sociology about Female and male
性别差异的英语作文
性别差异的英语作文Title: Exploring Gender Differences。
Gender differences have long been a topic of interest and discussion in various fields, including psychology, sociology, and biology. While it's essential to acknowledge that individuals are unique and can't be strictly categorized based on gender, there are observable patterns and tendencies that distinguish between male and female behaviors, preferences, and characteristics.One significant area where gender differences manifestis in communication styles. Research suggests that females often tend to be more expressive and emotionally orientedin their communication, while males may lean towards a more direct and assertive approach. These differences can influence various aspects of interpersonal interactions, from how conflicts are resolved to how support is expressed.Moreover, studies have shown variations in cognitiveabilities between genders. For instance, on average, males tend to outperform females in tasks involving spatial reasoning and mathematical abilities, while females may excel in verbal skills and emotional intelligence. However, it's crucial to note that these differences exist on a spectrum, and individual variations are considerable.Another domain where gender disparities are evident is in career choices and aspirations. Despite advancements in gender equality, certain fields such as STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) continue to be predominantly male-dominated, while others like nursing and teaching attract more females. Socialization, cultural norms, and internalized stereotypes play significant roles in shaping these preferences from an early age.Additionally, attitudes towards risk-taking behavior differ between genders. Studies have found that males are more likely to engage in risky activities, such as extreme sports or speculative financial investments, compared to females. This variance could be attributed to biological factors, societal expectations, or a combination of both.Furthermore, gender roles and expectations influence domestic responsibilities and caregiving roles within families. While progress has been made towards gender equality in household chores and childcare, women still tend to shoulder a more significant burden in these areas, often juggling multiple roles simultaneously.Despite these observed differences, it's essential to approach the topic of gender with nuance and sensitivity. Gender is not a binary construct but rather a spectrum encompassing a diverse range of identities and experiences. Intersectionality, which considers how various aspects of identity intersect and interact, further complicates our understanding of gender dynamics.Moving forward, fostering inclusivity and challenging traditional gender norms are crucial steps towards creating a more equitable society. By recognizing and celebrating the diversity of gender expressions and experiences, we can promote greater understanding, empathy, and respect for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity.In conclusion, gender differences manifest in various aspects of human behavior, cognition, and socialization. While these disparities are observable, it's essential to approach the topic with nuance, recognizing that individuals are unique and multifaceted. By embracing diversity and challenging societal norms, we can work towards a more inclusive and equitable future for all genders.。
雅思小作文female和male
[英语作文]female和maleFemale and male are terms used to distinguish between the two main sexes in humans and many other animals. These words are commonly used in biology, medicine, and everyday language to refer to the biological characteristics that differentiate males and females.A female is an organism that produces eggs and can bear offspring. In humans, females typically have two X chromosomes and are capable of menstruation, pregnancy, and giving birth. Females are also known for having a different reproductive system, including a uterus and ovaries, which are responsible for the production of eggs and the potential nurturing of offspring.On the other hand, a male is an organism that produces sperm and can fertilize the eggs of a female. In humans, males typically have one X and one Y chromosome and are characterized by the presence of testes, which produce sperm. Males play a crucial role in the reproductive process by contributing genetic material necessary for the creation of offspring.These terms are not only used to describe biological features but also carry cultural and social connotations. Gender roles and expectations often differ between females and males, influencing behaviors, attitudes, andsocietal norms. However, it's important to note that while sex refers to biological characteristics, gender encompasses the psychological, social, and cultural aspects of being a woman or a man.In summary, the terms female and male are used to differentiate between the sexes based on their biological reproductive functions and associated physical characteristics. While these terms are rooted in biology, they also intersect with cultural and social constructs related to gender.。
中美恋爱差异
昨天在Wall Street Journal （华尔街日报）上看到这样一篇关于美国大学生恋爱态度的文章。
作者通过采访和数据，以不加评论的旁观者视角从当代美国大学生的生活剪辑了一个掠影，来反映美国文化的本质。
文章主题是越来越多的男女选择不在大学里谈恋爱，而选择一夜情或者多夜情，或者只是游戏似的恋爱。
“你是风儿我是沙”的山盟海誓在美国不仅谁也打动不了，还会吓跑大多数的人。
作为一个在美国读了三年高中现在在美国读大二的学生，作为一朵被西方资本主义“腐化”了的祖国花朵，我想为美国学生和我自己做出我力所能及的解释。
这种生活方式的改变是有它的原因的。
与你可能想的正相反，我们（经过一番挣扎，我还是选择了用“我们”而不是“他们”）不是因为堕落，而是因为我们更现实，更长远，把当前的学习和事业看得更重要。
首先，在美国大学中的竞争是异常激烈的。
想进医学院，法学院，商学院的人越来越多，想继续深造的也越来越多，所以造成平时上课的压力也越来越大。
具体数字我就不举了，我最近才和一位从北大来的数学系博士研究生吃饭讲到哪个学校的学生压力大，他毫不犹豫的说是伯克利，还说他辅导的本科生都因加班加点严重缺乏睡眠。
我的一些去过其他国家学习的同学也是有同样的看法。
除了竞争外，另一个使我们奋发的因素是高昂的学费。
拿美国大学的学费和国内的学费比没有什么意义，不比你们也知道这边要高很多，但值得注意的是美国大多数大学生是借钱读书的，大多数人毕业后都有债务。
这个债务是我们自己要还的，不管家境如何，这个债务是我们自己的债务，是我们自己必须要用自己的劳动来还的。
设想一下，如果你上大学是花自己的钱，2万到4万美元，你还会天天想着怎么交女朋友并把自己放在一个很容易受伤的境地吗?第三，我们知道自己的前途未卜，有可能在世界上任何一个地方就业或者继续深造，我们承受不起另一个人的重量，因为我们还太年青。
我们几乎每个人都有过一些恋爱史，因为在美国没有所谓的“早恋”。
用我在高中的好朋友Emily的话来说，“恋爱在很多时候都像是两人三腿跑，靠着的两条腿绑在一起，不仅慢得要死，而且如果其中一人倒下了，另一个人也站不起来。
性别社会学
目录第一编导论第一章性别与社会引子第一节性别与社会性别一、性别的生物属性和社会属性二、性别/社会性别体制第二节社会性别研究的基本内容和发展状况一、社会性别研究的基本内容二、社会性别研究的发展状况小结第二章社会性别研究的基本理论第一节父权制起源的理论一、生理或心理学派二、历史学派三、人类学学派第二节建构主义理论一、建构主义理论的起源二、社会性别研究与建构主义第三节女权主义理论一、女权运动与女权主义理论的产生二、不同的女权主义流派小结第三章社会性别研究的认识论与方法论引子第一节知识的产生一、理论范式二、范式的革命第二节社会性别研究的认识论特点一、女权主义的认识论二、社会性别研究的原则与立场三、社会性别研究的方法小结第四章性征和性别气质引子第一节性征一、性征的基本类型二、性别气质模式三、固定化的性别气质模式的社会功能第二节性别气质与性别认同一、性别认同二、弗洛依德的性心理学三、对弗洛依德理论的反思与发展小结第五章性别社会化引子第一节社会化过程一、社会化二、性别社会化三、生命周期中的性别社会化第二节性别社会化与社会学习一、社会学习理论二、认知发展理论三、性别图式理论四、两性的道德发展小结第六章历史文化与社会性别引子第一节历史建构的性别气质一、历史与文化——说文解字二、宗教对性别气质的建构三、西方哲学思想史中的性别建构第二节中国历史文化的性别气质建构一、封建社会秩序与“三从四德”二、家文化三、文化的实践：对女性身体的控制四、男性偏好的生育文化小结第七章性别气质的话语建构引子第一节话语一、话语与社会性别二、话语的社会性三、话玉器的历史性四、大众传媒中的话语分析第二节话语的性别分析一、用词的性别分析二、叙事与再表现中的性别三、话语中叙述关系的性别分析四、中国妇女——被叙述的性别身份第八章性别气质的商品建构引子第一节消费社会中的性别一、消费社会二、消费社会——资本主义发展的一个阶段三、符号消费的性别意义第二节消费社会的性别商品化一、广告——传统性别观念的复制二、审美与选美——女性的客体化和大众消费气质建构三、减肥与整容——对身体的消费四、多元化的未来小结第九章身体的政治——性行为的社会性引子第一节社会的性一、性行为的生物性与社会二、各种理论视角第二节双重标准一、性别化的性行为规范二、日常生活中的双重标准及其演变第十章婚姻制度与婚姻关系的变革引子第一节婚姻制度一、婚姻制度二、从传统婚姻到浪漫爱情第一节中国婚姻关系的变革一、从择偶看婚姻关系二、《婚姻法》的沿革小结第十一章反对针对妇女的暴力第一节各种形式的针对妇女的暴力一、被害人学和女性作为被害人二、A针对妇女的暴力的类型第二节针对妇女暴力的原因分析一、暴力——男性统治的一种形式二、公私领域的社会建构三、反暴力的行动潜力小结第十二章劳动性别分工引子第一节劳动和劳动性别分工一、劳动分工二、劳动的性别分工三、劳动性别分工的意识形态第二节等级化的劳动性别分工的动力机制一、各种理论流派二、中国劳动性别分工动力机制分析小结第十三章两性职业发展性别分化的职业发展三、传统职业发展理论四、职业发展路径的性别化五、中国的现状第三节影响两性职业发展的社会因素一、劳动力市场机制二、组织内部机制——“玻璃封顶”三、温柔的陷井——性别分工与家庭利益小结第十四章性别与发展第四节经济增长和社会性别一、发展的内涵二、发展中的性别问题第五节性别发展的政策分析一、社会政策中的性别发展模式二、性别发展战略小结参考书目第一编导论地址：讲义下载区密码：62751675第一章性别与社会引子•“清晨对着镜子梳理，一张苍白松弛的脸，下巴上稀稀的几根胡须，照照，我就讨厌了我自己！遗传研究所的报告中讲，在城市里生活了三代以上的男人，将再不长出胡须。
流动的性别-酷儿理论视角下的《新夏娃的激情》
摘要安吉拉·卡特（1940-1992），英国最具独创性的女性作家之一。
她的作品以天马行空的想象力见长，在西方是一位有较大影响力并被广泛阅读的作者。
《新夏娃的激情》是安吉拉·卡特的第七部小说。
小说中，卡特彻底颠覆现存的生理性别与社会性别，呈现给读者一个混乱、颠倒、流动的全新两性世界。
酷儿理论( Queer Theory）是20世纪90年代在西方兴起的文学批评理论。
“酷儿 (Queer)”指的是在文化中所有非常态的表达方式，是所有在性倾向方面与主流文化和占统治地位的社会性别规范或性规范不一致的人。
它批判性地研究生理的性别决定体系、社会的性别角色和性取向。
酷儿理论认为性别认同和性取向不是“天生”的，而是在社会和文化的同化过程中形成的。
酷儿理论质疑传统的异性恋霸权，反对传统的性别观点对人们的压制和禁锢。
安吉拉·卡特的作品是伴随着酷儿理论产生的背景及发展过程而创作出来的。
特别是她的重要小说《新夏娃的激情》，阐述了“酷儿理论”的许多新视点，如男权下的异性恋、扭曲的一元世界、和谐的双性同体、超性别之恋以及性别操演。
小说描述了主人公艾弗林变性前后对自身性别认知的心理变化，“母亲”和“零”扭曲的一元世界，特里丝岱莎的变装，以及新夏娃和特丽丝岱莎的超性别之爱。
这些现象表明，安吉拉‧卡特理想中的两性关系是超二元对立，即男女霸权话语均得到消解后两性完美的融合，是打破性别约束之后的自我重建。
本文的意义在于通过分析《新夏娃的激情》所体现的酷儿思想，使人们对生理性别及社会性别有更好的理解，从而建立更加和谐包容的两性社会。
关键词：安吉拉·卡特；《新夏娃的激情》；酷儿理论；流动性AbstractAngela Carter (1940-1992), is one of the most original female writers, and her works make a feature of wild and fantastical imagination. She is also an influential writer whose works are widely read in west. The Passion of New Eve is Angela Carter‘s seventh novel, it is set in the background of American Civil War. In the novel, Carter completely subvert biological sex and cultural gender, presents to the reader a chaotic, reverse and flowing world.The ―Queer Theory‖ is a new critical theory that rose in the west in 1990s. As the abnormal expression of the culture, the ―Queer‖refers to those people whose sexual orientations are different from the mainstream culture and the dominant social gender and sexual norms. This theory conducts the research about the physiological sex-determination system, the social gender role and the sexual orientation critically. According to this theory, the gender identity and the sexual orientation are not inborn but develop in the process of social and cultural assimilation. The ―Queer Theory‖ opposes against the hegemony of the traditional heterosexuality and the imprisonment of the traditional gender perspective.Angela Carter‘s works are produced under the background of Queer Theory‘s emergence and development. Especially, The Passion of New Eve, one of her major works, interprets many new viewpoints of Queer Theory, such as the androcentric heterosexuality under male patriarchy, the twisted monistic world, harmonious androgynies, drag performance of Tristessa and the performativity in New Eve. The novel describes Evelyn‘s change of gender identity before and after the transsexual surgery, the twisted monistic world created by Mother and Zero, Tristessa‘s drag performance and the ultra-sex love between Tristessa and New Eve. All these parts illustrate that the author‘s ideal sexual relations is to go beyond the binary oppositions between man and woman—the perfect combination in men and women after decomposing hegemonic discourse, and theself-construction after breaking the binary gender constraints.The significance of this thesis is that by analyzing The Passion of New Eve, we may have a better understanding of sex and gender and it will be helpful to build a more harmonious and inclusive society.Key Words: Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve; Queer Theory; fluidContents摘要 (i)Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i i Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Angela Carter and Her Works (1)1.2 Literature Review (4)1.2.1 Overseas Research Status (4)1.2.2 Domestic Research Status (7)1.3 Angela Carter and Queer Theory (8)Chapter 2 Queer Theory (10)2.1. The Modern Background of Queer Theory (11)2.1.1 The Emergence of Feminist Literary Criticism (11)2.1.2 Michel Foucault and Discourse Space Theory (12)2.1.3 Jacques Derrida and the Deconstruction of Logocentrism (13)2.1.4 Jacques Lacan and the Three Orders (14)2.2 The Major Points of Queer Theory (15)2.2.1 Queer Theory and Heterosexuality & Homosexuality (16)2.2.2 Queer Theory and Androgyny (17)2.2.3 Queer Theory and Gender Performativity (19)Chapter 3 Rebellion Against Dichotomy of Gender (21)3.1 Evelyn and Leilah: the Androcentric Heterosexuality (21)3.2 The Twisted Monistic World (23)3.2.1 ―Mother‖ and Her Female Utopia (24)3.2.2 Zero and His Patriarchy Kingdom (25)Chapter 4 Fluid Gender in The Passion of New Eve (28)4.1 The Performativity in New Eve (28)4.2 The Drag Performance of Tristessa (31)4.3 New Eve and Tristessa: Harmonious Androgynes (33)Chapter 5 Conclusion (36)5.1 Major Findings (36)5.2 Limitations of the Present Study (37)Bibliography (38)Papers Published During the Study for M. A. Degree (42)Acknowledgements (43)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Angela Carter and Her WorksAngela Carter (1940-1992) was one of the Britain‘s most disturbing, original and controversial writers of the late 20th century, who won les models and Somerset Maugham Award. In 2008, Carter was ranked tenth in Times‘ list of ―The 50 greatest British writers since 1945‖(Times Jan.5, 2008). The year, 2006, has been called ―Carter‘s Year‖by English because of the unprecedented prosperous research achievements on her works. In the course of her career, Angela Carter wrote novels, short stories, journalism, radio plays, fairy tales, academic articles and pieces of cultural commentary. She could be variously described as a novelist, a short story writer, a journalist, a dramatist, a teacher or a critic. As Abigail Dennis said, ―Attempts to pin her oeuvre to a particular style or genre have been hampered by the discursive and thoroughly original nature of her writing, drawing as it does on sources as diverse as classical mythology, European folklore and fairytale, medieval fable, French surrealism, and popular culture, as well as postmodernist, feminist, psychoanalytic, and literary theories‖ (Dennis, 1999: 119).Angela Carter was born in Eastbourne, a large town in the south coast of England, and brought up by her maternal grandmother in industrial south Yorkshire since she was a child. In some sense, she breathed the world tales. Throughout her teenage years, she fought against anorexia. Her youth was also the neorealist fifties—the era of the ―glum poetry of domestic complaint‖ (Sage, 1994: 119). On the contrary, Angela Carter began to read the works of Symbolist poets such as Blake, Dada, the decadents, James Joyce, Baudelaire and Nabokov. And her reading brought her a dim view of the English literary fashions of her youth. This experience left traces in her later work and that‘s one of the reasons why she couldn‘t be found any sign of an English writer.After attending Streatham & Clapham High School in south London, she began working as a journalist on the Croydon Advertiser, following in his father‘s footsteps. Meanwhile, She married Paul Carter at twenty-one before she attended Bristol University, where she read English and majored in medieval literature. When she was in college, she widely read psychology, sociology, anthropology, myth and folklore.In the 1960s, she was reading Melville and Dostoevsky, plus ―the camp fiction of Ronald Firbank, the fables of Isak Dinesen, and the surrealist fiction of Cocteau‖(Showalter, 1998: 324). 1960s was also a period that the second wave of feminist movement fully launched like a raging fire. The influences of these movements would be found in her later novels. She wrote in Notes from the Front Line, ―The women‘s movement has been of immense importance to me personally, and I would regard myself as a feminist writer. ‖ ―I began to question … the nature of my reality as a woman. How that social fiction of my ‗femininity‘ was created, by means outside my control, and palmed off on me as the real thing‖ (Carter, 1997: 3). As an introduction John Smith wrote in 1997 in Shaking a Leg: Collected Journalism and Writings—―for she is in many senses a child of the 1960s‖ (Carter, 1997: 3). As well as Elaine Showalter described her ―As a thinker and writer, Carter was very much a product of the 1960s‖ (Showalter, 1998: 37). Angela Carter wrote her first novel, Shadow Dance, in 1965. In 1967, she won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize with only her second novel, The Magic Toyshop, and her third, Several Perceptions, won the Somerset Maugham Award in 1968. In 1969, she published her fist post-apocalyptic novel Heroes and Villains.In 1969, Angela Carter left her 12-year marriage. She used her Somerset Maugham Award, 500 pounds, to travel all across the United States. This fellowship has been set up to help young English writers under the age of 35 to travel abroad. Then she went to live in Japan from 1969 to 1972 and relocate to Tokyo, where she claimed in Nothing Sacred(1982) that she ―learnt what it is to be a woman and became radicalized.‖ Her geographical distance from the British literary circlesintensified her sense of being an outsider. This is the period in which she claimed that her time in Japan was paradoxically responsible for both stimulating her fascination with the graphic extremism of pornographic forms and awakening her feminist consciousness. Over this decade, her fiction was increasingly self-reflexive and experimental, and also deliberately courted controversy. Her novels written over this period, including Heroes and Villains (1969),Love (1971), The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972) and The Passion of New Eve(1977)remain among her most shocking and experimental, even though received a very lukewarm reception on their publication. She also wrote about her experiences there for New Society and her story collection, such as the story: A Souvenir of Japan in Fireworks: Nine Profane Pieces (1974).She then explored the United States, Europe and Asia, and she spent much of the late 1970s and 1980s as a teacher of writing in residence at universities, including the University of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, Brown University in the USA and the University of Adelaide in Australia. She also taught writing at the University of East Anglia from 1984 to 1987. ―Just as Carter spent much of her time travelling both in Britain and abroad, so the characters in her novels journeyed to America, Russia or Siberia‖ (Gamble 1997: 145).In 1977, Carter married Mark Pearce. In the same year, The Passion of New Eve was published. It is her only non-mythic novel, she mentioned it in Notes, ―I wrote one anti-mythic novel in 1977, The Passion of New Eve– I conceived it as a feminist tract about the social creation of femininity, amongst other things‖ (Gamble, 1997: 37). Her collection of short rewritten fairy tales, The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, gained widespread attention. It was first published in the UK in 1979 and won the Cheltenham Festival Literary Prize in the same year. There was much controversy when Carter's penultimate novel, Nights at the Circus first published in 1984, but then it became that year's winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction.Angela Carter also translated the fairy tales of Charles Perrault in 1974, and inthe early nineties she edited The Virago Book of Fairytales (2 volumes). Her journalism appeared in almost every major publication; a collection of the best of these pieces was published by Virago in Nothing Sacred (1982). She also wrote poetry and film script. Her story ‗The Company of Wolves‘was made into a film together with Neil Jordan in 1984 and ‗The Magic Toyshop‘ was adapted for Granada Television in 1987. It was produced by Steve Morrison and directed by David Wheatley. Her last novel, Wise Children, was published to widespread acclaim in 1991. Angela Carter wrote this novel after she knew she had been diagnosed with cancer. She had a small son and a husband whom she would be leaving behind.Angela Carter‘s death at age fifty-one in February 1992 ―robbed the English Literary scene of one of its most vivacious and compelling voices‖ (Barker 1995: 14-16). Carter‘s enthusiasm for Japanese popular culture, American movies and magical realism, French surrealism, perverse sexuality, and carnivalesque masquerade marked a totally new turn in the English female literary tradition (Showalter 1998: 323). Categorizing Carter‘s mode of writing is quite difficult because of the fact that throughout her career, her narratives constantly negotiate and adjust their position on the margins of a variety of literary forms. C arter‘s acute observations are blend ed with her incisive matter-of-factness, her exceptional wit, her addiction for mockery, and her passion for the absurd. Carter persistently explores new territories and overturns old ideas. She loved to upset expectations, outrage convention and challenge preconceptions, which meant that the only thing she could be relied upon to do was the unexpected (Gamble 1997:2).1.2 Literature Review1.2.1 Overseas Research StatusOver Carter‘s 35-year‘s writing career, she published nine novels, six short fictions, five children‘s books and also some poetry collections, dramatic works,translations, radio plays, etc. Carter is the favorite of scholars and critics as always, ―She has been adopted, though not without disse nt, as one of the most astute feminist writers and critics of her generation‖ (Barker, 1995: 14-16).As Sarah Gamble notes, ―Since her death in 1992, Angela Carter's reputation has passed into academic urban legend. The story goes that, among the requests for grants for doctoral study received by the British Academy in the academic year 1992–3, there were 40 proposals to study Carter's work: more — and this is the punch-line —than the Academy received for the entire eighteenth century‖ (Gamble 1997:1).Her relationship with feminist critics and women's studies was an extremely ambivalent one. One of the most controversial areas of her work as far as feminists are concerned is both her apparent support for pornography, and her depictions of violence against women in her writing, which have led some critics to conclude that, in spite of the feminist opinions she began expressing from the late 1960s onwards, she actually only furthers reactionary portrayals of women as nothing more than the objects of male desire.One of the major researchers is Beth A. Boehm. In Wise Children: Angela Carter‟s Swan Song, Beth A. Boehm valued Wise Children as her ―swan song‖ which would burst forth into full and glorious song when it felt the approach of death, and she also valued the ending of Wise Children is ―Carter at her finest.‖ (Boehm 84) In her another essay published in Critique in 1995 entitled ―Feminist Metafiction and Androcentric Reading Strategies: Angela Carter‘s Reconstructed Reader in Nights at the Circus‖, she m ade a comparative study of account of the critical reception of Doris Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook (one of the first contemporary feminist metafictions) and Angela Carter‘s Wise Children. Lessing once bitterly complained about the many ―misreading‖ produc ed by critics of her novel and Gayle Greene explains why her intentions are always overlooked, ―the political implications of Lessing critique of ‗the forms‘ have still not been much noticed, which is why the novels feminism continues to be misunderstood.‖Then Beth A. Boehm labeledAngela Carter‘s Nights at the Circus ―a complex metafictional feminist novel‖ based on former premises. Upon Adam Mars Jones and Carolyn‘s failure to ―enter the authorial audience for Carter‘s texts‖ and their misreading result from their ―attempts to decode the novel using the very androcentric reading strategies that it attempts to undermine‖, Beth A. Boehm pointed out Nights at the Circus―offers a new model of erotic relationship between teller and be told‖ and she also indicated that ―Carter‘s feminist metafictions demand that … transforming ourselves into her ‗authorial‘ readers.‖Salman Rushdie called Wise Children Carter‘s ―finest‖ novel: ―In it, we hear the full range of her off-the-page, real-life voice. The novel is written with her unique brand of deadly cheeriness. It cackles gaily as it impales the century upon its jokes.‖ This passage Angela Carter, 1940-1992: A Very Good Wizard, a Very Dear Friend was published in New York Times Book Review in 1992.In Elaine Showa lter‘s A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing (1998), she talked about Angela Carter‘s female writing and her experimenting with an avant-garde literary style. Elaine Showalter concentrates on the Gothic and modernity in The Bloody Chamber and She pointed out that Angela Carter‘s fairy tale and the fable have provided a form for the women writers of her period.Studies on Carter's work are unprecedented widespread and ever-growing, employing more forms of essays, reviews and conference papers than book-length studies. Such as Feminist Metafiction and Androcentric Reading Strategies: Angela Carter‟s Reconstructed Reader in Nights at the Circus(1998) written by Beth A. Boehm in Critique, Patricia Juliana Smith‘s “The Queen of the Waste Land”: The Endgames of Modernism in Angela Carter‟s Magic Toyshop(2006)published in Modern Language Quarterly, Joanne Trevenna‘s Gender as Performance: Questioning the …Butlerification‟ of Angela Carter‟s Fiction(2002)in Journal of Gender Studies.Other researchers such as Lorna Sage, she is the editor of a volume of essays Flesh and the Mirror: Essays on the Art of Angela Carter (1994) and the author of Angela Carter (1994). Other Peach Linden‘s Angela Carter (1998),The Fiction of Angela Carter (2001), Angela Carter: A Literary Life (2004), Peter Childs‘s Contemporary Novelists: British Fiction Since 1970 (2005)and Critical Essays on Angela Carter (1998) edited by Tucker Lindsey. And other academic monographs include Lee Alison‘s Angela Carter (1997), Sarah Gamble‘s Angela Carter: Writing from the Front Line (1997) and Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale (2001) editied by Danielle M. Roemer & Critina Bacchilega.1.2.2 Domestic Research StatusThe domestic study of Angela Carter is not as prosperous as the studies abroad. it is quiet fall behind neither in quantity nor in quality. The Passion of New Eve has long been neglected. Not until 2005 did Taiwan scholar Yanyun translated her work Wise Children, then The Passion of New Eve in 2009 and Burning Your Boats in 2012. And then Wang Yuping introduced The Company of Wolves. The domestic researches on this novel mostly center on the fairy tales and the issues of feminism such as androgyny, binary opposition, anti-patriarchy etc. The studies on Angela Carter can be roughly divided into three aspects: the studies on feminism in her works, the studies on demythologizing or deconstructionism, the studies on modernism in her works. And it is generally confined to the research of her other works such as The Magic Toyshop, Heroes and Villains, The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman, Nights at the Circus and Wise Children,which seldom covers The Passion of New Eve.Both the doctoral theses ―Breaking the Magic Spell: From Body to Subject in Angela Carter‘s Rewriting of the Fairy Tale‖(2009) written by Mu Yang, ―Subversive Representation of Reality and Subjectivity in Angela Carter‘s Fiction‖ (2012) writtenby Zeng Xuemei make a detailed introduction of Carter.The theses ―Research on Carnivalization in Angela Carter‘s Novels‖(2012) written by Zhang Jun and ―Carnivalization in a Feminist World—Research on Nights at The Circus From The Perspective of Carnival Theory and Feminism‖(2012) written by Chai Yu explores the carnivalesque features in the novel. ―Means to Demythologize: On Intertextuality in Angela Carter‘s Short Stories‖ (2008) written by Lei Li and ―Towards a Harmonious Heterosexual Relationship in Angela Carter‘s Wolf Trilogy‖(2011) written by Tan Na and ―The Gothic in Angela Carter‘s Short Stories‖(2008) written by Hua Li analyze the postmodernism features in Angela Carter‘s works. In ―The Subversion of Gender Identity: An Introduction of The Passion of New Eve From the Postmodern Feminist Perspective‖ (2011) written by Jin Yidan and ―From Deconstruct ion to Reconstruction: On the Female Characters in Angela Carter‘s Fictions‖ (2009) written by Mo Fan, the authors analyze how Carter deconstruct convention about both gender and fairy tales.1.3 Angela Carter and Queer TheoryThe Passion of New Eve is Angela Carter‘s seventh novel published in 1977, while most of Angela Carter‘s works were created during her 1960s to 1980s. Queer Theory, at that time, is experiencing the stages of burgeon, development, prosperity and ripeness. As a matter of fact, the foundation of Queer Theory are derived from feminist criticism and women‘s stud ies, such as gay/lesbian issues. There has been a huge overlap in both research content and development time. What‘s more, queer theorists are predominantly feminists at its embryonic stage. For Angela Carter sees herself as a feminist writer, in her ―Notes from the Front Line‖, ―I would regard myself as a feminist writer, because I am a feminist everything else‖ (Tucker, 24).As a feminist, Angela Carter has been very deeply influenced by Queer Theory in various ways. Many of her works touch the queer phenomenon such as androgyne,homosexual and transvestites. Of all her novels, The Passion of New Eve is the perfect embodiment of all these elements. So it is significant to explore the implied modern meanings of The Passion of New Eve from the perspective of Queer Theory.Chapter 2 Queer TheoryQueer Theory is a post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of women's studies and queer studies.The word ―queer‖ was once used to describe the people who once called themselves gay or lesbian as an insult, but now it has a broader definition and it was proudly claimed as a marker of transgression.The term ―Queer Theory‖ was coined by Italian feminist and fil m theorist Teresa de Lauretis in a conference on lesbian and gay sexualities that she organized at the University of California in February 1990. She introduced the phrase later in a special issue Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (vol.3,no.2,1992), entitled ―Queer Theory: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities.‖ In that essay, de Lauretis stated that, ―queer unsettles and questions the genderedness of sexuality.‖ One of de Lauretis‘s motives was to link up the theoretical activities of academics with the activist politics of the gay and lesbian rights group. The other motive was to distinguish the theorists who were questioning the gender identity and sexual orientation and those who were happy with the stable gender identity.According to New Zealand queer writer Annamarie Jagose who wrote in Queer Theory: An Introduction in 1997, ―Queer focuses on mismatches between sex, gender and desire. Unknown to many, queer is in association with more than just gay and lesbian, but also cross-dressing, hermaphroditism, gender ambiguity and gender-corrective surgery‖ (Jagose, 1996: 176). For most, queer used to be a slang for homosexual, only refers to gay and lesbian. While, n owadays, ―queer‖ usually refers to those lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender and other groups whose sexualities are defined against the norm of heterosexuality rather than simply associated with those who are identified as lesbian and gay.The main queer theorists are Annamarie Jagose, Lee Edelman, Michael Warner, David Halperin, Judith Butler, William Pinar, Adrienne Rich and Diana Fuss, they are all largely influenced by the work of feminists or following the works of MichelFoucault. Some of the well-known essays which influenced Queer Theory are Luce Irigaray‘s This Sex Which Is Not One, and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick‘s From Epistemology of the Closet. Some of the main queer theorists‘ works are Lee Edelman‘s Homographesis, Michael Warner‘s Homo-Narcissism; or, Heterosexuality, and Judith Butler‘s Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, etc.2.1. The Modern Background of Queer Theory2.1.1 The Emergence of Feminist Literary CriticismThe main feminist writers who inspired queer theorist are Kenneth Ruthven, Toril Moi, Helene Cixous,, Luce Irigaray and Elaine Showalter etc. Speaking of feminism, it is hard to ignore The Second Sex written by French feminist Simone de Beauvoir in 1949. She explicated the ways in which woman becomes the site of alterity for men—always an Object, never allowed to attain the status of Subject on her own, ―One is not born a woman, but, rather, becomes one.‖The influence of feminist literary theory on Queer Theory are self-evident, in a number of ways, the issues of Queer Theory overlap with those of feminist criticism, such as lesbian feminist criticism. It is one branch of feminist theory and confronts of the same difficulties as heterosexual feminism, such as whether lesbian writing has a historical continuity apart from the writing of women, and whether a female writer should establish her sexual orientation first.One of the main feminists who has great impact on the Queer Theory is Luce Iragaray. Her critique of Freud is largely of his theories of sexual differences (like the notions of penis envy and the castration complex). Freud perceived that men and women are more or less adequate versions of the same (male) norm, whereas Iragaray hold that men and women are actually different. In her essay ―This Sex Which Is Not One‖(1997), she characterizes ―both males and females as essentiall y like their primary genitalia: men, like the phallus, are single (-minded), hard, simple, direct; women, like the two lips of the vulva and their sensations, are multiple, diffuse, soft, indirect‖ (Richter, 2006:1436).Another feminist and also a queer theorist is Helene Cixous. She sets up a series of binary oppositions (active/passive, culture/nature, father/mother). Each pair can be analyzed as a hierarchy in which the former term represents the masculine and positive and the latter the feminine and negative. Cixous suggests that, in each case, the masculine term is forced to ―kill‖ the feminine one. It is a critique of logocentrism and phallogocentrism, having much in common with Jacques Derrida's earlier thought. In h er essay ―The Laugh of the Medusa‖, she supports ―the other bisexuality‖ which is a forerunner of Queer Theory's later contents.While Queer Theory and gender studies become areas of theory that are distinct from feminist criticism and women‘s studies, it would be misleading to ignore the connections between these schools. Gender studies became possible as a result of the projects of feminist criticism, and Queer Theory has drawn both energies and insights from feminist thinkers. In their first books, queer theorists such as Luce Iragaray, Helene Cixous, Judith Butler and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick all defined their work as feminist, and Butler, especially, is still very sensitive to the connections between gender theory and feminism.2.1.2 Michel Foucault and Discourse Space Theory―Discourse‖ is the most imp ortant and complex concept in his theories, and also the basic idea of his studies. In Foucault‘s theory, ―discourse‖ is not just another word for speaking, but a historically situated material practice that produces power relations. In The order of discourse written in 1970, Foucault himself produce a new form of discourse, an ―ungrounded language‖, in which the inclusion/exclusion, inside/outside, opposition of reason and madness would be erased. Foucault writes, ―the production of discourse is controlled, organized, redistributed, by a certain number of procedures whose role is to ward off its powers and dangers‖ (Young, 1981: 48). For Foucault, discourse is a violence that we do to things, or in any case ―a practice that we impose on them‖.Foucault said that the nature of power that operates in our society is repressive,such as the intensity of pleasures, and irregular modes of behavior. It is the discourse power that controls people‘s body and head. Foucault‘s ―power‖ and ―discourse‖ studies employed by a feminist may be concerned with patriarchal shaping of identities, by a queer theorist would be concerned with discourse shape people‘s thought. Foucault also points out that discourse is a ―free game‖, a discourse which is reborn absolutely new and innocent at first, and reappears constantly and ultimately until it is set permanently. This ―free game‖ liberated discourse from the worship to meaning or forms and contributes to the queer theorist to build up their own discourse theory. As Tamsin Spargo s aid, ―Foucault‘s work and life, achievements and demonization, have made him a powerful model for many gays, lesbian and other intellectuals, and his analysis of the interrelationships of knowledge, power and sexuality was the most important intellectual catalyst of Queer Theory‖(Spargo, 1999:41).2.1.3 Jacques Derrida and the Deconstruction of LogocentrismDeconstruction can be traced back to structuralism of 19th century. The word ―deconstruction‖ is derived from Jacques Derrida's work Of Grammatology in 1967. Deconstruction has a significant influence in diverse areas of the humanities and social sciences, including sociolinguistics, linguistics, psychoanalysis, feminism, gay and lesbian studies.In all traditional western literature and philosophy, deconstruction rests upon the metaphysics of presence and it denies the possibility of pure presence and stable meaning. While in logocentrism, every term has its opposition, e.g. speech/writing, mind/body, man/woman, interior/exterior, marginal/central, sensible/intelligible, nature/culture. Derrida points out that in a classical philosophical opposition, we are not coping with the peaceful coexistence of a vis-a-vis, on the contrary, we dealing with them with a violent hierarchy. That is, one of the two terms governs the other, or has the upper hand: signified over signifier; intelligible over sensible; speech over writing; activity over passivity, etc.。
两性对美的认知是不同的英语作文
两性对美的认知是不同的英语作文Divergent Desires: Exploring the Gender Gap in Aesthetic Preferences.In the intricate tapestries of human perception and desire, the realm of beauty holds a profound sway over our hearts and minds. It is a concept that has fascinated philosophers, artists, and scientists alike throughout history, and yet, despite the countless theories and analyses, the nature of beauty remains an enigmatic puzzle. While beauty is often perceived as universal and objective, research has revealed a fascinating divergence in aesthetic preferences between the sexes, leading to a gender gap in our perceptions of beauty.Physical Appearance and the Ideal Body.One of the most striking differences between male and female aesthetic preferences lies in their perception of physical attractiveness. Studies have consistently shownthat men tend to place greater emphasis on physical appearance than women when evaluating potential partners. Men are more likely to be drawn to women with symmetrical features, a slender build, and youthful attributes, which are often associated with fertility and health. Conversely, women tend to value a wider range of physical qualities in men, including intelligence, personality, and social status.This gender difference in physical preferences can be attributed to several factors. Evolutionary psychologists argue that men's focus on physical appearance stems from their biological imperative to secure mates with high reproductive value. Women, on the other hand, have evolvedto prioritize traits that indicate a man's ability to provide resources and protection.Color and Design Preferences.Beyond physical appearance, gender differences in aesthetic preferences extend to color and design. Research has shown that women generally prefer warmer colors, suchas pink, purple, and orange, while men show a preferencefor cooler colors, such as blue, green, and gray. This trend may be attributed to evolutionary conditioning: women may have developed a preference for warmer colors associated with nurturing and protection, while men may have favored cooler colors related to hunting and aggression.In terms of design, women tend to prefer curvy, organic forms, while men are more drawn to angular, geometric shapes. This difference may stem from the fact that women are more likely to be involved in activities that require fine motor skills, which are facilitated by curved shapes. Men, on the other hand, may prefer angular shapes due to their association with strength and masculinity.Cultural Influences and Societal Norms.While biological factors undoubtedly play a role in shaping gender differences in aesthetic preferences, cultural influences and societal norms also exert a significant impact. Media portrayals, fashion trends, and advertising campaigns all contribute to shaping ourperceptions of beauty and attractiveness. These cultural influences can reinforce or challenge biological impulses, leading to complex and varying aesthetic preferences within different cultures and societies.Implications for Relationships and Communication.The gender gap in aesthetic preferences can have implications for relationships and communication between the sexes. For instance, a man who values physical appearance above all else may struggle to connect with a woman who prioritizes personality and intelligence. Conversely, a woman who is drawn to a man's intellectual qualities may be disappointed if he is only interested in her looks.To bridge this aesthetic divide, it is crucial for both men and women to recognize and appreciate the different ways in which they perceive beauty. By understanding these differences, we can communicate our aesthetic preferences more effectively and avoid misunderstandings.Conclusion.The gender gap in aesthetic preferences is a fascinating and complex phenomenon that sheds light on the myriad ways in which our perceptions of beauty are shaped by both biological and cultural influences. While these differences can sometimes lead to challenges in communication and relationships, they also contribute to the rich tapestry of human experience. By embracing the diversity of aesthetic preferences, we can foster a more inclusive and appreciative society that celebrates the beauty that exists in all its forms.。
论《另一个国家》中的跨种族性关系
Descriptive Chinese Abstract摘要詹姆斯·鲍德温是二十世纪美国著名的黑人作家。
在他探讨过的众多主题中，对种族和性问题的看法尤其引人注目。
鲍德温在他第三部小说《另一个国家》中精心刻画了两对黑白恋人，对黑白之间的跨种族性关系进行了深入的剖析。
由于深受种族主义思想的控制，小说中的黑白恋人的感情发展中充满了困惑与绝望。
其中一对恋人以白人女子的发疯和黑人男子的自杀而告终，而另一对的恋情虽然取得了一定的进展，但是他们的结局依然难以预料。
小说中出现的其他几对性关系也存在一系列的不确定性因素。
这些性关系中存在的问题向人们展示了美国文化中存在的种族偏见和性偏见。
但是，从总体上讲，尽管心存困惑，小说中的人物大都怀着种族融合的愿望，积极寻找解决社会问题的办法，而不像黑人抗议小说里的主人公那样采取极端行为。
本文通过对《另一个国家》的仔细研读并结合对相关历史和文化背景以及鲍德温其他文本的分析，得出了如下结论: 鲍德温在研究性关系的同时兼顾了紧张的黑白种族矛盾,并力图将种族关系与性关系结合起来以探求普遍的人性，希望籍此帮助黑人和白人走出精神困境，从而促进种族融合。
在处理《另一个国家》中的跨种族性关系和其他性关系问题上，鲍德温虽然表现出了深深的困惑，但是他并没有放弃为种族融合所做的努力，整部小说洋溢着一位充满爱心并富有社会责任感的作家对同胞怀有的浓厚的人文关怀。
在写作《另一个国家》时，鲍德温将他本人的各个时期的经历巧妙地融入到其刻画的人物生活中。
因而，从这个意义上说，解读该小说的跨种族性关系能够发掘鲍德温本人在对待国内种族问题上的困惑以及他对同胞难以割舍的爱,为人们更全面地了解鲍德温的思想和创作提供了一个很好的机会。
关键词：詹姆斯·鲍德温；《另一个国家》；跨种族性关系；困惑；爱English AbstractAbstractJames Baldwin has been considered one of the greatest American writers of the twentieth century. Among all the subjects he concerns, his racial and sexual politics are most striking.In his third novel, Another Country, Baldwin makes an intensive study of interracial sexuality by elaborately characterizing two interracial couples. Confined by racism, the two couples keep in a state of agony and confusion during their sexual love. As a result, one couple ends up with the white woman’s insanity and the black man’s suicide, and as for the other, though their love gets developed to some extent, their future remains uncertain. The uncertainty in the interracial sexuality and in some other minor sexuality brings people to a better understanding of how the very existence of rigid categories of race and sex in American cultures has ruined the prospect of a harmonious society. However, on the whole, in spite of their confusion, the interracial couples as well as other characters do not go to extremes as characters in black protest novels usually do. Instead, with the hope for racial reconciliation, they struggle to find better solutions to the social problems.After a careful study of Another Country, with the related historical and cultural background as well as Baldwin’s other works, this thesis draws a conclusion as follows: Baldwin gives equal consideration to the tense racial contradiction while dealing with the sexual prejudices. And he tries to link them to probe into the universal humanity. While doing so, Baldwin aims at extricating both the black and the white from their confusion, and promoting the racial reconciliation. While dealing with the interracial sexuality, though he gets confused most of the time, Baldwin does not give up his attempt on racial reconciliation. The black writer Baldwin, full of love and social responsibility, has a strong humanist solicitude for his fellow men in the novel.In Another Country, Baldwin interweaves his personal experiences of different periods of his time with those of his characters. Therefore, by means of the study of the interracial sexuality, Baldwin’s own confusion on the racial problem and his love for his people can be collected, which will contribute to the comprehensive understanding of Baldwin.Key Words: James Baldwin; Another Country; interracial sexuality; confusion; love湘潭大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。
男女审美差异主题英语作文
男女审美差异主题英语作文Male and Female Aesthetic Differences。
Aesthetic differences between males and females have been a topic of discussion for many years. It is widely believed that men and women have different tastes when it comes to beauty, fashion, and art. While some people argue that these differences are due to biology, others believe that they are a result of social conditioning. In this essay, we will explore the reasons behind these differences and their impact on our society.Firstly, it is important to understand that men and women have different brains, which can lead to differences in perception and preferences. Studies have shown that men tend to be more visually oriented, while women are more attuned to emotions and social cues. This explains why men are more likely to appreciate abstract art, while women tend to prefer art that depicts people and emotions.Secondly, society plays a significant role in shaping our aesthetic preferences. From a young age, boys and girls are exposed to different types of media, toys, and clothing. Boys are encouraged to be tough and competitive, whilegirls are taught to be nurturing and empathetic. This can lead to differences in the way that men and women perceive beauty and fashion.For example, men are often drawn to bold and powerful images, such as sports cars, action movies, and muscular bodies. Women, on the other hand, tend to prefer softer and more delicate images, such as flowers, romantic comedies, and slender figures. These differences are reflected in the way that men and women dress, with men tending to favor practical and functional clothing, while women prefer clothing that is fashionable and expressive.These aesthetic differences can have a significant impact on our society. For example, they can lead to gender stereotypes and discrimination. Women who do not conform to traditional beauty standards may be viewed as lessattractive or less competent, while men who are interestedin fashion or art may be labeled as effeminate or gay. These stereotypes can limit our choices and opportunities, and prevent us from fully expressing ourselves.In conclusion, male and female aesthetic differences are a complex issue that is influenced by biology, society, and culture. While these differences can be interesting and even beneficial, they can also lead to stereotypes and discrimination. It is important for us to recognize and appreciate our differences, while also striving forequality and respect for all individuals.。
男女性生理心理差异英语作文
男女性生理心理差异英语作文英文回答：Male and female individuals have both physiological and psychological differences. These differences can be observed in various aspects of life, including behavior, emotions, and communication styles.Physiologically, males and females have distinct characteristics. For example, males generally have a higher muscle mass and a higher metabolism rate compared to females. This can be attributed to the difference in sex hormones, with males having higher levels of testosterone and females having higher levels of estrogen. These hormonal differences contribute to variations in physical strength and body composition.Psychologically, males and females also exhibit contrasting traits. Research suggests that females tend to be more empathetic and nurturing, while males are oftenmore assertive and competitive. This can be seen in the way individuals of different genders approach problem-solvingor decision-making. For instance, females may prioritize collaboration and consensus-building, whereas males maylean towards individuality and assertiveness.Furthermore, communication styles differ between males and females. Females tend to be more expressive and usemore non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions and body language, to convey their emotions. On the other hand,males tend to be more direct and use fewer non-verbal cues. This can sometimes lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations between genders, as each may havedifferent expectations and interpretations of communication.Overall, these physiological and psychological differences between males and females contribute to the diversity and richness of human interactions. Understanding and appreciating these differences can help foster better communication and relationships between individuals of different genders.中文回答：男女性在生理和心理上存在着差异。
SOCIOLOGYOFGENDER性别社会学
SOCIOLOGYOFGENDER性别社会学SOCIOLOGY OF GENDER性别社会学SOCIOLOGY OF GENDERWritten Preliminary ExaminationJanuary 2007Morning ExamThe morning questions will focus on theory and method, while the afternoon questions will focus on three analytic levels: macro, meso and micro.TWO QUESTIONS MUST BE ANSWERED IN THE MORNING EXAM. ALL OFTHE QUESTIONS ALLOW FOR SOME CHOICE, SO READ THE INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE EACH QUESTION CAREFULLY.1. THEORY: ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING (A, B OR C):A. From the earliest assertions that “the personal is political,” feminist social theory has sought to problematize the boundaries between public and private. Choose one study that challenges the public/private distinction as it currently organizes our discussion of family, state policy or public life, and review its arguments. Do you agree or disagree with these arguments? How do you understand this conceptual boundary and its operations?B. Is “gender” itself a weste rn concept?(a) What about gender, if anything, is global?Why might “first world” feminists’ cate gories be, or not be, the right ones to use for discussing gendered oppression elsewhere? (b) Use two contrasting examples to show how third world feminists have interpreted what mightlook to western eyes like “gender” or “gender oppression” in similar or different terms. (c) What do you see as the direction in which gender theory should go to be appropriately global?C. Feminist researchers have sought new ways of conceptualizing power that would account for its pervasive and mundane qualities, its extension into family and household and into the routines of daily life. Describe briefly the work of at least two researchers who have attempted such a revision of theories of power. What are their innovations? How has their work relied on, or differed from, the work of Michel Foucault? What are some of the key differences between these feminist approaches and Foucault’s work?GenderPage 2January 2007Morning2. METHODS: AGAIN, PLEASE ANSWER JUST ONE QUESTION FROM THEFOLLOWING (A, B OR C):A. How do you reconcile the theoretical demands of many feministsfor studying gender from a structural perspective with the tendency of many feminist researchers to adopt qualitative methods? First indicate why both structural theories and qualitative methods are often favored, then indicate some of the advantages and conflicts in trying to combine the two. Finally, explain and justify your own perspective on the feminist version of the quantitative-qualitative debate.B. Imagine you are invited to present a guest lecture to new graduate students. (a) Choose a recent sociological study that youbelieve uses a feminist methodology. Why specifically do youconsiderthe methodology to be a feminist one?(b) How do the researcher’s methods differ – if at all -- from other, non-feminist approaches that have been used to answer this question or similar ones? (c) What difference does this make for the results? In what specific regards would you argue that the results are “better” or not? (e.g. as more or less “scientific,” reliable, valid, etc).C. To what degree must research on gender be comparative? What arethe relative merits of studying gender by comparisons between men and women at one time and place vs. focusing on gender relations atdifferent times or places, and both of these approaches to studies of either women or men in just one setting. Select some studies that you believe exemplify the merits of particular types of comparative design and discuss what good comparison demands and what it offers.SOCIOLOGY OF GENDERWritten Preliminary ExaminationJanuary 2007Afternoon ExamYOU MUST ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS IN THE AFTERNOON SEGMENT OFTHE EXAM, ONE FROM EACH AREA: MACRO, MESO AND MICRO1. MACRO QUESTIONS. Answer one of the three (A, B or C).A. Debates over large-scale economic change—from dependency theory, through world systems theory, to current debates over globalization—have often neglected gender. (a) What are some of the ways that feminist scholars have intervened in these debates? Choose two quite different scholars to illustrate the different sorts of claims they make in their interventions. (A few examples, but not a comprehensive list, might be: Cynthia Enloe, Nitza Berkovich, Harriet Friedmann, Saskia Sassen, Val Moghadam, Manisha Desai, or Joan Smith).(b) Suggest which models of globalization are more open to gender insights and what headway feminist have made, if any.(c) Why do you think it has been so difficult to bring gender into discussions of the global economy?B. How have feminist revisions of Esping-Anderson’s concept of the welfare regime made care work more central? Cite specific examples and discuss the pros and cons of their different approaches. Which approach would you favor, if any, and why or why not?C. Global immigration is rarely discussed in gendered terms, yet recent UN data shows that worldwide, the percentage of female migrants has risen to nearly 50% and the proportion of female migrants to the U.S. is larger still. Drawing on recent sociological studies, what trends in global labor markets shape gendered migration flows? What trends instate regulation affect women’s migratory experiences?Gender Prelim – Afternoon Exam – Page 2 of 32. MESO QUESTIONS. Answer one of the three (A, B or C)A. Larry Summers recent comments about biological explanations forthe paucity of female scientists stirred considerable debate. Lessnoticed was his argument that most of the variation was the‘high powered job hypothesis.’ In short, “[employers] expect a large number of hours in the office, they expect a flexibility of schedules to respond to contingency, they expect a continuity of effort through the life cycle, and they expect-and this is harder to measure-but theyexpect that the mind is always working on the problems that are in the job, even when the job is not taking place. And it is a fact about our society that that is a level of commitment that a much higher fractionof married men have been historically prepared to make than have married women.” He argued that this was the case not just among scientists, but among almost all high powered occupations. What are two alternative explanations for this gap? And what evidence challenges or supports each of these explanations (including Summers’ explanation)?B. Women’s and/or feminist organizations a re an important part ofthe political landscape in many countries. They take different forms, have different relations to political parties, and have different amounts and kinds of influence. (a) What are some empirical examples of differences in types of feminist organizing?(b) What explanations have been offered for variations and commonalities in feminist organizations?(c) How do these explanations tie in to larger theories of social movements or to theories of the origin or maintenance of sex-gender systems?C. Feminist sociologists have argued that the way work is structured (its technologies, the organization of the workplace, the schedule ofthe working day) embody traditional male norms and fostercontinued discrimination against women. Review and critique several different accounts that take this position. What practices do they emphasize? What would it take, in their view, to restructure a workplace to be gender-fair?Gender Prelim – Afternoon Exam – Page 3 of 33. MICRO QUESTIONS: Answer one of the 3 (A, B or C)A. Feminist theorists and social psychologists have attempted to redress assumptions of a universal female gender identity through developing more complex models of identity and subjectivity. (a) Choose one author who has attempted to develop such a model and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of their approach to the problem of universality.(b) Explicitly discuss the general notions of identitythat are at stake here and how they are being re-worked or not. (c) Finally, consider the implications of these new models of identity and subjectivity for the prospect of mobilizing for social change. B. Robert Connell, in Gender and Power, argues that the dominance of the normative standard case in sex-role literature, plus the concept of deviance, have a powerful effect. They create the impression that the conventional “sex role” is the majority case, and that departures from it are socially marginal and likely to the result of personal eccentricity, produced by imperfect or incomplete socialization. Describe recent feminist attempts to rethink gender socialization in ways that avoidsuch an emphasis on the “normative.” What role do you see forsocialization approaches in a theory of gender relations?C. In her new book, Working Construction, former UW Sociology grad Kris Paap argues that white men face pressures to perform or enact masculinity in ways that increase theirrisks on the job, play to man agement’s interests, lower their overall social status, and undercut the effectiveness of their union. How have feminist theories of gender performance (Halberstam, Butler and others) influenced the ways that sociologists understand interpersonal interactions in public and private spheres?。
大脑与性别的英语作文
大脑与性别的英语作文The Connection between the Brain and Gender.Gender, a social and biological construct, has always fascinated researchers and scientists. The brain, the most complex organ in the human body, plays a pivotal role in determining gender-specific traits and behaviors. This essay delves into the intricate relationship between the brain and gender, exploring how the brain's structure and function differ between males and females and how these differences manifest in our daily lives.Firstly, it is essential to understand that gender is not solely determined by biological factors but is also influenced by social, cultural, and psychological factors. However, the brain's role in gender determination cannot be overlooked. Scientific studies have revealed that there are distinct anatomical and functional differences between the brains of males and females.Anatomical differences start at the most basic levelthe brain's size and structure. On average, male brains are larger than female brains, with more gray matter, which is associated with processing information and cognitive functions. Conversely, female brains have more white matter, which is responsible for connecting different brain regions and facilitating communication between them. These anatomical differences can explain why males and females tend to excel in different cognitive tasks. For instance, males are often better at spatial navigation and visual perception, while females excel in verbal fluency and emotional processing.Functional differences between male and female brains are equally intriguing. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that when performing the same task, different brain regions are activated in males and females. For instance, when solving math problems, male brains tend to activate regions associated with spatial reasoning, while female brains activate regions associated with language processing. These functional differences suggest that males and females approach problem-solvingdifferently, with each gender having its unique strengths and weaknesses.The influence of gender on brain function extends beyond cognitive tasks. Gender also plays a role in how we perceive and respond to emotional stimuli. Studies have shown that female brains are more sensitive to emotional cues and are better at recognizing and processing emotions than male brains. This may explain why women are morelikely to seek social support when facing emotional challenges and why they tend to have stronger emotional bonds with others.However, it is important to note that while there are significant differences between male and female brains, these differences do not fully determine a person's gender identity or gender expression. Gender is a complex construct that is shaped by a myriad of factors, including socialization, cultural norms, and personal experiences. Therefore, it is crucial to approach the study of the brain and gender with an open and inclusive mindset, acknowledging the role of the brain but also consideringthe influence of other factors.In conclusion, the brain and gender are intricately connected. The anatomical and functional differences between male and female brains explain some of the gender-specific traits and behaviors we observe in society. However, gender is a multifaceted construct, and the brainis just one part of the puzzle. To fully understand the complexity of gender, we need to consider a wide range of factors, including socialization, cultural norms, and personal experiences. By doing so, we can gain a deeper understanding of how gender shapes our world and vice versa.。
男性女性审美差异的英语作文
男性女性审美差异的英语作文In the realm of aesthetics, a chasm often exists between the perceptions of men and women. This divergence is not merely a matter of personal taste but is deeply rooted in societal constructs and biological predispositions.From an early age, gender roles influence our understanding of beauty. Men are often drawn to physical attributes that signify health and fertility, while women may appreciate a broader spectrum of qualities, including personality and social status.Media and advertising play a significant role in shaping these perceptions. The portrayal of idealized beauty standards can be vastly different in male-targeted versus female-targeted campaigns, reinforcing stereotypes and expectations.However, it is essential to recognize that these differences are not absolute. With the evolution of societal attitudes and the rise of gender equality, there is a growing appreciation for diverse beauty standards that transcend traditional gender norms.The impact of cultural diversity on aesthetic preferences cannot be understated. What is considered attractive in one culture may not hold the same allure in another, highlighting the subjective nature of beauty.Moreover, as individuals mature, their aesthetic preferences often evolve. Experiences and personal growth can lead to a more nuanced understanding of beauty that extends beyond superficial appearances.In conclusion, the differences in male and female aesthetics are multifaceted, influenced by a complexinterplay of biology, culture, and personal experience. Embracing this diversity can lead to a richer appreciation of the beauty that exists in all forms.。
男女审美差异英语主题作文
男女审美差异英语主题作文The Difference in Aesthetic Values between Men and Women。
Beauty is a concept that is highly subjective and varies greatly from person to person. However, it is often observed that there are certain differences in the way men and women perceive beauty. This essay will explore the differences in aesthetic values between men and women and the factors that contribute to these differences.Firstly, it is important to acknowledge that the societal norms and expectations placed on men and women play a significant role in shaping their aesthetic values. From a young age, girls are often taught to prioritizetheir appearance and are bombarded with images of the "ideal" female beauty in the media. This can lead to women placing a higher emphasis on physical appearance and grooming. On the other hand, boys are often encouraged to be more rugged and tough, and are not subjected to the samelevel of scrutiny when it comes to their appearance. This can lead to men placing less importance on physical beauty and more emphasis on other qualities such as strength and athleticism.Furthermore, the evolutionary perspective also contributes to the differences in aesthetic values between men and women. Evolutionary psychologists argue that men and women have different mating strategies due to their differing reproductive roles. Men are believed to be more attracted to physical beauty as it is an indicator of health and fertility, whereas women are believed to be more attracted to traits such as wealth and status, which are seen as indicators of a man's ability to provide for and protect a family. This can explain why men and women often have different preferences when it comes to selecting a partner and why they place different levels of importance on physical appearance.In addition, the differences in aesthetic values between men and women can also be attributed to the way they are socialized. For example, women are oftensocialized to be more nurturing and empathetic, which can lead to them being more attuned to the emotional and psychological aspects of beauty. On the other hand, men are often socialized to be more competitive and goal-oriented, which can lead to them placing more importance on physical attractiveness and outward appearances.It is also important to note that the differences in aesthetic values between men and women are not absolute and can vary greatly from individual to individual. There are many men who place a high value on physical appearance and many women who prioritize other qualities in a potential partner. It is also important to recognize that these differences are not inherently negative and should not be used to perpetuate harmful stereotypes or gender norms.In conclusion, the differences in aesthetic values between men and women are influenced by a combination of societal norms, evolutionary factors, and individual socialization. While these differences may exist, it is important to recognize that they are not absolute and should not be used to generalize about the preferences ofan entire gender. Instead, it is important to appreciate and celebrate the diversity of aesthetic values and recognize that beauty is subjective and can be found in many different forms.。
女性语言学习者比男性多的原因英语作文
女性语言学习者比男性多的原因英语作文 Title: Exploring the Prevalence of Female Language Learners Over MalesIn the realm of language learning, it is a widely observed phenomenon that female learners tend to outnumber their male counterparts. This trend, though complex and multifaceted, is often attributed to a range ofintertwining factors that influence individuals' preferences and pursuits. This essay aims to delve into these reasons, highlighting the various social, psychological, and biological aspects that contribute to the preponderance of female language learners.Firstly, societal norms and expectations play a pivotal role in shaping individuals' choices. In many cultures, women are often encouraged to be more communicative and expressive, traits that are closely associated with language proficiency. This societal conditioning, whether explicit or implicit, can influence girls to gravitate towards language learning at a younger age. Conversely, boys may be steered towards fields traditionally deemedmore masculine, such as math or science, thus limitingtheir exposure to language learning.Moreover, psychological differences between men and women also contribute to this trend. Women tend to be more emotionally expressive and have a stronger inclination for social interaction. These characteristics naturally lend themselves to language learning, as it involves not only the acquisition of linguistic skills but also the ability to communicate effectively and empathize with others. On the other hand, men may not be as drawn to language learning due to differences in their communication styles and preferences.Biological factors also play a role, though their influence is less conclusive. Some studies suggest that women may have a natural advantage in language learning due to certain biological differences in their brains. For instance, women's brains tend to have more neural connections in areas related to language processing, potentially explaining their stronger linguistic abilities. However, it's important to note that these findings are not universal and may vary among individuals.Additionally, educational systems and societal structures often reinforce these gender-based differences. Language courses, especially at the primary and secondary levels, may be perceived as more suitable for girls, leading to their increased enrollment. Furthermore, women often face fewer barriers in accessing education, including language learning, compared to men in some cultures.However, it's crucial to recognize that these factors are not mutually exclusive and often overlap. The predominance of female language learners is a complex product of various interconnected social, psychological, and biological elements. It's also important to note that this trend does not negate the capabilities of male language learners. In fact, men can excel in language learning given the right circumstances and encouragement. Moreover, the increasing globalization and the need for cross-cultural communication have made language learning a vital skill for both men and women. As such, it's essential to dismantle gender-based stereotypes and provide equal opportunities for all individuals to pursue language learning, regardless of their gender.In conclusion, the preponderance of female language learners over males is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by a range of social, psychological, and biological factors. While these factors may vary across cultures and individuals, it's important to recognize that language learning is a skill that can be developed and nurtured by both genders. By providing equal access and opportunities, we can encourage a more diverse and inclusive language learning community that benefits from the unique perspectives and talents of both men and women.This essay has attempted to delve into the reasons behind the higher prevalence of female language learners. However, it's important to remember that each individual is unique, and gender should not be the sole determinant ofone's linguistic abilities or preferences. By fostering an environment that values and respects linguistic diversity, we can create a world where language learning is celebrated and enjoyed by all.。
英语作文男性女性大脑的差异以及医学研究
英语作文男性女性大脑的差异以及医学研究The Differences between Male and Female Brain: A Medical ResearchIntroductionThe differences in the brains between males and females have long been a subject of interest and debate. While some argue that these differences are merely a result of societal influences, others insist that they are rooted in biological factors. Recent medical research has shed light on the various ways in which male and female brains differ, offering valuable insights into the complex workings of the human mind.Structural DifferencesOne of the most striking differences between male and female brains lies in their structure. Studies have shown that male brains tend to be larger, on average, than female brains. However, this does not necessarily mean that males are more intelligent; rather, it reflects differences in brain organization and connectivity. For example, males tend to have more connections within each hemisphere, while females have more connections between the two hemispheres. This difference in connectivitymay help to explain why males and females tend to excel in different types of tasks.Hormonal InfluencesHormones play a key role in shaping the brain during development. For example, testosterone, which is present in higher levels in males, has been linked to increased spatial and mathematical abilities. On the other hand, estrogen, which is present in higher levels in females, has been associated with better verbal skills and memory. These hormonal differences can help to explain why males and females often gravitate towards different types of careers and activities.Emotional ProcessingMale and female brains also differ in how they process emotions. Studies have shown that females tend to be more empathetic and better at reading facial expressions, while males are more likely to focus on problem-solving and logical reasoning. These differences in emotional processing may be due to variations in brain regions such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, which are involved in regulating emotions.Impact on Mental HealthThe differences between male and female brains can have a significant impact on mental health. For example, males are more likely to develop autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while females are more prone to depression and anxiety disorders. Understanding these differences can help clinicians to tailor treatments to the specific needs of each gender.ConclusionIn conclusion, the differences between male and female brains are complex and multifaceted. While biological factors such as brain structure and hormones play a role in shaping these differences, societal influences also play a significant role. By studying these differences through medical research, we can gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which male and female brains function, and ultimately improve mental health outcomes for both genders.。
英语作文男性女性大脑的差异以及医学研究
英语作文男性女性大脑的差异以及医学研究The Differences in Male and Female Brains and Medical ResearchThe male and female brains have always been a topic of fascination and debate. While there are many similarities between the two, there are also several key differencesthat have been the subject of extensive medical research. In this essay, we will explore the differences in male and female brains and discuss some of the findings from medical research in this field.One of the most well-known differences between male and female brains is the size. On average, male brains are larger than female brains. This is due to the fact that men tend to have larger body sizes, and their brains need to be bigger to control and coordinate their larger bodies. However, it is important to note that size does not necessarily equate to intelligence or cognitive ability. Both male and female brains are capable of the same level of intelligence and cognitive function.Another key difference between male and female brains is the way they process information. Studies have shown that male brains tend to be more specialized, with a greater emphasis on spatial reasoning and motor skills. On the other hand, female brains tend to be more interconnected, with a greater emphasis on language and social cognition. This difference in processing has led to the stereotype that men are better at math and science, while women are better at language and communication. However, it is important to note that these differences are not absolute and that there is a great deal of variation within each gender.In recent years, medical research has made significant advancements in understanding the differences between male and female brains. One of the most important findings is that male and female brains are not as different as once believed. While there are certainly some differences in structure and processing, there is also a great deal of overlap. For example, both male and female brains have the same basic structures, such as the hippocampus and the amygdala, and both are capable of the same range of cognitive abilities.Medical research has also shed light on the role of hormones in shaping the male and female brain. Testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, has been found to play a key role in the development of male brain structure and function. Estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, hasbeen found to play a similar role in the development of female brain structure and function. These hormones notonly influence the physical development of the brain, but also its cognitive and emotional functions.In addition to understanding the differences betweenmale and female brains, medical research has also focusedon the implications of these differences for mental health and neurological conditions. For example, studies have shown that men and women may experience different symptoms and progression of neurological disorders such asAlzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing more effective treatments and interventions for these conditions.Overall, the differences between male and female brains are a complex and fascinating area of study. While thereare certainly some differences in structure and processing,it is important to remember that these differences do not define intelligence or ability. Medical research has made significant strides in understanding the differences between male and female brains, and these findings have important implications for mental health and neurological conditions.男性和女性大脑之间的差异一直是一个令人着迷和争论的话题。
社会工作介入双职工家庭亲子关系问题研究——以J县Z初中为例
摘要家庭是现代社会的基本组织和单位，养育子女是家庭实现教养功能的方式之一。
随着我国市场经济社会日趋多样化和家庭教养理念的转变，双职工家庭教养模式显著增多。
双职工家庭中的亲子关系问题是否有别于其他类型的家庭，父母的双职工身份对亲子关系有何影响等问题，逐渐受到众多学者重视，同时也给专业社会工作力量的介入提供了实践机会。
社会工作专业结合心理学、社会学等其他领域的知识与理论，注重社会工作者专业素养和助人服务过程的科学性。
作为专业性的社会支持力量，社会工作可以弥补当前双职工家庭助人系统的不足，缓解双职工家庭的亲子矛盾、增强亲子亲和性。
近年来，越来越多的社会工作服务机构逐渐关注到双职工家庭群体的需求，并对此开展专业介入。
本文以J县当地一家社会工作服务机构为Z学校部分双职工家庭提供亲子关系辅导服务为研究基础，以研究者参与服务过程的角度对专业社会工作在双职工家庭亲子关系中的介入现状进行观察，继而归纳介入过程出现的困境并从专业角度进行分析，进而提出相应的对策建议。
本文具体分为以下几部分：第一章，对社会工作介入双职工家庭亲子关系的相关文献进行梳理，确定本研究的立足点。
同时对双职工家庭、亲子关系以及社会工作介入进行概念界定，以社会支持理论、家庭系统理论和埃里克森人格发展八阶段理论作为亲子关系研究的理论基础，运用文献研究、访谈、参与观察等方法收集资料开展研究。
第二章，总结双职工家庭中亲子关系的问题，分析提供专业介入服务的必要性。
从政策支持、专业方法与当地的服务环境等角度分析社会工作介入双职工家庭亲子关系的可行性。
第三章，以对双职工父母、双职工子女和社会工作者的访谈资料为基础，结合自身实际参与的经验，从学校心理健康教育、双职工家长微课堂、亲子关系平行小组、双职工子女学习辅导服务等方面描述当前社会工作介入双职工家庭亲子关系的现状。
第四章，分析社会工作在介入双职工家庭亲子关系过程中面临的问题及原因：由于专业价值观念与本土文化存在冲突之处，因而难以落地生根；社会工作者专业能力的不足导致服务提供与双职工家庭的亲子关系需求错位；专业服务目标设定的片面性造成介入过程呈现临时性和碎片化；受社会性别对男女角色期待差异的影响，父亲角色参与缺失降低专业服务成效。
Male and Female Roles分析和总结分析和总结
In all societies, male and female roles are regarded differently. The mother role is universally carried out by women, which is biologically based. Roles defined by sex also characterize the economic sphere so that the tasks men perform are different from those women perform. This difference is not any outgrowth of the biological differences between men and women. A specific task may be associated with men in one society and with women in another. Milking herd animals, for example, may be women s task in some societies and a man，s task in others.Males and females are each associated with different kinds of behavior. These concepts of male and female behavior extended to how people walk, sit, talk and dress. In our society, as in all others, men walk and talk in certain ways and until recently dressed very differently from women. In some societies, different spatial areas are associated with males and females. Women in many Middle Eastern societies are restricted to certain parts of the house and may only come into contact with the males who are members of their family. In such societies, the coffee house and the market are defined as male domains. In contrast, in some West African societies, women most often appear in the marketplace. Sometimes, men choose to carry out female rather than male roles. In some cases, some men dress like women and perform female tasks. On the other hand, females who carry out male roles usually dress and act like men. Because of women，s association with mothering and the home, women are associated with the domestic affairs and men are associated with the public affairs. In a number of New Guinea societies, men are associated with the men's house in which they eat and sleep while women are associated with their own dwelling houses. In our own and other Western societies this division was true until the beginning of the 20th century. Politics, the courts, businesses, banks, and so forth were male areas, and so too were the social clubs where real business was carried out. At the beginning of the 20th century, women began to question the assignment of the male and female role. They formed social groups and began to demand the right to vote. They began to move into the business and professional worlds as well. Men regarded the women pioneers in this movement as very manlike. Even today women in business, law or banking wear very tailored, conservative suits to work. As these changes occur in female roles in contemporary American society, men are increasingly taking on child care and domestic tasks.。
性别差异 英语作文
Gender differences have long been a topic of discussion and debate in various fields, including sociology,psychology,and education.Here are some key points to consider when discussing gender differences in an English essay:1.Biological Differences:Start by outlining the biological differences between males and females,such as physical attributes,hormonal differences,and reproductive systems.2.Cognitive Abilities:Discuss research findings on cognitive abilities,including any differences in learning styles,problemsolving approaches,and areas of expertise.3.Socialization and Cultural Influences:Explore how societal norms and cultural expectations shape gender roles and behaviors.This can include expectations around emotional expression,career choices,and family roles.nguage Use:Analyze the ways in which language use may differ between genders. This can involve looking at communication styles,vocabulary preferences,and conversation topics.cational Achievements:Compare the educational achievements of males and females,noting any disparities in areas such as literacy rates,academic performance,and field of study.6.Career Opportunities and Workplace Dynamics:Discuss the impact of gender on career choices,workplace dynamics,and the glass ceiling effect,where women may face barriers to advancement in their careers.7.Emotional Intelligence:Explore the concept of emotional intelligence and whether there are inherent differences in emotional expression and empathy between genders.8.Health and Wellbeing:Compare the health issues that are more prevalent in each gender,as well as the ways in which each gender may approach health and wellness. 9.Stereotypes and Discrimination:Address the impact of gender stereotypes and discrimination on individuals and society as a whole.Discuss how these can limit opportunities and perpetuate inequality.10.Gender Identity and Expression:Include a discussion on gender identity and expression,acknowledging the spectrum of gender beyond the binary male/female construct.11.Legal and Political Representation:Examine the representation of genders in legal systems and political offices,and how this representation affects policy and societal norms.12.Future Perspectives:Conclude with thoughts on how society might evolve to become more genderinclusive,addressing issues such as gender equality,LGBTQ rights,and the breaking down of traditional gender roles.Remember to support your essay with credible sources,such as academic articles, sociological studies,and psychological e a balanced approach to present both sides of the argument and avoid making generalizations.。
The Sociological Debate The Gender Pay Gap课文翻译
The Sociological Debate:The Gender Pay Gap 关于一个社会问题的讨论——性别收入差异一、原文及译文1.The “gender gap”in pay is a widely recognized fact.Even as recently as 1994,women who worked full time year round(that is,more than 35 hours per week for 42 weeks per year)earned only 72 percent as much as men.What could account for this discrepancy?有一个公认的事实是在收入方面存在性别上的差异。
甚至早在1994年，全职工作的女性工作一年，也就是说每周工作35小时，一年工作42周所获得的最多收入也仅有男性收入的百分七十二。
那么我们将如何解释这种差异呢？2.Sex segregation or gender typing is viewed by many sociologists as a cause of the “gender gap”in earnings.Sex segregation refers to the fact that men and women are concentrated in different occupations.For instance,in 1989,jobs that were over 80 percent female included secretary,childcare worker,hairdresser,cashier,bookkeeper,Telephoneoperator,receptionist,typist,e lementary school teacher,librarian,and nurse.Jobs that were over 80 percentmale included doctor,lawyer,dentist,taxi driver,plumber,electrician, carpenter,firefighter,auto mechanic,machinist,and truck driver.很多社会学家认为造成收入性别差异的一个原因是男女之间存在职业中的性别隔离和不同的性别特征。
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F emale and male
1. M en doing ‘male’ things：In the past ,men would like to do exercise .They also love Wrestling and they travel around the world by their own motorbike.These are male things.
But now ,the new men prefer to do housework than fighting. They love their family ,so they often do female things , such as dress as a women, take care of children and do house work.
In the past , women are signs of gentle and virtuous ,they just stay all day ,they can’t go to school and they don’t ha ve jobs . And their status is very low.But now ,they can go to school to study with men,they have jobs such as employee , boss and president.
Why people’s mind is change ?Because the social is change ,times have changed too,so we have to change with the mind and change our ideas. 2.Look at the photo.There is a girl.She is drawing.And there is a boy drawing.What can we know from these photo?Maybe they are good at painting.Maybe they can see more thing from the world.Next ,there is a boy playing basketball.We can see he is strong.And there is a girl playing basketball too.Girl also can play basketball.Although we see she is not very strong.Many girls like liberal because they are good at it.But some boy think it’s difficult because they don’t want to remember a lot of thing.But most of the boy like science because they are good at thinking.
In the end,we can know in liberal major class,there are 80*/。
girls and 20*/。
boys.In science major class there are 20*/。
girls and 80*/。
Boys.And in art major class there are 75*/。
Girls and 15*/。
boys.In sport class,there are 15*/。
girls and 75*/。
boys.
3. Through the survey,we came to some conclusions.Now most of girls like math.But in fact,most of the boys are better in Science than
girls.About boys,most of the boys are interested in Economics.I think it’s because most of the boys are interested in business.
There are also differences in the choice of boys and girls to make a living in the future.Most of the girls choose the jobs like
translator,teacher,accountant and photographer.These kind of jobs are not about business.And many boys choose to be a boss.This is a great relationship with many boys like economics.
4. In the past years,women didn’t need to go to work ,they just stayed at home to do housework and look after their children.They didn’t have free to do anything.And many people think men are important than women,so women didn’t have any power.
But now,women can go to work.They can make money and pay by themselves.They also have power to do everything.Today,more and more people can pay attention to women.
5. Life is now in great demand to material, what, what a cover and contain everything, have everything that one expects to find. A lot of
young people can be said to eat a ready-cooked meal clothing to reach the superior life. But before you do not work that can not only go hungry, and you have to work a little bit of food to give you, almost always a family of rations than a man now a person's rations. Some places a lot of people are starving to death, drink dilute corn porridge.。