新编大学英语5(浙大)Unit4翻译
新编英语教程5课文翻译(标准)
Unit Three: 我的朋友阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦1)虽然阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是迄今为止世界上最伟大的科学家之一,但如果要我用一个词来描述他的话我会选择纯朴。
或者有关他的一些轶事能让你理解我为什么这么说。
有一次,遇上了倾盆大雨,他摘下帽子揣在衣服下面。
别人问他为什么,他以令人钦佩的逻辑解释说,雨会淋坏帽子,而他的头发淋湿了却不会坏。
这种直达问题核心的诀窍以及他对美非同寻常的感知就是他主要科学发现的秘密所在。
2)1935年,在坐落于新泽西著名的普林斯顿高级研究院,我第一次见到阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦。
他是第一批被该院邀请的人,在工资方面学院任由他提条件。
令院长惊鄂的是,爱因斯坦要求的薪水简直办不到---- 他要得太少了。
院长不得不恳求他接受一个大一些的数目。
3)我对爱因斯坦很敬畏,犹豫再三才就我一直在考虑的一些想法向他请教。
当我终于鼓起勇气敲响他的门时,听到一个温和的声音说:“进来。
”声调有些上扬,带有欢迎和询问的语气。
我走进他的办公室,看见他坐在桌子旁边,一边抽着烟斗一边算着什么。
他的衣服很不合身,头发乱蓬蓬的,极具个性,向我热情地微笑着表示欢迎我的到来。
他的平易自然立刻让我放松了下来。
4)当我开始阐述自己的见解时,他叫我把方程式写在黑板上,这样他就能明白它们是怎么展开。
接着他提出了一个令人惊鄂但又非常可爱的请求:“请你漫漫地写,我理解东西不快。
”这种话竟出自爱因斯坦之口!他说得很温和,我笑了。
从此残留的畏惧之情都烟消云散了。
5)爱因斯坦于1879年出生在德国的乌尔姆市。
他并非神童式的人物。
事实上他说话很晚,他的父母甚至担心他是弱、智儿。
上学后,虽然老师们看不出他有什么天分,但天才的迹象已经显露。
例如,他自学微积分,老师们有些怕他,因为他总问些他们回答不出的问题。
因此,十六岁时他就问自己是否当人跟着光波跑得一样快的时候它会好像是静止的。
由这一天真的问题的引发,十年之后他创立了相对论。
6)爱因斯坦没有通过苏黎士瑞士联邦工艺学校的入学考试,但在一年后被录取了。
全新版大学英语综合教程5 Unit4中文翻译
Today educators stress critical thinking, which begins with close observation. Yet, the technique is not new, as we can see from this famous essay by Samuel Scudder, in which he recalls his education at Harvard in the 1850s. In the essay, Scudder relates the lesson in observation he learned under Professor Agassiz. The professor's teaching method was simple. Instead of lecturing, he directed his young student to "look again, look again".
新编大学英语第五册课文与翻译
Unit 1 suspensePassage ReadingThe Lady or the Tiger?by Frank Stockton1 Long ago there lived a semi-barbaric king who had a great imagination. One of his ideas was to build a big arena as an agent of justice where crime was punished or virtue rewarded. When a subject1 was accused of a crime of sufficient importance to interest the king, public notice was given that on an appointed day the fate of an accused person would be decided in the king’s arena.2 When all the people had assembled in the galleries, and the king, surrounded by the court, sat high up on his throne on one side of the arena, he gave a signal, a door beneath him opened, and the accused subject stepped out into the arena. Directly opposite him on the other side were two doors, exactly alike and side by side. It was the duty and the privilege of the person on trial to walk directly to these doors and open one of them. He could open either door he pleased. He was subject to no guidance or influence, only chance. If he opened one, there came out of it a cruel and hungry tiger, which immediately sprang upon him and tore him to pieces as punishment for his guilt. But, if the accused person opened the other door, there came forth a lady, the most suitable to his age and station2 that the king could select from among his fair3 subjects; and to this lady he was immediately married as a reward for his innocence. It didn’t matter that he might possess a wife and family or that his affections might be engaged upon a lady of his own selection. The wedding took place immediately and in the arena. Bells rang, people shouted glad hurrahs, and the innocent man led his bride home.3 This was the king’s method of administering justice, its fai rness was obvious. The accused person was instantly punished if he found himself guilty and, if innocent, he was rewarded on the spot. The institution4 was a very popular one. The element of uncertainty gave interest to the occasion which could not other wise have a happened.54 The king had a beautiful and willful daughter. She was the apple of his eye and he loved her above all humanity.6 Among his courtiers was a young man of a low station whom the princess loved because he was very handsome and brave. This love affair moved along happily for many months, until one day the king happened to find out about it. He immediately had the youth imprisoned and appointed a day for a trial in the arena. Never before had such a case occurred; never before had a subject dared to love the daughter of a king.5 The tiger-cages of the kingdom were searched for the most savage beast, from which the fiercest one could be selected for the arena. Young and beautiful maidens were carefully surveyed in order that the young man might have a suitable bride if fate did not determine him a different destiny. Of course, everybody knew that thedeed with which the accused was charged had been done. He loved the princess and did not deny it, but the king would take pleasure in watching the events which would determine whether or not the young man had done wrong in allowing himself to love the princess.6 The day of the trial arrived. From far and near the people gathered and crowded the galleries of the arena. The king and his court entered and sat in their places opposite the twin doors. All was ready. The signal was given. A door beneath the royal party opened and the lover of the princess walked into the arena. Tall and handsome, he was greeted by a hum of admiration. Half the audience had not known that so grand a youth had lived among them. No wonder the princess loved him! What a terrible thing for him to be there!7 as the youth advanced into the arena, he turned, as the custom was, to bow to the king, but he did not think at all of her father. Form the very moment that the decree had gone forth, that her lover should decide his fate in the arena, she had thought of nothing else.7 Possessed of more power and determination than anyone connected with a previous case, she found out the secret of the doors. She knew behind which door stood the tiger cage with its open front and behind which door waited the lady. She had used both gold and determination to find out the secret.8 The princess also knew who the lady was. It was one of the most beautiful of the ladies of the court, and the princess hated her. Often the princess had seen, or imagined that she had seen, this fair creature glancing with admiration at her lover, and sometimes the princess thought that these glances were returned. Now and then she had seen them talking together.9 When her lover looked at her, and his eye met hers, he knew that she knew behind which door crouched the tiger and behind which stood the lady. He had expected her to know it as he understood her nature and determination. Then it was that his quick and anxi ous glance asked the question: “Which?”8 It was as plain to her as if he had shouted it from where he stood.9 There was not an instant to be lost. The question was asked in a flash; it must be answered in another. She raised her hand and made a slight, quick movement to- ward the right. No one but her lover saw her. Every eye was fixed on the man in the arena. Every breath was held and every eye remained fixed on that man. Without the slightest hesitation, he went to the door on the right and opened it.10 Now, the point of the story is this: Did the tiger come out of the door, or did the lady? The more we think about this question, the harder it is to answer. It involves a study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes of passion out of which it is difficult to fine our way.10 the soul of the princess beat with a white heat beneath the combined fires of despair and jealousy.11 she had lost him, but who should have him? How often in her waling hours and in her dreams had she thoughtof her lover opening the door on the other side of which waited the cruel fangs of the tiger! But how much oftener had she seen him at the other door and she could see his delight as he opened the door of the lady! Her soul had burned with agony as she imagined him rushing to meet that woman with her sparkling eyes of triumph. She further imagined the glad shouts of the crowd as the two handsome people were married and walked away showered with flowers.12 Her one despairing shriek was lost in the noise.11 Would it not be better for him to die at once? And yet, that awful tiger, those shrieks, that blood! Her decision had been indicated in an instant, but it had been made after days and nights of anguished thought. She had known she would be asked, she had decided what she would answer, and, without the slightest hesitation, she had moved her hand to the right.12 The question of her decision is not to be lightly considered, and it is not for me to presume to set myself up as the one person able to answer it.13 And so I leave it with all of you: Which came out of the opened door, — the lady, or the tiger? (1,307 words)Time taken:____________minutesUNIT 2 MannersIN-CLASS READINGNo One Stops to Say "Thank You" Anymore1 I am sitting in a local restaurant offering takeout homestyle meals, surrounded by exhausted but happy shoppers, families out for Friday night dinner, and students taking a break from college exams. The warm room buzzes with conversation. A well-known local homeless man very untidy but clean comes in, places an order, pays for it, then sits quietly waiting for his dinner. All talk stops. No one looks at him and several diners leave. He is aware of the general discomfort his presence has caused. When his takeout is ready, he gathers up his numerous bags and his dinner and, laden down, advances to the door to go back to the streets. Just as he reaches the door and begins to shift bundles to free a hand, a well-dressed man coming to the restaurant steps aside and holds the door for him. The homeless man stops and says, "Thank you very much."2 What struck me about this encounter was not the wealthier man helping out the less fortunate one. It was the homeless man stopping to thank him despite being desperate to escape a room full of disapproving people. No doubt he also thanked whoever had given him the money to buy dinner. In line buying my own meal, no one had thanked the young people behind the counter who dished up mashed potatoes for them. Had I taken a poll of the room, though, I bet everyone there would have considered themselves as having more manners than a person who lives on the streets.3 But how many of us are truly well-mannered? Some observations have been surprising.4 When I let someone into my lane of traffic, men almost always acknowledge this courtesy with a wave of the hand; women (the "polite" sex) hardly ever do. More women than men (the "chivalrous" sex) hold open doors for those behind them; teenage boys commit this nicety the least. And I no longer see mothers instructing a child, boy or girl, to hold open a door when several people are approaching something expected of all boys when I was growing up.5 Manners are a tool to remind us of others around us. Our actions affect each other; there is always give and take. However, if youth today are any indication, we are truly destined to become a society of people who think only of themselves. Maybe it sounds cliché, but my parents would have killed me had I done some of the things I endure from today's youth.6 I never ran in public, much less between and around the legs of people in stores. One scream and I would have been taken to the car and lectured on my behavior. Whenever I was rude in public, I was made to apologize; my parents didn't do it for me. These embarrassing moments didn't harm me; rather, they caused me to become aware that there were others inhabiting this world besides myself and my actions affected them.7 I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling, and only half the time have the parents apologized. Often they simply gather upthe children, making no eye contact, and take them to another part of the store to run around. If a child isn't made to deal with a minor situation, how will one ever handle a major faux pa& (which we all inevitably commit at some point)?8 I have noticed that children are not even being schooled in social graces. At a Sunday brunch, a clown was making balloon animals for the children. My friend's daughter, Sarah, stood by me waiting her turn'. One by one the children grabbed their balloons and yes ran.I was the only adult present who prompted "What do you say?" when the clown handed Sarah her balloon. The clown beamed at us, grateful he had actually been acknowledged.9 I don't blame the children, however. They emulate what they see. And what they are seeing is a society focused solely on acquisition be it the dream house or another drink in a restaurant or a space on a crowded freeway without ever stopping to thank the source.10 Rude language is now so commonplace that it is accepted behavior. And I'm not talking about the obviously blue vocabulary in books and movies, or that damn is considered harmless compared to what else has become acceptable. I'm referring to inconsiderate word choice. For example, while discussing a story idea with an editor, a very young staff member asked if I was the "chick" who had called for information. I said nothing, knowing that a show of displeasure would have labeled me oversensitive rather than him rude.11 Most people today feel proud to have built a society that treats the races, sexes, and economic classes more equally than ever before. And, yes, we have made real strides in these areas. But isn't it ironic that these same people don't find it necessary to say "Excuse me" to an older couple walking very slowly in front of them, before zooming around the couple?12 It's not necessary to provide yet another analysis of the disintegration of the family or the breakdown of the social fabric or the price of democracy to explain what hashappened to our society. The matter at hand is simply to thank the next person who provides a helping hand when needed.13 In a crowded world, manners are of vital importance. Small, friendly human interactions help ease the everyday stress of having to hurry, trying to squeeze onto a crowded thoroughfare, standing in one more line to deal with a clerk of some kind, or calling a customer service representative for the third time about a mistake on a bill. Manners make us aware that everything we have derives from a source. Are we really so pressured that we cannot stop to observe simple courtesy?(991 words)Time taken: ______ minutesProper NameSarah(女子名)萨拉New Wordsacknowledgev. show thanks for 就……表示谢意,致谢e.g. He acknowledged the applause with a small bow.acquisitionn. the act of getting land, power, money, etc. 获取e.g. The acquisition of the property took months.anymoreadv. any longer (一般只用于表示否定意义的上下文中)而今再也e.g. I don't like being called Theresa anymore. It's old-fashioned.brunchn. a meal that serves as both breakfast and lunch 早午餐bundlen. a group of things such as papers, clothes, or sticks that are fastened or tied together 捆,束,包e.g. He gathered the bundles of clothing into his arms.buzzv.1) be filled with a lot of excitement or activity 充满了激动或活动的声音e.g. The narrow streets in the area buzzed with stories of the killers.2) talk quietly at the same time 发出低沉、嘈杂的声音e.g. The audience buzzed throughout the performance.chasev. quickly follow someone or something trying to catch them 追逐,追赶e.g. Outside in the yard, kids were yelling and chasing each other.chickn. American slang for a young woman (偶)少女,少妇chivalrousadj. (esp. of men) marked by bravery, honor, generosity, and good manners (esp. toward women) (男人) 有骑士风度的clichén. an expression that is used too often and has lost most of its meaning陈词滥调clownn. a performer, especially in the circus, who dresses strangely and tries to make peoplelaugh by his jokes, tricks or actions 小丑commonplaceadj. ordinary; not regarded as special or unusual 普通的,不足为奇的e.g. A few years ago it was quite rare to see women unaccompanied by men in a pub, now it's commonplace.courtesyn. polite behavior; a polite or kind action or expression 有礼的举止或言辞e.g. The student replied with promptness and courtesy.democracyn. social equality and the right to take part in decision-making 民主e.g. Democracy is spreading around the world in various forms.destinedadj. certain to happen at some time in the future 命中注定的e.g. He feels that he was destined to become a musician.disintegration*n. the state of becoming weaker or less united and being gradually destroyed 解体,瓦解emulatev. try to be like someone else, because you admire them 仿效e.g. People often try to emulate their favorite pop singers or movie stars.fabricn.1) a framework or structure 组构,组织e.g. He said the fabric of society was threatened by groups of criminals involved withdrugs, violence and robbery.2) material or cloth made by weaving threads together 织物,(纺)织品e.g. My shirt is made of cotton fabric.freewayn. (AmE) a very wide road built for fast long-distance travel 高速公路,高速干道indicationn. a sign of something; something that is suggested 象征,迹象e. g. This was a clear indication that they were in financial difficulty.inevitably*adv. unavoidably 不可避免地e.g. An organization of this size inevitably has problems.ironic*adj. full of irony 讽刺的,有讽刺意味的e.g. How ironic that he should have been invited to play for the English team on the very day that he broke his leg.ladenadj. heavily loaded with something 装满的,充满的e.g. She arrived back home laden with shopping bags.oversensitive*adj. too easily influenced or offended 过分敏感的,神经过敏的siblingn. a brother or sister 兄弟(或姐妹), 同胞squeezev.1) fit by forcing, pressing or crowding挤人,挤过,塞e.g. Anne squeezed herself into the crowded elevator.2) press firmly together, especially from opposite sides 压,挤,榨e.g. She squeezed the tube hard and the last of the tooth paste came out.striden.1) an improvement in a situation or in the development of something 进展,进步e.g. We've made great strides in medical technology this century.2) a long step 大步,步幅e.g. With every stride, runners hit the ground with up to five times their body-weight.v. walk quickly with long steps 阔步行进,大踏步走e. g. He came striding along the path, with his gun over his shoulder.takeout(AmE)adj. intended to be taken from the point of sale and consumed elsewhere 供顾客带出外吃的.n. food made to be taken out 外卖的食物thoroughfaren. the main road through place such as a city or town 大街,大道Phrases and Expressionsat handnear in time or space 近在手边,附近;即将到来e.g. I picked up a book that happened to lie at hand and read a few pages.disk upput into and/ or serve in a dish as food 把(食物)装盘,盛在盘中端上(饭菜)e.g. I will dish up the first course.gather upbring together into one group, collection, or place 使聚集,收拢,集拢e.g. She watched Willie gather up the papers and stuff them carelessly in his pocket.give-and-takethe practice of making mutual concessions; willingness to compromise 互相让步,互相迁就e.g. You can't always insist on your own way—there has to be some give-and-take.help (someone) outgive help and support to someone who has problems 帮助某人(尢指摆脱困境或危难)e.g. I) I helped out with the secretarial work.II) I think her colleagues did help her out on that occasion.lecture onscold or warn, especially at some length 训斥,告诫e.g. She lectured her children on good table manners.much lesseven less likely 更谈不上e.g. Jack can hardly understand arithmetic, much less geometry.no doubtalmost certainly; very probably 肯定地,想必e.g. 1 ) You've all no doubt heard the news.II) No doubt I learned a lot from that lecture.run aroundrun excitedly and randomly within a particular area 在……四处奔跑e.g. We need a large garden, where the kids can run around freely.run overmake one's way quickly over 在……上跑过,撞倒e.g. We almost ran over a fox that was crossing the road.step asidewalk to one side 走开一点,让开一点e.g. The crowd stepped aside to let the chairman pass.UNIT 3 Business StrategiesIN-CLASS READINGBusiness Lessons from the Rain ForestTakashi Kiuchi1 The environment and the emerging information economy are two issues most vital to the future of my business, and perhaps the world. To me, these topics seem intimately linked. Perhaps this is partly because I work for Mitsubishi Electric, an electronics company, and I see our impacts on the environment. But my most important lessons about the link among business, the environment, and the economy did not come from my company. I learned them in the forest.2 On my trip to Asia, I visited the Malaysian rain forest. What I learned changed my life asa corporate executive.3 I learned that saving the rain forests in fact, saving the environment is more than an environmental necessity. It is a business opportunity. In our case, it is an opportunity to pursue business opportunities that use creativity and technology to substitute for trees, for resources of any kind.4 I learned something else in the rain forest, too, something more profound. I learned how we might operate our company not just to save the rain forest, but to be more like the rain forest.5 To be agile and creative, we must structure our company so that we are a learning organization. Not top-down, but bottom-up. Not centralized, but decentralized. Not limited by rules, but motivated by objectives. Not structured like a machine which cannot learn but like a living system, which can.6 When I visited the rain forest, I realized that it was a model of the perfect learning organization, a place that excels by learning to adapt to what it doesn't have. A rain forest has almost no resources. The soil is thin. There are few nutrients. It consumes almost nothing. Wastes are food. Design is capital. So my model for Mitsubishi Electric is an organization that is like a rain forest in those respects.7 Rain forests have no productive assets, yet they are incredibly productive. They are home to millions of types of plants and animals more than two-thirds of all biodiversity in the world. Those plants and animals are so perfectly mixed that the system is more efficient, and more creative, than any business in the world.8 If we ran our companies like the rain forest, imagine how creative, how productive, how ecologically benign we could be. We can begin by operating less like a machine and more like a living system. At Mitsubishi Electric, we have begun to adopt an environmental management system founded on principles of industrial ecology. For us, this means twothings: First, we must have our eyes wide open and see the environmental costs and benefits of our business. Second, based on what we see, we must take action:See costs and reduce them. See benefits and increase them. See needs and fill them.9 When I visited the rain forest, I realized that, as business people, we have been looking at the rain forest all wrong. What is valuable about the rain forest is not the trees, which we can take out. What is valuable is the design, the relationships, from which comes the real value of the forest. When we take trees from the forest, we can ruin its design. But when we take lessons from the forest, we further its purpose. We can develop the human ecosystem into as intricate and creative a system as we find in the rain forest. We can do more with less; grow without shrinking.10 While the rain forest has many design principles, let's discuss three:11 Differentiate. Be yourself, be unique. In the rain forest, conformity leads to extinction. If two organisms have the same niche, only one survives. The other adapts or dies. 12 The same thing happens in today's economy. If two businesses have the same niche, making exactly the same product, only one survives. The other adapts or dies. Most companies today are trying to be the one that survives by cutting costs, radically downsizing, desperately seeking the lowest cost.13 It's smarter to differentiate. Create unique products, different from any others. Fill unique niches. Don't kill our competitors or be killed by them sidestep them instead. Only then is it time to reduce costs and grow more efficient.14 Cooperate. Today, many people think competitiveness is the key to business success, but such thinking is out of date. Today, as we grow different, we learn that none of us is whole. We need each other to fill in our gaps. For example, at my company, we no longer look to grow bigger simply by acquiring more and more companies as subsidiaries. Instead, we are engaging in cooperative joint ventures with many others. Each companyretains its independence, its specialty, and its core competence. Together we benefit from our diversity.15 Be a good fit. We used to say only the fittest survives; only one can be the winner. But the rain forest has many winners.16 The same can be true in our economy. In this new, diverse, rain-forest economy, it is not a question of who is most fit. It is a question of where we best fit. If we fit if we solve a social problem, fulfill a social need we will survive and excel. If we only create problems, we will not.17 I am often asked whether the needs of the corporation and the needs of the environment are in conflict. I do not believe they are. In the long run, they cannot be.18 Conventional wisdom is that the highest mission of a corporation is to maximize profits and return to shareholders. That is a myth. It has never been true. Profit is just money a medium of exchange. You always trade it for something else. So profits are not an end; they are a means to an end.19 My philosophy is this: We don't run our business to earn profits. We earn profits to run our business. Our business has meaning and purpose a reason to be here.20 People talk today about business needing to be socially responsible, as if this is something new we need to do, on top of everything else we do. But social responsibility is not something that one should do as an extra benefit of the business. The whole essence of the business should be social responsibility. It must live for a purpose. Otherwise, why should it live at all?21 What I learned from the rain forest is easy to understand. We can use less and have more. It is the only way, for the interests of business and the interests of the environment are not incompatible.(1102 words)Time taken: _______ minutesProper NamesMalaysianadj. 马来西亚的Mitsubishi Electric日本三菱电气公司Takashi Kiuchi(日本男子名)木内孝New Wordsagileadj. active, lively, think quickly 灵活的,(才思)敏捷的e.g. The agile monkey swung from branch to branch.biodiversityn. biological diversity in an environment as indicated by numbers of different species of plants and animals 生物品种competencen. the ability and skill to do what is needed 能力,技能e.g. I'm only worried about his attitude to the job: his competence is not in question.conformity *n. agreement with established rules, customs, etc. 一致,顺从e.g. Excessive conformity is usually caused by fear of disapproval . conventionaladj. following what is traditional or considered to be normal 传统的,符合习俗的e.g. The house was built with conventional materials but in a totally new style.cooperatev. work with somebody else to achieve something 合作,协作,配合e.g. I ) Our company is cooperating with a Danish firm on this project. II) The art department cooperated with the editorial department to produce the book.coren.1) the central or most important part of something 核心,要点e.g. The basic lack of government funding is at the core of the problem.2) the hard center of certain fruits, containing seeds 果心,核e.g. She finished her apple and threw the core away.differentiatev.1) make or become different in the process of growth or development (使)变异e.g. The cells differentiate into a wide variety of cell types.2) to see or express a difference (between) 区分,区别e.g. A child may not differentiate between his imagination and the real world.diversity *n. the condition of being different or having differences 差异,多样性e.g. Newspapers were obliged to allow a diversity of views to be printed.downsize *v. to make a business or industry smaller 缩减,削减e.g. I ) The company will have to downsize to cut costs.II) American manufacturing organizations have been downsizing their factories.ecologically *adv. from the point of view of ecology 从生态学的观点看e.g. Ecologically, the new dam (大坝) has been a disaster.ecologyn. the pattern and balance of relationships between plants, animals, people, and the environment in that place 生态e.g. The oil spill caused terrible damage to the fragile (脆弱的)ecology of the coastline.ecosystem *n. all the plants and animals that live in a particular area together with the complex relationship that exists between them and their environment 生态系统electronicsn.1) electronic devices and equipment 电子器件e.g. All the electronics are housed in a waterproof box.2) a branch of physics that deals with the emission, behavior and effects of electrons and with electronic devices 电子学,电子技术e.g. The field of modern electronics has grown rapidly.extinction *n. a situation in which a particular kind of animal, plant, etc. no longer exists 消灭;灭绝e.g. There are many animals in danger of extinction.incompatible *adj. unable to exist together in harmony 不相容的,不协调的,不相配的e.g. I ) I don't think either of them was to blame: they were just incompatible.II) His behavior has been incompatible with his role as head of the state.objectiven. an aim that you are trying to achieve 目的,目标e.g. The main objective of this policy is to reduce unemployment, adj. not influenced by one's own personal feelings, based only on facts 客观的,不带偏见的e.g. I ) Please try to give an objective report of what happened.。
新编英语教程5课文翻译(标准)
Unit Eight: 为何样样失灵?(为何什么都没用?)根据著名学者摩非所发明的法则,“任何东西如果有坏的可能,它就一定会坏掉。
”摩非法则的推论为劣质商品问题提供了依据:任何东西如果可能会失效,它就一定会失效;任何东西如果可能解体,它就一定会解体;任何东西如果可能停止运转,它就会停止运转。
虽然摩非定律永远不会被推翻,但是它的效应通常却是可以被延缓的。
人类生存多半想能确保物品出厂后相当一段时间内不会坏掉、解体、失效或停止运转。
要想预防摩非法则对产品产生效应需要智慧、技术和承诺。
如果这些人为的输入得到专门的质量监控仪器、机械和科学的抽样工序的辅助,那就更好了。
然而,单单是质量监控仪和抽样调查将永远不能制胜,因为这些物件也受制于摩非法则。
质检仪器需要维修;计量器也会出故障;X光和雷射光束需要调整。
无论技术如何先进,保持高质量需要智慧、活跃的思想和行动。
回忆一下史前和工业化前人类的物质文化也许有助于说明我的意思。
博物馆里展览着简单的工业化前的社会所用的手工物品,只参观一次就足于打消质量得依赖技术这种观点。
手工物品也许设计简单甚至原始,但其制作意图却是要终生耐用。
我们敬慕“手工制作”的标签并愿意多花钱购买当今数量递减的手工艺人推出的珠宝、毛衣和手袋,就是承认了这一点。
波摩印地安人的篮子编得如此紧密,以至于用它来盛开水而滴水不漏;爱斯基摩人的皮船具有一系列无与伦比的综合优点,既轻巧结实又经得起风浪。
这些东西的质量源泉是什么?仅仅因为它们是手工制作的吗?我认为并非如此。
不熟练不经意的手做出来的篮子或船只也会和机器制的篮子或船一样迅速分崩离析。
我宁可认为我们之所以敬慕“手工制作”的标签,是因为它让人联想起的不是生产者和产品之间的技术关系,而是一种生产者和消费者之间的社会关系。
贯穿史前时期,保证产品最高程度的耐用性和持久性的是这一个事实:生产者和消费者不是同一个人就是同样的个体或是近亲。
男人们制作自己的长矛、弓、箭以及抛掷尖物;女人们编制自己的篮子和网兜,用动物皮毛、树皮或纤维做自己的衣服。
新编大学英语综合教程UNIt 4课文翻译
大学英语综合教程(中职英语)Unit 4Passage ABefore you Read (读前思考)What kind of sports are you fond of? What is the sport you usually take part in?(你喜欢什么运动?你通常参加什么运动?)A Winning PersonalityPersonality 性格;魅力;气质——成功的人格Li Na started her sporting life with a badminton racket in her hand at age six. When she was eight, her coach discovered that she was using the racket more like a tennis player, and so a big decision was made.badminton racket 羽毛球拍coach 教练;长途汽车;训练。
racket 喧哗;诈骗;球拍。
more like 更接近于decision 决定,抉择;作决定;决策李娜六岁时就开始了她的运动生涯,手里拿着一个羽毛球球拍。
当她八岁的时候,她的教练发现她用球拍更像一个网球运动员,于是做出了一个重大决定。
Back home, Li told her mother: "I'm going to play tennis. " Surprised, her mother couldn't help asking:”What's tennis?”回到家里,李娜告诉妈妈:“我要去打网球。
”妈妈很惊讶,忍不住问:“网球是什么?”Twenty years later, Li stands out as the greatest woman tennis player in China. In 2011 Li won the French Open singles title, making her Asia's first and only Grand Slam singles champion, and rising to a career high ranking of world No. 4. This is really something to be proud of. Already the Chinese TV stations and newspapers have greeted her as a sporting heroine. Asian Tennis Federation has taken this opportunity to show that Li's success is living proof of Asia's ability to host a grand slam tournament. Currently the World No. 5 and Chinese No. 1, Li has become the best of what the Chinese call the "Golden Flowers,” a generation of women tennis players including Zheng Jie and Yan Zi, who have won two grand slam doubles titles, and Peng Shuai, who, as of June 17. 2013, is the 2nd ranked Chinese woman player.singles 单程票;单人房间; single的第三人称单数和复数Grand Slam 大满贯; 大赛; 大奖赛champion 冠军; 优胜者;声援者;捍卫;声援ranking 地位,排位; 最高级的; 排列; rank的现在分词be proud of 以…自豪greeted 和打招呼; 欢迎; 迎接; 对…作出反应; 映入…的眼帘; 传入…的耳中; greet的过去分词和过去式heroine 女英雄; 女豪杰,女主角Asian Tennis Federation 【体】亚洲网球联合会proof 证据; 证明。
新视野大学英语5 unit1、2、3、4、8课文句子翻译
Unit1.1.在一个充斥着错误信息的世界,让学生学会识别真的、美的、好的信息是一个巨大的挑战。
(a formidable challenge ,identify)1. In a world full of misinformation it is a formidable challenge for the students to learn to identify the true, the beautiful, and the good.2.任何形式的登山运动(mountaineering)都有其内在的危险性,毕竟它是一项冒险运动。
(inherent)2.Any form of mountaineering has its inherent danger. After all, it is an adventure sport.3.那所大学将在一定程度上允许针对个人的授课,学生会得到符合自身需要的、适合自己学习方法和进度的课程设置。
(tailored to)3.The university will permit a degree of individual instruction and the students may receive a curriculum tailored to their needs, learning style and pace.4.据说对学习过程的基因基础的理解能告诉我们哪些年轻学子可能更快取得进步,哪些注定要有“艰难的”求学历程。
(the understanding of the genetic basis of learning,doomed to)4.It is said that the understanding of the genetic basis of learning will tell us which youngsters are likely to advance quickly and which ones seem doomed to "difficult" school experiences.5.据报道,在加拿大几乎有数以千计的江、湖不再能维持鱼和植物的生长。
新编大学英语5(浙大版)课后习题答案
新编大学英语第二版第五册练习答案Vocabulary1.1)semi-circle(half)2)semi-detached(partly,not completely)3)semi-finals(next to)4)semi-annual(happening,appearing,etc.twice in a stated period)5)semi-retired(partly,not completely)6)semi-automatic(partly,not completely)7)semi-professional(partly,not completely)8)semi-conscious(partly,not completely)9)Semi-tropical(next to)10)semi-literate(partly,not completely)2.1) A.convict B.accused C.charged D.convicted2) A.hopeful B.willful C.willful D.wishful3) A.tradition B.habit C.custom/tradition D.custom4) A.appreciation B.affection C.appreciation D.admiration5) A.glance B.glimpse C.glare D.glance6) A.reward B.awarded C.rewarded D.prizes3.1)on and off(from time to time)/now ad then(sometimes but not very often)2)now and then(sometimes but not very often)3)here and there(in different places)4)ups and downs(good and bad periods following one another in turn)5)far and near(everywhere)6)now ad then(sometimes but not very often)7)up and down(moving upwards and downwards)8)day and night(all the time)9)day and night(all the time)10)on and off(from time to time)Part Three Further Development1.Enriching Your Word Power1)B2)B3)A4)B5)B6)A7)A8)B9)A10)C2.Can You Solve This?Answer:The murderer is Mrs.Van Pelt.Reasons:1)Mrs.Van Pelt smoked;2)Mrs.Van Pelt was wearing blue;3)A note found in Mrs.Van Pelt’s purse(She Knew about her husband’s affair with a lady called Elizabeth);4)At11:10,five minutes after the murder,Mrs.Van Pelt came into the kitchen and heated milk.5)Mrs.Van Pelt’s name was Jane(Her husband was in love with someone else and wanted to divorce her).新编大学英语第二版第五册第二单元练习答案Vocabulary1.home-style(l.1):like what is made at homeshopper(l.2):someone who buys things in shopshomeless(l.4):without a homediner(l.12):someone who is eating dinner in a restaurantdiscomfort(l.13):the state of being uneasy/uncomfortabletakeout(l.14):dissatisfaction,disapprovaldisapproving(l.21):showing that you think someone or something is bad or undesirableinconsiderate(l.63):not caring about the feelings,needs or comfort of other peopledispleasure(l.65):dissatisfaction;disapprovaloversensitive(l.66):too easily influenced or offendeddisintegration(l.72):the state of becoming weaker or less united and being gradually destroyedbreakdown(l.73):collapse(n.);failure to progress2.Fill in the blanksDirections:Fill in the blanks with the words and phrases given below.Change the form if necessary.commit gather up acknowledge help out inhabit be destined to indication chase derive from observe1)After he received the phone call,John his papers and left the room.【译文】接了一个电话之后,约翰收起他的论文离开了房间。
新编大学英语第五册-课文翻译及答案(浙江大学)
课文翻译Unit 1 美女还是老虎?很久以前,有一个国王,非常野蛮,想像力却非常丰富。
他出了很多点子,其中一个就是建一个大竞技场来执行裁决。
在那里,罪恶受到惩治,美德得以回报。
当臣民被指控犯罪,而且其罪行足以令国王关注时,就会发布公告,告知在某一指定的日期,被指控者的命运将在国王的竞技场上决定。
所有人都已聚集在观众席上,而在竞技场的一边,国王高高地坐在他的御座上,周围簇拥着他的皇室成员及侍臣。
当所有人就座后,国王就会发出信号,接着他下面的一扇门就会打开,受到指控的臣民从这儿出来,走入竞技场。
在竞技场的另一边,国王的正对面有一模一样的两扇门,紧紧地挨着。
受审者直接走向这两扇门,打开其中的一扇,这是他必须做的事,也是他的特殊待遇。
他愿意打开哪扇门,就打开哪扇门。
他不会得到任何提示,只有凭运气。
他可能打开一扇门,里面会出来一只凶残饥饿的老虎。
老虎立即立即扑向他,将他撕得四分五裂。
这就是对他所犯罪行的惩罚。
但是,如果受审者打开另一扇门,里面会走出一位小姐,她是国王从国内众多美女中挑选出来的,是与他的年龄和身份最般配的;他必须立即与这位小姐结婚,这是对他清白无罪的回报。
也许他已有妻小,也许他已心有所属,但这一切都不重要。
婚礼会立即在竞技场上举行。
那时,钟声敲响,观众欢呼,这位无辜的人则领着他的新娘回家。
这就是国王进行裁决的方式。
其公正性是显而易见的。
如果被告有罪,他将立即受到惩治;如果清白,则当场得到回报。
这种制度非常受欢迎。
其中的不确定因素给这种场合增添了趣味性。
国王有一个漂亮任性的女儿,是国王的掌上明珠。
他爱她胜过爱任何人。
在他的侍臣中,有一位职位较低的年轻人,由于他英俊、勇武,公主爱上了他。
他们幸福地恋爱了好几个月之后,有一天被国王碰巧发现了。
国王立即将年轻人监禁起来,并定下日期要在竞技场审判他。
这样的案子以前从未发生过;以前也从未有任何臣民胆敢爱上国王的女儿。
为了寻找最凶猛的老虎带到竞技场上去,搜遍了整个王国所有关老虎的笼子。
新编大学英语5课文翻译
In-class Reading 的课文翻译Unit 1 美女还是老虎?很久以前,有一个国王,非常野蛮,想像力却非常丰富。
他出了很多点子,其中一个就是建一个大竞技场来执行裁决。
在那里,罪恶受到惩治,美德得以回报。
当臣民被指控犯罪,而且其罪行足以令国王关注时,就会发布公告,告知在某一指定的日期,被指控者的命运将在国王的竞技场上决定。
所有人都已聚集在观众席上,而在竞技场的一边,国王高高地坐在他的御座上,周围簇拥着他的皇室成员及侍臣。
当所有人就座后,国王就会发出信号,接着他下面的一扇门就会打开,受到指控的臣民从这儿出来,走入竞技场。
在竞技场的另一边,国王的正对面有一模一样的两扇门,紧紧地挨着。
受审者直接走向这两扇门,打开其中的一扇,这是他必须做的事,也是他的特殊待遇。
他愿意打开哪扇门,就打开哪扇门。
他不会得到任何提示,只有凭运气。
他可能打开一扇门,里面会出来一只凶残饥饿的老虎。
老虎立即立即扑向他,将他撕得四分五裂。
这就是对他所犯罪行的惩罚。
但是,如果受审者打开另一扇门,里面会走出一位小姐,她是国王从国内众多美女中挑选出来的,是与他的年龄和身份最般配的;他必须立即与这位小姐结婚,这是对他清白无罪的回报。
也许他已有妻小,也许他已心有所属,但这一切都不重要。
婚礼会立即在竞技场上举行。
那时,钟声敲响,观众欢呼,这位无辜的人则领着他的新娘回家。
这就是国王进行裁决的方式。
其公正性是显而易见的。
如果被告有罪,他将立即受到惩治;如果清白,则当场得到回报。
这种制度非常受欢迎。
其中的不确定因素给这种场合增添了趣味性。
国王有一个漂亮任性的女儿,是国王的掌上明珠。
他爱她胜过爱任何人。
在他的侍臣中,有一位职位较低的年轻人,由于他英俊、勇武,公主爱上了他。
他们幸福地恋爱了好几个月之后,有一天被国王碰巧发现了。
国王立即将年轻人监禁起来,并定下日期要在竞技场审判他。
这样的案子以前从未发生过;以前也从未有任何臣民胆敢爱上国王的女儿。
为了寻找最凶猛的老虎带到竞技场上去,搜遍了整个王国所有关老虎的笼子。
全新版大学英语5(第二版)UNIT 1-7课文翻译英汉对照
UNIT 1 One Writer’s Beginnings1 I learned from the age of two or three that any room in our house, at any time of day, was there to read in, or to be read to. My mother read to me. She’d read to me in the big bedroom in the mornings, when we were in her rocker together, which ticked in rhythm as we rocked, as though we had a cricket accompanying the story. She’d read to me in the dining room on winter afternoons in front of the coal fire, with our cuckoo clock ending the story with “Cuckoo,”and at night when I’d got in my own bed. I must have given her no peace. Sometimes she read to me in the kitchen while she sat churning, and the churning sobbed along with any story. It was my ambition to have her read to me while I churned; once she granted my wish, but she read off my story before I brought her butter. She was an expressive reader. When she was reading “Puss in Boots,” for instance, it was impossible not to know that she distrusted all cats.我从两三岁起就知道,家中随便在哪个房间里,白天无论在什么时间,都可以念书或听人念书。
新编大学英语4课文翻译和答案(浙江大学)
课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)Unit 1享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀?1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心,古今中外都一样。
这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。
那么,到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢?2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人,因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。
这些学生文化差异很大,有来自拉丁美洲的,也有来自中国的。
我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。
这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。
3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后,班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合,而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢?显然,有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。
而且,我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话,而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。
我们都听人说过这样的话:“我喜欢笑话,但我讲不好,也总是记不住。
”有些人比别人更有幽默感,就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。
一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲,而且讲了一个笑话,就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。
一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。
一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱,而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。
这么说是有道理的。
4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。
我岳母从前经常来我们家,并能住上很长一段时间。
通常她不喜欢狗,但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。
而且,她们的这种喜欢是相互的。
布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母,当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时,布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室,并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去,一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。
外祖母从椅子上一起来,布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子,从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑,无疑是在说:“啊哈,你又上了我的当。
”5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。
第一部分是铺垫(即背景),接下来是主干部分(即故事情节),随后便是妙语(即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾)。
新编大学英语第五册课后翻译1
新编大学英语第五册课后翻译1UNIT1The Tell-Tale Heart泄密的心1真的!我很紧张,非常紧张。
难道我疯了?看我会如何平静地给你们讲述整个事情的经过吧。
2我无法说清楚最初我脑子里是怎么产生这个念头的,但这念头一旦产生,就日夜缠扰着我。
我爱这个老人。
他从来没有对不起我。
对他的钱,我毫无欲望。
我想是因为他的眼睛,他的一只眼睛很像秃鹫的眼睛——淡蓝色的,上面蒙着一层薄翳。
每当那只眼睛看着我时,我周身的血就变得冰冷。
因此我渐渐地下决心,要干掉这个老人,这样我就可以永远地摆脱那只眼睛。
3在干掉老人的前一周里,我对他超乎寻常地好。
每天晚上,午夜前后,我就会拧开他房门的门闩把门翻开——哦,动作是那么轻!然后,在把门开了一个刚好能把头伸进去的小缝后,我先把一盏遮得严严实实、密不透光的灯放进去,然后再把头伸进去。
当我的头完全伸进房间后,我会小心翼翼地把灯罩解开一点,刚好让一线灯光不偏不倚地照在那只像秃鹫的眼睛上。
我这样持续了七个晚上,但是我发现那只眼睛始终闭着。
因此,我无法下手,因为令我恼火的不是这个老人,而是他那只邪恶的眼睛。
每天早晨,天一亮,我就大胆地走进他的房间,勇敢地跟他说话,直呼其名套近乎,还问他夜里睡得怎样。
4第八天的晚上,我开门时比往常更加小心。
当我把头伸进去,正准备掀开灯罩时,我的拇指在镀锡的扣拴上碰了一下,老人一下子从床上坐了起来,大声喊道:“谁啊?〞5我一动不动,也没吱声。
整整一个小时,我都纹丝不动。
与此同时,我也没有听到他躺下去。
他依旧坐在床上听着。
不久,我听到了一声轻轻的呻吟,我知道这是因恐惧而呻吟。
它不是痛苦或忧伤的呻吟——不是的!——这消沉的声音发自心灵的深处。
我知道他此时的感觉,很可怜他,尽管我在心里暗自发笑。
我知道他一直都醒着,而且他的恐惧在渐渐地加剧。
他试图认为自己的恐惧是毫无理由的,但却做不到。
他一直在对自己说:“只是烟囱里的风声吧;只是耗子在地板上跑的声音吧。
浙江大学版大英5 翻译
新编大学英语5 翻译整理-----------------------------------------------新编大学英语5翻译整理-------------------------------------------------------------UNIT 1Complete the following sentences according to the text.∙ 1.Directly opposite him on the other side were two doors, exactly alike and side by side. L.9(一模一样,紧紧挨着)∙ 2.It was the duty and the privilege of the person on trial(受审者的义务和特殊待遇) t o walk directly to these doors.L.10∙ 3.He was subject to no guidance or influence, only chance. (L. 11) (不会得到任何提示,只有凭运气).∙ 4. The tiger immediately sprang upon him and tore him to pieces as punishment for his guilt. L.13(扑向他,将他撕得四分五裂,作为对他所犯罪行的惩罚)∙ 5. It didn’t matter that he might posses a wife and family or that his affe ctions might be engaged upon a lady of his own selection. (L.17) (有妻小或心有所属)∙ 6. This was the king‟s method of administering justice. L.21_(进行裁决的方式)∙7. He was rewarded on the spot. L.23(当场)∙8. She was the apple of his eye (他的掌上明珠)and he loved her above all humanity.(胜过爱任何人)(L.26)∙9. Young and beautiful maidens were carefully surveyed(进行了甄选) in order that t he young man might have a suitable bride if fate did not determine for him a differ ent destiny. (L. 34) (以备此人命不该绝).∙10. (她的心像被灼烧一样) Her soul had burned with agony as she imagined him rushi ng to meet that woman with her sparking eyes of triumph . L.85(眼里充满胜利的喜悦).∙12. It had been made after days and nights of anguished thought. L.90(日日夜夜痛苦思索)∙13. It is not for me to presume to set myself up as the one person able to answ er it . L.95_(想当然把自己当作唯一能够回答这问题的人).UNIT 3∙ 1.I learned that saving the rain forests is more than an environmental necessity. (L.10) (不仅仅是环境的需要)∙ 2.In our case, it is an opportunity to pursue business opportunities that use creativi ty and technology to substitute for trees, for resources of any kind. (L.12) (替代树木以及任何资源)∙ 3.Not limited by rules, but motivated by objectives. ( L.24) (而应用目标去激励)∙ 4.When I visited the rain forest, I realized that it was a model of the perfect lear ning organization, a place that excels by learning to adapt to what it doesn‟t have. (L.27) (适应自己的不足之处)∙ 5. At Mitsubishi Electric, we have begun to adopt an environmental management sy stem founded on principles of industrial ecology.(L.37) (根据工业生态原理建立的)∙ 6. Each company retains its independence, its specialty, and its core competence. (L.68) (保持自己的独立性、自己的特色和自己的核心技术。
新编大学英语综合教程UNIt4课文翻译
新编大学英语综合教程UNIt4课文翻译大学英语综合教程(中职英语)Unit 4Passage ABefore you Read (读前思考)What kind of sports are you fond of? What is the sport you usually take part in?(你喜欢什么运动?你通常参加什么运动?)A Winning PersonalityPersonality 性格;魅力;气质——成功的人格Li Na started her sporting life with a badminton racket in her hand at age six. When she was eight, her coach discovered that she was using the racket more like a tennis player, and so a big decision was made.badminton racket 羽毛球拍coach 教练;长途汽车;训练。
racket 喧哗;诈骗;球拍。
more like 更接近于decision 决定,抉择;作决定;决策李娜六岁时就开始了她的运动生涯,手里拿着一个羽毛球球拍。
当她八岁的时候,她的教练发现她用球拍更像一个网球运动员,于是做出了一个重大决定。
Back home, Li told her mother: "I'm going to play tennis. " Surprised, her mother couldn't help aski ng:”What's tennis?”回到家里,李娜告诉妈妈:“我要去打网球。
”妈妈很惊讶,忍不住问:“网球是什么?”Twenty years later, Li stands out as the greatest woman tennis player in China. In 2011 Li won the French Open singles title, making her Asia's first and only Grand Slam singles champion, and rising to a career high ranking of world No. 4. This is really something to be proud of. Already the Chinese TV stations and newspapers have greeted her as a sporting heroine.Asian Tennis Federation has taken this opportunity to show that Li's success is living proof of Asia's ability to host a grand slam tournament. Currently the World No. 5 and Chinese No. 1, Li has become the best of what the Chinese call the "Golden Flowers,”a generation of women tennis players including Zheng Jie and Yan Zi, who have won two grand slam doubles titles, and Peng Shuai, who, as of June 17. 2013, is the 2nd ranked Chinese woman player.singles 单程票;单人房间; single的第三人称单数和复数Grand Slam 大满贯; 大赛; 大奖赛champion 冠军; 优胜者;声援者;捍卫;声援ranking 地位,排位; 最高级的; 排列; rank的现在分词be proud of 以…自豪greeted 和打招呼; 欢迎; 迎接; 对…作出反应; 映入…的眼帘; 传入…的耳中; greet的过去分词和过去式heroine 女英雄; 女豪杰,女主角Asian Tennis Federation 【体】亚洲网球联合会proof 证据; 证明。
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朋友、好朋友、知心朋友1 我过去曾想这样说:女人一旦成了朋友,她们就会喜欢、支持和信任对方;向对方袒露自己心中的秘密; 二话不说就赶去帮忙;只要是非说不可的事,就坦诚相告、直言不讳(例如,不行,你不能穿那件衣服,除非你减去十磅)。
2 我过去曾想这样说:一旦女人都喜欢英格玛·伯格曼,喜欢乘火车、喜欢猫、喜欢天暖和时下雨,而且都非常讨厌纽瓦克、讨厌球芽甘蓝、讨厌宿营,她们就是朋友。
3 换句话说,我过去曾想说朋友就是朋友,始终如一、亲密无间,但是现在我认为这是一种狭隘的观点。
因为我自己经历的和看到的友谊就表现出不同的亲密程度,起着不同的作用,满足不同的需要,从前面提到的亲如姐妹、毫无保留的友谊到最随意的玩伴关系。
4 来看看这些不同层次的友谊:5 近便之交要不是我们的生活道路总是相互交叉,我们没有特别的理由和这些女人成为朋友:隔壁邻居、合伙使用汽车的伙伴、孩子好朋友的妈妈或者每周和我们一起在格兰伍德合作幼儿园分果汁和甜饼的某位妈妈。
6 近便之交确实方便。
有聚会时,她们会借给我们杯子和银餐具生病时,她们会开车带我们的孩子去看足球赛。
需要去修车厂取车时,她们会开车送我们过去。
度假时,她们会照顾我们的猫。
同样,她们需要时,我们也这样做。
7 但是,我们不会与近便之友走得太近或者说得太多;我们会保持感情上的距离以及在公开场合下的那份尊严。
“也就是说,”伊莱恩说道,“我会说自己超重了,但不会聊自己沮丧的心情。
我会坦陈自己生气了,但我不会说自己愤怒极了。
我也许会说这个月缺钱,但绝不会说自己为缺钱愁得要死。
”8 但这并不意味着这种互相帮助的友谊、这种近便之交就没有价值了。
9 同好之交这种友情并不亲密无间,也不必涉及到孩子、银餐具或猫。
这种友情的价值在于我们有某种共同的兴趣。
所以我们可能有办公室的朋友、一起练瑜珈的朋友、打网球的球友以及女士俱乐部的朋友。
10 “我有一位女友,”乔伊斯说,“她和我一样喜欢修心理学课。
这对我以及对她来说都很好。
跟自己认识的人一起去上课,下课后一起开车回家,路上讨论学过的内容,非常有意思。
”乔伊斯还说,讨论的大部分内容都与课程有关。
11 苏珊谈起每星期二一起练双打的朋友时这样说:“应该说我们所做的就是在一起打球,而不是呆在一起。
”“我们主要是由于一起打网球而建立的关系,但我们打球配合得很好。
我想我们需要的只不过是一两个球伴而已。
”12 我同意她的观点。
13 总角之交我们都有这样的朋友,他们很久以前就认识我们,可能当我们还在梅尔策小姐任教的班读二年级时,当我们住在布鲁克林一套三居室的公寓时,当我们的父亲七个月没有工作时,当我们的兄弟艾利卷入一场斗殴而不得不叫警察时,或者当我们的姐姐嫁给扬克斯来的牙医时,我们就已经认识了。
14 多年过去了,我们已各奔东西,几乎再也没什么共同之处了,但我们依然是彼此的过往中不可割舍的一部分。
因此,不管何时去底特律,我们都会去看看自己少女时代的朋友。
她知道我们在牙齿没矫正之前的模样。
她知道我们在改掉布鲁克林口音之前说话的腔调。
她知道我们从前吃什么,当时连洋蓟都不知道。
她的出现把我们带回到从前,那是一段重要而且永远不能忘记的个人历史。
15 萍水之交萍水之交像总角之交一样,其重要性在于过去生活中某个重要阶段我们曾建立起友谊。
也许是大学时同居一室;也许一起在纽约工作过,当时年轻气盛、单身一人;也许像伊丽莎白和我一样,一同经历了怀孕、生孩子、头一年做妈妈的可怕时期。
16 萍水相逢的朋友能建立牢固的关系,这种关系相当牢固,不需要过多的联系就能维持,每年圣诞节时写封信就够了。
出于对我们相遇时那段经历的尊重,对我们共同拥有的不寻常的时光和梦想的尊重,我们会永远是朋友的。
17 忘年之交总角之交和萍水之交似乎能保持一种亲密的特殊关系——一种处于休眠状态但随时都会复苏的关系——尽管我们难得相遇,但不论何时只要一联系都是亲切的、强烈的。
还有一种亲密关系存在于两辈人之间的友谊中,拥有这种友谊的女人经常把它视同母女关系。
18 伊夫琳的朋友和她母亲年龄相仿——“但我与她分享的东西要比原先跟母亲一起时多得多”——她们谈音乐、谈书籍、谈生活。
“我从她的生活经历中受益。
她喜欢我作为年轻人的观点,这使我们两个都很快乐。
”19 我自己的生活中就有一位非常可贵的朋友,她65岁、历尽艰辛、博学睿智,善于聆听,是个过来人,因而可以在生活中为我指点迷津。
对我来说,她不仅代表着最理想的母亲,也是我将来上了年纪以后想做的那种人。
这是另一种快乐——给一个好发问的年轻人扮演一个明智的母亲的角色。
这是另一种可爱的友谊。
20 根据亲密程度的不同,朋友有朋友、好朋友和知心朋友之分。
向亲密程度不同的朋友吐露心事时,我们应该谨慎。
例如,我们也许会告诉好朋友我们昨天和丈夫吵架了,会告诉更好一些的朋友这次吵得很厉害,以致于我们气得睡在沙发上,会告诉知心的朋友,吵架的原因和丈夫办公室里的一个女孩有关。
但我们只会向最知心的密友倾诉丈夫跟他办公室里的女孩之间所发生的一切。
21 我仍然认为,最好的朋友都彼此关爱、相互支持、相互信任,向对方袒露自己心中的秘密,二话不说就赶去帮忙,只要是非说不可的事,就坦诚相告、直言不讳。
22 朋友之间不需要为了尊重对方的观点而事事达成一致(只有12岁的女孩之间才会在任何事情上都保持一致);接受对方的意见但不必做出判断;相互给予但不必计较谁多谁少。
随时准备帮助对方,像我对她们,她们对我那样,抚慰彼此的悲伤,庆祝彼此的欢乐。
论友谊1 如今,许多美国人到国外度假。
他们不仅去欣赏新的景观,而且在那些不太陌生的地方他们也有可能遇见新的朋友。
没有人真的期待一次度假旅行就能结交一位好友。
但可以肯定的是,开始一段友谊是有可能的。
毋庸置疑,在每个国家里,人们都珍视友谊。
2 结交一个来自异国的陌生人,困难不在于双方不懂得友谊的重要,而在于对友谊的内涵以及怎样建立友谊的期望不同。
在美国人最可能去游览的那些欧洲国家里,友谊显然不同于其他比较随便的关系,而且与家庭生活的关系也各不相同。
对法国人、德国人或英国人来讲,友谊通常更加具体,并意味着更多的承诺和义务。
3 而我们(美国人)可以将“朋友”一词广泛用于各种不同的关系——在一个新地方刚刚认识几个星期的某个人,一位关系密切的生意伙伴,一个童年的玩伴,一个男人或一个女人,一个非常信赖的知己。
对美国人来说,这些关系中确实存在着差异——友谊可以是肤浅的、偶然的、应景的,也可以是深厚持久的。
但是,只看见我们这些表面行为的欧洲人是不明白这些区别的。
4 那么,谁才是朋友呢?5 与许多欧洲国家一样,在法国,朋友通常是同一性别的,而且友谊基本上被看作是男人之间的一种关系。
法国女人对“女人不能成为朋友”这种观点嗤之以鼻,但她们自己有时也承认,对女人而言“友谊是一种不同的概念”。
许多法国人对男人和女人之间建立友谊的可能性持怀疑态度。
然而,还有一种存在于团体内部的关系——男女成员长期共事,有可能会关系密切,相互信任、相互关心。
但在法国人眼里,这不是友谊,尽管这样的团体中的两个成员很可能就是朋友。
6 对法国人来说,友谊是一对一的关系,双方需要非常熟知彼此的才智、性情和嗜好。
朋友是这样的人:他会使你充分发挥你的最佳品质,跟他在一起你会生气勃勃, 并能把加深相互间友谊的一切表现得更加出色。
你的政治思想更加深邃,对戏剧的鉴赏力更加敏锐,品评美食美酒的能力更强,从运动中得到的乐趣更多。
7 法国人的友谊可划分为不同的类别。
一个人能同朋友切磋棋艺30年,却对他的政治观点毫不知晓,或者与朋友畅谈政治30年,却对他的个人生活一无所知。
不同的朋友能充实个人生活的不同方面。
这类友谊不会成为家庭生活的一部分。
你不会期望一位朋友去花上好几个晚上善待你的孩子,或者彬彬有礼地陪伴在你那耳聋的祖母左右。
这些职责主要该由亲人来承担。
男人们也许会在咖啡馆与朋友相聚,知识分子会和一大群朋友聚会,在聊天中度过一个个夜晚。
有工作的朋友也会聚在小酒馆里,远离家人,边喝边聊。
8 德国与法国的情况截然不同,在德国,友谊更显而易见地是一种情感。
青少年之间,无论男孩还是女孩,彼此间会形成一种情感上的依赖,他们同出同入、促膝谈心——与其说是为了激发彼此的聪明才智,不如说是为了倾诉各自的希望、忧虑和憧憬,为了团结一致共同对付学校和家庭,为了共同了解对方的以及各自的内心世界。
在家庭内部,兄弟姐妹之间的友谊是一生中最亲密的关系。
在家庭之外,男女都能从同性密友身上看到姐妹般的奉献精神以及兄弟般的赤诚之心。
德国人一般都把朋友带到家中,这是很得体的做法。
孩子们称父母亲的朋友为“叔叔”或“阿姨”。
法国人之所以成为朋友是因为彼此观点相近,朋友间热烈的争论和具有洞察力的论点则是维持友谊所必不可少的。
但是,对于德国人来说,他们的友谊是建立在相互依存的情感基础上的,在双方都看重的问题上的任何严重分歧都被认为是悲剧。
像亲情纽带一样,友谊的纽带也应该是永远联系在一起的。
到美国来的德国青年很难与美国人建立起这种友谊。
相比之下,我们把友谊看作是暂时性的,友情会随着人们搬迁、工作变动、结婚或兴趣的变化而变化。
9 英国人的友谊又有着另一种不同的模式。
他们在共同参与活动的基础上建立友谊。
不同的生活阶段会有不同类型的活动——在学校里发现一项共同的兴趣,在部队里一起服役,一起出国共同承担一项任务,在同一个乡间住所度过危机。
不管是什么活动,在参与的过程中,人们之间的关系越来越和谐——有时是两个男人或两个女人,有时是两对夫妇,有时是三个人——大家一起散步、玩游戏、讲故事或者在一个工作繁重且十分乏味的委员会共事,并对各自日常的活动或者在关键场合的行为都了如指掌。
那些结交了英国朋友的美国人评论说,即便过了好些年“你仍然可以同英国人重续友谊”。
久别重逢的朋友们就像是一对随着乐队休息片刻后又再次翩翩起舞的舞伴一样。
英国人的友谊是在家庭以外形成的,这种友谊既不像德国人那样与家庭生活结合在一起,却也不像法国人那样与家庭毫不相干。
英国人友谊的中断不一定是因为观点上产生了不可调和的分歧或者感情上出现了无法弥补的裂痕,而是由于相互误解的结果。
当一方对另一方的想法、感情或者行为产生了严重的误解时,他们就会突然失和。
10 那么,到底什么是友谊呢?看看这些不同风格的友谊,也包括我们美国式的,每一种都与整个生活方式有关。
那么它们之间有没有共同之处呢?友谊与亲属关系不同,它暗含了选择的自由,这是大家的一个共识。
朋友是彼此之间互相选择的。
正因为是这样,每个朋友都使对方觉得他是一个独特的个体,不管这种认识的依据是什么。
朋友之间必然存在着一种互谅互让的平等关系。
这些共同之处使得不同群体之间的沟通成为可能,而美国人能够接受不同风格的友情,这一特点使他们能够在国外找到新朋友,并与之融洽相处。