "Performers" observe about themselves:Their primary identification is with accomplishment and success;They seek approval and acceptance based on performance;Their attention goes to task;Image is important;They feel constant pressure to perform; andThere is an inattention to feelings/"Not now".Type Four: The RomanticI cannot imagine anyone envying me. By comparison, if I had what others had, then I would be more fulfilled and happy.Basic Proposition: Others enjoy the happiness that I have been denied. Habitual Focus of Attention: "Best" is what's absent.What "Romantics" observe about themselves:There is a constant longing for the missing ingredient for personal happiness;Their focus is on the best of what's missing, what’s distant, and what's hard to get;The "ordinary" pales by comparison;There is a deeply felt abandonment that translates into a belief that "I am un- loveable”: and,"Romanitics" feel special and elite. Their suffering sets them apart from others.Type Five: The Observer"I think I feel..."Basic Proposition:Love and respect are gained by practicing self-sufficiency.Habitual Focus of Attention: What others want from me.What "Observers" tell us about themselves:They have a marked need for privacy;They limit intrusion from a world that wants too much from them;As a result, "Observers" hoard time, space, energy, knowledge and themselves;They detach from feelings and observe rather than participate; and, They are minimalistsType Six: The Loyal SkepticWhat is really going here...."Basic Proposition:Love and protection are gained by vigilance and endurance.Habitual Focus of Attention: Threat, hazard, difficultiesWhat "Loyal Skeptics" tell us about themselves:They are preoccupied with safety and security concerns;They greet everything with a doubting mind, and contrary thinking;"Loyal Skeptics" report active imaginations that amplify questionable areas;They question people and authority;They procrastinate because of fearing the outcome, failing to complete projectsType Seven: The EpicureWhat's next.....that's my escape from pain."Basic Proposition: Pain and frustration can be avoided and the good life assured by inventing options, opportunities, and adventures.Habitual Focus of Attention: The positive in all thingsWhat "Epicures" tell us about themselves:Life is an adventure!"Epicures" are pleasure-seeking and gluttons for experience and enjoyment;They are optimistic, active, and energetic;See multiple options, buthave difficulty with commitment; andDo not want limits on themselvesType Eight: The BossIf people start backing off, that doesn't make my anger go away, but if you match it, it will lower and I'll sit down and talk."Basic Proposition: Protection and respect are gained by becoming strong and powerful and by hiding vulnerability.Habitual Focus of Attention: Power, Injustices and Control.What "Protectors" tell us about themselves:They want stimulation and excitement;They are concerned with strength and protecting the weak;"Protectors" are direct, confrontational and express their anger immediately;They are aggressive, intimidating and impulsive; butDeny their own vulnerability and weakness.Type Nine: The Mediator"Who am I again...."Basic Proposition: Belonging and comfort are gained by attending to and merging with others and by dispersing energy into substitute objects. Habitual Focus of Attention: The inessential and the agenda of others. What "Mediators" tell us about themselves:They see all sides to every issue as peacemakers and harmonizers;They avoid conflict and want the comfortale solution;They have difficulty saying "no";They are ambivalent about their own needs and wants;They "go along to get along".WingsMost, but not all, Enneagram of Personality theorists teach that a person's basic type is modified, at least to some extent, by the personality dynamics of the two adjacent types as indicated on the Enneagram figure. These two types are often called "wings". A person of the Type Three, for example, is understood to have points Two and Four as their wing types. The circle of the Enneagram figure may indicate that the types or points exist on a spectrum rather than as distinct types or points unrelated to those adjacent to them.[citation needed] A person may be understood, therefore, to have a core type and one or two wing types that influence but do not change the core type.Stress and Security PointsThe lines between the points add further meaning to the information provided by the descriptions of the types. Sometimes called the "security" and "stress" points, or points of "integration" and "disintegration",these connected points also contribute to a person's overall personality. There are, therefore, at least four other points that can significantly affect a person's core personality; the two points connected by the lines to the core type and the two wing points.Roman Catholic criticismIn 2000, the United States' Committee on Doctrine produced a draft report on the origins of the Enneagram to aid bishops in their evaluation of its use in their dioceses. The report identified aspects of the intersection between the Enneagram and Catholicism which, in their opinion, warranted particular scrutiny and were seen as potential areas of concern, stating that "While the Enneagram system shares little with traditional Christian doctrine or spirituality, it also shares little with the methods and criteria of modern science... The burden of proof is on proponents of the Enneagram to furnish scientific evidence for their claims." Partly in response to some Jesuits and members of other religious orders teaching a Christian understanding of the Enneagram of Personality, a 2003 Vatican document called Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age' says that the Enneagram "when used as a means of spiritual growth introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith.。
型人格测试英文版
The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) is a scientifically validated forced-choice personality test with 144 paired statements. The test takes about 40 minutes to complete.Read each numbered pair of statements carefully. There are no right or wrong answers. For each pair of statements, mark with one of the statement most like you. Leave the other statement blank. Your scores will be computed automatically. Do not skip any statement pair. For greatest accuracy, your grand total should be equal to 144.1.A. I have been romantic and imaginative.B. I have been pragmatic and down to earth.2.A. I have tended to take on confrontations.B. I have tended to avoid confrontations.3.A. I have typically been diplomatic, charming, and ambitious.B. I have typically been direct, formal and idealistic.4.A. I have tended to be focused and intense.B. I have tended to be spontaneous and fun-loving.5.A. I have been a hospitable person and have enjoyed welcoming newfriends into my life.B. I have been a private person and have not mixed much with others.6.A. It's been difficult for me to relax and stop worrying about potentialproblems.B. It's been difficult for me to get myself worked up about potential problems.7.A. I've been more of a "street-smart" survivor.B. I've been more of a "high minded" idealist.8.A. I have needed to show affection to people.B. I have preferred to maintain some distance with people.9.A. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be useful to me.B. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be enjoyable.10.A. I have tended to focus too much on myself.B. I have tended to focus too much on others.11.A. Others have depended on my insight and knowledge.B. Others have depended on my strength and decisiveness.12.A. I have come across as being too unsure of myself.B. I have come across as being too sure of myself.13.A. I have been more relationship-oriented than goal-oriented.B. I have been more goal-oriented than relationship-oriented.A. I have not been able to speak up for myself very well.B. I have been outspoken -- I have said what others wished they had the nerve to say.15.A. It's been difficult for me to stop considering alternatives and do something definite.B. It's been difficult for me to take it easy and be more flexible.16.A. I have tended to be careful and hesitant.B. I have tended to be bold and domineering.17.A. My reluctance to get involved has gotten me in trouble with people.B. My eagerness to have people depend on me has gotten me into trouble with them.18.A. Usually, I have been able to put my feelings aside to get the job done.B. Usually, I have needed to work through my feelings before I could act.19.A. Generally, I've been methodical and cautious.B. Generally, I've been adventurous and taken risks.20.A. I have tended to be a supportive, giving person who seeks intimacy with others.B. I have tended to be a serious, reserved person who likes discussing issues.A. I've often felt the need to be a "pillar of strength".B. I have often felt the need to perform perfectly.22.A. I've typically been interested in asking tough questions and maintaining my independence.B. I've typically been interested in maintaining my stability and peace of mind.23.A. I've been a bit cynical and skeptical.B. I've been a bit mushy and sentimental.24.A. I've often worried that I'm missing out on something better.B. I've often worried that if I let down my guard, someone will take advantage of me.25.A. My habit of being "stand-offish" has annoyed people.B. My habit of telling people what to do has annoyed people.26.A. I have tended to get anxious if there was too much excitement and stimulation.B. I have tended to get anxious if there wasn't enough excitement and stimulation.27.A. I have depended on my friends & they have known that they can depend on me.B. I have not depended on people; I have done things on my own.A. I have tended to be detached and preoccupied.B. I have tended to be moody and self-absorbed.29.A. I have liked to challenge people and "shake them up".B. I have liked to comfort people and calm them down.30.A. I have generally been an outgoing, sociable person.B. I have generally been an earnest, self-disciplined person.31.A. I've wanted to "fit in" with others -- I get uncomfortable when I stand out too much.B. I've wanted to standout from others -- I get uncomfortable when I don't distinguish myself.32.A. Pursuing my personal interests has been more important to me than having stability and security.B. Having stability and security has been more important to me than pursuing my personal interests.33.A. When I've had conflicts with others, I've tended to withdraw.B. When I've had conflicts with others, I've rarely backed down.34.A. I have given in too easily and let others push me around.B. I've been too uncompromising and demanding with others.A. I've been appreciated for my unsinkable spirit and resourcefulness.B. I've been appreciated for my deep caring and personal warmth.36.A. I have wanted to make a favorable impression on others.B. I have cared little about making a favorable impression on others.37.A. I've depended on my perseverance and common sense.B. I've depended on my imagination and moments of inspiration.38.A. Basically, I have been easy-going and agreeable.B. Basically, I have been hard-driving and assertive.39.A. I have worked hard to be accepted and well-liked.accepted and well-liked has not been a high priority for me.40.A. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more withdrawn.B. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more assertive.41.A. People have been interested in me because I've been outgoing, engaging, and interested in them.B. People have been interested in me because I've been quiet, unusual, and deep.A. Duty and responsibility have been important values for me.B. Harmony and acceptance have been important values for me.43.A. I've tried to motivate people by making big plans and big promises.B. I've tried to motivate people by pointing out the consequences of not following my advice.44.A. I have seldom been emotionally demonstrative.B. I have often been emotionally demonstrative.45.A. Dealing with details has not been one of my strong suits.B. I have excelled at dealing with details.46.A. I have often emphasized how different I am from most people, especially my family.B. I have often emphasized how much I have in common with most people, especially my family.47.A. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to stay on the sidelines.B. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to get right into the middle of things.48.A. I have stood by my friends, even when they have been wrong.B. I have not wanted to compromise what is right even for friendship.A. I've been a well-meaning supporter.B. I've been a highly-motivated go-getter.50.A. When troubled, I have tended to brood about my problems.B. When troubled, I have tended to find distractions for myself.51.A. Generally, I've had strong convictions and a sense of how things should be.B. Generally, I've had serious doubts and have questioned how things seemed to be.52.A. I've created problems with others by being pessimistic and complaining.B. I've created problems with others by being bossy and controlling.53.A. I have tended to act on my feelings and let the "chips fall where they may"B. I have tended not to act on my feelings lest they stir up more problems.54.A. Being the center of attention has usually felt natural to me.B. Being the center of attention has usually felt strange to me.55.A. I've been careful, and have tried to prepare for unforeseen problems.B. I've been spontaneous, and have preferred to improvise as problems come up.A. I have gotten angry when others have not shown enough appreciation for what I have done for them.B. I have gotten angry when others have not listened to what I have told them.57.A. Being independent and self-reliant has been important to me.B. Being valued and admired has been important to me.58.A. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to press my arguments forcefully.B. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to let things go to prevent hard feelings.59.A. I have often been possessive of loved ones — I have had trouble letting them be.B. I have often "tested" loved ones to see if they were really there for me.60.A. Organizing resources and making things happen has been one of my major strengths.B. Coming up with new ideas and getting people excited about them has been one of my major strengths.61.A. I've tended to be driven and very hard on myself.B. I've tended to be too emotional and rather undisciplined.A. I have tried to keep my life fast-paced, intense, and exciting.B. I have tried to keep my life regular, stable, and peaceful.63.A. Even though I've had successes, I've tended to doubt my abilities.B. Even though I've had setbacks, I've had a lot of confidence in my abilities.64.A. I generally have tended to dwell on my feelings and to hold onto them for a long time.B. I generally have tended to minimize my feelings and not pay very much attention to them.65.A. I have provided many people with attention and nurturance.B. I have provided many people with direction and motivation.66.A. I've been a bit serious and strict with myself.B. I've been a bit free-wheeling and permissive with myself.67.A. I've been self-assertive and driven to excel.B. I've been modest and have been happy to go at my own pace.68.A. I have been proud of my clarity and objectivity.B. I have been proud of my reliability and commitment.69.A. I have spent a lot of time looking inward —understanding my feelingshas been important to me.B. I have not spent much time looking inward — getting things done has been important to me.70.A. Generally, I have thought of myself as a sunny, casual person.B. Generally, I have thought of myself as a serious, dignified person.71.A. I've had an agile mind and boundless energy.B. I've had a caring heart and deep dedication.72.A. I have pursued activities that had a substantial potential for reward and personal recognition.B. I have been willing to give up reward and personal recognition if it meant doing work I was really interested in.73.A. Fulfilling social obligations has seldom been high on my agenda.B. I have usually have taken my social obligations very seriously.74.A. In most situations, I have preferred to take the lead.B. In most situations, I have preferred to let someone else take the lead.75.A. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have changed several times.B. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have remained fairly consistent.A. Typically, I have not had much self-discipline.B. Typically, I have not had much connection with people.77.A. I have tended to withhold my affection, and have wanted others to come into my world.B. I have tended to give my affection too freely, and have wanted to extend myself to others.78.A. I have had a tendency to think of worst case scenarios.B. I have had a tendency to think that everything will work out for the best.79.A. People have trusted me because I am confident and can look out for them.B. People have trusted me because I am fair and will do what is right.80.A. Often, I have been so involved in my own projects that I have become isolated from others.B. Often, I have been so involved with others that I have neglected my own projects.81.A. When meeting someone new, I have usually been poised andself-contained.B. When meeting someone new, I have usually been chatty and entertaining.A. Generally speaking, I have tended to be pessimistic.B. Generally speaking, I have tended to be optimistic.83.A. I have preferred to inhabit my own little world.B. I have preferred to let the world know I'm here.84.A. I have often been troubled by nervousness, insecurity, and doubt.B. I have often been troubled by anger, perfectionism, and impatience.85.A. I realize that I have often been too personal and intimate.B. I realize that I have often been too cool and aloof.86.A. I have lost out because I have not felt up to taking opportunities.B. I have lost out because I have pursued too many possibilities.87.A. I have tended to take a long time to get into action.B. I have tended to get into action quickly.88.A. I usually have had difficulty making decisions.B. I seldom have had difficulty making decisions.89.A. I have had a tendency to come on a little too strong with people.B. I have had a tendency not to assert myself enough with people.A. Typically, I have been even-tempered.B. Typically, 1 have had strong changes of mood.91.A. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've often sought the advice of others.B. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've tried different things to see what worked best for me.92.A. I have worried that I would be left out of other's activities.B. I have worried that others' activities would distract me from whatI had to do.93.A. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have told people off.B. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have become distant.94.A. I've tended to have trouble falling asleep.B. I've tended to fall asleep easily.95.A. I have often tried to figure out how I could get closer to others.B. I have often tried to figure out what others want from me.96.A. I have usually been measured, straight-talking, and deliberate.B. I have usually been excitable, fast-talking, and witty.A. Often, I have not spoken up when I've seen others making a mistake.B. Often, I have helped others see that they are making a mistake.98.A. During most of my life, I have been a stormy person who has had many volatile feelings.B. During most of my life, I have been a steady person in whom "still waters run deep".99.A. When I have disliked people, I have usually tried hard to stay cordial — despite my feelings.B. When I have disliked people, I have usually let them know it — one way or another.100.A. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my touchiness and taking everything too personally.B. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my not caring about social conventions.101.A. My approach has been to jump in and rescue people.B. My approach has been to show people how to help themselves. 102.A. Generally, I have enjoyed "letting go" and pushing the limits.B. Generally, I have not enjoyed losing control of myself very much. 103.A. I've been overly concerned with doing better than others.B. I've been overly concerned with making things okay for others.A. My thoughts generally have been speculative—involving my magination and curiosity.B. My thoughts generally have been practical—just trying to keep things going.105.A. One of my main assets has been my ability to take charge of situations.B. One of my main assets has been my ability to describe internal states. 106.A. I have pushed to get things done correctly,even if it made people uncomfortable.B. I have not liked feeling pressured, so I have not liked pressuring anyone else.107.A. I've often taken pride in how important I am in others' lives.B. I've often taken pride in my gusto and openness to new experiences. 108.A. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as presentable, even admirable.B. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as unusual, even odd.109.A. I have mostly done what I had to do.B. I have mostly done what I wanted to do.110.A. I have usually enjoyed high-pressure, even difficult, situations.B. I have usually disliked being in high-pressure, even difficult, situations.A. I've been proud of my ability to be flexible—what's appropriate or important often changes.B. I've been proud of my ability to take a stand—I've been firm about what I believe in.112.A. My style has leaned toward sparseness and austerity.B. My style has leaned toward excess and over-doing things.113.A. My own health and well-being have suffered because of my strong desire to help others.B. My relationships have suffered because of my strong desire to attend to my personal needs.114.A. Generally speaking, I've been too open and naïve.B. Generally speaking, I've been too wary and guarded.115.A. I have sometimes put people off by being too aggressive.B. I have sometimes put people off by being too "up-tight".116.A. Being of service and attending to the needs of others has been a high priority for me.B. Finding alternative ways of seeing and doing things has been a high priority for me.117.A. I've been single-minded and persistent in pursuing my goals.B. I've preferred to explore various courses of action to see where they lead.A. I have frequently been drawn to situations that stir up deep, intense emotions.B. I have frequently been drawn to situations that make me feel calm and at ease.119.A. I have cared less about practical results than about pursuing my interests.B. I have been practical and have expected my work to have concrete results.120.A. I have had a deep need to belong.B. I have had a deep need to feel balanced.121.A. In the past, I've probably insisted on too much closeness in my friendships.B. In the past, I've probably kept too much distance in my friendships. 122.A. I've had a tendency to keep thinking about things from the past.B. I've had a tendency to keep anticipating things I'm going to do. 123.A. I've tended to see people as intrusive and demanding.B. I've tended to see people as disorganized and irresponsible. 124.A. Generally, I have not had much confidence in myself.B. Generally, I have had confidence only in myself.A. I've probably been too passive and uninvolved.B. I've probably been too controlling and manipulative.126.A. I've frequently been stopped in my tracks by my self-doubt.B. I've rarely let self-doubt stand in my way.127.A. Given a choice between something familiar and something new, I've usually chosen something new.B. I've generally chosen what I knew I already liked: why be disappointed with something I might not like?128.A. I have given a lot of physical contact to reassure others about how I feel about them.B. I have generally felt that real love does not depend on physical contact.129.A. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often been too harsh and direct.B. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often "beaten around the bush" too much.130.A. I have been attracted to subjects that others would probably find disturbing, even frightening.B. I have preferred not to spend my time dwelling on disturbing, frightening subjects.131.A. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too intrusive and interfering.B. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too evasive and uncommunicative.132.A. I've worried that I don't have the resources to fulfill the responsibilities I've taken on.B. I've worried that I don't have the self-discipline to focus on what will really fulfill me.133.A. Generally, I've been a highly intuitive, individualistic person.B. Generally, I've been a highly organized, responsible person. 134.A. Overcoming inertia has been one of mv main problems.B. Being unable to slow down has been one of my main problems. 135.A. When I've felt insecure. I've reacted by becoming arrogant and dismissive.B. When I've felt insecure, I've reacted by becoming defensive and argumentative.136.A. I have generally been open-minded and willing to try new approaches.B. I have generally been self-revealing and willing to share my feelings with others.137.A. I've presented myself to others as tougher than I really am.B. I've presented myself to others as caring more than I really do.138.A. I usually have followed my conscience and reason.B. I usually have followed my feelings and impulses.139.A. Serious adversity has made me feel hardened and resolute.B. Serious adversity has made me feel discouraged and resigned. 140.A. I usually have made sure that I had some kind of "safety net" to fall back on.B. I usually have chosen to live on the edge and to depend on others as little as possible.141.A. I've had to be strong for others, so I haven't had time to deal with my feelings and fears.B. I've had difficulty coping with my feelings and fears, so it's been hard for me to be strong for others.142.A. I have often wondered why people focus on the negative when there is so much that's wonderful about life.B. I have often wondered why people arc so happy when so much in life is messed up.143.A. I have tried hard not to be seen as a selfish person.B. I have tried hard not to be seen as a boring person.144.A. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would be overwhelmed by people's needs and demands.B. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would not be able to live up to people's expectations of me.。
九型人格测试完整版
九型人格（Ninehouse）完整版测试九型人格学（Enneagram/Ninehouse）是一个有2000多年历史的古老学问，它按照人们习惯性的思维模式，情绪反应和行为习惯等性格特质，将人的性格分为九种——1号性格：完美主义者; 2号性格：给予者; 3号性格：实干者; 4号性格：悲情浪漫者; 5号性格：观察者; 6号性格：怀疑论者; 7号性格：享乐主义者; 8号性格：保护者; 9号性格：调停者。
第一型完美主义者（The Reformer）：完美者、改进型、扞卫原则型、秩序大使第二型助人者（The Helper）：成就他人者、助人型、博爱型、爱心大使第三型成就者（The Achiever）：成就者、实践型、实干型第四型艺术型（The Individualist）：浪漫者、艺术型、自我型第五型智慧型（The Investigator）：观察者、思考型、理智型第六型忠诚型（The Loyalist）：寻求安全者、谨慎型、忠诚型第七型快乐主义型（The Enthusiast）：创造可能者、活跃型、享乐型第八型领袖型（The Challenger）：挑战者、权威型、领袖第九型和平型（The Peacemaker）：维持和谐者、和谐型、平淡型引导语：根据自己的实际情况选择你认为对的选项。
选择的目的在于了解自己，请尽可能选择你的自然偏好。
1、我觉得许多人倚赖我的帮忙和慷慨。
是否2、我很努力纠正自己的缺失。
是否3、我是一个不断朝向目标生活的外向人。
是否4、我认为大多数人都不懂得欣赏生命的内在美。
是否5、我倾於收藏自己的感情，是个多接受少付出的人。
是6、我是一个彻头彻尾、站在路中心的人，我最大的敌人是自己的恐惧。
是否7、我喜欢让事情呈现得轻松、幽默。
是否8、我是个易於满足的人，极少感到忧虑，几乎常是心平气和的。
是否9、我很善於挺身而出，为自己的需要争持到底。
是否10、我常为事情未能按意想中的路向发展而烦躁不乐。
Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科
Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the E nneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4 th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the r egular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesAccording to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to descri be any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it ca n be used to illustrate Gurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three ty pes of ‘food’necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and t he possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves wh ere the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdji eff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process come s to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help from outside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on t he keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagra m web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (ha lf note) in between represent the enneagram web points which have a tria ngle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the cir cle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is ne eded in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial proc ess will end, while giving birth to a new one.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a li ne of succession directly through Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements and continues its own work with the En neagram figure.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into ho w certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he c alled Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the h uman psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people trans cend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own m echanistic thought and behavior patterns.This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts an d three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human bein g can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any parti cular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality propon ents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more tha n a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the ho ld on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and ev en transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's origi nal work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essenti ally a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually ha rmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of hi s original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be co nsidered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagra m figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypa l forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") ar e psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such name s are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types wh ich require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fi xations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified i n different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the princi pal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on eith er side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to m anifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram the orists believe that one of the Wings will always have a more dominant i nfluence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wi ng can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circ umstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psycho logical dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a pe rson is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the conn ecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Securi ty Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directio ns of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psycholog ical wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or s ecure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On theother hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is th at people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of bot h points depending on their particular circumstances.Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preserva tion, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requ ires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency to ward a particular subtype.Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival nee ds.Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.SocialBecause of differences among teachers in their understanding of thepersonality characteristics of the nine types and moretheoretical aspectsof Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test th e Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been propo sed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity Triune brainDifferential neurotransmitter activity。
九型人格测试英文版
Read each numbered pair of statements carefully. There are no right or wrong answers. For each pair of statements, mark with one of the statement most like you. Leave the other statement blank. Your scores will be computed automatically. Do not skip any statement pair. For greatest accuracy, your grand total should be equal to 144.1.A. I have been romantic and imaginative.B. I have been pragmatic and down to earth.2.A. I have tended to take on confrontations.B. I have tended to avoid confrontations.3.A. I have typically been diplomatic, charming, and ambitious.B. I have typically been direct, formal and idealistic.4.A. I have tended to be focused and intense.B. I have tended to be spontaneous and fun-loving.5.A. I have been a hospitable person and have enjoyed welcoming new friends into my life.B. I have been a private person and have not mixed much with others.6.A. It's been difficult for me to relax and stop worrying about potential problems.B. It's been difficult for me to get myself worked up about potential problems.7.A. I've been more of a "street-smart" survivor.B. I've been more of a "high minded" idealist.8.A. I have needed to show affection to people.B. I have preferred to maintain some distance with people.9.A. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be useful to me.B. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be enjoyable.10.A. I have tended to focus too much on myself.B. I have tended to focus too much on others.11.A. Others have depended on my insight and knowledge.B. Others have depended on my strength and decisiveness.12.A. I have come across as being too unsure of myself.B. I have come across as being too sure of myself.13.A. I have been more relationship-oriented than goal-oriented.B. I have been more goal-oriented than relationship-oriented.14.A. I have not been able to speak up for myself very well.B. I have been outspoken -- I have said what others wished they had the nerve to say.15.A. It's been difficult for me to stop considering alternatives and do something definite.B. It's been difficult for me to take it easy and be more flexible.16.A. I have tended to be careful and hesitant.B. I have tended to be bold and domineering.17.A. My reluctance to get involved has gotten me in trouble with people.B. My eagerness to have people depend on me has gotten me into trouble with them.18.A. Usually, I have been able to put my feelings aside to get the job done.B. Usually, I have needed to work through my feelings before I could act.19.A. Generally, I've been methodical and cautious.B. Generally, I've been adventurous and taken risks.20.A. I have tended to be a supportive, giving person who seeks intimacy with others.B. I have tended to be a serious, reserved person who likes discussing issues.A. I've often felt the need to be a "pillar of strength".B. I have often felt the need to perform perfectly.22.A. I've typically been interested in asking tough questions and maintaining my independence.B. I've typically been interested in maintaining my stability and peace of mind.23.A. I've been a bit cynical and skeptical.B. I've been a bit mushy and sentimental.24.A. I've often worried that I'm missing out on something better.B. I've often worried that if I let down my guard, someone will take advantage of me.25.A. My habit of being "stand-offish" has annoyed people.B. My habit of telling people what to do has annoyed people.26.A. I have tended to get anxious if there was too much excitement and stimulation.B. I have tended to get anxious if there wasn't enough excitement and stimulation.27.A. I have depended on my friends & they have known that they can depend on me.B. I have not depended on people; I have done things on my own.A. I have tended to be detached and preoccupied.B. I have tended to be moody and self-absorbed.29.A. I have liked to challenge people and "shake them up".B. I have liked to comfort people and calm them down.30.A. I have generally been an outgoing, sociable person.B. I have generally been an earnest, self-disciplined person.31.A. I've wanted to "fit in" with others -- I get uncomfortable when I stand out too much.B. I've wanted to standout from others -- I get uncomfortable when I don't distinguish myself.32.A. Pursuing my personal interests has been more important to me than having stability and security.B. Having stability and security has been more important to me than pursuing my personal interests.33.A. When I've had conflicts with others, I've tended to withdraw.B. When I've had conflicts with others, I've rarely backed down.34.A. I have given in too easily and let others push me around.B. I've been too uncompromising and demanding with others.A. I've been appreciated for my unsinkable spirit and resourcefulness.B. I've been appreciated for my deep caring and personal warmth.36.A. I have wanted to make a favorable impression on others.B. I have cared little about making a favorable impression on others.37.A. I've depended on my perseverance and common sense.B. I've depended on my imagination and moments of inspiration.38.A. Basically, I have been easy-going and agreeable.B. Basically, I have been hard-driving and assertive.39.A. I have worked hard to be accepted and well-liked.accepted and well-liked has not been a high priority for me.40.A. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more withdrawn.B. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more assertive.41.A. People have been interested in me because I've been outgoing, engaging, and interested in them.B. People have been interested in me because I've been quiet, unusual, and deep.A. Duty and responsibility have been important values for me.B. Harmony and acceptance have been important values for me.43.A. I've tried to motivate people by making big plans and big promises.B. I've tried to motivate people by pointing out the consequences of not following my advice.44.A. I have seldom been emotionally demonstrative.B. I have often been emotionally demonstrative.45.A. Dealing with details has not been one of my strong suits.B. I have excelled at dealing with details.46.A. I have often emphasized how different I am from most people, especially my family.B. I have often emphasized how much I have in common with most people, especially my family.47.A. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to stay on the sidelines.B. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to get right into the middle of things.48.A. I have stood by my friends, even when they have been wrong.B. I have not wanted to compromise what is right even for friendship.A. I've been a well-meaning supporter.B. I've been a highly-motivated go-getter.50.A. When troubled, I have tended to brood about my problems.B. When troubled, I have tended to find distractions for myself.51.A. Generally, I've had strong convictions and a sense of how things should be.B. Generally, I've had serious doubts and have questioned how things seemed to be.52.A. I've created problems with others by being pessimistic and complaining.B. I've created problems with others by being bossy and controlling.53.A. I have tended to act on my feelings and let the "chips fall where they may"B. I have tended not to act on my feelings lest they stir up more problems.54.A. Being the center of attention has usually felt natural to me.B. Being the center of attention has usually felt strange to me.55.A. I've been careful, and have tried to prepare for unforeseen problems.B. I've been spontaneous, and have preferred to improvise as problems come up.A. I have gotten angry when others have not shown enough appreciation for what I have done for them.B. I have gotten angry when others have not listened to what I have told them.57.A. Being independent and self-reliant has been important to me.B. Being valued and admired has been important to me.58.A. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to press my arguments forcefully.B. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to let things go to prevent hard feelings.59.A. I have often been possessive of loved ones — I have had trouble letting them be.B. I have often "tested" loved ones to see if they were really there for me.60.A. Organizing resources and making things happen has been one of my major strengths.B. Coming up with new ideas and getting people excited about them has been one of my major strengths.61.A. I've tended to be driven and very hard on myself.B. I've tended to be too emotional and rather undisciplined.A. I have tried to keep my life fast-paced, intense, and exciting.B. I have tried to keep my life regular, stable, and peaceful.63.A. Even though I've had successes, I've tended to doubt my abilities.B. Even though I've had setbacks, I've had a lot of confidence in my abilities.64.A. I generally have tended to dwell on my feelings and to hold onto them for a long time.B. I generally have tended to minimize my feelings and not pay very much attention to them.65.A. I have provided many people with attention and nurturance.B. I have provided many people with direction and motivation.66.A. I've been a bit serious and strict with myself.B. I've been a bit free-wheeling and permissive with myself.67.A. I've been self-assertive and driven to excel.B. I've been modest and have been happy to go at my own pace.68.A. I have been proud of my clarity and objectivity.B. I have been proud of my reliability and commitment.69.A. I have spent a lot of time looking inward —understanding my feelingshas been important to me.B. I have not spent much time looking inward — getting things done has been important to me.70.A. Generally, I have thought of myself as a sunny, casual person.B. Generally, I have thought of myself as a serious, dignified person.71.A. I've had an agile mind and boundless energy.B. I've had a caring heart and deep dedication.72.A. I have pursued activities that had a substantial potential for reward and personal recognition.B. I have been willing to give up reward and personal recognition if it meant doing work I was really interested in.73.A. Fulfilling social obligations has seldom been high on my agenda.B. I have usually have taken my social obligations very seriously.74.A. In most situations, I have preferred to take the lead.B. In most situations, I have preferred to let someone else take the lead.75.A. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have changed several times.B. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have remained fairly consistent.A. Typically, I have not had much self-discipline.B. Typically, I have not had much connection with people.77.A. I have tended to withhold my affection, and have wanted others to come into my world.B. I have tended to give my affection too freely, and have wanted to extend myself to others.78.A. I have had a tendency to think of worst case scenarios.B. I have had a tendency to think that everything will work out for the best.79.A. People have trusted me because I am confident and can look out for them.B. People have trusted me because I am fair and will do what is right.80.A. Often, I have been so involved in my own projects that I have become isolated from others.B. Often, I have been so involved with others that I have neglected my own projects.81.A. When meeting someone new, I have usually been poised andself-contained.B. When meeting someone new, I have usually been chatty and entertaining.A. Generally speaking, I have tended to be pessimistic.B. Generally speaking, I have tended to be optimistic.83.A. I have preferred to inhabit my own little world.B. I have preferred to let the world know I'm here.84.A. I have often been troubled by nervousness, insecurity, and doubt.B. I have often been troubled by anger, perfectionism, and impatience.85.A. I realize that I have often been too personal and intimate.B. I realize that I have often been too cool and aloof.86.A. I have lost out because I have not felt up to taking opportunities.B. I have lost out because I have pursued too many possibilities.87.A. I have tended to take a long time to get into action.B. I have tended to get into action quickly.88.A. I usually have had difficulty making decisions.B. I seldom have had difficulty making decisions.89.A. I have had a tendency to come on a little too strong with people.B. I have had a tendency not to assert myself enough with people.A. Typically, I have been even-tempered.B. Typically, 1 have had strong changes of mood.91.A. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've often sought the advice of others.B. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've tried different things to see what worked best for me.92.A. I have worried that I would be left out of other's activities.B. I have worried that others' activities would distract me from whatI had to do.93.A. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have told people off.B. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have become distant.94.A. I've tended to have trouble falling asleep.B. I've tended to fall asleep easily.95.A. I have often tried to figure out how I could get closer to others.B. I have often tried to figure out what others want from me.96.A. I have usually been measured, straight-talking, and deliberate.B. I have usually been excitable, fast-talking, and witty.A. Often, I have not spoken up when I've seen others making a mistake.B. Often, I have helped others see that they are making a mistake.98.A. During most of my life, I have been a stormy person who has had many volatile feelings.B. During most of my life, I have been a steady person in whom "still waters run deep".99.A. When I have disliked people, I have usually tried hard to stay cordial — despite my feelings.B. When I have disliked people, I have usually let them know it — one way or another.100.A. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my touchiness and taking everything too personally.B. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my not caring about social conventions.101.A. My approach has been to jump in and rescue people.B. My approach has been to show people how to help themselves. 102.A. Generally, I have enjoyed "letting go" and pushing the limits.B. Generally, I have not enjoyed losing control of myself very much. 103.A. I've been overly concerned with doing better than others.B. I've been overly concerned with making things okay for others.A. My thoughts generally have been speculative—involving my magination and curiosity.B. My thoughts generally have been practical—just trying to keep things going.105.A. One of my main assets has been my ability to take charge of situations.B. One of my main assets has been my ability to describe internal states. 106.A. I have pushed to get things done correctly,even if it made people uncomfortable.B. I have not liked feeling pressured, so I have not liked pressuring anyone else.107.A. I've often taken pride in how important I am in others' lives.B. I've often taken pride in my gusto and openness to new experiences. 108.A. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as presentable, even admirable.B. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as unusual, even odd.109.A. I have mostly done what I had to do.B. I have mostly done what I wanted to do.110.A. I have usually enjoyed high-pressure, even difficult, situations.B. I have usually disliked being in high-pressure, even difficult, situations.A. I've been proud of my ability to be flexible—what's appropriate or important often changes.B. I've been proud of my ability to take a stand—I've been firm about what I believe in.112.A. My style has leaned toward sparseness and austerity.B. My style has leaned toward excess and over-doing things.113.A. My own health and well-being have suffered because of my strong desire to help others.B. My relationships have suffered because of my strong desire to attend to my personal needs.114.A. General ly speaking, I've been too open and naïve.B. Generally speaking, I've been too wary and guarded.115.A. I have sometimes put people off by being too aggressive.B. I have sometimes put people off by being too "up-tight".116.A. Being of service and attending to the needs of others has been a high priority for me.B. Finding alternative ways of seeing and doing things has been a high priority for me.117.A. I've been single-minded and persistent in pursuing my goals.B. I've preferred to explore various courses of action to see where they lead.A. I have frequently been drawn to situations that stir up deep, intense emotions.B. I have frequently been drawn to situations that make me feel calm and at ease.119.A. I have cared less about practical results than about pursuing my interests.B. I have been practical and have expected my work to have concrete results.120.A. I have had a deep need to belong.B. I have had a deep need to feel balanced.121.A. In the past, I've probably insisted on too much closeness in my friendships.B. In the past, I've probably kept too much distance in my friendships. 122.A. I've had a tendency to keep thinking about things from the past.B. I've had a tendency to keep anticipating things I'm going to do. 123.A. I've tended to see people as intrusive and demanding.B. I've tended to see people as disorganized and irresponsible. 124.A. Generally, I have not had much confidence in myself.B. Generally, I have had confidence only in myself.A. I've probably been too passive and uninvolved.B. I've probably been too controlling and manipulative.126.A. I've frequently been stopped in my tracks by my self-doubt.B. I've rarely let self-doubt stand in my way.127.A. Given a choice between something familiar and something new, I've usually chosen something new.B. I've generally chosen what I knew I already liked: why be disappointed with something I might not like128.A. I have given a lot of physical contact to reassure others about how I feel about them.B. I have generally felt that real love does not depend on physical contact.129.A. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often been too harsh and direct.B. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often "beaten around the bush" too much.130.A. I have been attracted to subjects that others would probably find disturbing, even frightening.B. I have preferred not to spend my time dwelling on disturbing, frightening subjects.131.A. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too intrusive and interfering.B. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too evasive and uncommunicative.132.A. I've worried that I don't have the resources to fulfill the responsibilities I've taken on.B. I've worried that I don't have the self-discipline to focus on what will really fulfill me.133.A. Generally, I've been a highly intuitive, individualistic person.B. Generally, I've been a highly organized, responsible person. 134.A. Overcoming inertia has been one of mv main problems.B. Being unable to slow down has been one of my main problems. 135.A. When I've felt insecure. I've reacted by becoming arrogant and dismissive.B. When I've felt insecure, I've reacted by becoming defensive and argumentative.136.A. I have generally been open-minded and willing to try new approaches.B. I have generally been self-revealing and willing to share my feelings with others.137.A. I've presented myself to others as tougher than I really am.B. I've presented myself to others as caring more than I really do.138.A. I usually have followed my conscience and reason.B. I usually have followed my feelings and impulses.139.A. Serious adversity has made me feel hardened and resolute.B. Serious adversity has made me feel discouraged and resigned. 140.A. I usually have made sure that I had some kind of "safety net" to fall back on.B. I usually have chosen to live on the edge and to depend on others as little as possible.141.A. I've had to be strong for others, so I haven't had time to deal with my feelings and fears.B. I've had difficulty coping with my feelings and fears, so it's been hard for me to be strong for others.142.A. I have often wondered why people focus on the negative when there is so much that's wonderful about life.B. I have often wondered why people arc so happy when so much in life is messed up.143.A. I have tried hard not to be seen as a selfish person.B. I have tried hard not to be seen as a boring person.144.A. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would be overwhelmed by people's needs and demands.B. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would not be able to live up to people's expectations of me.。
九型人格测试(RHETI版)英文版(英语版)
The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) is a scientifically validated forced-choice personality test with 144 paired statements. The test takes about 40 minutes to complete.Read each numbered pair of statements carefully. There are no right or wrong answers. For each pair of statements, mark with one of the statement most like you. Leave the other statement blank. Your scores will be computed automatically. Do not skip any statement pair. For greatest accuracy, your grand total should be equal to 144.1.A. I have been romantic and imaginative.B. I have been pragmatic and down to earth.2.A. I have tended to take on confrontations.B. I have tended to avoid confrontations.3.A. I have typically been diplomatic, charming, and ambitious.B. I have typically been direct, formal and idealistic.4.A. I have tended to be focused and intense.B. I have tended to be spontaneous and fun-loving.5.A. I have been a hospitable person and have enjoyed welcoming new friends into my life.B. I have been a private person and have not mixed much with others.6.A. It's been difficult for me to relax and stop worrying about potential problems.B. It's been difficult for me to get myself worked up about potential problems.7.A. I've been more of a "street-smart" survivor.B. I've been more of a "high minded" idealist.8.A. I have needed to show affection to people.B. I have preferred to maintain some distance with people.9.A. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be useful to me.B. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be enjoyable.10.A. I have tended to focus too much on myself.B. I have tended to focus too much on others.11.A. Others have depended on my insight and knowledge.B. Others have depended on my strength and decisiveness.12.A. I have come across as being too unsure of myself.B. I have come across as being too sure of myself.13.A. I have been more relationship-oriented than goal-oriented.B. I have been more goal-oriented than relationship-oriented.14.A. I have not been able to speak up for myself very well.B. I have been outspoken -- I have said what others wished they had the nerve to say.15.A. It's been difficult for me to stop considering alternatives and do something definite.B. It's been difficult for me to take it easy and be more flexible.16.A. I have tended to be careful and hesitant.B. I have tended to be bold and domineering.17.A. My reluctance to get involved has gotten me in trouble with people.B. My eagerness to have people depend on me has gotten me into trouble with them.18.A. Usually, I have been able to put my feelings aside to get the job done.B. Usually, I have needed to work through my feelings before I could act.19.A. Generally, I've been methodical and cautious.B. Generally, I've been adventurous and taken risks.20.A. I have tended to be a supportive, giving person who seeks intimacy with others.B. I have tended to be a serious, reserved person who likes discussing issues.A. I've often felt the need to be a "pillar of strength".B. I have often felt the need to perform perfectly.22.A. I've typically been interested in asking tough questions and maintaining my independence.B. I've typically been interested in maintaining my stability and peace of mind.23.A. I've been a bit cynical and skeptical.B. I've been a bit mushy and sentimental.24.A. I've often worried that I'm missing out on something better.B. I've often worried that if I let down my guard, someone will take advantage of me.25.A. My habit of being "stand-offish" has annoyed people.B. My habit of telling people what to do has annoyed people.26.A. I have tended to get anxious if there was too much excitement and stimulation.B. I have tended to get anxious if there wasn't enough excitement and stimulation.27.A. I have depended on my friends & they have known that they can depend on me.B. I have not depended on people; I have done things on my own.A. I have tended to be detached and preoccupied.B. I have tended to be moody and self-absorbed.29.A. I have liked to challenge people and "shake them up".B. I have liked to comfort people and calm them down.30.A. I have generally been an outgoing, sociable person.B. I have generally been an earnest, self-disciplined person.31.A. I've wanted to "fit in" with others -- I get uncomfortable when I stand out too much.B. I've wanted to standout from others -- I get uncomfortable when I don't distinguish myself.32.A. Pursuing my personal interests has been more important to me than having stability and security.B. Having stability and security has been more important to me than pursuing my personal interests.33.A. When I've had conflicts with others, I've tended to withdraw.B. When I've had conflicts with others, I've rarely backed down.34.A. I have given in too easily and let others push me around.B. I've been too uncompromising and demanding with others.A. I've been appreciated for my unsinkable spirit and resourcefulness.B. I've been appreciated for my deep caring and personal warmth.36.A. I have wanted to make a favorable impression on others.B. I have cared little about making a favorable impression on others.37.A. I've depended on my perseverance and common sense.B. I've depended on my imagination and moments of inspiration.38.A. Basically, I have been easy-going and agreeable.B. Basically, I have been hard-driving and assertive.39.A. I have worked hard to be accepted and well-liked.B.Being accepted and well-liked has not been a high priority for me.40.A. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more withdrawn.B. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more assertive.41.A. People have been interested in me because I've been outgoing, engaging, and interested in them.B. People have been interested in me because I've been quiet, unusual, and deep.A. Duty and responsibility have been important values for me.B. Harmony and acceptance have been important values for me.43.A. I've tried to motivate people by making big plans and big promises.B. I've tried to motivate people by pointing out the consequences of not following my advice.44.A. I have seldom been emotionally demonstrative.B. I have often been emotionally demonstrative.45.A. Dealing with details has not been one of my strong suits.B. I have excelled at dealing with details.46.A. I have often emphasized how different I am from most people, especially my family.B. I have often emphasized how much I have in common with most people, especially my family.47.A. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to stay on the sidelines.B. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to get right into the middle of things.48.A. I have stood by my friends, even when they have been wrong.B. I have not wanted to compromise what is right even for friendship.A. I've been a well-meaning supporter.B. I've been a highly-motivated go-getter.50.A. When troubled, I have tended to brood about my problems.B. When troubled, I have tended to find distractions for myself.51.A. Generally, I've had strong convictions and a sense of how things should be.B. Generally, I've had serious doubts and have questioned how things seemed to be.52.A. I've created problems with others by being pessimistic and complaining.B. I've created problems with others by being bossy and controlling.53.A. I have tended to act on my feelings and let the "chips fall where they may"B. I have tended not to act on my feelings lest they stir up more problems.54.A. Being the center of attention has usually felt natural to me.B. Being the center of attention has usually felt strange to me.55.A. I've been careful, and have tried to prepare for unforeseen problems.B. I've been spontaneous, and have preferred to improvise as problems come up.A. I have gotten angry when others have not shown enough appreciation for what I have done for them.B. I have gotten angry when others have not listened to what I have told them.57.A. Being independent and self-reliant has been important to me.B. Being valued and admired has been important to me.58.A. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to press my arguments forcefully.B. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to let things go to prevent hard feelings.59.A. I have often been possessive of loved ones — I have had trouble letting them be.B. I have often "tested" loved ones to see if they were really there for me.60.A. Organizing resources and making things happen has been one of my major strengths.B. Coming up with new ideas and getting people excited about them has been one of my major strengths.61.A. I've tended to be driven and very hard on myself.B. I've tended to be too emotional and rather undisciplined.62.A. I have tried to keep my life fast-paced, intense, and exciting.B. I have tried to keep my life regular, stable, and peaceful.A. Even though I've had successes, I've tended to doubt my abilities.B. Even though I've had setbacks, I've had a lot of confidence in my abilities.64.A. I generally have tended to dwell on my feelings and to hold onto them for a long time.B. I generally have tended to minimize my feelings and not pay very much attention to them.65.A. I have provided many people with attention and nurturance.B. I have provided many people with direction and motivation.66.A. I've been a bit serious and strict with myself.B. I've been a bit free-wheeling and permissive with myself.67.A. I've been self-assertive and driven to excel.B. I've been modest and have been happy to go at my own pace.68.A. I have been proud of my clarity and objectivity.B. I have been proud of my reliability and commitment.69.A. I have spent a lot of time looking inward — understanding my feelings has been important to me.B. I have not spent much time looking inward — getting things done has been important to me.70.A. Generally, I have thought of myself as a sunny, casual person.B. Generally, I have thought of myself as a serious, dignified person.71.A. I've had an agile mind and boundless energy.B. I've had a caring heart and deep dedication.72.A. I have pursued activities that had a substantial potential for reward and personal recognition.B. I have been willing to give up reward and personal recognition if it meant doing work I was really interested in.73.A. Fulfilling social obligations has seldom been high on my agenda.B. I have usually have taken my social obligations very seriously.74.A. In most situations, I have preferred to take the lead.B. In most situations, I have preferred to let someone else take the lead.75.A. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have changed several times.B. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have remained fairly consistent.76.A. Typically, I have not had much self-discipline.B. Typically, I have not had much connection with people.77.A. I have tended to withhold my affection, and have wanted others to come into my world.B. I have tended to give my affection too freely, and have wanted to extend myself to others.78.A. I have had a tendency to think of worst case scenarios.B. I have had a tendency to think that everything will work out for the best.79.A. People have trusted me because I am confident and can look out for them.B. People have trusted me because I am fair and will do what is right.80.A. Often, I have been so involved in my own projects that I have become isolated from others.B. Often, I have been so involved with others that I have neglected my own projects.81.A. When meeting someone new, I have usually been poised andself-contained.B. When meeting someone new, I have usually been chatty and entertaining.82.A. Generally speaking, I have tended to be pessimistic.B. Generally speaking, I have tended to be optimistic.83.A. I have preferred to inhabit my own little world.B. I have preferred to let the world know I'm here.84.A. I have often been troubled by nervousness, insecurity, and doubt.B. I have often been troubled by anger, perfectionism, and impatience.85.A. I realize that I have often been too personal and intimate.B. I realize that I have often been too cool and aloof.86.A. I have lost out because I have not felt up to taking opportunities.B. I have lost out because I have pursued too many possibilities.87.A. I have tended to take a long time to get into action.B. I have tended to get into action quickly.88.A. I usually have had difficulty making decisions.B. I seldom have had difficulty making decisions.89.A. I have had a tendency to come on a little too strong with people.B. I have had a tendency not to assert myself enough with people.90.A. Typically, I have been even-tempered.B. Typically, 1 have had strong changes of mood.91.A. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've often sought the advice of others.B. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've tried different things to see what worked best for me.92.A. I have worried that I would be left out of other's activities.B. I have worried that others' activities would distract me from what I had to do.93.A. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have told people off.B. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have become distant.94.A. I've tended to have trouble falling asleep.B. I've tended to fall asleep easily.95.A. I have often tried to figure out how I could get closer to others.B. I have often tried to figure out what others want from me.96.A. I have usually been measured, straight-talking, and deliberate.B. I have usually been excitable, fast-talking, and witty.97.A. Often, I have not spoken up when I've seen others making a mistake.B. Often, I have helped others see that they are making a mistake.98.A. During most of my life, I have been a stormy person who has had many volatile feelings.B. During most of my life, I have been a steady person in whom "still waters run deep".A. When I have disliked people, I have usually tried hard to stay cordial —despite my feelings.B. When I have disliked people, I have usually let them know it — one way or another.100.A. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my touchiness and taking everything too personally.B. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my not caring about social conventions.101.A. My approach has been to jump in and rescue people.B. My approach has been to show people how to help themselves.102.A. Generally, I have enjoyed "letting go" and pushing the limits.B. Generally, I have not enjoyed losing control of myself very much. 103.A. I've been overly concerned with doing better than others.B. I've been overly concerned with making things okay for others.104.A. My thoughts generally have been speculative—involving my magination and curiosity.B. My thoughts generally have been practical—just trying to keep things going.105.A. One of my main assets has been my ability to take charge of situations.B. One of my main assets has been my ability to describe internal states.A. I have pushed to get things done correctly,even if it made people uncomfortable.B. I have not liked feeling pressured, so I have not liked pressuring anyone else.107.A. I've often taken pride in how important I am in others' lives.B. I've often taken pride in my gusto and openness to new experiences. 108.A. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as presentable, even admirable.B. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as unusual, even odd.109.A. I have mostly done what I had to do.B. I have mostly done what I wanted to do.110.A. I have usually enjoyed high-pressure, even difficult, situations.B. I have usually disliked being in high-pressure, even difficult, situations. 111.A. I've been proud of my ability to be flexible—what's appropriate or important often changes.B. I've been proud of my ability to take a stand—I've been firm about what I believe in.112.A. My style has leaned toward sparseness and austerity.B. My style has leaned toward excess and over-doing things.A. My own health and well-being have suffered because of my strong desire to help others.B. My relationships have suffered because of my strong desire to attend to my personal needs.114.A. Generally speaking, I've been too open and naïve.B. Generally speaking, I've been too wary and guarded.115.A. I have sometimes put people off by being too aggressive.B. I have sometimes put people off by being too "up-tight".116.A. Being of service and attending to the needs of others has been a high priority for me.B. Finding alternative ways of seeing and doing things has been a high priority for me.117.A. I've been single-minded and persistent in pursuing my goals.B. I've preferred to explore various courses of action to see where they lead.118.A. I have frequently been drawn to situations that stir up deep, intense emotions.B. I have frequently been drawn to situations that make me feel calm and at ease.119.A. I have cared less about practical results than about pursuing my interests.B. I have been practical and have expected my work to have concrete results.120.A. I have had a deep need to belong.B. I have had a deep need to feel balanced.121.A. In the past, I've probably insisted on too much closeness in my friendships.B. In the past, I've probably kept too much distance in my friendships. 122.A. I've had a tendency to keep thinking about things from the past.B. I've had a tendency to keep anticipating things I'm going to do. 123.A. I've tended to see people as intrusive and demanding.B. I've tended to see people as disorganized and irresponsible. 124.A. Generally, I have not had much confidence in myself.B. Generally, I have had confidence only in myself.125.A. I've probably been too passive and uninvolved.B. I've probably been too controlling and manipulative.126.A. I've frequently been stopped in my tracks by my self-doubt.B. I've rarely let self-doubt stand in my way.A. Given a choice between something familiar and something new, I've usually chosen something new.B. I've generally chosen what I knew I already liked: why be disappointed with something I might not like?128.A. I have given a lot of physical contact to reassure others about how I feel about them.B. I have generally felt that real love does not depend on physical contact. 129.A. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often been too harsh and direct.B. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often "beaten around the bush" too much.130.A. I have been attracted to subjects that others would probably find disturbing, even frightening.B. I have preferred not to spend my time dwelling on disturbing, frightening subjects.131.A. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too intrusive and interfering.B. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too evasive and uncommunicative.132.A. I've worried that I don't have the resources to fulfill the responsibilitiesI've taken on.B. I've worried that I don't have the self-discipline to focus on what will really fulfill me.A. Generally, I've been a highly intuitive, individualistic person.B. Generally, I've been a highly organized, responsible person.134.A. Overcoming inertia has been one of mv main problems.B. Being unable to slow down has been one of my main problems.135.A. When I've felt insecure. I've reacted by becoming arrogant and dismissive.B. When I've felt insecure, I've reacted by becoming defensive and argumentative.136.A. I have generally been open-minded and willing to try new approaches.B. I have generally been self-revealing and willing to share my feelings with others.137.A. I've presented myself to others as tougher than I really am.B. I've presented myself to others as caring more than I really do.138.A. I usually have followed my conscience and reason.B. I usually have followed my feelings and impulses.139.A. Serious adversity has made me feel hardened and resolute.B. Serious adversity has made me feel discouraged and resigned.140.A. I usually have made sure that I had some kind of "safety net" to fall backon.B. I usually have chosen to live on the edge and to depend on others as little as possible.141.A. I've had to be strong for others, so I haven't had time to deal with my feelings and fears.B. I've had difficulty coping with my feelings and fears, so it's been hard for me to be strong for others.142.A. I have often wondered why people focus on the negative when there is so much that's wonderful about life.B. I have often wondered why people arc so happy when so much in life is messed up.143.A. I have tried hard not to be seen as a selfish person.B. I have tried hard not to be seen as a boring person.144.A. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would be overwhelmed by people's needs and demands.B. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would not be able to live up to people's expectations of me.。
九型人格英文版
将下面短文翻译成中文：Enneagram of Personality 九型人格The Enneagram is a highly sophisticated system of nine personality profiles that are meant to help us know ourselves and others “as we/they are to themselves”. Each type profile serves as a customized road map for on-going personal growth consistent with categories of modern psychological typology. The nine types are as follows:Type One: The Perfectionist"I'm not angry, I'm just trying to get it right!"Basic Proposition: There is a right way and a wrong way to do everything.Habitual Focus of Attention: What is right or wrong, correct or incorrect.What "Perfectionists" tell us about themselves:They live with a powerful inner critic that monitors every thought, word, and deed;They worry about getting things right and are unusually sensitive to criticism;They strive for perfection and feel responsible;"Perfectionists" also report a focus on being good and repress theirimpulses/desires for pleasure;They can be rigid, overly controlled, seeing virtue as its own reward. Type Two: The Giver"I know lots of people who couldn't get along without me. Where's the pride in that"Basic Proposition: Love and survival depend on "giving to get".Habitual Focus of Attention: Other people's needsWhat "Givers" observe about themselves:A preoccupation with the needs of others;Pride in giving and helping;Sometimes feel taken advantage of;Have a hard time expressing their own needs;Are manipulative; andAlter their self-presentation to meet the needs of important others.Type Three: The Performer"I'm busy all of the time. There's competition in everything I do. I just love thatarena."Basic Proposition: Love and recognition are only for "champions".Habitual Focus of Attention: Tasks, Roles, & ResultsWhat "Performers" observe about themselves:Their primary identification is with accomplishment and success;They seek approval and acceptance based on performance;Their attention goes to task;Image is important;They feel constant pressure to perform; andThere is an inattention to feelings/"Not now".Type Four: The RomanticI cannot imagine anyone envying me. By comparison, if I had what others had, thenI would be more fulfilled and happy.Basic Proposition: Others enjoy the happiness that I have been denied.Habitual Focus of Attention: "Best" is what's absent.What "Romantics" observe about themselves:There is a constant longing for the missing ingredient for personal happiness;Their focus is on the best of what's missing, what’s distant, a nd what's hard to get;The "ordinary" pales by comparison;There is a deeply felt abandonment that translates into a belief that "I am un- loveable”: and,"Romanitics" feel special and elite. Their suffering sets them apart fromothers.Type Five: The Observer"I think I feel..." Basic Proposition: Love and respect are gained by practicing self-sufficiency. Habitual Focus of Attention: What others want from me.What "Observers" tell us about themselves:They have a marked need for privacy;They limit intrusion from a world that wants too much from them;As a result, "Observers" hoard time, space, energy, knowledge and themselves;They detach from feelings and observe rather than participate; and,They are minimalistsType Six: The Loyal SkepticWhat is really going here...." Basic Proposition: Love and protection are gained by vigilance and endurance. Habitual Focus of Attention: Threat, hazard, difficultiesWhat "Loyal Skeptics" tell us about themselves:They are preoccupied with safety and security concerns;They greet everything with a doubting mind, and contrary thinking;"Loyal Skeptics" report active imaginations that amplify questionable areas;They question people and authority;They procrastinate because of fearing the outcome, failing to complete projectsType Seven: The EpicureWhat's next.....that's my escape from pain." Basic Proposition: Pain and frustration can be avoided and the good life assured by inventing options, opportunities, and adventures.Habitual Focus of Attention: The positive in all thingsWhat "Epicures" tell us about themselves:Life is an adventure!"Epicures" are pleasure-seeking and gluttons for experience and enjoyment;They are optimistic, active, and energetic;See multiple options, buthave difficulty with commitment; andDo not want limits on themselvesType Eight: The BossIf people start backing off, that doesn't make my anger go away, but if you matchit, it will lower and I'll sit down and talk." Basic Proposition:Protection and respect are gained by becoming strong and powerful and by hiding vulnerability.Habitual Focus of Attention: Power, Injustices and Control.What "Protectors" tell us about themselves:They want stimulation and excitement;They are concerned with strength and protecting the weak;"Protectors" are direct, confrontational and express their anger immediately;They are aggressive, intimidating and impulsive; butDeny their own vulnerability and weakness.Type Nine: The Mediator"Who am I again...." Basic Proposition: Belonging and comfort are gained by attending to and merging with others and by dispersing energy into substitute objects.Habitual Focus of Attention: The inessential and the agenda of others.What "Mediators" tell us about themselves:They see all sides to every issue as peacemakers and harmonizers;They avoid conflict and want the comfortale solution;They have difficulty saying "no";They are ambivalent about their own needs and wants;They "go along to get along".WingsMost, but not all, Enneagram of Personality theorists teach that a person's basic type is modified, at least to some extent, by the personality dynamics of the two adjacent types as indicated on the Enneagram figure. These two types are often called "wings". A person of the Type Three, for example, is understood to have points Two and Four as their wing types. The circle of the Enneagram figure may indicate that the types or points exist on a spectrum rather than as distinct types or points unrelated to those adjacent to them.[citation needed] A person may be understood, therefore, to have a core type and one or two wing types that influence but do not change the core type.Stress and Security PointsThe lines between the points add further meaning to the information provided by the descriptions of the types. Sometimes called the "security" and "stress" points, or points of "integration" and "disintegration", these connected points also contribute to a person's overall personality. There are, therefore, at least four other points that can significantly affect a person's core personality; the two points connected by the lines to the core type and the two wing points.Roman Catholic criticismIn 2000, the United States' Committee on Doctrine produced a draft report on the origins of the Enneagram to aid bishops in their evaluation of its use in their dioceses. The report identified aspects of the intersection between the Enneagram and Catholicism which, in their opinion, warranted particular scrutiny and were seen as potential areas of concern, stating that "While the Enneagram system shares little with traditional Christian doctrine or spirituality, it also shares little with the methods and criteria of modern science... The burden of proof is on proponents of the Enneagram to furnish scientific evidence for their claims." Partly in response to some Jesuits and members of other religious orders teaching a Christian understanding of the Enneagram of Personality, a 2003 Vatican document called Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age' says that the Enneagram"when used as a means of spiritual growth introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith.。
Enneagram九型人格英文版百科
Enneagram九型人格英文版百科The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateGurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gur djieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensivebibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates.Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as tosomething as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend theiridentification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma. This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five isAvarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of theWings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.These are very similar to the "need areas" of the FIRO-B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another.▪One –Anger, as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.▪Two –Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.▪Three –Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.▪Four –Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.▪Five –Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.▪Six –Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeingenemies and dangers where there are none.▪Seven –Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).▪Eight –Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.▪Nine –Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed] Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4]Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
性格测试(英文版)
Good-tempered ,value friendship , have a stable personality , sometimes crafty , career ambition is slightly strong , have little interest in the other things except their own major , prefer regular life and job ,don’t like adventure , have very strong family idea ,be better at managing money
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assessment
演讲人姓名
Pay attention :
1
every answer to each question is followed by a grade and you need to add up all of them. Because the test result is measured by the whole grade.
Q13:Which of the following weather phenomenon do you like ?
D
C
B
A
Snow 2
Wind 3
Rain 5
Fog 10
E
Thunder 15
Q14: Which storey is your preference if you are living in a building that includes 30 storeys?
Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科
The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateG urdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinaryfood, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates.Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as tosomething as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend theiridentification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma. This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five isAvarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of theWings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.These are very similar to the "need areas" of the FIRO-B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another.▪One –Anger, as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.▪Two –Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.▪Three –Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.▪Four –Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.▪Five –Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.▪Six –Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeingenemies and dangers where there are none.▪Seven –Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).▪Eight –Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.▪Nine –Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics someskeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed] Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram isnot considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4]Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
enneagram 九型人格英文版百科.doc
The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateG urdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinaryfood, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates.Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as tosomething as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend theiridentification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma. This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five isAvarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of theWings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.These are very similar to the "need areas" of the FIRO-B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another.▪One –Anger, as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.▪Two –Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.▪Three –Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.▪Four –Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.▪Five –Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.▪Six –Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeingenemies and dangers where there are none.▪Seven –Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).▪Eight –Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.▪Nine –Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics someskeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed] Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram isnot considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4]Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
专题资料（2021-2022年）Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科
The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateG urdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinaryfood, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates.Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as tosomething as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend theiridentification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma. This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five isAvarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of theWings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.These are very similar to the "need areas" of the FIRO-B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another.▪One –Anger, as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.▪Two –Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.▪Three –Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.▪Four –Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.▪Five –Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.▪Six –Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeingenemies and dangers where there are none.▪Seven –Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).▪Eight –Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.▪Nine –Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics someskeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed] Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram isnot considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4]Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
Enneagram九型人格英文版百科
The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerningego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore theenneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrateGurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help fromoutside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram webpoints which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings ofGurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directlythrough Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements andcontinues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates.Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as tosomething as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea ofself-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075.2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma. This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when theycan shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is Avarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of the Wings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and communities.▪One –Anger, as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.▪Two –Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.▪Three –Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.▪Four –Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.▪Five –Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.▪Six –Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeing enemies and dangers where there are none.▪Seven –Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).▪Eight –Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.▪Nine –Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed] Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4]Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
Enneagram九型人格英文版百科
The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly e into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon, using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a pound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerning ego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" bined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrate Gurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would represent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law ofseven. In an octave the developing process es to a critical point (one of the trianglepoints) at which help from outside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent anenneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (halfnote) in between represent the enneagram web points which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push isrequired.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings of Gurdjieff's students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and Rodney Collin. They developed Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of successiondirectly through Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music andmovements and continues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and hisassociates. Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as to something as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used toexplicate the idea of self-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d1067, 1075. 2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point isdescribed in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certainmechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood inconnection with the Enneagram figure and with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a plete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo'steachings was to help people transcend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same mon laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction toself-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is pletely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought and behavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma.This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spiritually harmful (in the sense of ing to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo, who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the plexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:One: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist - This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for the truth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can bee hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.Two: Helper, Giver, Caretaker - Twos, at their best, are passionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to passive-aggressive behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.Three: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder - Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.Four: Romantic, Individualist, Artist - Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral ofdepression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.Five: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, being reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear inpetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is Avarice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.Six: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility, but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and passive-aggressive behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.Seven: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the Puer Aeternus. At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.Eight: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seek control over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.Nine: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of the ego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification e from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of the Wings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers.The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the 'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown.The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens give themselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition.Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction (1-7-5-8-2-4-1 and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to Gurdjieff's system. (1/7 = 0.1428571...; 1/3 = 0.3333..., 2/3 = 0.6666..., 3/3 = 0.9999...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - the Self-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.▪Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.▪Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-one relationships.▪Social subtypes care most about others, in groups and munities.▪One –Anger, as the frustration that es from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.▪Two –Pride, as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.▪Three –Deceit, in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.▪Four –Envy of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense of self-defectiveness.▪Five –Avarice, as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.▪Six –Fear, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeing enemies and dangers where there are none.▪Seven –Gluttony, not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richerexperience (depth).▪Eight –Lust, in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, toa point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.▪Nine –Sloth, or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that current research does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), othersbelieve that because of its plex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson [3] claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.[citation needed]Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience:▪Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activity▪Triune brain▪Differential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "Personality and the Brain" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, The Enneagram and the Triune Brain offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the Enneagram Monthly and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's triune brain theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extent that this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "limbic system". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system (e.g. areas of the neocortex also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions (e.g. that area also processes certain cognitive functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper The Enneagram and Brain Chemistry offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a pseudoscience that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical scientific method as they lack falsifiability and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of Carl Gustav Jung on which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the Roman Catholic Church have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith". [4]Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the Forer effect, the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
Enneagram九型人格英文版百科
The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea(nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to , who introduced it in his teachings as a universal symbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the figure has mostly come into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn an enneagram is a regular nine-sided , using the same points as the regular but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4} connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, {9/3}, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a compound of three equilateral trianglesThe modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to and his teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerning ego-fixations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number can be applied to the enneagram's explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the "law of seven" and "the law of three" combined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in life, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrate Gurdjieff's concept of the evolution of the three types of ‘food’ necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case wouldrepresent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieff’s idea of the law of seven. In a n octave the developing process comes to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help from outside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (half note) in between represent the enneagram web points which have a triangle point in between.In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous process). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesn't receive the ‘help’, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and later 9, where a similar "push" is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings of Gurdjieff's students - principally , , and . Theydeveloped Gurdjieff's ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directly through Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gurdjieff's music and movements and continues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by and his associates. Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as to something as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It is currently being used to explicate the idea of self-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in . Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075. 2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazo's offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as "ego fixations" or "personality types" or indeed in any way where each point is described in a way that can be viewed as a typology. All historical documentation of this kind of terminology appears only after Ichazo's original teachings.Ichazo claims that sometime in the 1950s he received insight into how certain mechanistic and repetitive thought and behavior patterns can be understood in connection with the Enneagram figureand with what he called Trialectic logic as part of a complete and integrated model of the human psyche. The purpose of Ichazo's teachings was to help people transcend their identification with - and the suffering caused by - their own mechanistic thought and behavior patterns.The theory was founded upon the basic premise that all life seeks to continue and perpetuate itself and the human psyche must follow the same common laws of reality as such. From this, Ichazo defined three basic human instincts for survival (Conservation, Relations and Adaptation) and two poles of attraction to self-perpetuation (Sexual and Spiritual). With a baseline of a psyche in a state of unity as a prototypical model, the Fixations were defined as aberrations from this baseline, much as the DSM is an observationally based tool for recognizing personality disorders. In fact, Ichazo has related the Fixations with the DSM categories to show that Fixations are the precursor to mental illness. Each Fixation is diagnosed from the particular experience of psychological trauma a child suffers when the child's expectations are not met in each respective Instinct. Since a child is completely self-centered in its expectations, it is inevitable that the child will experience disappointment of expectation viewed by the child as a matter of one of the three fundamental attitudes (attracted, unattracted or disinterested are the only possible attitudes), and thus experience trauma and begin to form mechanistic thought andbehavior patterns in an attempt to protect itself from experiencing a recurrence of the trauma.This basic, irrefutable understanding of three fundamental Instincts and three possible attitudes along with the understanding that a human being can be in a state of unity, analyzed with Trialectic logic forms a solid foundation upon which the theory of Fixations is based. As such, the theory of ego Fixations has a particular foundation which can be tested. The idea of "Personality Types" is an invention of intuition without any particular foundation beyond the theory of ego Fixations, and as such can be interpreted to mean whatever any of the Enneagram of Personality proponents chooses it to mean whenever they choose to so interpret it. Thus we understand why there is no specific, solid agreement among the various proponents of "Personality" as something objective and anything more than a proposition to obfuscate human suffering.By understanding one's Fixations and through self observation, the hold on the mind, and suffering caused by the Fixations, is reduced and even transcended. There was never an intention or purpose in Ichazo's original work to use this knowledge to reinforce or manipulate what is essentially a source of human suffering. Therefore almost all later interpretations of the Enneagram of Personality are viewed by Ichazo as unfounded and therefore misguided and psychologically harmful as well as spirituallyharmful (in the sense of coming to see one's process as such) in light of his original intentions. In other words, the Enneagram Movement can be considered, in most cases, to actually be promoting the strengthening of the basis for the personality disorders we find expositions of in the DSM.From the 1970s Ichazo's partial and misunderstood Enneagram teachings were adapted and developed by a number of others, first by the Chilean-born psychiatrist, , who was a member of a training program in Arica, Chile with Ichazo for some months in 1969. Naranjo taught his understanding of the Enneagram of Personality to a number of his American students, including some Jesuit priests who then taught it to seminarians.It is believed by Enneagram theorists that the points of the Enneagram figure indicate a number of ways in which nine principal ego-archetypal forms or types of human personality (also often called "Enneatypes") are psychologically connected. These nine types are often given names that indicate some of their more distinctively typical characteristics. Such names are insufficient to capture the complexities and nuances of the types which require study and observation to understand in depth.Some brief descriptions of the Enneatypes are as follows:: Reformer, Critic, Perfectionist- This type focuses on integrity. Ones can be wise, discerning and inspiring in their quest for thetruth. They also tend to dissociate themselves from their flaws or what they believe are flaws (such as negative emotions) and can become hypocritical and hyper-critical of others, seeking the illusion of virtue to hide their own vices. The One's greatest fear is to be flawed and their ultimate goal is perfection. The corresponding "deadly sin" Ones is Anger and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Perfection. Under stress Ones express qualities of Fours and when relaxed qualities of Sevens.: Helper, Giver, Caretaker- Twos, at their best, are compassionate, thoughtful and astonishingly generous; they can also be prone to behavior, clinginess and manipulation. Twos want, above all, to be loved and needed and fear being unworthy of love. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Twos is Pride and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Will. Under stress Twos express qualities of Eights and when relaxed qualities of Fours.: Achiever, Performer, Succeeder- Highly adaptable and changeable. Some walk the world with confidence and unstinting authenticity; others wear a series of public masks, acting the way they think will bring them approval and losing track of their true self. Threes are motivated by the need to succeed and to be seen as successful. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Threes is Deceit and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Law. Under stress Threes express qualities of Nines and when relaxed qualities of Sixes.: Romantic, Individualist, Artist- Driven by a desire to understand themselves and find a place in the world they often fear that they have no identity or personal significance. Fours embrace individualism and are often profoundly creative and intuitive. However, they have a habit of withdrawing to internalize, searching desperately inside themselves for something they never find and creating a spiral of depression. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Fours is Envy and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Origin. Under stress Fours express qualities of Twos and when relaxed qualities of Ones.: Observer, Thinker, Investigator - Fives are motivated by the desire to understand the world around them, specifically in terms of facts. Believing they are only worth what they contribute, Fives have learned to withdraw, to watch with keen eyes and speak only when they can shake the world with their observations. Sometimes they do just that. However, some Fives are known to withdraw from the world, becoming reclusive hermits and fending off social contact with abrasive cynicism. Fives fear incompetency or uselessness and want to be capable and knowledgeable above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Five is and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Omniscience. Under stress Fives express qualities of Sevens and when relaxed qualities of Eights.: Loyalist, Devil's Advocate, Defender - Sixes long for stability above all else. They exhibit unwavering loyalty and responsibility,but once betrayed, they are slow to trust again. They are prone to extreme anxiety and behavior. Their greatest fear is to lack support and guidance. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Six is Cowardice and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Faith and Strength. Under stress Sixes express qualities of Threes and when relaxed qualities of Nines. There are two kinds of Sixes - phobic and counterphobic. Phobic Sixes have a tendency to run or hide from things they fear while counterphobic Sixes are more likely to confront their fears.: Enthusiast, Adventurer, Materialist, Epicure - Sevens are adventurous, and busy with many activities with all the energy and enthusiasm of the . At their best they embrace life for its varied joys and wonders and truly live in the moment; but at their worst they dash frantically from one new experience to another, too scared of disappointment to actually enjoy themselves. Sevens fear being unable to provide for themselves or to experience life in all of its richness. The corresponding "deadly sin" of Sevens is Gluttony and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Wisdom". Under stress Sevens express qualities of Ones and when relaxed qualities of Fives.: Leader, Protector, Challenger - Eights value personal strength and they desire to be powerful and in control. They concern themselves with self-preservation. They are natural leaders, who can be either friendly and charitable or dictatorially manipulative, ruthless, and willing to destroy anything in their way. Eights seekcontrol over their own lives and destinies, and fear being harmed or controlled by others. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Eight is Lust and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Truth. Under stress Eights express qualities of Fives and when relaxed qualities of Twos.: Mediator, Peacemaker, Preservationist - Nines are ruled by their empathy. At their best they are perceptive, receptive, gentle, calming and at peace with the world. On the other hand, they prefer to dissociate from conflicts; they indifferently go along with others' wishes, or simply withdraw, acting via inaction. They fear the conflict caused by their ability to simultaneously understand opposing points of view and seek peace of mind above all else. The corresponding "deadly sin" of the Nine is Sloth and their "holy idea" or essence is Holy Love. Under stress Nines express qualities of Sixes and when relaxed qualities of Threes.Whilst a person's Enneatype is determined by only one of theego-fixations, their personality characteristics are also influenced and modified in different ways by all of the other eight fixations as well.Most Enneagram teachers and theorists believe that one of the principal kinds of influence and modification come from the two points on either side of their Enneatype. These two points are known as the 'Wings'.Observation seems to indicate, for example, that Ones will tend to manifest some characteristics of both Nines and Twos. Some Enneagram theorists believe that one of the Wings will always have a more dominant influence on an individual's personality, while others believe that either Wing can be dominant at any particular time depending on the person's circumstances and development.This aspect of Enneagram theory was originally suggested by Claudio Naranjo and then further developed by some of the Jesuit teachers. The lines of the triangle and hexagon are believed to indicate psychological dynamics between the points connected depending on whether a person is in a more stressed or secure and relaxed state. Therefore the connecting points on the lines are usually called the 'Stress Points' and 'Security Points'. In Don Riso's teachings these lines are also called the 'Directions of Integration' and the'Directions of Disintegration' as he believes that the security points also indicates the 'direction' towards greater psychological wellbeing and the stress points towards psychological breakdown. The more traditional understanding of the stress and security points is that when people are in a more secure or relaxed state they will tend to express aspects of the 'security' or 'integration' type associated with their main type and aspects of the other direction when stressed. Relaxed or secure Ones, for instance, will tend to manifest some more positive aspects of the Seven personality type, Ones tending to be highly self-inhibitory whereas Sevens givethemselves permission to enjoy the moment. On the other hand, stressed Ones will express some more negative aspects of the Four personality, particularly the obsessive introspection; they also share a certain amount of self-loathing and self-inhibition. Another emerging belief about these connections between points is that people may access and express the positive and negative aspects of both points depending on their particular circumstances.The connecting points are often indicated on Enneagram figures by the use of arrows and are sometimes also called 'Arrow Points'. The sequence of stress points is 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 for the hexagon and 9-6-3-9 for the triangle. The security points sequence is in the opposite direction ( and 9-3-6-9). These sequences are found in the repeating decimals resulting from division by 7 and 3, respectively, both of those numbers being important to 's system. (1/7 = ...; 1/3 = ..., 2/3 = ..., 3/3 = ...).Each type also has three main instinctual subtypes - theSelf-Preservation, Sexual and Social subtypes. Because each point is different, it may be perceived as having a tendency toward one subtype or another. It requires keen observation and understanding to discover a person's tendency toward a particular subtype.Self-Preservation subtypes pay most attention to physical survival needs.Sexual subtypes focus most on intimacy and one-to-onerelationships.Social subtypes care most about others, in groups andcommunities.These are very similar to the "need areas" of the -B instrument, called "Inclusion" "Control" and "Affection", except that the score in each area carries equal weight in the person's overal personality, and there is no "tendency" towards one or another.The Enneagram types have also been mapped to 's "Three Trends" (Moving Towards, Against, Away from), in two dimensions of "Surface Direction" and "Deep Direction" (which also roughly parallel FIRO's "Expressed" and "Wanted" behavior). Each type on the surface moves one way, but underneath can move a different way. This then determines their behavior and its motivations.SurfaceDirection→Deep Direction↓— Against(confronting)0 Away(withdrawing)+ Towards(embracing)+ Towards(ApprovalSeeking)3960 Away(Ideal147Seven of the Enneagram types can be correlated with thetraditional . Two additional 'sins', 'deceit' and 'fear', are also included.One – , as the frustration that comes from Ones working hard to do things right while the rest of the world doesn't care about doing things right and not appreciating the sacrifices and efforts Ones have made.Two – , as self-inflation of the ego, in the sense of Twos seeing themselves as indispensable to others and to having no needs whilst also being needed by others.Three – , in the misrepresentation of self by marketing and presenting an image valued by others rather than presenting an authentic self.Four – of someone else reminds Fours that they can never be what another person is, reawakening their sense ofself-defectiveness.Five – , as the hoarding of resources in an attempt to minimize their needs in the face of a world that takes more than it gives; thus isolating Fives from the world.Seeking)— Against(PowerSeeking)8 5 2Six –, often in the form of a generalized anxiety that can't find an actual source of fear. Sixes may wrongly identify a source of fear through projection, possibly seeing enemies and dangers where there are none.Seven – , not in the sense of eating too much but, rather, of sampling everything the world has to offer (breadth) and not taking the time for richer experience (depth).Eight – , in the sense of wanting more of what Eights find stimulating, to a point beyond which most people would feel overwhelmed and stop.Nine – , or laziness in discovering a personal agenda and instead choosing the less problematic strategy of just going along with other people's agendas.Because of differences among teachers in their understanding of the personality characteristics of the nine types and more theoretical aspects of Enneagram dynamics some skeptics argue that more research needs to be done to test the Enneagram as an empirically valid typology.While some believe that does not support the Enneagram's validity (especially regarding the concepts of Wings and the Stress and Security Points), others believe that because of its complex and 'spiritual' nature the Enneagram typology cannot be accurately evaluated by conventional empirical methods.Recently published research (2005) based on a type indicator questionnaire developed by Don Riso and Russ Hudson claims to have demonstrated that the nine Enneagram types are "real and objective". Katherine Chernick Fauvre also claims to have statistically validated research that indicates that the three Instinctual Subtypes are real and objective.Concerning the brain, at least three different models have been proposed for identifying a basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience: Asymmetry in PFC and amygdala activityTriune brainDifferential neurotransmitter activityConcerning the first brain model, a partially finished book entitled "" was posted for free download in December 2005. This book, written by a self-described "hacker", presents a model for linking the Enneagram to the current findings of neuroscience regarding (PFC) and asymmetry.Concerning the second brain model, offers a different theory on the neuroscience of Enneagram. This article was originally published in the October 2000 issue of the and links the Enneagram with Paul MacLean's theory.In his 1996 book The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (at pages 92-103 of the paperback version), neuroscientist rejected McLean's triune brain model to the extentthat this model limits emotional functions to what McLean called the "". LeDoux explains that emotional functions are not limited to the limbic system . areas of the also play various roles); conversely, the limbic system is not limited to emotional functions . that area also processes certain functions). If LeDoux's criticisms of the triune brain theory are correct this would obviate this second model as a useful basis for the Enneagram in neuroscience.Concerning the third brain model, the paper offers a theory that the different Enneagram types derive from different activity levels of the neurotransmitters , , and .Some psychologists and researchers regard the Enneagram as a that uses an essentially arbitrary set of personality dimensions to make its characterizations. Such critics assert that claims for the Enneagram's validity cannot be verified using the empirical as they lack and cannot be disproven. In this respect, the Enneagram is not considered to be any different from many other typological models, such as that of on which the is based.The Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue of the have also expressed concerns about the Enneagram when it is used in a religious context, because it is claimed that it "introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith".Some critics suspect that the claims for the Enneagram's validity may be attributed to the , the tendency for people to believe a supposedly tailored description of themselves even when the description has been worded in very broad terms.。
九型人格英文版
将下面短文翻译成中文：Enneagram of Personality 九型人格The Enneagram is a highly sophisticated system of nine personality profiles that are meant to help us know ourselves and others “as we/they are to themselves”. Each type profile serves as a customized road map for on-going personal growth consistent with categories of modern psychological typology. The nine types are as follows:Type One: The Perfectionist"I'm not angry, I'm just trying to get it right!" Basic Proposition: There is a right way and a wrong way to do everything.Habitual Focus of Attention: What is right or wrong, correct or incorrect.What "Perfectionists" tell us about themselves:•They live with a powerful inner critic that monitors every thought, word, and deed;•They worry about getting things right and are unusually sensitive to criticism;•They strive for perfection and feel responsible;•"Perfectionists" also report a focus on being good and repress their impulses/desires for pleasure;•They can be rigid, overly controlled, seeing virtue as its own reward.Type Two: The Giver"I know lots of people who couldn't get along without me. Where's the pride in that?" Basic Proposition: Love and survival depend on "giving to get".Habitual Focus of Attention: Other people's needsWhat "Givers" observe about themselves:• A preoccupation with the needs of others;•Pride in giving and helping;•Sometimes feel taken advantage of;•Have a hard time expressing their own needs;•Are manipulative; and•Alter their self-presentation to meet the needs of important others.Type Three: The Performer"I'm busy all of the time. There's competition in everything I do. I just love that arena." Basic Proposition: Love and recognition are only for "champions".Habitual Focus of Attention: Tasks, Roles, & ResultsWhat "Performers" observe about themselves:•Their primary identification is with accomplishment and success;•They seek approval and acceptance based on performance;•Their attention goes to task;•Image is important;•They feel constant pressure to perform; and•There is an inattention to feelings/"Not now".Type Four: The RomanticI cannot imagine anyone envying me. By comparison, if I had what others had, then I would bemore fulfilled and happy. Basic Proposition: Others enjoy the happiness that I have been denied.Habitual Focus of Attention: "Best" is what's absent.What "Romantics" observe about themselves:•There is a constant longing for the missing ingredient for personal happiness;•Their focus is on the best of what's missing, what’s distant, and what's hard to get;•The "ordinary" pales by comparison;•There is a deeply felt abandonment that translates into a belief that "I am un- loveable”: and, •"Romanitics" feel special and elite. Their suffering sets them apart from others.Type Five: The Observer"I think I feel..." Basic Proposition: Love and respect are gained by practicing self-sufficiency.Habitual Focus of Attention: What others want from me.What "Observers" tell us about themselves:•They have a marked need for privacy;•They limit intrusion from a world that wants too much from them;•As a result, "Observers" hoard time, space, energy, knowledge and themselves;•They detach from feelings and observe rather than participate; and,•They are minimalistsType Six: The Loyal SkepticWhat is really going here?...." Basic Proposition: Love and protection are gained by vigilance and endurance.Habitual Focus of Attention: Threat, hazard, difficultiesWhat "Loyal Skeptics" tell us about themselves:•They are preoccupied with safety and security concerns;•They greet everything with a doubting mind, and contrary thinking;•"Loyal Skeptics" report active imaginations that amplify questionable areas;•They question people and authority;•They procrastinate because of fearing the outcome, failing to complete projectsType Seven: The EpicureWhat's next?.....that's my escape from pain." Basic Proposition: Pain and frustration can be avoided and the good life assured by inventing options, opportunities, and adventures.Habitual Focus of Attention: The positive in all thingsWhat "Epicures" tell us about themselves:•Life is an adventure!•"Epicures" are pleasure-seeking and gluttons for experience and enjoyment;•They are optimistic, active, and energetic;•See multiple options, but•have difficulty with commitment; and•Do not want limits on themselvesType Eight: The BossIf people start backing off, that doesn't make my anger go away, but if you match it, it will lowerand I'll sit down and talk." Basic Proposition: Protection and respect are gained by becoming strong and powerful and by hiding vulnerability.Habitual Focus of Attention: Power, Injustices and Control.What "Protectors" tell us about themselves:•They want stimulation and excitement;•They are concerned with strength and protecting the weak;•"Protectors" are direct, confrontational and express their anger immediately;•They are aggressive, intimidating and impulsive; but•Deny their own vulnerability and weakness.Type Nine: The Mediator"Who am I again....?"Basic Proposition: Belonging and comfort are gained by attending to and merging with others and by dispersing energy into substitute objects.Habitual Focus of Attention: The inessential and the agenda of others.What "Mediators" tell us about themselves:•They see all sides to every issue as peacemakers and harmonizers;•They avoid conflict and want the comfortale solution;•They have difficulty saying "no";•They are ambivalent about their own needs and wants;•They "go along to get along".WingsMost, but not all, Enneagram of Personality theorists teach that a person's basic type is modified, at least to some extent, by the personality dynamics of the two adjacent types as indicated on the Enneagram figure. These two types are often called "wings". A person of the Type Three, for example, is understood to have points Two and Four as their wing types. The circle of the Enneagram figure may indicate that the types or points exist on a spectrum rather than as distinct types or points unrelated to those adjacent to them.[citation needed] A person may be understood, therefore, to have a core type and one or two wing types that influence but do not change the core type.Stress and Security PointsThe lines between the points add further meaning to the information provided by the descriptions of the types. Sometimes called the "security" and "stress" points, or points of "integration" and "disintegration", these connected points also contribute to a person's overall personality. There are, therefore, at least four other points that can significantly affect a person's core personality; the two points connected by the lines to the core type and the two wing points.Roman Catholic criticismIn 2000, the United States' Committee on Doctrine produced a draft report on the origins of the Enneagram to aid bishops in their evaluation of its use in their dioceses. The report identified aspects of the intersection between the Enneagram and Catholicism which, in their opinion, warranted particular scrutiny and were seen as potential areas of concern, stating that "While the Enneagram system shares little with traditional Christian doctrine or spirituality, it also shares little with the methods and criteria of modern science... The burden of proof is on proponents of the Enneagram to furnish scientific evidence for their claims." Partly in response to some Jesuits and members of other religious orders teaching a Christian understanding of the Enneagram of Personality, a 2003 Vatican document called Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age' says that the Enneagram "when used as a means of spiritual growth introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith.。
九型人格测验
九型人格测验Enneagram Test請於每題選擇你認為最接近描述自己性格行為的句子A或B。
Please pick up A or Bs that most suitable to describe your character or personalities.1.因應他人的需求，服務他人，對我是重要的。
〈A〉It is important for me to meet others’ needs and to serve them. 〈A〉尋求看事物和做事的各種方法，對我是重要的。
〈B〉It means a lot to me to look for different ways of thinking and doing things. 〈B〉2.面對困擾時，我會陷在裡面。
〈A〉When facing trouble, I can’t get rid of it. 〈A〉面對困擾時，我會想辦法放鬆。
〈B〉When facing trouble, I try to relax myself. 〈B〉3.我一向認為: 自己是個平靜、隨和的人。
〈A〉I always think I’m a calm and easy-going person. 〈A〉我一向認為: 自己是個嚴肅的、自律的人。
〈B〉I always think I’m a serious and autonomic person. 〈B〉4. 我喜歡社交生活，而且喜歡結識各樣的朋友。
〈A〉I like social life and enjoy making friends with all kinds of people. 〈A〉我對社交生活不感興趣，而且怕與人交往。
〈B〉I’m not a sociable person and am afraid of communicating with others. 〈B〉5. 做決定- 對我而言通常专门困難。
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The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) is a scientifically validated forced-choice personality test with 144 paired statements. The test takes about 40 minutes to complete. Read each numbered pair of statements carefully. There are no right or wrong answers. For each pair of statements, mark with one of the statement most like you. Leave the other statement blank. Your scores will be computed automatically. Do not skip any statement pair. For greatest accuracy, your grand total should be equal to 144.1.A. I have been romantic and imaginative.B. I have been pragmatic and down to earth.2.A. I have tended to take on confrontations.B. I have tended to avoid confrontations.3.A. I have typically been diplomatic, charming, and ambitious.B. I have typically been direct, formal and idealistic.4.A. I have tended to be focused and intense.B. I have tended to be spontaneous and fun-loving.5.A. I have been a hospitable person and have enjoyed welcoming new friends into my life.B. I have been a private person and have not mixed much with others.A. It's been difficult for me to relax and stop worrying about potential problems.B. It's been difficult for me to get myself worked up about potential problems.7.A. I've been more of a "street-smart" survivor.B. I've been more of a "high minded" idealist.8.A. I have needed to show affection to people.B. I have preferred to maintain some distance with people.9.A. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be useful to me.B. When presented with a new experience, I've usually asked myself if it would be enjoyable.10.A. I have tended to focus too much on myself.B. I have tended to focus too much on others.11.A. Others have depended on my insight and knowledge.B. Others have depended on my strength and decisiveness.12.A. I have come across as being too unsure of myself.B. I have come across as being too sure of myself.A. I have been more relationship-oriented than goal-oriented.B. I have been more goal-oriented than relationship-oriented.14.A. I have not been able to speak up for myself very well.B. I have been outspoken -- I have said what others wished they had the nerve to say.15.A. It's been difficult for me to stop considering alternatives and do something definite.B. It's been difficult for me to take it easy and be more flexible.16.A. I have tended to be careful and hesitant.B. I have tended to be bold and domineering.17.A. My reluctance to get involved has gotten me in trouble with people.B. My eagerness to have people depend on me has gotten me into trouble with them.18.A. Usually, I have been able to put my feelings aside to get the job done.B. Usually, I have needed to work through my feelings before I could act.A. Generally, I've been methodical and cautious.B. Generally, I've been adventurous and taken risks.20.A. I have tended to be a supportive, giving person who seeks intimacy with others.B. I have tended to be a serious, reserved person who likes discussing issues.21.A. I've often felt the need to be a "pillar of strength".B. I have often felt the need to perform perfectly.22.A. I've typically been interested in asking tough questions and maintaining my independence.B. I've typically been interested in maintaining my stability and peace of mind.23.A. I've been a bit cynical and skeptical.B. I've been a bit mushy and sentimental.24.A. I've often worried that I'm missing out on something better.B. I've often worried that if I let down my guard, someone will take advantage of me.A. My habit of being "stand-offish" has annoyed people.B. My habit of telling people what to do has annoyed people.26.A. I have tended to get anxious if there was too much excitement and stimulation.B. I have tended to get anxious if there wasn't enough excitement and stimulation.27.A. I have depended on my friends & they have known that they can depend on me.B. I have not depended on people; I have done things on my own.28.A. I have tended to be detached and preoccupied.B. I have tended to be moody and self-absorbed.29.A. I have liked to challenge people and "shake them up".B. I have liked to comfort people and calm them down.30.A. I have generally been an outgoing, sociable person.B. I have generally been an earnest, self-disciplined person.31.A. I've wanted to "fit in" with others -- I get uncomfortable when I stand out too much.B. I've wanted to standout from others -- I get uncomfortable when I don't distinguish myself.32.A. Pursuing my personal interests has been more important to me than having stability and security.B. Having stability and security has been more important to me than pursuing my personal interests.33.A. When I've had conflicts with others, I've tended to withdraw.B. When I've had conflicts with others, I've rarely backed down.34.A. I have given in too easily and let others push me around.B. I've been too uncompromising and demanding with others.35.A. I've been appreciated for my unsinkable spirit and resourcefulness.B. I've been appreciated for my deep caring and personal warmth.36.A. I have wanted to make a favorable impression on others.B. I have cared little about making a favorable impression on others.37.A. I've depended on my perseverance and common sense.B. I've depended on my imagination and moments of inspiration.A. Basically, I have been easy-going and agreeable.B. Basically, I have been hard-driving and assertive.39.A. I have worked hard to be accepted and well-liked.accepted and well-liked has not been a high priority for me.40.A. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more withdrawn.B. In reaction to pressure from others, I have become more assertive.41.A. People have been interested in me because I've been outgoing, engaging, and interested in them.B. People have been interested in me because I've been quiet, unusual, and deep.42.A. Duty and responsibility have been important values for me.B. Harmony and acceptance have been important values for me.43.A. I've tried to motivate people by making big plans and big promises.B. I've tried to motivate people by pointing out the consequences of not following my advice.44.A. I have seldom been emotionally demonstrative.B. I have often been emotionally demonstrative.A. Dealing with details has not been one of my strong suits.B. I have excelled at dealing with details.46.A. I have often emphasized how different I am from most people, especially my family.B. I have often emphasized how much I have in common with most people, especially my family.47.A. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to stay on the sidelines.B. When situations have gotten heated, I have tended to get right into the middle of things.48.A. I have stood by my friends, even when they have been wrong.B. I have not wanted to compromise what is right even for friendship.49.A. I've been a well-meaning supporter.B. I've been a highly-motivated go-getter.50.A. When troubled, I have tended to brood about my problems.B. When troubled, I have tended to find distractions for myself.51.A. Generally, I've had strong convictions and a sense of how things should be.B. Generally, I've had serious doubts and have questioned how things seemed to be.52.A. I've created problems with others by being pessimistic and complaining.B. I've created problems with others by being bossy and controlling.53.A. I have tended to act on my feelings and let the "chips fall where they may"B. I have tended not to act on my feelings lest they stir up more problems.54.A. Being the center of attention has usually felt natural to me.B. Being the center of attention has usually felt strange to me.55.A. I've been careful, and have tried to prepare for unforeseen problems.B. I've been spontaneous, and have preferred to improvise as problems come up.56.A. I have gotten angry when others have not shown enough appreciation for what I have done for them.B. I have gotten angry when others have not listened to what I have told them.57.A. Being independent and self-reliant has been important to me.B. Being valued and admired has been important to me.58.A. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to press my arguments forcefully.B. When I've debated with friends, I've tended to let things go to prevent hard feelings.59.A. I have often been possessive of loved ones — I have had trouble letting them be.B. I have often "tested" loved ones to see if they were really there for me.60.A. Organizing resources and making things happen has been one of my major strengths.B. Coming up with new ideas and getting people excited about them has been one of my major strengths.61.A. I've tended to be driven and very hard on myself.B. I've tended to be too emotional and rather undisciplined.62.A. I have tried to keep my life fast-paced, intense, and exciting.B. I have tried to keep my life regular, stable, and peaceful.63.A. Even though I've had successes, I've tended to doubt my abilities.B. Even though I've had setbacks, I've had a lot of confidence in my abilities.64.A. I generally have tended to dwell on my feelings and to hold onto them for a long time.B. I generally have tended to minimize my feelings and not pay very much attention to them.65.A. I have provided many people with attention and nurturance.B. I have provided many people with direction and motivation.66.A. I've been a bit serious and strict with myself.B. I've been a bit free-wheeling and permissive with myself.67.A. I've been self-assertive and driven to excel.B. I've been modest and have been happy to go at my own pace.68.A. I have been proud of my clarity and objectivity.B. I have been proud of my reliability and commitment.69.A. I have spent a lot of time looking inward —understanding my feelings has been important to me.B. I have not spent much time looking inward — getting things done has been important to me.70.A. Generally, I have thought of myself as a sunny, casual person.B. Generally, I have thought of myself as a serious, dignified person.71.A. I've had an agile mind and boundless energy.B. I've had a caring heart and deep dedication.72.A. I have pursued activities that had a substantial potential for reward and personal recognition.B. I have been willing to give up reward and personal recognition if it meant doing work I was really interested in.73.A. Fulfilling social obligations has seldom been high on my agenda.B. I have usually have taken my social obligations very seriously.74.A. In most situations, I have preferred to take the lead.B. In most situations, I have preferred to let someone else take the lead.75.A. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have changed several times.B. Over the years, my values and lifestyle have remained fairly consistent.A. Typically, I have not had much self-discipline.B. Typically, I have not had much connection with people.77.A. I have tended to withhold my affection, and have wanted others to come into my world.B. I have tended to give my affection too freely, and have wanted to extend myself to others.78.A. I have had a tendency to think of worst case scenarios.B. I have had a tendency to think that everything will work out for the best.79.A. People have trusted me because I am confident and can look out for them.B. People have trusted me because I am fair and will do what is right.80.A. Often, I have been so involved in my own projects that I have become isolated from others.B. Often, I have been so involved with others that I have neglected my own projects.81.A. When meeting someone new, I have usually been poised andself-contained.B. When meeting someone new, I have usually been chatty and entertaining.A. Generally speaking, I have tended to be pessimistic.B. Generally speaking, I have tended to be optimistic.83.A. I have preferred to inhabit my own little world.B. I have preferred to let the world know I'm here.84.A. I have often been troubled by nervousness, insecurity, and doubt.B. I have often been troubled by anger, perfectionism, and impatience.85.A. I realize that I have often been too personal and intimate.B. I realize that I have often been too cool and aloof.86.A. I have lost out because I have not felt up to taking opportunities.B. I have lost out because I have pursued too many possibilities.87.A. I have tended to take a long time to get into action.B. I have tended to get into action quickly.88.A. I usually have had difficulty making decisions.B. I seldom have had difficulty making decisions.A. I have had a tendency to come on a little too strong with people.B. I have had a tendency not to assert myself enough with people.90.A. Typically, I have been even-tempered.B. Typically, 1 have had strong changes of mood.91.A. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've often sought the advice of others.B. When I've been unsure of what to do, I've tried different things to see what worked best for me.92.A. I have worried that I would be left out of other's activities.B. I have worried that others' activities would distract me from whatI had to do.93.A. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have told people off.B. Typically, when I have gotten angry, I have become distant.94.A. I've tended to have trouble falling asleep.B. I've tended to fall asleep easily.95.A. I have often tried to figure out how I could get closer to others.B. I have often tried to figure out what others want from me.A. I have usually been measured, straight-talking, and deliberate.B. I have usually been excitable, fast-talking, and witty.97.A. Often, I have not spoken up when I've seen others making a mistake.B. Often, I have helped others see that they are making a mistake.98.A. During most of my life, I have been a stormy person who has had many volatile feelings.B. During most of my life, I have been a steady person in whom "still waters run deep".99.A. When I have disliked people, I have usually tried hard to stay cordial — despite my feelings.B. When I have disliked people, I have usually let them know it — one way or another.100.A. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my touchiness and taking everything too personally.B. Much of my difficulty with people has come from my not caring about social conventions.101.A. My approach has been to jump in and rescue people.B. My approach has been to show people how to help themselves.A. Generally, I have enjoyed "letting go" and pushing the limits.B. Generally, I have not enjoyed losing control of myself very much. 103.A. I've been overly concerned with doing better than others.B. I've been overly concerned with making things okay for others. 104.A. My thoughts generally have been speculative—involving my magination and curiosity.B. My thoughts generally have been practical—just trying to keep things going.105.A. One of my main assets has been my ability to take charge of situations.B. One of my main assets has been my ability to describe internal states. 106.A. I have pushed to get things done correctly,even if it made people uncomfortable.B. I have not liked feeling pressured, so I have not liked pressuring anyone else.107.A. I've often taken pride in how important I am in others' lives.B. I've often taken pride in my gusto and openness to new experiences. 108.A. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as presentable, even admirable.B. I have perceived that I've often come across to others as unusual, even odd.109.A. I have mostly done what I had to do.B. I have mostly done what I wanted to do.110.A. I have usually enjoyed high-pressure, even difficult, situations.B. I have usually disliked being in high-pressure, even difficult, situations.111.A. I've been proud of my ability to be flexible—what's appropriate or important often changes.B. I've been proud of my ability to take a stand—I've been firm about what I believe in.112.A. My style has leaned toward sparseness and austerity.B. My style has leaned toward excess and over-doing things.113.A. My own health and well-being have suffered because of my strong desire to help others.B. My relationships have suffered because of my strong desire to attend to my personal needs.114.A. Generally speaking, I've been too open and naïve.B. Generally speaking, I've been too wary and guarded.A. I have sometimes put people off by being too aggressive.B. I have sometimes put people off by being too "up-tight".116.A. Being of service and attending to the needs of others has been a high priority for me.B. Finding alternative ways of seeing and doing things has been a high priority for me.117.A. I've been single-minded and persistent in pursuing my goals.B. I've preferred to explore various courses of action to see where they lead.118.A. I have frequently been drawn to situations that stir up deep, intense emotions.B. I have frequently been drawn to situations that make me feel calm and at ease.119.A. I have cared less about practical results than about pursuing my interests.B. I have been practical and have expected my work to have concrete results.120.A. I have had a deep need to belong.B. I have had a deep need to feel balanced.A. In the past, I've probably insisted on too much closeness in my friendships.B. In the past, I've probably kept too much distance in my friendships. 122.A. I've had a tendency to keep thinking about things from the past.B. I've had a tendency to keep anticipating things I'm going to do. 123.A. I've tended to see people as intrusive and demanding.B. I've tended to see people as disorganized and irresponsible. 124.A. Generally, I have not had much confidence in myself.B. Generally, I have had confidence only in myself.125.A. I've probably been too passive and uninvolved.B. I've probably been too controlling and manipulative.126.A. I've frequently been stopped in my tracks by my self-doubt.B. I've rarely let self-doubt stand in my way.127.A. Given a choice between something familiar and something new, I've usually chosen something new.B. I've generally chosen what I knew I already liked: why be disappointed with something I might not likeA. I have given a lot of physical contact to reassure others about how I feel about them.B. I have generally felt that real love does not depend on physical contact.129.A. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often been too harsh and direct.B. When I've needed to confront someone, I've often "beaten around the bush" too much.130.A. I have been attracted to subjects that others would probably find disturbing, even frightening.B. I have preferred not to spend my time dwelling on disturbing, frightening subjects.131.A. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too intrusive and interfering.B. I have gotten into trouble with people by being too evasive and uncommunicative.132.A. I've worried that I don't have the resources to fulfill the responsibilities I've taken on.B. I've worried that I don't have the self-discipline to focus on what will really fulfill me.A. Generally, I've been a highly intuitive, individualistic person.B. Generally, I've been a highly organized, responsible person. 134.A. Overcoming inertia has been one of mv main problems.B. Being unable to slow down has been one of my main problems. 135.A. When I've felt insecure. I've reacted by becoming arrogant and dismissive.B. When I've felt insecure, I've reacted by becoming defensive and argumentative.136.A. I have generally been open-minded and willing to try new approaches.B. I have generally been self-revealing and willing to share my feelings with others.137.A. I've presented myself to others as tougher than I really am.B. I've presented myself to others as caring more than I really do. 138.A. I usually have followed my conscience and reason.B. I usually have followed my feelings and impulses.139.A. Serious adversity has made me feel hardened and resolute.B. Serious adversity has made me feel discouraged and resigned.A. I usually have made sure that I had some kind of "safety net" to fall back on.B. I usually have chosen to live on the edge and to depend on others as little as possible.141.A. I've had to be strong for others, so I haven't had time to deal with my feelings and fears.B. I've had difficulty coping with my feelings and fears, so it's been hard for me to be strong for others.142.A. I have often wondered why people focus on the negative when there is so much that's wonderful about life.B. I have often wondered why people arc so happy when so much in life is messed up.143.A. I have tried hard not to be seen as a selfish person.B. I have tried hard not to be seen as a boring person.144.A. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would be overwhelmed by people's needs and demands.B. I have avoided intimacy when I feared I would not be able to live up to people's expectations of me.。