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《你是我的不二闺蜜—女性朋友间的话语解读》(第六章)翻译实践报告

《你是我的不二闺蜜—女性朋友间的话语解读》(第六章)翻译实践报告

A Report on the Translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside theLanguage of Women’s Friendships(Chapter 6)ByLi QiuyuA Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Schoolof Sichuan International Studies UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofMaster of Translation and InterpretingUnder the Supervision of Associate Professor Xia XindongMay, 2018《你是我的不二闺蜜——女性朋友间的话语解读》(第六章)翻译实践报告摘 要本翻译报告的原文选自 《你是我的不二闺蜜——女性朋友间的话语解读》一书中第六章。

该书由美国语言学教授黛博拉·坦嫩所著,探讨了过分亲密给友谊带来的潜在伤害。

本报告分为四章:第一章是介绍翻译报告的背景、目标、和结构。

第二章是介绍源文文本相关内容,包括介绍作者、源文内容以及对源文特征的分析。

根据彼得·纽马克的文本类型理论,源文属于信息型文本,翻译该类文本时,应该确保译文的可读性。

第三章主要是对翻译指导理论的选择和应用,同时本章还提到翻译过程中的相应策略。

本翻译报告以彼得·纽马克的交际翻译为理论基础,并结合自身翻译实践,探讨了其在翻译过程中的指导作用。

第四章是对翻译报告的总结,包括翻译过程中积累的经验教训及遗留的个别问题。

关键词: 翻译报告;信息型文本;交际翻译;翻译技巧A Report on the Translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell:Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships(Chapter 6)AbstractThis is a report on the translation of Chapter 6 of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships authored by Deborah Tannen, an American academic professor. The book is about general information of intimacy and its potential harm to friendships. This translation report is mainly classified into four chapters: Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to project background, objectives and structure of the translation report. Chapter 2 consists of the author’s basic information, publishing facts and main ideas of the original text. Based on Peter Newmark’s text theory, the source text belongs to informative texts. The translation of such text focuses on the accuracy. Chapter 3 contains a careful description of guiding theory and its direction to this translation project. For the reason that the source text is categorized into informative text, the translator adopts Newmark’s “communicative translation” strategy as guidance. Chapter 4 concludes with the experience and lessons from the translation as well as the problems to be resolved.Key words: translation project report; informative text; communicative translation; translation skillsAcknowledgementsUpon the completion of the project report, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people who have helped me a lot in the two years.First of all, I would like to offer my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Xia Xindong, who is very amiable and patient. She has spent much time reading through each of my draft and pointed out mistakes in the paper patiently. With her enlightening instructions and careful modifications, I have finished my paper.I also would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers who have taught me over the past two years. They helped me to know translation better. Their words and deeds also have enormous influences on the formation of my personality.Moreover, I am deeply indebted to my parents and my friends, who are very considerate and kindhearted. They have accompanied and encouraged me in the writing of the translation project.Last but not least, my indebtedness also goes to those who are willing to spend their time and energy in reading this paper.CONTENTS摘 要....................................................................................................................... i i Abstract . (iii)Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. i v Chapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1Background of the Report (1)1.2Objectives of the Report (2)1.3Structure of the Report (2)Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Source Text (3)2.1About the Author (3)2.2 About the Source Text (4)2.2.1 Publishing Facts of the Source Text (4)2.2.2 Content of the Source Text (4)2.2.3 Linguistic Feature of the Source Text (5)Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis, Translation Difficulties and Solutions (6)3.1 Guiding Theory (6)3.1.1 Introduction to Communicative Translation (6)3.1.2 Application of Communicative Translation (7)3.2 Translation Difficulties (9)3.3 Translation Methods (11)3.3.1 Inversion (11)3.3.2 Conversion (12)3.3.3 Amplification (14)3.3.4 Sentence Division (15)Chapter 4 Conclusion (17)4.1 Lessons Learned from the Translation Practice (17)4.2 Problems to be Resolved (18)References (19)Appendix I Source Text (20)Appendix II 中文译文 (36)Chapter 1 General IntroductionThis chapter makes an introduction to the translation project, involving project background, objectives and structure of the report.1.1Background of the ReportAccording to a survey, most college students nowadays belong to the only child group. Those spoiled children tend to be self-centered and always fail to take others’ feelings into account. When they go to college, they find it hard to get on well with their roommates. In recent years, the media reported several tragic cases which resulted from disharmonious relationship among roommates. Since there are tragic accidents happening in dormitory, people begin to pay more attention to college students’ mental health. As for a generation of the only child, many college students have problems with people and some don’t even know how to interact with others. It is necessary for college students to gain some knowledge of interpersonal communication to deal with tricky things in their life. Thus, based on the translation of Chapter 6 of the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell, the significance of the project is mainly embodied in the following two aspects: firstly, it can make college students realize the subtlety of interpersonal communication and call their attention to behave themselves. Besides, by translating the book, it is hoped to instruct the translation practice and provide guidance for others in the future.This book is not like those theory-oriented ones. It offers many real-life examples which is easy to understand and more instructive. From casual chatting to intimate confiding, from talking about problems to telling what you had for dinner, Tannen uncovers the patterns of communication and miscommunication that affect friendships at different points in our lives. She shows how even the best of friends—with the best intentions—can say wrong things, and how words can repair the damage done by words. Through Tannen’s insight, humor, and ability to present pitch-perfect real-life dialogues, readers will see themselves and their friendships on every page. So, to translate this book will provide references for college students to better understand one another.1.2Objectives of the ReportThe translation report is based on the Chapter 6 named “Too Close for Comfort” which deconstructs the ways in which women friends talk and how those ways can bring friends closer or pull them apart. The project helps readers grasp the notion of “cutoffs” and “poaching” in friendship which are rarely realized by them and makes them understand friendship better. The translation of this text also aims to explain the multiple roles of friendships and to benefit college students who want to gain some knowledge of interpersonal communication from real-life examples. In addition, it is hoped that the translation of the text can help the author to understand Peter Newmark’s communicative translation better and make a summary of two-year studies as a postgraduate.1.3Structure of the ReportThe translation report includes the following chapters. Chapter 1 makes an introduction to the translation project, which involves project background, objectives and structure of the report. Chapter 2 gives a brief introduction to the author and an analysis of the source text, containing publishing information and main contents of the original. Chapter 3 offers a detailed description of “communicative translation” theory, followed by its guidance to this translation project. At the same time, this chapter also points out the difficulties encountered in the translation and the application of translation methods. Chapter 4 is the conclusion, which summarizes the lessons learnt from the translating process and the problems left to be solved.Chapter 2 An Introduction to the Source TextThis chapter is about the author and the analysis of the source text, containing publishing information and main contents of the original.2.1 About the AuthorYou’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships is written by Deborah Tannen, who is an American academic and professor of linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C..Deborah Tannen focuses on the expression of interpersonal relationships especially in the conversational interaction. Tannen has researched conversational interaction and style differences at various levels and related to different situations, involving differences in conversation styles in connection with gender and cultural background. Particularly, Deborah Tannen has done many gender-linked researches and writing which put stress on miscommunications between men and women.Tannen also wrote some general-audience books about interpersonal communication and public discourse. She became a household name in the United States after the book You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, which was published in 1990. It has been on the New York Times Best Seller list for almost four years (eight months at No.1) and it was rendered into 30 other languages. She has also written several other books, such as:That's Not What I Meant!: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships(published by William Morrow Paperbacks in 2011);The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words (published by Ballantine Books in 1999); andI Only Say This Because I Love You: Talking to Your Parents, Partner, Sibs, and Kids When You're All Adults(published by Ballantine Books in 2002).2.2 About the Source Text2.2.1 Publishing Facts of the Source TextIn 2017, You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships was first published in the United States by Ballantine Books and in Great Britain by Virago Press. The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post highly recommended the book. ISBN:9781101885802. Up to now, there is no Chinese version published.2.2.2 Content of the Source TextFriendship is to us what sunshine to trees. Friendship acts as multiple roles in our lives. Sometimes, friends instruct and encourage us like a mentor or a therapist; sometimes, friends take good care of us like a mother or a big sister. Now that friendship is so important, we should treasure it carefully. The goal of the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships is to help readers understand women’s friendships—how they work or fail, how they help and hurt, and how we can make them better.This book also aims to figure out what it means to be a friend and how we connect to other people. Apart from some occasional examples from novels and short stories, all the examples which the author gave are based on real ones.Though Deborah Tannen focuses on women’s friendships, but some of what she writes might also be true of friendships between women and men, and among men.In the chapter 6 “Too Close for Comfort”, Deborah Tannen explains friendship is like a double-edged sword which is “for your growth” but also “ for your pruning”. Especially when a friendship gets too close, it is more likely to be for your pruning. The translation project selects chapter 6 (10000 words) as the source text which gives a detailed introduction to “cutoffs” and “poaching” and makes some analyses.2.2.3 Linguistic Feature of the Source TextPeter Newmark is a famous British translation theorist, who classified texts into three categories: expressive text, informative text and vocative text on the basis of Karl Buhler’s theory of language and Katharina Reiss’s typology.According to Newmark, informative texts include textbooks, memos, reports, papers and so on, and put stress on the external situation, the topic and the reality beyond the language(Newmark, 1988, p.40), therefore, this type of text is to convey the information and mainly focuses on the content or topic. The target translation of this type calls for receptors’ response and understanding. Thus, Newmark advised adopting the approach of communicative translation, attempting to exert an effect on its receptors as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the source text and stress the truth and accuracy during the translating process. In terms of this aspect, Newmark’s opinion is similar to Eugene Nida’s dynamic equivalence, that’s, the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciate it.(Nida,1982, p. 118)In the book You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships, Tannen applies case-study method by interviewing more than 80 women from all over the word ranging in age from 9-97 to explore how patterns of communication and miscommunication have influences on friendships; and the language of the source text is characterized by concision and dialogues. As is known, the focus of an informative text is to deliver plain facts or referential content and topic. The source text can be categorized into the informative text. “The target text (TT) of an informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content of the source text (ST). The translation should be in plain prose, without redundancy and with the use of explication when required.”(Munday, 2001, p.73) Thus, in the translation of You’re the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women’s Friendships, the translator should pay attention to the linguistic differences and apply various translation skills so that the version is more understandable and readable for Chinese readers.Chapter 3 Theoretical Basis, Translation Difficulties and SolutionsThis chapter contains a careful description of guiding theory and its direction to this translation project. For the reason that the source text is categorized into informative text, the translator adopts Newmark’s “communicative translation” strategy as guidance.3.1 Guiding TheoryAccording to Newmark’s text typology, the source text is under the category of informative text. The focus of an informative text is to deliver plain facts, logical or referential content and topic. According to Katherina Reiss, the ideal translation would be one “in which the aim in the target language is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a source language text.”(Reiss, 1987, p.112) Hence, the translator selects the communicative translation theory of Peter Newmark as the guiding theory of the thesis, where the translator attempts to exert the same effect on the target text readers as the original produced on the source text readers to guarantee the target text readers can receive the same meaning as readers of the original language.3.1.1 Introduction to Communicative TranslationPeter Newmark is an English professor of translation at the University of Surrey. He is renowned for Approaches to Translation, About Translation and A Textbook of Translation and so on. He put forward two translation models: semantic translation and communicative translation. In A Textbook of Translation, he noted “while semantic translation is used for expressive texts, communicative translation is for informative and vocative texts” (Newmark, 1988, p.47) According to Newmark, “communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.”(马会娟&苗菊, 2009, p. 33)“Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader, whodoes not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary.”(马会娟&苗菊, 2009, p. 33)Normally, by making and adapting the thought and cultural content of the original,the translator makes the version more easier, smoother, clearer and more idiomatic to read. In this case, the translator has a high degree of freedom to explain the source text, adjust the style, eliminate the ambiguity and even correct the mistake of the original author.3.1.2 Application of Communicative TranslationThis project takes the communicative translation as the guiding theory. According to Newmark ,“communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.”(Newmark, 2001, p.47)Example 1ST: But friends can also be for your pruning.TT:但是朋友也会使你退步。

英文论文审稿意见英文版

英文论文审稿意见英文版

1、目标和结果不清晰;It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分;◆In general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.◆Furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided.3、对于研究设计的rationale:Also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨:The conclusions are overstated. For example, the study did not showif the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对hypothesis的清晰界定:A hypothesis needs to be presented;6、对某个概念或工具使用的rationale/定义概念:What was the rationale for the film/SBF volume ratio7、对研究问题的定义:Try to set the problem discussed in this paper in more clear,write one section to define the problem8、如何凸现原创性以及如何充分地写literature review:The topic is novel but the application proposed is not so novel.9、对claim,如A>B的证明,verification:There is no experimental comparison of the algorithm with previously known work, so it is impossible to judge whether the algorithm is an improvement on previous work.10、严谨度问题:MNQ is easier than the primitive PNQS, how to prove that.11、格式重视程度:◆In addition, the list of references is not in our style. It is close but not completely correct.I have attached a pdf file with "Instructions for Authors" which shows examples.◆Before submitting a revision be sure that your material is properly prepared and formatted. If you are unsure, please consult the formatting nstructions to authors that are given under the "Instructions and Forms" button in he upper right-hand corner of the screen.12、语言问题出现最多的问题:有关语言的审稿人意见:◆It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.◆The authors must have their work reviewed by a proper translation/reviewing service before submission; only then can a proper review be performed. Most sentences contain grammatical and/or spelling mistakes or are not complete sentences.◆As presented, the writing is not acceptable for the journal. There are problems with sentence structure, verb tense, and clause construction.◆The English of your manuscript must be improved before resubmission. We str ongly suggest that you obtain assistance from a colleague who is well-versed in English or whose native language is English.◆Please have someone competent in the English language and the subject matte r of your paper go over the paper and correct it.◆the quality of English needs improving.来自编辑的鼓励:Encouragement from reviewers:◆I would be very glad to re-review the paper in greater depth once it has been edited because the subject is interesting.◆There is continued interest in your manuscript titled "……" which you submitted to the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: Part B - Applied Biomat erials.◆The Submission has been greatly improved and is worthy of publication.老外写的英文综述文章的审稿意见Ms. Ref. No.:Title:Materials Science and EngineeringDear Dr. ,Reviewers have now commented on your paper. You will see that they are advising that you revise your manuscript. If you are prepared to undertake the work required, I would be pleased to reconsider my decision.For your guidance, reviewers&39; comments are appended below.Reviewer 1: This work proposes an extensive review on micromulsion-based methods for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles. As such, the matter is of interest, however the paper suffers for two serious limits:1 the overall quality of the English language is rather poor;2 some Figures must be selected from previous literature to discuss also the synthesis of anisotropically shaped Ag nanoparticles there are several examples published, which has been largely overlooked throughout the paper. ;Once the above concerns are fully addressed, the manuscript could be accepted for publication in this journal这是一篇全过程我均比较了解的投稿,稿件的内容我认为是相当不错的,中文版投稿于业内有较高影响的某核心期刊,并很快得到发表;其时我作为审稿人之一,除了提出一些修改建议外,还特建议了5篇应增加的参考文献,该文正式发表时共计有参考文献25篇;作者或许看到审稿意见还不错,因此决意尝试向美国某学会主办的一份英文刊投稿;几经修改和补充后,请一位英文“功底"较好的中国人翻译,投稿后约3周,便返回了三份审稿意见;从英文刊的反馈意见看,这篇稿件中最严重的问题是文献综述和引用不够,其次是语言表达方面的欠缺,此外是论证过程和结果展示形式方面的不足;感想:一篇好的论文,从内容到形式都需要精雕细琢;附1:中译审稿意见审稿意见—11 英文表达太差,尽管意思大致能表达清楚,但文法错误太多;2 文献综述较差,观点或论断应有文献支持;3 论文读起来像是XXX的广告,不知道作者与XXX是否没有关联;4 该模式的创新性并非如作者所述,目前有许多XX采取此模式如美国地球物理学会,作者应详加调查并分析XXX运作模式的创新点;5 该模式也不是作者所说的那样成功……审稿人结合论文中的数据具体分析审稿意见—21 缺少直接相关的文献引用如…;2 写作质量达不到美国学术期刊的标准; 审稿意见—31 作者应着重指出指出本人的贡献;2 缺少支持作者发现的方法学分析;3 需要采用表格和图件形式展示数据材料;Our JPCA paper were peer reviewed by two reviewers, and their comments are as follows:The Comments by the First ReviewerEditor: Michael A. DuncanReviewer: 68Manuscript Number: jp067440iManuscript Title: Restricted Geometry Optimization, a Different Way to Estimate Stabilization Energies for Aromatic Molecules of Various TypesCorresponding Author: YuRecommendation: The paper is probably publishable, but should be reviewed again in revised form before it is accepted.Additional Comments: In the present work the authors introduce a new energy-based aromaticity measure. Referred as restricted geometry optimization, the extra stabilization energy ESE is calculated by means of an energy scheme in which the different double bonds are localized. This methodology is applied to different sets of aromatic systems, and the results are compared to previous already existing schemes. This procedure seems to work better than previous ones, however it must be underlined that with a much greater complexity. It avoids having to choose a reference structure, and it is worth noticing that benzene appears to be the most aromatic system. Thus the method presented might mean a new contribution to the different aromacity criteria, however before acceptance for publication I would recommend important changes to be taken into account in the manuscript.The new method used is not presented in a comprehensible way. In the second paragraph of the Introduction the authors should already describe it, and not first presenting the results for benzene and not going into the method till the second section. The formulas used must be described precisely as well. So I would recommend that before acceptance the manuscript should be rewritten in order to make it more comprehensible not only to physical chemists but also to the experimental chemical community, and at the same time to improve the English used.Other minor points are:- First line of Introduction: aromaticity is one of the most important concepts in organic chemistry, but most of organic compounds are not Introduction, line 4: notice that only energetic ways of evaluating aromaticity are mentioned, howevergeometry-based HOMA, magnetic-based NICS and electronic-based SCI, PDI methods are also important, and this point should be pointed out.- Section , last line of first paragraph: is B3LYP chosen just because it gives similar results to HF and MP2This should be pointed out in the manuscript.- Enlarge description in point 3.4.1 by going deeper into the data in Figure 8. Review Sent Date: 18-Dec-2006The Comments by the Second ReviewerEditor: Michael A. DuncanReviewer: 67Manuscript Number: jp067440iManuscript Title: Restricted Geometry Optimization, a Different Way to Estimate StabilizationEnergies for Aromatic Molecules of Various TypesCorresponding Author: YuRecommendation: The paper is probably publishable, but should be reviewed again in revised form before it is accepted.Additional Comments:Comments on the manuscript "Restricted Geometry Optimization, a Different Way to Estimate Stabilization Energies for Aromatic Molecules of Various Types" by Zhong-Heng Yu, Peng BaoAuthors propose a restricted geometry optimization technique subject to pi orbital interaction constraints as a new measure of aromaticity. The approach is interesting and has certain merits. My main objection is that the manuscript is difficult to read and understand, mainly because of poor English. A substantial revision in this respect would be beneficiary.各位:新的恶战开始了;投往JASA的文章没有被拒,但被批得很凶;尽管如此,审稿人和编辑还是给了我们一个修改和再被审的机会;我们应当珍惜这个机会, 不急不火;我们首先要有个修改的指导思想;大家先看看审稿意见吧;-----邮件原件-----Manuscript 07-04147:Editor's Comments:This is my personal addition to the automatically generated email displayedabove. Your manuscript has now been read by three knowledgeable reviewers,each of whom has provided thoughtful and detailed comments on the paper. Themain points of the reviews are self-explanatory and mostly consistent acrossthe reviews. Your presentation needs to be reworked substantially, and thereviews give you many suggestions for doing so. Clearly, the introductionneeds to be much more concise and focused on the main questions you proposeto answer, and why these questions are important. The rationale for selecting this unusual condition must be clear. Your discussion should focus on how the questions have been answered and what they mean. The results section is heavily dependent on statistical analyses that did not satisfy the reviewers. The figures and tables could be improved and perhaps consolidated. The methods could be shortened. For example, I think readers would take your word that these were nonsense sentences, or perhaps you could simply cite some other work where they were used. In general, it is unusual to present the first results as late as page 17 of a manuscript.Beyond the issues of presentation, some serious questions are raised by thereviewers about the design. The most notable but not the only problem isthat there are no conditions where young and older listeners can be comparedat nearly the same performance level in the baseline condition, and that atleast floor effects and potentially ceiling effects are likely tosignificantly influence the older/younger comparison. The older listenersare tested at only one signal-to-noise ratio, at which performance wasextremely poor. This asymmetric design where data for three signal-to-maskerratios are available for the younger listeners but only one for the olderlisteners is not ideal, but perhaps the comparison could have been salvagedif you had guessed a little better in selecting the signal-to-masker ratiofor the older listeners. That didn't work out and you didn't adjust to it.I'm sorry to say that in my opinion this problem is so serious that itprecludes publication of theolder versus younger data in JASA, as I see no way of making a valid comparison with things as they are. Further, after reading the manuscriptand the reviews, it seems to me that even the subjective impression comparison is difficult to interpret because of the different sensationlevels at which the older and younger groups listened if the target wasfixed at 56 dBA.The Brungart et al. and Rakerd et al. data that you cite where the masker delay was manipulated over the 0 to 64 ms range would seem to have been a nice springboard for your study in older listeners. Would it not have been cleaner to have replicated those conditions with younger subjects in your lab, and then tested older listeners to see whether the patterns of datawere differentThere, at least, the target stimulus condition itself is notvarying and there are archival data out there for comparison. As the reviews point out, your conditions present brand new complications because the ITI changes the spatial impression of the target, may change the energetic masking of the target, and distorts the target temporally all at the same time. Although the temporal distortions did not impair performance substantially in quiet, they may well in noise. Further, the spatial impressions created by the target in quiet are likely to be very differentthan those when the target is at verylow sensation levels in masking. Please investigate the literature on the influence of sensation level and noise on the strength of the precedence effect, particularly the perception of "echoes" at the longer delays. Yuan Chuan Chiang did her dissertation on this and published the results in JASA in 1998, but the first observation that noise can influence the breakingapart of a lead-lag stimulus into two images dates back at least to Thurlow and Parks 1961. To be sure, the sounds that we want to listen to are often accompanied by reflections, and I am not questioning the general validity of your conditions. However, it is important that your experimental design allows you separate out the various contributions to your results.I think there are several options for you to consider: 1 If you think itis very important to publish all the data you have right now, you could withdraw the manuscript and attempt to publish the data in another journal.2 You could argue that the reviewers and I are wrong about the seriousness of the floor effect with the older listeners and submit a revision thatincludes the same data while making a convincing case for the validity ofthe older/younger comparison. Although this option is open to you, I don't think this is a promising alternative. 3 You could collect more data onolder listeners under more favorable conditions where performance is better.With the added data this could either be a new manuscript, or, if such datawere collected and the paper rewritten in a reasonable amount of time, itcould be considered a revision of the current manuscript. The revision wouldbe sent back to the reviewers. Of course, I cannot promise in advance that a manuscript even with these new data would be judged favorably by the reviewers. 4 Youcould drop the older/younger comparison from the manuscript and submit amuch shorter version that includes only the younger data and focuses on thenoise masker/speech masker distinction, perhaps analyzing your data to draw inferences about release from energetic versus informational masking fromthe data. Here too, it will be important to provide a clear rationale forwhat your specific question is about release from masking, why yourconditions were chosen, and what new insights your data offer. I still worryabout how spatial effects and the effects of temporal distortions are to be distinguished. 5 You could simply withdraw the manuscript and consider amore straightforward design for asking the questions you want to ask witholder listeners.Thank your for submitting your manuscript to JASA. I hope the alternativesdescribed will help guide you on how you should proceed from here. Whateveryou decide to do, please consider the reviewers' comments very carefully asthey have gone out of their way to provide you with suggestions on improvingthe presentation.Sincerely yours,Richard L. FreymanReviewer Comments:Reviewer 1 Evaluations:Reviewer 1 Good Scientific Quality:No. See attachedReviewer 1 Appropriate Journal:YesReviewer 1 Satisfactory English/References:No.Reviewer 1 Tables/Figures Adequate:No.Reviewer 1 Concise:No.Reviewer 1 Appropriate Title and Abstract:No, because the term "interval-target interval" in the title requiredfurther explanation.MS: 07-04147Huang et al. "Effect of changing the inter-target interval on informationalmasking and energetic masking of speech in young adults and older adults."This paper investigates the benefits of release from masking in younger andolder listeners, as a function of inter-target interval ITI in two maskerconditions speech masking and noise masker. The same target speech waspresented from two different locations simultaneously in two differentmaskers, one from each location L or R. Results show that release frominformational masking is evident in both younger and older listeners whenthe ITI was reduced from 64 ms to 0 ms.General comments:1. Introduction needs to be rewritten:&x2022; The general impression is that the introduction section isunnecessarily lengthy. There is too much unnecessary information, while some important terms and information are left unexplained.&x2022; The organization is poor and concepts are disjointed, jumping fromplace to place. For example, the authors spent pages on reverberationand the difference between older and younger adults, than spent a full-pageto talk about masking, and then came back to reverberation.&x2022; In addition, the authors did not clearly present the purpose of thestudy and the core of the issues under investigation. The authors mentionedthat "the present study investigated whether changing the ITI over the whole precedence-operation range...can induce a release of target speech fromspeech masking or noise masking." However, they did not explain how and why manipulating ITI can address their questions, questions that were not clearly stated anywhere in the paper. No hypothesis was provided in the paper and no explanation wasgiven regarding how the experimental conditions or contrast of results in different conditions can answer the questions under investigation.2. Report of results and statistical analyses needs to be accurate and precise:&x2022; Authors failed to provide results of statistical analyses in many occasions.&x2022; At the beginning of the result section for both the younger and older groups, the authors should clearly present the number of factors included in the analysis and which one was a between-subject factor and which ones were within-subject factors. Main effects and interaction 3-way and 2-way should also be reported clearly.&x2022; Bonferroni correction was mentioned in the post-hoc analyses; however, no pvalue was reported.&x2022; The authors should not use the term "marginally significant". It is either"significant" or "nonsignificant". I don't see p= is "marginally significant."&x2022; When you say percent release, do you mean percentage point difference betweenthe 64 ms ITI and other ITI valuesFor example, in the statement "...thereleaseamount was % under the speech-masking condition,...", do you mean " percentage points"3. Baseline condition is questionable:&x2022; The authors failed to provide clear explanation of the results. For example, the authors finally provided the definition of release from masking on as"...the release of speech from masking at each ITI is defined as the percent difference between the speech-identification at the ITI and the speech identification at the ITI of 64 ms the longest ITI in this study."&x2022; It took me a while to understand what this means, and finally came up with the interpretation if my interpretation is correct of the data for the authors. It seems that when ITI was at 0 ms, the perceived spatial location is between the two maskers spatial separation. But when the ITI was 32and/or 64 ms, listeners heard two images one from each side and there was no spatial separation between the target speech and the masker on either side. Therefore, according to the authors, the release from masking is the performance difference between the ITI conditions when listeners heard onlyone image in a location different from the maskers', and the ITI conditionswhere two images from the masker locations were heard. However, I have aproblem with the baseline condition 64 ms ITI in which two images wereperceived. If the listeners could not fuse the image, did they hear a delayecho between the two targetsIf so, the poor performance in the 64 mscondition can be partially due to the confusion/disruption induced by theecho in noise conditions in addition to the lack of spatial separation between the target and the masker.4. Subject recruitment criteria were unclear:&x2022; The authors recruited both young and older adults in the study andclaimed that both groups had "clinically normal hearing." However, readingthe fine details of their hearing thresholds < 45 dB HL between 125 and 4kHz, it is hard to accept that the hearing thresholds are within normallimits in the older group. There is at least a mild hearing loss below 4k Hzand mild-to-moderate hearing loss above 4k Hz see Fig. 1 in thesesubjects. The authors should explain the differences in the results inrelation to the threshold differences between the two groups.&x2022; The threshold data provided in Fig. 1 is average data. It isnecessary to provide individual threshold data at least for the oldergroup in a table format.5. Language problem:&x2022; I understand that English is not the authors' native language. Itis recommended that the authors seek assistance in proof-reading themanuscript before submission.6. Tables and Figures:&x2022; Table 1 and 2 are not necessary since the information is presentedin Fig. 7&x2022; The authors should provide legends in the figures.&x2022; The authors should provide error bars in the graphs in Fig 1.&x2022; It is hard to see the short ITI data in Fig. 2&x2022; The authors should consider changing the scale on the y-axis inFig. 4 to provide better visualization of the data.&x2022; Fig. 6 should be deleted. Results could be clearly described in thetext.Specific comments this is by no means a complete list:first par: The quote from Knudsen 1929 is not necessary.first & second par. The authors provided an exhaustive list ofreferences in various place. I recommend they only cite the ones that are most relevant and representative.last sentence. "A listener subject to informational masking a targetspeech feels it difficult to segregate audible components of the target speech from those of masking speech." This sentence is incomprehensible, please rewrite.first line, first par. "Masking particularly information masking oftarget speech can be reduced if the listener can use certain cues perceived spatial location, acoustical features, lexical information, etc tofacilitate his/her selective attention to the targetspeech." References are needed for each cue listed in this sentence.line 5. "Age-related deficits...inhibition of goal-irrelevant information..., therefore may cause more speech-recognition difficulties" This sentence is coming out of the blue without further explanation.p. 8-10. Please explain the terms "inter-loudspeaker interval","inter-masker interval", "inter-target interval" before using them.line 11 "Moreover, if the recognition of target speech under either the speech masking condition or noise masking condition is significantly influenced by the ITI in younger adults, the present study further investigated whether there is an age-related deficit in the releasing effectof changing the ITI." This sentence is incomprehensible.line 2 "The 36 young university students all had normal and balanced...." Change "balance" to "symmetrical."p. 12 line 8 "Direct English translations of the sentences are similar butnot identical to the English nonsense sentences that were developed by Helfer 1997 and also used in studies by Freyman et al. 1999, 2001, 2004 and Li et al. 2004." I thought the sentences were created by the authors. So, are they a direct translation from the English version or created by the authorslast par "For the two-source target presentation,...." This came out ofthe blue. The experimental conditions should be described clearly in a separate section. Schematic representation of the conditions could be included.line 8 "During a session, the target-speech sounds were presented at a level such that each loudspeaker, playing alone, would produce a sound pressure of 56 dBA." Is this the rms level of speechThe level at 56 dBAseems a little low to me. It may sound very soft for the older listenersgiven that they have mild to moderate hearing loss. Can you explain why you chose such a low presentation levellast line "There were 36 17+1x2 testing condition for younger participants, and there were 32 15+1x2 testing conditions for older participants." The number of conditions for each group is not apparent to me. Could you explain further in the manuscriptline 9 "...participated in additional speech-recognition experimentsunder the condition without masker presentation." Where did the target speech come from Front Right Or left. See comments on reporting results and statistical analysis under "General comments" point 2.line 12-13 "A 2 masker type by 15 ITI within-subject ANOVA confirmsthat the interaction between masker type and ITI was significant..." Since the interaction is significant, the authors should not simply interpret the main effects.line 9 Explain "self-masking" effect. Would the author expect a"self-masking" effect in noiselast par first line "Specifically, when the SNR was -4 dB, changing theITI absolute value from 64 to 0 ms led to only a small improvement in target-speech intelligibility, and the improvement was similar between the speech masking condition and the noise masking condition." The amount of release from masking in the speech masker condition at -4 dB SNR may be limited by the ceiling effect.line 5 "In older participants, the reduction of the ITI also improvedspeech recognition under both the speech masking condition and the noise masking condition..."It is hard to tell if there is a significant difference among the ITIconditions with the noise masker due to the floor effect.line 7 from bottom. "The results suggest a faster decay of temporal storage of the fine details of speech sound in older adults than in younger adults. Thus at long it is 16 ms or 32 ms, cues induced by the integrationof leading and lagging target signals were weaker and/or not be well used in older participants." First, the author should take into account the hearing loss in the older group. Second, this conclusion seems somewhat contradictory to what the authors reported regarding the perceived images of the target signal under various ITI conditions. All except for oneyounger subject perceived twoseparate images at 32 ms ITI, but most of the older subjects still perceived the target as one image.2nd par. The discussion on the effect of inter-sound delay on earchannel acoustics came out of nowhere.Reviewer 2 Evaluations:Reviewer 2 Good Scientific Quality:Generally yes - see general remarks below.Reviewer 2 Appropriate Journal:YesReviewer 2 Satisfactory English/References:Clarity and conciseness could be improved - see general remarks.The referencing is occasionally excessive, . the 17 references providedto back up the existence of informational masking on page 4, lines 13-17, orp28 lines 15-16. Some choice examples would generally suffice instead of these long lists of citations see JASA guidelines.The English is satisfactory, with lots of minor comments see 'detailed comments' belowReviewer 2 Tables/Figures Adequate:The figures would benefit from being redrawn using appropriategraph-plotting software. In their current form, they are quite pixelated.The figures would benefit from a legend, when there are several symbols used on the same graphs.Figure 2 and Figure 3's x-axes should be suitably non-linear, because the points plotted for ITIs between -10 and 10 ms are illegible.Figure 3 is perhaps largely repeats information that is apparent in Figure2. Also, the top panel is perhaps misleading, as the difference between the two conditions could be explained to some degree by a ceiling effect. Theuse of symmetry in Figure 3 should be applied to Figure 2, since we had no reason to expect left-right effects.Tables 1 and 2 should be omitted, since all their information is provided ina Figure.。

当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译unit1

当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译unit1

1.美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。

我们渴求宽敞的场地,我们喜欢探索,喜欢制定规章制度,却不愿去遵守。

在当今时代,却很难找到一块空间,可以供你任意驰骋,又不必担心影响你的邻居。

2 确实有这样一个空间,那就是信息空间。

这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地,但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有,包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。

问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?3 首先要解决的问题是,什么是信息空间。

我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻,把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。

请记住,庄园是人们智慧的结晶,是合法的、人工营造的氛围,它建立在土地之上。

在庄园里,公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂与杂货店都能区分开来。

4 你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟庄园。

其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出,有些是公共场所;有的场所适合儿童出入,而有些地方人们最好避开。

不幸的是,正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。

这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。

所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。

正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论:最好对它严加管理。

5.但是,在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前,关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。

恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童;信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机,向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。

在信息空间这座庄园里,用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择,一切都出于自愿。

换句话说,信息空间是个出入自便的地方,实际上,信息空间里有很多可去之处。

人们不能盲目上网,必须带着具体的目标上网。

这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。

不错,规章制度应该在群体内得以实施,但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定,而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。

初三英语翻译题专项

初三英语翻译题专项

初三英语(Yu)翻译题专项命题(Ti):邱敏敏审校:周立芹班级学(Xue)号姓(Xing)名根据(Ju)所给汉语完成下列句子,每空词数不限。

1. 我不确定他们花了多长时间想出这么一个有创意的点子。

I am not sure how long they have spent _________________________such a creative idea.2. 不戴眼镜,她简直和瞎子一样。

Without her glasses,she was ______________________the blind.3. 我们应尽力多加关注和关爱弱势群体。

We should try our best to _______________________the Weak Groups and take more care of them.4. 他想知道如何处理这件事。

He wondered how __________________________it.5. 这首歌很值得听。

The song is _____________________________________.6. 许多来自山东的农民参加了《星光大道》的选拔。

Many farmers from Shandong _______________________________ The Avenue of Stars.7. 在今年的世界杯上,梅西带领他的球队进入了决赛。

Messi ____________________________________the final at this year’s World Cup.8. 抗日战争爆发后,他们被迫搬到了另一个城市。

After the War of Resistance Against Japan_____________, they ____________ move to another city.9. 我的猫一听到我弟弟的声音,就立刻躲了起来。

21世纪大学新英语读写译教程 第三册 课文翻译 课件 ppt Unit 1

21世纪大学新英语读写译教程 第三册 课文翻译 课件 ppt Unit 1

Unit 1 Teaching and Learning
Lead-in
B. Listening Practice Post-listening task Answer the following questions.
21世纪大学新英语读写译教程 3
1. Why should a good teacher develop a variety of teaching styles? Because students have different learning styles, and _______________________________________________ different subjects require different teaching styles. ______________________________________________ 2. Why do teachers need to help students to link what they are learning to daily living experiences? Because they will keep students engaged and motivated in ____________________________________________________ the learning process. ____________________
Unit 1 Teaching and Learning
21世纪大学新英语读写译教程 3
Outline
Teaching Objectives Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Lead-in Reading Focus—Text A Integrated Exercises Reading Focus—Text B

德国功能翻译理论

德国功能翻译理论

e.g. 奈达早在1964年区分“形式对等”和“功能对等”。 20世纪70年代以来语用学受到更多的关注, 翻译代为由词、短语转移到了语篇, 但基本的语言学框架没变。 在功能主义翻译学派成为主流之前, 以对等论为基础的语言学派在德国翻译界占主导地位。其代表人物是Wilss 和Koller等。
科勒指出: 如果译文能够满足有关结构条件的某些要求,那么原文和译文便存在着对等。这些相关的条件跟内容、风格以及功能有关。因而对等的要求便体现为: 原文的质量必须得以保留。也就是说原文的风格、内容及功能必须得以保留,或者至少译文应该尽可能地保留这些特征。 对等论者一般都侧重于原文,认为原文的特征必须在译文中得以保留。
Dacron 的确凉 TOFEL 托福 第六届中国厦门对台商品交易会暨海峡两岸机械电子商品展销会 The sixth China Xiamen Commodity Fair & Machinery and Electronics Exhibition
在家靠自己, 出国靠国旅 At home you’re your own boss. In china your Aladdin’s Lamp is at CITS
e.g. Cette semaine on tuer le cochon. this week we (will) kill the pig. 这个星期我们杀猪。 为实现译文功能。只能改写: Special offer—Fresh and abundant
删减与改写
删减和改写在文学类语篇翻译有时是一种必要。(见P39) 在应用语篇的翻译中, 则是常常必须借助的手段。
在目的论的框架下, 决定翻译目的的最重要因素之一便是受众——依着心目中的接收者, 他们有自己的文化背景知识, 对译文的期待及交际需求。每一种翻译都指向一定的受众, 因此翻译是在 “目标语情景中为某种目的及目的受众而生产的文本”(Vermeer) 费米尔的理论中较少提及原文, 可见目的论中原文明显低于对等论中原文的地位。费米尔认为原文只是为目的语受众提供部分或全部信息的源泉。

Author_Instructions

Author_Instructions

Your Paper's Title Starts Here: Please Centeruse Helvetica (Arial) 14FULL First Author1, a, FULL Second Author2,b and Last Author3,c1Full address of first author, including country2Full address of second author, including country3List all distinct addresses in the same waya email,b email,c emailKeywords:List the keywords covered in your paper. These keywords will also be used by the publisher to produce a keyword index.For the rest of the paper, please use Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12Abstract.This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in).We shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page , if the paper format and the margins are correct.Your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. Please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc.IntroductionAll manuscripts must be in English, also the table and figure texts, otherwise we cannot publish your paper.Please keep a second copy of your manuscript in your office. When receiving the paper, we assume that the corresponding authors grant us the copyright to use the paper for the book or journal in question. Should authors use tables or figures from other Publications, they must ask the corresponding publishers to grant them the right to publish this material in their paper.Use italic for emphasizing a word or phrase. Do not use boldface typing or capital letters except for section headings (cf. remarks on section headings, below).Organization of the TextSection Headings. The section headings are in boldface capital and lowercase letters. Second level headings are typed as part of the succeeding paragraph (like the subsection heading of this paragraph).Page Numbers. Do not number your paper:Tables. Tables (refer with: Table 1, Table 2, ...) should be presented as part of the text, but in such a way as to avoid confusion with the text. A descriptive title should be placed above each table. Units in tables should be given in square brackets [meV]. If square brackets are not available, use curly {meV} or standard brackets (meV).Special Signs. for example , αγμΩ () ≥ ±●Γ {1120}should always be written in with the fonts Times New Roman or Arial, especially also in the figures and tables.Macros. Do not use any macros for the figures and tables. (We will not be able to convert such papers into our system)Language. All text, figures and tables must be in English.Figures. Figures (refer with: Fig. 1, Fig. 2, ...) also should be presented as part of the text, leaving enough space so that the caption will not be confused with the text. The caption should be self-contained and placed below or beside the figure. Generally, only original drawings or photographic reproductions are acceptable. Only very good photocopies are acceptable. Utmost care must be taken to insert the figures in correct alignment with the text. Half-tone pictures should be in the form of glossy prints. If possible, please include your figures as graphic images in the electronic version. For best quality the pictures should have a resolution of 300 dpi(dots per inch).Color figures are welcome for the online version of the journal. Generally, these figures will be reduced to black and white for the print version. The author should indicate on the checklist if he wishes to have them printed in full color and make the necessary payments in advance.Equations. Equations (refer with: Eq. 1, Eq. 2, ...) should be indented 5 mm (0.2"). There should be one line of space above the equation and one line of space below it before the text continues. The equations have to be numbered sequentially, and the number put in parentheses at the right-hand edge of the text. Equations should be punctuated as if they were an ordinary part of the text. Punctuation appears after the equation but before the equation number, e.g.c2 = a2 + b2. (1)Literature ReferencesReferences are cited in the text just by square brackets [1]. (If square brackets are not available, slashes may be used instead, e.g. /2/.) Two or more references at a time may be put in one set of brackets [3,4]. The references are to be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text and are to be listed at the end of the contribution under a heading References, see our example below. SummaryIf you follow the “c hecklist”your paper will conform to the requirements of the publisher and facilitate a problem-free publication process.References[1] Dj.M. Maric, P.F. Meier and S.K. Estreicher: Mater. Sci. Forum Vol. 83-87 (1992), p. 119[2] M.A. Green: High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells (Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland 1987).[3] Y. Mishing, in: Diffusion Processes in Advanced Technological Materials, edtied by D. GuptaNoyes Publications/William Andrew Publising, Norwich, NY (2004), in press.[4] G. Henkelman, G.Johannesson and H. Jónsson, in: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed PhaseChemistry, edited by S.D. Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000).[5] R.J. Ong, J.T. Dawley and P.G. Clem: submitted to Journal of Materials Research (2003)[6] P.G. Clem, M. Rodriguez, J.A. Voigt and C.S. Ashley, U.S. Patent 6,231,666. (2001)[7] Information on 。

公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN__

公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN__

Chapter 2课本第一章An Era of Change改变的年代、时代Introduction引言There has been a transformation(转化、变革)in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries.在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。

This new paradigm poses(形成,造成) a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration.这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。

These seven seeming verities(真理)have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。

Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed(重新评估)their bureaucracies and demanded changes.1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。

All these points will be discussed at greater length(长度)later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论,但是这里强调的主要是一点:一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。

A new paradigm一个新的范例There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for public sector management.有个争论,关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。

一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板

一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板

一些英文审稿意见的模板最近在审一篇英文稿,第一次做这个工作,还有点不知如何表达。

幸亏遇上我的处女审稿,我想不会枪毙它的,给他一个major revision后接收吧。

呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1、目标和结果不清晰。

It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。

In general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.Furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided.3、对于研究设计的rationale:Also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨:The conclusions are overstated. For example, the study did not showif the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对hypothesis的清晰界定:A hypothesis needs to be presented。

2021年9月大学英语B统考题库 网考大学英语B真题3

2021年9月大学英语B统考题库 网考大学英语B真题3

一、交际英语1.一Could you finish the task in two days?一_______.I have something else to do these days.A.I could notB.Yes.I think soC.I'm afraid soD.I'm afraid not答案:D2.- Please help yourself to the seafood.- ________A.No, I can't.B.Sorry, I can't help.C.Well, seafood don't suit.D.Well, I'm afraid I don't like seafood.答案:D3.- It's rather cold in here. Do you mind if I close the window? - ________A.Yes, please.B.No, please.C.Sure, please.D.I don't like it.答案:B4.-How much is this necklace?-_________A.It's very nice.B.It's a birthday present from my parents.C.It costs fifty pounds.D.It's a bargain.答案:C5.- Hi, Tom, how's everything with you?- ___________, and how are you?A.Don't mention itB.Hm, not too badC.ThanksD.Pretty fast答案:B二、阅读理解远程教育、网络教育大学英语B、计算机应用基础统考辅导整套题库,精心整理归类,全中文翻译,视频教程讲解,零基础一次通过,索取请加QQ:153499368Newspapers, along with reporting the news, educate, entertain, and give opinions. An important way of reading a large, big-city newspaper is to put it into different sections. Can you find these separate sections: world news, national and local news, sports, business, entertainment, opinions, ads? Does your paper have other sections?News stories give facts, not the reporter's opinions. Some newspaper editorials (社论) come out with the writer's name, but many newspapers only carry editorials without putting the writers' names on.You can be a better out unnecessary words. You can expect to find the most important facts in the leading paragraph (the first paragraph) of a news story. You can expect important news items to be on the front page. You can expect less important items to be on the inside pages.Most of all, the more you know about news of the present time, the more you will understand what is in the newspaper; important stories are generally presented one day and followed up on following days. So, an important way to read newspapers is reading one frequently.6.A good way to read a newspaper is to find separate sections and read according to your needs.A.TB.F答案:A7.To design ads might NOT be a newspaper reporter's work.A.TB.F答案:A8.From the text we know that newspaper headlines are what readers expect to read.A.TB.F答案:B9.If you are reading for major facts in the news stories, you should read the front page.A.TB.F答案:B10.The writer's suggestion to us is that we should read one newspaper frequently.A.TB.F答案:AShyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their minds: what kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I wearing unattractive clothes?It is obvious that such uncom fortable feelings must negatively affect people. A person’s conception of himself or herself is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people’s reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.远程教育、网络教育大学英语B、计算机应用基础,整套题库,整理归类完毕,全中文翻译,视频教程讲解,索取请加Q Q: 153499368Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing “the right thing.” Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their feelings of inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliment with a statement like this one, “You’re just saying that to make me feel good. I know it’s not true.” It is clear that while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient efforts in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with a lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths.Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual, interested in our own personal ways. The better we understa nd ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let’s not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.11.What does the author try to prove by citing “what kind of impression am I making?” (Para.1)__________A.Shy people benefit from their caring about their appearance.B.People’s shyness make them care too much about their appearance and actions.C.It’s natural that shy people don’t believe other’s compliments.D.Shy people think they are different from others.答案:B12.According to the writer, self-awareness is __________.A.a good qualityB.the cause of unhappinessC.harmful to peopleD.a weak point of shy people答案:A13.That shy people react to a compliment in such a way is ___________.A.goodB.unrealC.very reasonableD.harmful答案:D14.Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage? _________A.Shyness helps us to develop our potentialB.Shyness enables us to understand ourselves betterC.Shyness can block our chances for a rich lifeD.Shyness has nothing to do with lack of self-esteem答案:C15.It can be inferred from the passage that shy people ________.A.should find more of their weaknessB.should understand themselves in the right wayC.had better ignore their weaknessD.can get rid of their shyness while maintaining low self-esteem答案:B三、词汇与语法16.She had _____to do, so she was free.A.somethingB.anythingC.nothingD.everything答案:C17.Miss Wang wanted to know _______for the film.A.why was he lateB.why is he lateC.why he is lateD.why he was late答案:D18.I didn’t know what to do, but then an idea suddenly ________ to me.A.appearedB.happenedC.occurredD.emerged答案:C19.____ you know, David has been well lately.A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.When答案:B20.Tom is so talkative. I'm sure you'll soon get tired _______ him.A.ofB.withC.atD.on答案:A四、完型填空A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won't go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore __21__ to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience __22__ illustrates this. When he was a small boy,he was poor at arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought that they would not expect too much of him. __23__ this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic?" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.One day Adler succeeded in solving a problem which __24__ of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His new __25__ confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.21.A.foundB.noneC.likelyD.InE.which答案:C22.A.foundB.noneC.likelyD.InE.which答案:E23.A.foundB.noneC.likelyD.InE.which答案:D24.A.foundB.noneC.likelyD.InE.which答案:B25.A.foundB.noneC.likelyD.InE.which答案:A五、英译汉26.He keeps looking at himself in the mirror.答案:他老是照镜子。

一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板

一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板

一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步,以下为一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板的全部内容。

一些英文审稿意见的模板最近在审一篇英文稿,第一次做这个工作,还有点不知如何表达。

幸亏遇上我的处女审稿,我想不会枪毙它的,给他一个major revision后接收吧.呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1、目标和结果不清晰。

It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader。

2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。

In general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates andstatistical methods used in the study。

Furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided。

英文审稿意见

英文审稿意见

英文审稿意见【篇一:一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板】一些英文审稿意见的模板最近在审一篇英文稿,第一次做这个工作,还有点不知如何表达。

幸亏遇上我的处女审稿,我想不会枪毙它的,给他一个major revision后接收吧。

呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1、目标和结果不清晰。

it is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical english editing paying particular attention to english grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。

in general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided.3、对于研究设计的rationale:also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨:the conclusions are overstated. for example, the study did not show if the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对hypothesis的清晰界定:a hypothesis needs to be presented。

当代研究生英语U7译文

当代研究生英语U7译文

第七单元美国大学中知识产权保护的兴起(利塔·内尔森)1.甚至在15年前知识产权在美国学术研究人员和管理人员的词汇中还几乎不存在。

而现在它已成为讨论研究政策和方向时不可缺少的~部分。

知识产权在学术界所具有的新的重要性反映了人们对研究性大学与周围社会的关系的看法正在发生变化。

直到最近,大学的研究还一直是相对脱离经济需求的,研究生的教育一直把学术研究作为最终的目标。

二十世纪80年代后期和90年代初两个重大事件对大学相对脱离社会的自我满足现状产生了影响。

这两个重大事件是:伯林墙的拆除导致了预期的军事研究经费的减少,以及强调保持联邦预算的平衡一一这两大事件使人们担心联邦政府会减少大学研究资金的投入。

大学对此的反应是开始强调纳税人研究资金的效益,并寻求企业对研究更多的支持。

知识产权在这两项努力中起着重要的作用。

2.贝赫一多尔修正案的影响。

通过知识产权取得的经济发展现在被广泛地誉为联邦政府赞助研究所带来的重大好处。

贝赫一多尔法案的通过更进一步促进了这一效益。

该法案于1980年得以实施,其初衷是通过允许小企业拥有由联邦政府赞助的研究所获得的专利来促进技术型的小企业的发展。

3.大学和其他联邦资金的非盈利性受益者也被包括在受益于贝赫一多尔法案的小“实体”中,这在很大程度上是事后的想法。

但根据贝赫一多尔法案,大学本身不能开发获得专利的技术,但是可以把专利转让给企业。

该法律的一项条款规定大学可以从转让专利中获得专利权税,专利权税的一小部分可以作为发明者的个人收入。

根据该法律,学校所得的那份专利权税必须再投入到科研和教育活动中去。

4.根据贝赫一多尔法案,大学技术专利转让一个重要的方面是授予独家经营权。

联绑政府怎样证明允许给予一家公司用纳税人资金开发的知识产权特权的合法性呢?许多学校指出对于早期阶段的技术开发独家经营权是必不可少的。

获商业经营权的企业必须投入足够的时间和资金来开发新技术,而且不能保证一定会成功。

独家经营权对一家自愿冒这样风险的公司来说是一种诱惑和回报——它知道如果开发成功了,独家经营权将保护它免受更多不愿冒险的公司的竞争。

新世纪英语第二版1.TextA课文翻译

新世纪英语第二版1.TextA课文翻译

Unit 1优等生的秘诀1 一位研究教育的老师针对成绩优异的学生做过重点研究,发现最聪明的学生不见得总能得高分。

根据这位教授、其他教育专家以及优等生们自己的观点,懂得如何充分发挥自己的潜能对于学生来说更为重要。

2 在班上名列前茅的学生之所以学习优秀,是因为他们掌握了几个人人都可以轻易学到的基本原则。

首先,优等生知道如何决定轻重缓急。

他们从来不会为了打电话、看电视或者吃零食而牺牲学习时间。

换言之,学习总是摆在娱乐之前。

另外,优等生们总是注意随时随地学习。

有位成绩优异的学生同时也是优秀的运动员,每天利用户外训练时间背生物学术语。

而另一位学生则利用每天早上刷牙时间记一个新单词。

所有受访的学生无一例外都认为,在什么时间学习完全是个人偏好问题。

有些人在夜深人静时学习效果最好,有些人则喜欢趁着自己还能清晰地记得上课所讲的内容,一放学回家就开始学习。

尽管如此,所有优等生都一致认为,如果想任何时候都表现优秀,一个主要的因素就是要持之以恒。

3 学生还必须学会有条理。

举个例子,有一位优等生在学校乐队、田径队、橄榄球协会和辩论小组里都很活跃。

他透露,他之所以把东西放得井井有条是因为他浪费不起到处找东西的时间。

还有一位学生喜欢把当天的笔记马上整理出来并放进用不同颜色标记的文件夹里,以便临近考试时能随时用来复习。

优等生们提倡的另一个技巧是有效的阅读,其中包括快速阅读,提高记忆能力以及主动提出问题以便充分理解作者的意思。

4 对于学生们来说,合理安排时间也同样重要。

他们必须懂得如何根据每天的时间表和学习能力来安排做作业和项目的速度,不至于让手头的工作压得喘不过气。

能制定时间表不仅让学生能够腾出更多时间来复习和完善功课,而且还能防止他们拖拖拉拉。

成绩优异的学生认为,他们成功的一大秘诀就是上课时做好笔记,供复习时使用。

有个学生透露,她把从课文上摘抄的内容记在笔记本的一边,把课堂笔记写在另一边。

这样,就可同时复习到两方面的内容。

她还透露,她不会浪费下课铃响前的几分钟跟朋友交头接耳,准备随时冲出教室。

Instructions-to-Authors

Instructions-to-Authors

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORSA. General•The manuscript should be prepared in such a way that they are suitable for photo-offset reproduction. Please follow the instructions strictly so that the uniformity in appearance of papers in the Conference Proceedings can be assured.•Abstracts/Full Papers should be submitted electronically through TeMUS system.• O ne-Full-Page Abstracts are published in a Volume of Abstracts and Full-Length papers are included in a CD-ROM.1) LAYOUTSPlease try to match the font size and font style on the example paper. This is a somewhat larger text as the paper will be reduced by 15% when printed. In case the paper size is A4 size, the margines are as below:Margines: Top(3.5cm), Bottom(3.5cm), Left(2.3cm), Right(2.3cm)2) LENGTH• The length of Abstract for Volume of Abstracts should not exceed ONE full page.• The adequate length of paper is 4-20 pages.3) TYPING• The paper size is (210×297㎜). The text and artwork (incl. figure captions) produced in MS word format are preferred and should fall within this size. Do not leave any unnecessary space.• You may type on the white A4 sheets within the frames.• The text should be typed all in BLACK.• The text should be typed using ARIAL, or a similar font.• The use of 12 point font on 2-point space (If you use 12 point font, the line spacing will be 14 points.) is strongly recommended. Single spacing is acceptable if 2-point space is not possible.• Each paragraph should be indented 5 spaces. Do not leave extra apace between paragraphs.• The text must be ORIGINAL, not photo-copied, unless the copy is absolutely clear, not blurred or with portions of letters missing.B. DETAILS1) TITLEType the exact title of the paper in upper and lower case with 14 point bold font style. The title should be centered. The title should be brief and NOT longer than two title lines (approx. less than 85 characters).2) NAMES OF AUTHORSType the name(s) of authors (in the order of first, middle and last name) with 14 point plane font style and put an asterisk (*) in front of the presenting author’s name. For author(s) from a different institution, start a new list. Do not use titles (i.e., Prof., Ph.D., Mr., etc.). Title(s) of author(s) may be given as a footnote at the bottom of the first page of the paper. The list of author(s) should be centered.3) AFFILIATIONThe affiliation of author(s) (including city and country) should be given below the list of authors. Please use 12 point italic font style for the affiliation(s). The affiliation(s) should be centered.4) ABSTRACTThis is not the same one-full-page abstract for the Volume of Abstracts. Type to keep the abstract within 10 lines (or 200-400 words). Do not have references or displayed equations in the abstract.5) HEADING• Main HeadingThe text following a main heading should be indented (5 spaces). A main heading should be in upper case and have one line space above and below it.•Secondary HeadingThe text following a secondary heading should be indented (5 spaces). A secondary heading should have one line of space above it but no space below it.•Third grade headingThere is no full stop following the third grade heading, but leave three (3) spaces before starting a text. A third grade heading should have one line of space above it.6) TABLES AND FIGURESTables and figures should be consecutively numbered. Place the table title should appear above the table and the figure caption below the figure. Allow one line of spacebetween the table and its title and between the figure and its caption. Allow two lines of space between the table or figure and the adjacent text.7) EQUATIONAll equations must be set or clearly typed and consecutively numbered. Refer to equations in the text as Eq. (1), Eq. (2). All equations should be centered and have one line space between equations and text material. Displayed equations should be numbered simply as (1),(2),(3). The numbers should appear at the extreme right of the line in parentheses.8) REFERENCESReferences should be listed at the end of the paper in alphabetical order of the last names of the first authors and referred in the text by the last name and the year of publications as (Choi 1989). The year of publication should be placed in parenthesis after the last author of the paper. Style the reference list according to the following examples. Use abbreviates on journal titles according to standard forms. References need not be numbered nor grouped by the category such as Journal articles, books, etc. Journal articles:Choi, C.K. and Kim, S.H. (1989), "Coupled use of reduced integration and nonconforming modes in improving quadratic plate element." Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., Vol. 28(4), 1909-1928.Books:Salvadori, M.G. and Baron, M.L. (1961), Numerical Methods in Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Proceeding papers:Choi, C.K. and Kwak, H.G. (1989), "Optimum RC member design with discrete sections", Proceedings of '89 ASCE Structures Congress, San Francisco.。

versanttest练习题

versanttest练习题

Versant Test 练习题一、听力理解1. 听录音,选择正确的答案。

A. 男子在谈论他的工作。

B. 女子在描述她的假期经历。

C. 两人正在讨论天气情况。

A. 他们在哪里见面?B. 男子为什么迟到?C. 女子建议做什么活动?A. 男子是一名工程师。

B. 女子喜欢旅行。

C. 两人计划去海滩。

二、阅读理解A. 文章主要讲述了什么?B. 作者对什么观点表示赞同?C. 文章提到了哪些例子?A. 文章的主题是什么?B. 文章中有哪些关键信息?C. 文章的结论是什么?A. 文章认为科技发展对人类有益。

B. 作者反对环保政策。

C. 文章提出了一种新的解决方案。

三、语法与词汇1. 选择正确的词语填空。

A. I _______ (am/is/are) going to the movies tonight.B. She _______ (has/have/had) finished her homework.C. They _______ (do/does/did) not like spicy food.2. 选择正确的词语完成句子。

A. I _______ (eat/eaten/eating) breakfast at 7 a.m.B. She _______ (go/goes/went) to the gym every day.C. They _______ (play/played/playing) soccer on weekends.3. 用所给词的正确形式填空。

A. He _______ (be) a teacher for five years.B. They _______ (not finish) their project yet.C. I _______ (meet) her at the airport yesterday.四、写作题目:我最难忘的一次旅行题目:网络购物对实体店的影响题目:如何保持健康的生活方式五、口语表达A. 他们在谈论什么?B. 男子对什么表示担忧?C. 女子提出了哪些建议?话题:我最喜欢的电影话题:在餐厅点餐六、词汇填空1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word given.C. The _______ (economy/economic/economically) of the country has improved over the last decade.A. The _______ (climate/climate's/climates) in the mountains is very different from the city.C. The _______ (discover/discoverer/discovery) of the new planet was a significant achievement.七、完形填空1. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with the correct word.2. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with the correct word from the list below.(List: affect, affective, affection, effective, effectual, efficient)Some people believe that technology has a(n) _______ (a) impact on human relationships. Others argue that it can be _______ (b) in improving our quality of life. It is important to find a balance that is _______ (c).八、改写句子1. Rewrite the following sentence using the word "although."The weather was bad, but we still went hiking.2. Rewrite the following sentence using the word "because."She couldn't attend the meeting; she was feeling sick.3. Rewrite the following sentence using the word "if."You will not pass the exam unless you study harder.九、翻译练习1. Translate the following sentence into English.尽管面临许多挑战,他们还是按时完成了项目。

一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板

一些英文审稿意见及回复的模板

一些英文审稿意见的模板最近在审一篇英文稿,第一次做这个工作,还有点不知如何表达。

幸亏遇上我的处女审稿,我想不会枪毙它的,给他一个major revision后接收吧。

呵呵网上找来一些零碎的资料参考参考。

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1、目标和结果不清晰。

It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充分。

In general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.Furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experiments should be provided.3、对于研究设计的rationale:Also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈述结论/夸大成果/不严谨:The conclusions are overstated. For example, the study did not showif the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对hypothesis的清晰界定:A hypothesis needs to be presented。

英文说明书格式(共5篇)

英文说明书格式(共5篇)

英文说明书格式(共5篇)1. 模板文件Author Instructions.rtf里面描述的内容不需要遵照执行,只需要遵照其格式,论文电子版制作均采用MS-Word软件2. 页面设置1)新建WORD文档,选用A4纸并进行如下页面设置:2)页边距:上2.5cm,下1.5cm,左2cm,右2cm,装订线0cm。

3)版式:页眉1.25cm,页脚0.5cm。

4)文档格式:栏数为1,请在“网格”里选用“无网格”项。

3. 论文格式3.1 行距:若无特别说明,均为单倍行距。

3.段落间距:若无特别说明,均为段前0磅,段后0磅。

3.论文题目:所有实词首字母大写,Arial字体,14磅,加粗,居中;段落间距为段后6磅。

3.作者:Arial字体,14磅,居中,名在前,姓在后,用全称, 段落间距为段前6磅。

3.地址:Arial字体,11磅,居中,段落间距为段前6磅3.Email 格式与地址相同,相邻email间用逗号隔离开3.关键词:Arial字体,11磅,两端对齐,段落间距为段前18磅,其中Keyword:为加粗。

冒号后加空格再接关键词,相邻词间用逗号分隔。

每个关键词的首字母大写。

3.从“摘要”开始到“参考文献”结束,所有正文的字体均为Times New Roman,12磅;两端对齐。

3.摘要:段落间距为段前18磅,其中Abstract. 要加粗,在句点后空1格再紧接摘要内容。

3.9文中各级标题一律不用编号。

标题中所有实词的首字母均大写。

标题不要超出二级标题。

3.10文中一级标题:加粗,两端对齐,段落间距为段前18磅,段后6磅,独立成段。

3.11文中二级标题:标题加句点,加粗。

句点号后空1格再紧接正文内容。

若二级标题位于一级标题后的第一段,那么二级标题无需右缩进。

否则,二级标题向右缩进5mm.3.12正文除在一级标题后的第一段不右缩首行,其余各段首行均向右缩进5mm.4. 图表的格式及其引用4.1 文中表格尽量采用三线表,且不宜过于复杂。

newmark翻译理论

newmark翻译理论
?布拉格学派雅科布逊jakobson提出的语言具有表达功能theexpressivefunction信息功能theinformativefunction和呼唤功能thevocativefunction或称诱导功能这三大交际功能的观点?expressivetext
Peter Newmark
Table of contents

The 8 translation methods
• Word-for-word translation • This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with
the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL wordorder is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of a wordfor-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process. Literal translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
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Your Paper's Title Starts Here: Please Centeruse Helvetica (Arial) 14(采用14号此字体)FULL First Author1, a, FULL Second Author2,b and Last Author3,c1Full address of first author, including country2Full address of second author, including country3List all distinct addresses in the same waya email,b email,c emailKeywords:List the keywords covered in your paper. These keywords will also be used by the publisher to produce a keyword index.For the rest of the paper, please use Times Roman (Times New Roman) 12(采用12号此字体)Abstract. This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text.Please make the page settings of your word processor to A4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in), right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in). (We shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page , if the paper format and the margins are correct. If not, we will have to scan your paper which, when compared with an electronic version, results in very poor quality).(底边距1.5cm,顶边距2.5cm,左右边距2cm)IntroductionAll manuscripts must be in English, also the table and figure texts, otherwise we cannot publish your paper.Please keep a second copy of your manuscript in your office. When receiving the paper, we assume that the corresponding authors grant us the copyright to use the paper for the book or journal in question. Should authors use tables or figures from other Publications, they must ask the corresponding publishers to grant them the right to publish this material in their paper.Use italic for emphasizing a word or phrase. Do not use boldface typing or capital letters except for section headings (cf. remarks on section headings, below). (除了标题之外,都不要用黑体字和大写字母来强调词语,要用斜体字强调)Organization of the TextSection Headings.(标题用黑体(粗体),大小写字母)The section headings are in boldface capital and lowercase letters. Second level headings are typed as part of the succeeding paragraph (like the subsection heading of this paragraph). (第二级标题为后续段的一部分)Page Numbers. Do not number your paper: (不标注页码)(表格标题放在表格上面)Tables. Tables (refer with: Table 1, Table 2, ...) should be presented as part of the text, but in such a way as to avoid confusion with the text. A descriptive title should be placed above each table. Units in tables should be given in square brackets [meV]. If square brackets are not available, use curly {meV} or standard brackets (meV).Special Signs. for example , αγμΩ () ≥ ± ● Γ {1120}should always be written in with the fonts Times New Roman or Arial, especially also in the figures and tables.Macros. Do not use any macros for the figures and tables. (We will not be able to convert such papers into our system)(不要使用宏命令,否则将导致系统不能转换这种论文)Language. All text, figures and tables must be in English.(所有的数字和表格用英语)(文字说明放在图片下边或旁边)Figures. Figures (refer with: Fig. 1, Fig. 2, ...) also should be presented as part of the text, leaving enough space so that the caption will not be confused with the text. The caption should be self-contained and placed below or beside the figure. Generally, only original drawings or photographic reproductions are acceptable. Only very good photocopies are acceptable. Utmost care must be taken to insert the figures in correct alignment with the text. Half-tone pictures should be in the form of glossy prints. If possible, please include your figures as graphic images in the electronic version. For best quality the pictures should have a resolution of 300 dpi(dots per inch).Color figures are welcome for the online version of the journal. Generally, these figures will be reduced to black and white for the print version.Equations.(方程式)Equations (refer with: Eq. 1, Eq. 2, ...) should be indented 5 mm (0.2"). There should be one line of space above the equation and one line of space below it before the text continues. The equations have to be numbered sequentially, and the number put in parentheses at the right-hand edge of the text. Equations should be punctuated as if they were an ordinary part of the text. Punctuation appears after the equation but before the equation number, e.g.c2 = a2 + b2. (1)Literature ReferencesReferences are cited in the text just by square brackets [1]. (If square brackets are not available, slashes may be used instead, e.g. /2/.) Two or more references at a time may be put in one set of brackets [3,4]. The references are to be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text and are to be listed at the end of the contribution under a heading References, see our example below.SummaryIf you follow the “c hecklist” your paper will conform to the requirements of the publisher and facilitate a problem-free publication process.AcknowledgementsThis work was financially supported by the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (0666666), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (060000) and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (0555555).References[1] Dj.M. Maric, P.F. Meier and S.K. Estreicher: Mater. Sci. Forum Vol. 83-87 (1992), p. 119[2] M.A. Green: High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells (Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland 1987).[3] Y. Mishing, in: Diffusion Processes in Advanced Technological Materials, edtied by D. Gupta NoyesPublications/William Andrew Publising, Norwich, NY (2004), in press.[4] G. Henkelman, G.Johannesson and H. Jónsson, in: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed PhaseChemistry, edited by S.D. Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000).[5] R.J. Ong, J.T. Dawley and P.G. Clem: submitted to Journal of Materials Research (2003)[6] P.G. Clem, M. Rodriguez, J.A. Voigt and C.S. Ashley, U.S. Patent 6,231,666. (2001)[7] Information on 。

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