cohesion
语篇的衔接与翻译
语篇的衔接与翻译
衔接（cohesion）与连贯（coherence）
衔接是连贯的基础，显现在语篇表层之上，而连 贯性主观的存在于读者的心理活动中。Halliday与 Hasan 1976年合著发表Cohesion in English之后， “衔接”一词广泛使用，被认为是语篇语义的一 种关系。他们把衔接分为5类：指称，替代，省略， 连接，词汇衔接，前三种又被统称为语法衔接。 衔接是通过词汇，语法手段实现，属于语篇的表 层结构关系，而连贯是通过句际的语义和功能关 系实现，属于语篇的深层语义问题
The seller shall pay all the custom duties and tariffs for export of the equipment.
卖方必须支付出口设备的所有关税。
Any Crown Servant … solicits or accepts any advantages shall be guilty of an offense.
在很多失业率高，工资低的第三世界国家出现了 工人移居发达国家的现象。西欧就接受了来自地 中海国家的这种工人数以百万计。
5 连接词
连接是指句际是在什么意义上相互联系起来的。它不需要 到上下文中去觅取信号以获信息。Halliday和Hasan曾把 连接词语按表达关系分成四类：增补(additive)、转折 (adversative)、原因(causal)和时间(temporal)。而事实 上．这种划分并不是唯一的。语篇中大多数连接信号通常 情况下按其功能可分为：(1)表示开端的，如Well，now， 这些词常放在句首以表示一个新思路开始的信号；(2)列示 和增补，如firstly(或first)，secondly，next，lastly，等等， 词组如to begin with，in the second place，to conclude， 等等。此外，像moreover，furthermore，what is more等 也可作为预指要进一步陈述某一观点的连接信号；(3)加强, 比如besides，anyway，furthermore等．这些词常用来引 出进一步强调或加强前面论述的不够充分的句子或论点： (4)总结和归纳，比如in a word．in short，to sum up等等。 这些词起着总结上文观点的作用
coherence 连贯 优质课件
Van Dijk把连贯看作一个语义概念 (semantic concept)。连贯不仅是线性的 (linear)、顺序性(sequential)的、也是层级 性的(hierarchical);不仅有微观结构(microstructure)，还有宏观结构(macrostructure)。
Danes在其主位推进程序理论中，以连接性 来讨论连贯概念。他强调主位在语篇组织 中的积极作用。语篇的连贯程度由主位推 进程序的连续性表现出来，而主位推进程 序则由相似语言中一位之间的连接体现出 来。如果这种连接出现空缺，主位推进程 序就会出现不连续现象，造成语篇连贯的 中断。
在语言交际中的许多实例都证明， 连贯的语篇不一定都是衔接的。 如:
(3) A: How did you like the performance?
B：It is a nice theater.
从语篇角度看，这两句话缺乏必 要的衔接机制，但从含义理论的 角度看，A和B的话语是连贯的， B的回答故意违背了“质准则” 和“方式准则”，其含义为“表 演差极了”。
2. Van Dijk的宏观结构理论(macrostructure theory)；
3. Widdowson的言外行为理论 (illocutionary act theory);
4. Brown和Yule的心理框架理论 (psychological framework theory ).
综合起来,这些理论可以分为两大类: 1.认为语篇连贯有形式上的体现(formal
连贯 coherence
衔接(cohesion) 语篇的有形网络
(tangible network)
连贯(coherence) 语篇的无形网络
(intangible network)
英语词汇辨别
一．词汇的形式上的微观区别第一级1.adherence和adhesion这两个词都是“粘附的”意思。
adherence用于比喻的意思。
例如：His adherence to the strict letter of the law.adhesion是指物质上的。
2. adjacent，adjoining，和contiguous这些词都有next to“紧挨”的意思。
adjacent“毗邻的，邻近的”，但它们可能并不相互直接接触。
adjoining和contiguous指相互接触，通常之间有一个edge或boundary。
3.admission和admittance它们都有“the act of entering”的意思。
但admission用于公共场合。
The price of admission to the gallery is￡5.admittance不指公共场合，一般指私人的住所。
4. adopted和adoptiveadopted“收养的，过继的”an adopted son (daughter)养子(女)；my adopted countryy我所入籍的国家; adopted words外来语。
adoptive“收养的”，我们说adoptive parents,但很少说adoptive child;“采用的”，“假冒的”an adoptive courage假充勇敢。
5.averse和adverseadverse“不利的，反对的”，用于事，不用于人。
adverse weather conditions; an adverse reaction.averse“嫌恶的，反对的，不乐意的”，常和“to”一起使用，而且用否定形式。
6.advise和adviceadvise“劝告”(动词)；advice“劝告”(名词)。
7.affect和effectaffect“影响”，它的第二个意思是“假装”,Though she affectesindifference, I knew she was really very upset.effect n.“结果”，“效力”。
语篇分析--Cohesion
Cohesion & COHESIVE TIES
• Coherence is a conceptual phenomenon : It concerns mainly about the question of whether the hearer can make it “hang together” conceptually, that is, interpret it within a single mental representation. • Does the fact that coherence is a conceptual phenomenon mean that linguistic signals are irrelevant to it? Not at all. • The speaker actually plants linguistic signals in the text as clues to assist the hearers in coming up with an adequate mental representation. • Signals of cohesion indicate how the part of the text with which they occur links up conceptually with some other part. Such signals are called COHESIVE TIES.
Lexical relations
Many pairs of lexical items are related in ways that do not involve identity. Three such lexical relations are illustrated here. In HYPONYMY, one thing is a subtype of another. For example, daffodils are a subtype of flower; daffodil is a hyponym of flower: (9) Flowers have always been interesting to me. Daffodils are my favorite. Another important relationship is the PART-WHOLE one: (10) The human body is an intricate mechanism. The arm, for example, is used for different kinds of leverage.
cohesion
Types of Cohesion
Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Lexical cohesion
Lexical cohesion
Synonymy: buy-purchase; Hyponymy: fruit-apple Collocation: semantic field Lexical repetition
2.
Eager to trust but determined to verify, many single women in an age of risky romance are hiring private detectives to check the background of their suitors. 父母们给孩子讲的故事都是好人与坏人对 立，好人最后必定成功，坏人必定受到惩 罚。 Parents tell their children stories in which the morally good is opposed against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished.
now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
Cohesion and Coherence的区别知识讲解
lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical
reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea
previously mentioned. 'First of all', 'then' and 'after that' help to
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精品资料
Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.
cohesion in english 读书笔记
cohesion in english 读书笔记Cohesion, as an important aspect of language, plays a crucial role in making English texts coherent and understandable. It refers to the grammatical and lexical relationships that hold sentences and paragraphs together. In this article, we will explore different types of cohesion and their applications in English writing.1. Referential CohesionReferential cohesion involves the use of pronouns, demonstratives, and nouns to refer back to previously mentioned elements. It helps readers understand the relationships between different parts of a text. For example, in the sentence "John bought a new car. He loves driving it," the pronoun "he" and the demonstrative "it" refer back to "John" and "car" respectively, creating cohesive ties.2. SubstitutionSubstitution is another way to achieve cohesion. It involves replacing a word or phrase with another element, often a pronoun or a nominal group. This technique allows writers to avoid repetition and make the text more concise. For instance, instead of saying "I went to the park. The park was beautiful," we can use substitution: "I went to the park. It was beautiful."3. EllipsisEllipsis refers to the omission of a word or phrase that can be inferred from the context. It is commonly used in conversation and informal writing. For example, instead of saying "I enjoy watching movies, and my sisterenjoys watching movies too," we can use ellipsis: "I enjoy watching movies, and my sister does too."4. ConjunctionConjunctions are essential for creating cohesion in both spoken and written English. They are used to link words, phrases, and clauses together, indicating logical relationships. Common conjunctions include "and," "but," "or," "however," and "although." They help clarify the connections between different ideas and maintain coherence within a text.5. Lexical CohesionLexical cohesion relies on the use of words that are related in meaning. Techniques such as repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, and collocation contribute to lexical cohesion. By using these devices, writers can create a strong connection between different parts of a text. For example, in the sentence "She wore a beautiful dress. The dress was made of silk," the repetition of the word "dress" establishes lexical cohesion.6. ParallelismParallelism, also known as parallel structure, involves using similar grammatical structures to express related ideas. It adds rhythm and clarity to the text, making it more cohesive. For instance, in the sentence "I like swimming, running, and hiking," the parallel structure of verb + -ing form enhances cohesion.7. Semantic CohesionSemantic cohesion focuses on the relationship between the meanings of words and phrases in a text. This can be achieved through the use of synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms, and hyponyms. By using words with related meanings, writers can ensure that their text flows smoothly. For example, instead of repeating the word "clean," one might use the synonym "tidy" or the antonym "dirty" to maintain semantic cohesion.In conclusion, cohesion is crucial for effective English writing. By employing techniques such as referential cohesion, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, lexical cohesion, parallelism, and semantic cohesion, writers can create texts that are cohesive, coherent, and easy to understand. Understanding these principles of cohesion will greatly enhance one's ability to produce well-structured and engaging English writing.。
2021年考研英语高频词汇词义辨析30组
2021年考研英语高频词汇词义辨析30组2021年考研于2021年1月7日至8日举行，整理“考研英语高频词汇词义辨析30组”供广大考生备考使用，祝大家复习顺利！十一长假已过，对于参加考研的考生来说，距离考试的时间又临近了，已不足百天，到了真正关键的冲刺时刻。
考研英语一直是大家备考的重点，词汇更是基础。
根据多年辅导经验，现将考研英语历年高频词汇的常考词义进行了列举，对加入了近义词辨析及例句总结。
希望广大考生能从这些总结、归纳中吸引考试中的精华内容，提高复习效率。
以下是第一部分，后续词汇将会陆续与广大考生分享。
1.adherence和adhesion这两个词都是“粘附的”意思。
adherence用于比喻的意思。
例如：His adherence to the strict letter of the law。
adhesion是指物质上的。
2. adjacent，adjoining，和contiguous这些词都有next to“紧挨”的意思。
adjacent“毗邻的，邻近的”，但它们可能并不相互直接接触。
adjoining和contiguous指相互接触，通常之间有一个edge或boundary。
3.admission和admittance它们都有“the act of entering”的意思。
但admission用于公共场合。
The price of admission to the gallery is$5.admittance不指公共场合，一般指私人的住所。
4. adopted和adoptiveadopted“收养的，过继的”an adopted son(daughter)养子(女);my adopted country我所入籍的国家;adopted words外来语;adoptive“收养的”，我们说adoptive parents，但很少说adoptive child;“采用的”，“假冒的”an adoptive courage假充勇敢。
cohesion
What is cohesion
• The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and that define it as a text. (Halliday and Hasan) • 衔接：衔接概念是一个语义概念， 他指形成语篇的意义关系。
• 当do用于替代词时，需要注意一下两点： • 第一，do需要根据不同的语境发生不同的形态变化。 • Example （13）“I hate to be laughed at,” she said finally. “I won’t laugh any more. I am not laughing now, am I?” “You did.” (F.S. Fitzgerald: The Side of Paradise) • 第二，替代词do有时只能替代动词词组的一部分，哪一部分可以替代 ，哪一部分不能替代，是由上下文所表达的意义决定的。 • Example （14）Does Grunny look after you every day?---She can’t do at weekends, because she has to go to her own house. • （15）Have they removed their furniture?---They have done the desks, but that’s all so far. • (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:114) • 在（14）中，do替代look after me，由于会话角色的变化，you变为 me，而且every day被 at weekends取代；在（15）中， done 替代 的是上文的removed，而 their furniture 则被the desks取代。
Cohesion-and-Coherence的区别
Cohesion and CoherenceCohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned. 'First of all', 'then' and 'after that' help to sequence a text. 'However', 'in addition' and 'for instance' link ideas and arguments in a text.Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other. Typical examples would be general> particular; statement> example; problem> solution; question> answer; claim> counter-claim.What does cohesion mean?You might think of cohesion as a means of establishing connections within a text at all sorts of different levels, e.g., section, paragraphs, sentences and even phrases.How is cohesion different from coherence? It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole at an ideas level,and cohesion as rather more mechanical links at a language level.You can imagine that it is possible for a piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence.Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.Cohesion DevicesLexical level:RepetitionWord family repeatedSynonyms, antonyms, other word relationsThematically related words (lexical set)Substations with one/onesGrammatical level:Reference: article, pronouns, normalizationSubstitution of clause elements using so, not, do/does/did, etcEllipsis of clause elementsLinking words: conjunctions and conjunctsComparativesVerb tenseRhetorical techniquesQuestion and answerParallelismCoherenceWhen sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you can use the methods listed here.Repetition of a Key Term or PhraseThis helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track. Example: The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.SynonymsSynonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.Example: Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.PronounsThis, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.Example: When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.Transitional WordsThere are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. Words such as “however”, “therefore”, “in addition”, “also”, “but”, “moreover”, etc. Example: I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.Sentence PatternsSometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.Example: (from a speech by President John F. Kennedy) And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.。
CohesionandCoherence衔接与连贯
语篇的衔接手段
语篇就好比是一棵大树 —— 一个条理清 晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那 么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？
——靠衔接手段。
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)
•二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替 代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项
下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项
李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，‘他’回指 前文提到的‘李林’）
我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指‘李林’） （手指某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）
Three Types of Reference:
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’ (clausal substitution)
词根词缀法巧记考研英语词汇：词根her-（粘）
词根词缀法巧记考研英语词汇：词根her-（粘）视频讲解：含义：粘，粘附。
来源：拉丁语动词haerere（粘，粘附）及其完成分词形式haesus。
adhere：[əd'hɪr] vi.粘附，粘着；追随；坚持，坚守，遵守vt.粘贴结构分析：adhere=ad（去，趋近） her（粘） e→粘附，粘着→坚持，坚守，遵守adherent：n.追随者，拥护者adj.粘着的；追随的【超纲】结构分析：adherent=ad（去，趋近） her（粘） ent（形容词后缀）→粘着的→追随的（⼈）→追随者adherence：[əd'hɪrəns]n.粘附，依附；坚持，坚守；忠诚【超纲】结构分析：adherence=ad（去，趋近） her（粘） ence（名词后缀）→粘附的⾏为或状态→坚持，坚守，忠诚adhesion：[əd'hiʒn]n.粘附；粘附⼒【超纲】结构分析：adhesion=ad（去，趋近） hes（粘） ion（名词后缀）→粘附adhesive：[əd'hisɪv]n.粘合剂；胶带adj.粘合的；粘性的；可粘的【超纲】结构分析：adhesive=ad（去，趋近） hes（粘） ive（形容词后缀）→可⽤来粘合的，有粘性的（东西）→粘合剂，胶带cohere：[ko'hɪr]vi.凝聚，团结；连贯；⼀致【超纲】结构分析：cohere=co（=com，⼀起） her（粘） e→粘在⼀起→凝聚；连贯coherent：[ko'hɪrənt] adj.连贯的，前后⼀致的；粘在⼀起的，凝聚的结构分析：coherent=co（=com，⼀起） her（粘） ent（形容词后缀）→粘在⼀起的，凝聚的→连贯的，前后⼀致的coherence：[ko'hɪrəns]n.连贯性，⼀致性【超纲】结构分析：coherence=co（=com，⼀起） her（粘） ence（名词后缀）→粘在⼀起，凝聚→连贯性，⼀致性cohesion：[ko'hiʒən]n.凝聚；结合；内聚⼒【超纲】结构分析：cohesion=co（=com，⼀起） hes（粘） ion（名词后缀）→粘在⼀起→凝聚，结合cohesive：[ko'hisɪv] adj.能紧密结合的，有凝聚⼒的【超纲】结构分析：cohesive=co（=com，⼀起） hes（粘） ive（形容词后缀）→能粘在⼀起的→能紧密结合的，有凝聚⼒的inhere：[ɪn'hɪr]vi.固有；天⽣存在【超纲】结构分析：inhere=in（在⾥⾯） her（粘） e→粘在⾥⾯→固有，天⽣存在inherent：[ɪn'hɪrənt] adj. 固有的；内在的；与⽣俱来的，遗传的结构分析：inherent=in（⾥⾯） her（粘） ent（形容词后缀）→粘在⾥⾯的→固有的，内在的，与⽣俱来的hesitate：[ˈhɛzətet] vi.踌躇，犹豫结构分析：hesitate=hes（粘） it（反复动词后缀） ate（动词后缀）→反复粘，粘住不放→踌躇，犹豫hesitation：[,hɛzə'teʃən]n.犹豫【超纲】结构分析：hesitation=hesitat(e)（犹豫） ion（名词后缀）→犹豫【视频讲解原⽂】⼤家好！欢迎收听词根词缀法巧记考研英语词汇，我是钱磊博⼠。
Cohesion and Coherence的区别
Cohesion and CoherenceCohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned. 'First of all', 'then' and 'after that' help to sequence a text. 'However', 'in addition' and 'for instance' link ideas and arguments in a text.Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other. Typical examples would be general> particular; statement> example; problem> solution; question> answer; claim> counter-claim.What does cohesion mean?You might think of cohesion as a means of establishing connections within a text at all sorts of different levels, e.g., section, paragraphs, sentences and even phrases.How is cohesion different from coherence? It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole at an ideas level,and cohesion as rather more mechanical links at a language level.You can imagine that it is possible for a piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence.Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.Cohesion DevicesLexical level:RepetitionWord family repeatedSynonyms, antonyms, other word relationsThematically related words (lexical set)Substations with one/onesGrammatical level:Reference: article, pronouns, normalizationSubstitution of clause elements using so, not, do/does/did, etcEllipsis of clause elementsLinking words: conjunctions and conjunctsComparativesVerb tenseRhetorical techniquesQuestion and answerParallelismCoherenceWhen sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you can use the methods listed here.Repetition of a Key Term or PhraseThis helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track. Example: The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.SynonymsSynonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.Example: Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.PronounsThis, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.Example: When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.Transitional WordsThere are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. Words such as “however”, “therefore”, “in addition”, “also”, “but”, “moreover”, etc. Example: I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.Sentence PatternsSometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.。
cohesion名词解释
cohesion名词解释
嘿，你知道 cohesion 吗？这可不是个一般的词儿啊！它就像是把各种小碎片黏在一起变成一个整体的神奇胶水。
比如说，一个团队里的大家，各自有着不同的性格、能力和想法，但因为有了 cohesion，就能紧紧地团结在一起，朝着一个目标努力前进，这不就像用胶水把那些零散的小部件粘成了一个坚固的结构体嘛！（就像乐高积木，单个的积木没那么厉害，但组合起来就能创造出各种奇妙的东西。
）再想想，在一个家庭里，成员之间的那种亲情、关爱和相互支持，也是一种 cohesion呀！大家会为了家庭的幸福一起奋斗，相互照顾，这多棒啊！（这不就跟用线把珠子串起来成了漂亮的项链一样嘛！）在学校里，同学们之间的友谊和合作也是一种 cohesion呢。
一起学习、一起玩耍、互相帮助，这样才能让校园生活变得丰富多彩呀！（就好像拼图的各个小块，只有凑在一起才能呈现出完整美丽的画面。
）
cohesion 真的无处不在啊！它让不同的元素能够凝聚在一起，发挥出更大的力量。
无论是在社会组织中，还是在自然界里，都有着cohesion的身影。
它可以让小小的水滴汇聚成江河湖海，可以让一群蜜蜂形成有秩序的蜂群。
（这不就跟魔法一样神奇嘛！）
所以啊，cohesion 真的太重要啦！它是让一切变得有序、强大和美好的关键。
没有 cohesion，很多事情都没法顺利进行，就像散沙一样，
风一吹就散了。
我们应该珍惜和培养各种关系中的 cohesion，让我们的生活、工作和学习都能因为它而更加精彩，不是吗？
总之，cohesion 就是那种能把不同的部分紧密连接在一起的力量，是让整体大于部分之和的神奇存在！。
凝聚力英文
凝聚力英文Cohesion: Building Strong ConnectionsIntroductionIn today's globalized world, where organizations and communities thrive on collaboration, cohesion plays a crucial role. Cohesion refers to the ability to bring individuals and groups together, fostering a sense of solidarity, trust, and collaboration. It is an essential element for the success and growth of any entity. This document explores the concept of cohesion, its importance, and strategies for enhancing cohesion within teams, organizations, and communities.The Importance of Cohesion1. Improved Communication: Cohesion enhances communication by promoting open dialogue and effective information sharing. When individuals feel connected and supported, they are more likely to express their ideas, concerns, and opinions openly. This open communication helps to foster innovation, problem-solving, and effective decision-making.2. Strengthened Collaboration: Cohesion encourages teamwork and collaboration, enabling individuals to work together towards a common goal. When team members feel a sense of belonging and trust each other, they are more likely to combine their skills and knowledge, leading to better outcomes and increased productivity.3. Increased Motivation: Cohesion boosts motivation levels within a team or organization. When individuals feel valued, appreciated, and supported, they are more likely to be engaged and committed to their work. This increased motivation not only improves individual performance but also contributes to the overall success of the team or organization.Strategies for Enhancing Cohesion1. Promoting Open Communication: Encouraging open and honest communication is vital for building cohesion. Ensure that all team members have opportunities to express their thoughts and ideas, and create an environment where everyone feels heard and respected.2. Building Trust: Trust is the foundation of cohesion. Establish trust through transparent communication, consistent actions, and by fostering a non-judgmental and supportive environment. Encourage team members to trust each other's capabilities and rely on one another for support.3. Encouraging Team Building Activities: Organize team building activities to foster relationships and strengthen connections between team members. These activities can include retreats, social events, and collaborative projects. The objective is to create opportunities for individuals to interact in a more relaxed and informal setting, which can lead to stronger bonds.4. Recognizing and Valuing Contributions: Show appreciation for the contributions of team members. Recognize and celebrate individual achievements and highlight the importance of each person's role within the team. This recognition helps individuals feel valued and encourages them to continue making meaningful contributions.5. Providing Development Opportunities: Invest in the growth and development of team members. Offer training programs, mentorship opportunities, and career advancement prospects. When individuals feel supported in their professional growth,they are more likely to feel connected to the organization and motivated to contribute to its success.ConclusionCohesion is a fundamental component for building strong connections within teams, organizations, and communities. By promoting open communication, trust, teamwork, and recognition, cohesion can be enhanced, leading to improved collaboration, motivation, and overall success. It is essential for leaders and individuals to prioritize cohesion and actively work towards creating an environment that fosters strong connections, ultimately contributing to the growth and prosperity of all involved.。
胶黏剂行业胶水专业术语英文翻译
此文档由华飞新材研发部进行整理。
一、基本概念1、粘合(adhesion)：两个表面依靠化学力、物理力或两者兼有的力使之结合在一起的状态。
同义词：粘附。
2、内聚(cohesion)：单一物质内部各粒子靠主价力、次价力结合在一起的状态。
3、机械粘合(mechanical adhesion)：两个表面通过胶粘剂的咬合作用而产生的结合。
同义词：机械粘附。
4、粘附破坏(adhesive failure；adhesion failure)：胶粘剂和被粘物界处发生的目视可见的破坏现象。
5、内聚破坏(cohesive failure；cohesion failure)：胶粘剂或被粘物中发生的目视可见的破坏现象。
6、相容性(compatibility)：两种或多种物质混合时具有相互亲和的能力。
7、胶粘剂(adhesive)：通过粘合作用，能使被粘物结合在一起的物质。
8、被粘物(adherend)：准备胶接的物体或胶接后胶层两边的物体。
9、基材(substrate)：用于在表面涂布胶粘剂的材料。
注：这是比“被粘物”更广义的术语。
10、湿润(wetting)：液体对固体的亲和性。
两者间的接触角越小，固体表面就越容易被液体湿润。
同义词：润湿11、干燥(dry)：通过蒸发、吸收，使溶剂或分散介质减少，以改变被粘物上胶粘剂物理状态的过程。
12、胶接(bond)：用胶粘剂将被粘物表面连接在一起。
同义词：粘接13、固化(curing cure)：胶粘剂通过化学反应(聚合、交联等)获得并提高胶接强度等性能的过程。
14、硬化(setting set)：胶粘剂通过化学反应或物理作用(如聚合反应、氧化反应、凝胶化作用、水合作用、冷却、挥发性组分的蒸发等)，获得并提高胶接强度、内聚强度等性能的过程。
15、胶层(adhesive layer)：胶接件中的胶粘剂层。
16、交联(crosslinking；crosslink)：在分子间形成化学键，并产生一个三维空间网络结构的过程。
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• Therefore, once the EU members driven by the same attractions, they will be united and fight against America's hegemony.
Two perspective
1，Glorious history attraction ( internal appeal to be united)
cohesion
Definition: Cohesion means the intermolecular attraction by which the elements of a body are held together the source of cohesion
• European begin to realize the importance of being united for the EU. They understand the inner conflicts and fights just weaken themselves and make themselves feel unsafe. They must be stand together .This historic lesson remind Europeans of how important to be cohesively
2, current pressure(currency war): 2.1,european debt crisis 2.2,euro and dollar competition attraction
1,Glorious history attraction
• It is well known that Europe is the birthplace of modern industrial civilization, which bring human beings to a much higher stage in history. And for centuries, Europe is the absolutely center of the world. But the two wars happened in 20 century make Europe get into trouble and sink into chaos. America catch this very rare opportunity and gradually transcend Europe. After the second world war, united states apparently have been the new center of the whole world. The only way to regain Europe's position is to be united
• now, the Europe union has transcended a common inter-national union for a long time. From the historical and cultural point of view, the European countries always have the identical sense of identity. From the political point of view, the EU' s political position and influence are much stronger than any one of its members. Therefore, working cohesively and speaking in one voice have gradually been the internal appeal of any member in European union.
2, current pressure
• As the first and second largest economies in the world, EU and USA has fallen into economical competition in many aspects. But it mainly concentrated on currency war. • the essence of competition between euro and dollar is that the European Union refused to dollars through the depreciation way, diluted and looted the EU's wealth.