Research Status of Technical Specifications for Bioremediation of Shorelines Polluted by S
中科院自动化所的中英文新闻语料库
中科院自动化所的中英文新闻语料库中科院自动化所（Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences）是中国科学院下属的一家研究机构，致力于开展自动化科学及其应用的研究。
该所的研究涵盖了从理论基础到技术创新的广泛领域，包括人工智能、机器人技术、自动控制、模式识别等。
下面将分别从中文和英文角度介绍该所的相关新闻语料。
[中文新闻语料]1. 中国科学院自动化所在人脸识别领域取得重大突破中国科学院自动化所的研究团队在人脸识别技术方面取得了重大突破。
通过深度学习算法和大规模数据集的训练，该研究团队成功地提高了人脸识别的准确性和稳定性，使其在安防、金融等领域得到广泛应用。
2. 中科院自动化所发布最新研究成果：基于机器学习的智能交通系统中科院自动化所发布了一项基于机器学习的智能交通系统研究成果。
通过对交通数据的收集和分析，研究团队开发了智能交通控制算法，能够优化交通流量，减少交通拥堵和时间浪费，提高交通效率。
3. 中国科学院自动化所举办国际学术研讨会中国科学院自动化所举办了一场国际学术研讨会，邀请了来自不同国家的自动化领域专家参加。
研讨会涵盖了人工智能、机器人技术、自动化控制等多个研究方向，旨在促进国际间的学术交流和合作。
4. 中科院自动化所签署合作协议，推动机器人技术的产业化发展中科院自动化所与一家著名机器人企业签署了合作协议，共同推动机器人技术的产业化发展。
合作内容包括技术研发、人才培养、市场推广等方面，旨在加强学界与工业界的合作，加速机器人技术的应用和推广。
5. 中国科学院自动化所获得国家科技进步一等奖中国科学院自动化所凭借在人工智能领域的重要研究成果荣获国家科技进步一等奖。
该研究成果在自动驾驶、物联网等领域具有重要应用价值，并对相关行业的创新和发展起到了积极推动作用。
[英文新闻语料]1. Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences achievesa major breakthrough in face recognitionThe research team at the Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences has made a major breakthrough in face recognition technology. Through training with deep learning algorithms and large-scale datasets, the research team has successfully improved the accuracy and stability of face recognition, which has been widely applied in areas such as security and finance.2. Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences releases latest research on machine learning-based intelligent transportationsystemThe Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences has released a research paper on a machine learning-based intelligent transportation system. By collecting and analyzing traffic data, the research team has developed intelligent traffic control algorithms that optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and minimize time wastage, thereby enhancing overall traffic efficiency.3. Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences hosts international academic symposiumThe Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences recently held an international academic symposium, inviting automation experts from different countries to participate. The symposium covered various research areas, including artificial intelligence, robotics, and automatic control, aiming to facilitate academic exchanges and collaborations on an international level.4. Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences signs cooperation agreement to promote the industrialization of robotics technologyThe Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences has signed a cooperation agreement with a renowned robotics company to jointly promote the industrialization of robotics technology. The cooperation includes areas such as technology research and development, talent cultivation, and market promotion, aiming to strengthen the collaboration between academia and industry and accelerate the application and popularization of robotics technology.5. Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences receivesNational Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) The Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences has been awarded the National Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for its important research achievements in the field of artificial intelligence. The research outcomes have significant application value in areas such as autonomous driving and the Internet of Things, playing a proactive role in promoting innovation and development in related industries.。
新闻英语测试题及答案
新闻英语测试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. What is the main topic of the news article?A. The economic situationB. A new technological breakthroughC. A political eventD. A cultural festival2. According to the article, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The event attracted a large audience.B. The speaker emphasized the importance of education.C. The event was held in a remote area.D. The speaker called for environmental protection.3. What is the purpose of the new policy mentioned in the article?A. To reduce traffic congestion.B. To increase tax revenue.C. To promote tourism.D. To improve public health.4. The article suggests that the company has:A. Expanded its market share.B. Faced financial difficulties.C. Launched a new product line.D. Merged with a competitor.5. What does the term "sustainable development" refer to in the context of the article?A. Economic growth without environmental harm.B. The development of new technologies.C. The increase in population.D. The improvement of living standards.6. The article reports that the government has:A. Introduced new regulations.B. Allocated additional funding.C. Imposed a new tax.D. Announced a public inquiry.7. The author of the article seems to have a(n) ________ attitude towards the issue discussed.A. PositiveB. NegativeC. NeutralD. Critical8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of the new technology?A. Increased efficiency.B. Reduced costs.C. Improved safety.D. Decreased demand.9. According to the article, the majority of the public:A. Supports the proposed changes.B. Opposes the proposed changes.C. Is indifferent to the proposed changes.D. Has mixed opinions about the proposed changes.10. The article concludes by highlighting the need for:A. Greater international cooperation.B. Stricter domestic regulations.C. More public awareness campaigns.D. Additional scientific research.二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The ________ of the new law has been met with mixed reactions from the public.[答案] introduction12. The company has seen a ________ in profits over the past year.[答案] decline13. The ________ of the old bridge has been postponed due to budget constraints.[答案] construction14. The ________ of the new policy is expected to have a significant impact on the industry.[答案] implementation15. The ________ of the event was attended by numerous dignitaries and celebrities.[答案] inauguration16. The ________ of the project is scheduled for next month. [答案] completion17. The ________ of the company has been attributed to its innovative approach.[答案] success18. The ________ of the new initiative has been widely praised by the media.[答案] launch19. The ________ of the old factory site has been approved by the city council.[答案] redevelopment20. The ________ of the new technology is expected to revolutionize the industry.[答案] introduction三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. What are the key points of the new policy discussed in the article?[答案] The key points of the new policy include a focus on environmental sustainability, incentives for businesses to adopt green practices, and penalties for non-compliance.22. How does the article describe the impact of the recent economic downturn on the job market?[答案] The article describes the impact as significant, with many industries facing layoffs and a rise in unemployment rates, particularly among young professionals.23. What are the main features of the new technologyintroduced in the article?[答案] The main features of the new technology include advanced data processing capabilities, user-friendly interface, and compatibility with various platforms.24. How does the article summarize the public's reaction to the proposed changes?[答案] The article summarizes the public's reaction as generally positive, with many expressing support for the changes and their potential benefits to society.四、阅读理解题（每题5分，共20分）25. Read the following excerpt from the article and answer the question:"The new initiative aims to bridge the gap between traditional and modern education methods, providing students with a more holistic learning experience."What does the initiative aim to achieve?[答案] The initiative aims to achieve a more holistic learning experience by integrating traditional and modern education methods.26. According to the article。
专八听力minilecture真题及答案
2015 英语专业八级听力第一部分MINI-LECTURELISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREUnderstanding Academic LecturesListening to academic lectures is an important task fro university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently?I. Understand all (1) _____________A. wordsB. (2) _____________-stress -intonation -(3)II. Adding informationA. lecturers: sharing information with audienceB. listeners: (4) _____________C. sources of information -knowledge of (5)-(6) _____________ of the worldD. listening involving three steps: -hearing-(7) _____________-addingIII. (8) ____________A. reasons: -overcome noise -save timeB. (9) _____________-content -organizationIV. Evaluating while listeningA. helps to decide the (10) ______________ of notesB. helps to remember information答案：1. parts of meanings 2. sound/vocal features 3. rhythm 4. absorbing 5. subject6. experience7. reinterpreting8. prediction9. what to listen 10. Importance20152014ANSWER SHEET 1 (TEM8)PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE speed2013SECTION A MINI-LECTURE What Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning. Characteristics of active learners: I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) _______II. (2) ____ and critical in thinking . information processing, .-- connections between the known and the new information -- identification of (3) ____ concepts -- judgment on the value of (4) ___ . III. active in listeningA. ways of note-taking: (5) _____ .B. before note-taking: listening and thinking IV. being able to get assistanceA. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6) ____B. Reason 2: being able to predict study difficulties V. being able to question information A. question what they read or hear B. evaluate and (7) _____ .How to Reduce StressLife is full of things that cause us stress. Though we may not like to live with it. I. Definition of stress A. (1) reaction (1)physical . force exerted. response to (2) increase in breathing, or muscle tension stress, we have on someone (2) heart rate,between two touching bodies a demand .B. human reaction(3)(3)blood pressureII. (4) positive stress— where it occurs: Christmas, wedding, (5)B. negative stress— where it occurs: test- taking situations, friendcope with stress A. recognition of stress signals— monitor for (6) of stress— find ways to protect oneself B. attention to body demand— effect of (7)(7) exercise and nutrition C.planning and acting appropriately — reason for planning of planning (8) result D.learning (9) accept— . delay caused by traffic E. pacing activities— manageable task— (10)(10)(4)(5) a jobCategory of stress A.' s death III. Ways to(6)signals—(8) to(9)reasonableVI. Last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility-- active learners: accept-- passive learners: (8) ______B. attitude toward (9) _____-- active learners: evaluate and change behaviour-- passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) ____ .Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.参考答案：1. checking their understanding2. reflective on information3. incomprehensible4. what you read5. organized6. monitoring their understanding7. differentiate8. blame9. performance10. active learningSection A Mini-lecture 或者1、checking understanding 。
国际保藏机构
Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganismsfor the Purposes of Patent ProcedureStatus on April 26, 2013INTERNATIONAL DEPOSITARY AUTHORITIES UNDER ARTICLE 7 OF THE BUDAPEST TREATYInstitution Country Date status acquired Advanced Biotechnology Center (ABC)........................................................... Italy February 29, 1996 Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection (NRRL)............................... United States of America January 31, 1981 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)...................................................... United States of America January 31, 1981 Banco Español de Algas (BEA) ........................................................................ Spain October 28, 2005 Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM TM) .................... Belgium March 1, 1992 CABI Bioscience, UK Centre (IMI).................................................................. United Kingdom March 31, 1983 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS)................................................. Netherlands October 1, 1981 China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) ....................................... China July 1, 1995 China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC).............. China July 1, 1995 Colección Chilena de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos (CChRGM) ..............Chile March 26, 2012 Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo (CECT) ................................................. Spain May 31, 1992 Collection nationale de cultures de micro-organismes (CNCM) ..................... France August 31, 1984 Collection of Industrial Yeasts (DBVPG) ........................................................ Italy January 31, 1997 Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP) .......................................... United Kingdom September 30, 1982 Culture Collection of Yeasts (CCY) ................................................................. Slovakia August 31, 1992 Czech Collection of Microorganisms (CCM).................................................... Czech Republic August 31, 1992 European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC)............................................... United Kingdom September 30, 1984 IAFB Collection of Industrial Microorganisms ................................................ Poland December 31, 2000 International Depositary Authority of Canada (IDAC)..................................... Canada November 30, 1998 International Patent Organism Depositary (IPOD), National Institute ofTechnology and Evaluation (NITE).................................................................. Japan May 1, 1981 Korean Cell Line Research Foundation (KCLRF)............................................. Republic of Korea August 31, 1993 Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) ................................................. Republic of Korea June 30, 1990 Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM) ....................................... Republic of Korea June 30, 1990 Lady Mary Fairfax Cellbank Australia (CBA) ................................................. Australia February 22, 2010 Leibniz-Institut DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen undZellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ)............................................................................. Germany October 1, 1981 Microbial Culture Collection (MCC) ................................................................ India April 9, 2011 Microbial Strain Collection of Latvia (MSCL).................................................. Latvia May 31, 1997 Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC)............................ India October 4, 2002 National Bank for Industrial Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (NBIMCC)... Bulgaria October 31, 1987 National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms (NCAIM). Hungary June 1, 1986 National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC).................................................. United Kingdom August 31, 1982 National Collection of Yeast Cultures (NCYC)................................................ United Kingdom January 31, 1982 National Collections of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) ......... United Kingdom March 31, 1982 National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC)..................... United Kingdom December 16, 2004 National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Patent MicroorganismsDepositary (NPMD).......................................................................................... Japan April 1, 2004 National Measurement Institute (NMI) ............................................................ Australia September 30, 1988 National Research Center of Antibiotics (NRCA)............................................. Russian Federation August 31, 1987 Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM).................................................... Poland December 31, 2000 Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota(NCMA) ........................................................................................................... United States of America April 26, 2013 Russian Collection of Microorganisms (VKM)................................................. Russian Federation August 31, 1987 Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM)................ Russian Federation August 31, 1987 VTT Culture Collection (VTTCC) ................................................................... Finland August 25, 2010 (Total: 42 Authorities)。
570 个烤鸭必备 AWL 学术单词
The Academic Word List(AWL)英语学术词汇表1.What is the AWL?AWL(《英语学术词汇表》)是一个由Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表，它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。
例如：词目“analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇：analysed,analyser,analysers,analyses,analysing, analysis,analyst,analysts,analytic,analytical,analytically,analyze,analyzed,analyzes, analyzing。
其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。
2.What are the10sublists of the AWL？AWL分十个sublists(小组)。
除了第十小组包含30个词目外，其他小组均含有90个词目。
Sublist1（第一组）包含的词汇最常用，sublist2（第二组）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublists依次类推。
AWL中的每一个词目后都有一个数字，它代表了该词目是属于AWL中的哪一组。
例如abandon8就表示abandon是属于第八小组的词目。
3.Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL词目。
附录：The headwords of the AWL（《英语学术词汇表》中的570个词目）abandon8abstract6academy5access4accommodate9accompany8accumulate8accurate6achieve2acknowledge6acquire2adapt7adequate4adjacent10adjust5administrate2adult7advocate7affect2aggregate6aid7 albeit10allocate6alter5 alternative3ambiguous8amend5 analogy9analyse1annual4 anticipate9apparent4append8 appreciate8approach1appropriate2 approximate4arbitrary8area1 aspect2assemble10assess1 assign6assist2assume1 assure9attach6attain9 attitude4attribute4author6 authority1automate8available1 aware5behalf9benefit1 bias8bond6brief6 bulk9capable6capacity5 category2cease9challenge5 channel7chapter2chart8 chemical7circumstance3cite6 civil4clarify8classic7 clause5code4coherent9 coincide9collapse10colleague10 commence9comment3commission2 commit4commodity8communicate4 community2compatible9compensate3 compile10complement8complex2 component3compound5comprehensive7 comprise7compute2conceive10 concentrate4concept1conclude2 concurrent9conduct2confer4 confine9confirm7conflict5 conform8consent3consequent2considerable3consist1constant3 constitute1constrain3construct2 consult5consume2contact5 contemporary8context1contract1 contradict8contrary7contrast4 contribute3controversy9convene3 converse9convert7convince10 cooperate6coordinate3core3 corporate3correspond3couple7 create1credit2criteria3 crucial8culture2currency8 cycle4data1debate4 decade7decline5deduce3 define1definite7demonstrate3 denote8deny7depress10 derive1design2despite4 detect8deviate8device9 devote9differentiate7dimension4 diminish9discrete5discriminate6 displace8display6dispose7 distinct2distort9distribute1 diverse6document3domain6 domestic4dominate3draft5 drama8duration9dynamic7 economy1edit6element2 eliminate7emerge4emphasis3 empirical7enable5encounter10 energy5enforce5enhance6 enormous10ensure3entity5 environment1equate2equip7 equivalent5erode9error4establish1estate6estimate1 ethic9ethnic4evaluate2 eventual8evident1evolve5 exceed6exclude3exhibit8 expand5expert6explicit6 exploit8export1expose5 external5extract7facilitate5 factor1feature2federal6 fee6file7final2 finance1finite7flexible6 fluctuate8focus2format9 formula1forthcoming10foundation7 found9framework3function1 fund3fundamental5furthermore6 gender6generate5generation5 globe7goal4grade7 grant4guarantee7guideline8 hence4hierarchy7highlight8 hypothesis4identical7identify1 ideology7ignorance6illustrate3 image5immigrate3impact2 implement4implicate4implicit8 imply3impose4incentive6 incidence6incline10income1 incorporate6index6indicate1 individual1induce8inevitable8 infer7infrastructure8inherent9 inhibit6initial3initiate6 injure2innovate7input6 insert7insight9inspect8 instance3institute2instruct6integral9integrate4integrity10 intelligence6intense8interact3 intermediate9internal4interpret1 interval6intervene7intrinsic10 invest2investigate4invoke10 involve1isolate7issue1 item2job4journal2 justify3label4labour1 layer3lecture6legal1 legislate1levy10liberal5 licence5likewise10link3 locate3logic5maintain2 major1manipulate8manual9 margin5mature9maximise3 mechanism4media7mediate9 medical5medium9mental5 method1migrate6military9 minimal9minimise8minimum6 ministry6minor3mode7 modify5monitor5motive6 mutual9negate3network5 neutral6nevertheless6nonetheless10 norm9normal2notion5 notwithstanding10nuclear8objective5 obtain2obvious4occupy4 occur1odd10offset8 ongoing10option4orient5 outcome3output4overall4 overlap9overseas6panel10 paradigm7paragraph8parallel4 parameter4participate2partner3passive9perceive2percent1 period1persist10perspective5 phase4phenomenon7philosophy3 physical3plus8policy1 portion9pose10positive2 potential2practitioner8precede6 precise5predict4predominant8 preliminary9presume6previous2 primary2prime5principal4 principle1prior4priority7 proceed1process1professional4 prohibit7project4promote4 proportion3prospect8protocol9 psychology5publication7publish3 purchase2pursue5qualitative9 quote7radical8random8 range2ratio5rational6 react3recover6refine9 regime4region2register3 regulate2reinforce8reject5 relax9release7relevant2 reluctance10rely3remove3 require1research1reside2 resolve4resource2respond1 restore8restrain9restrict2 retain4reveal6revenue5 reverse7revise8revolution9 rigid9role1route9 scenario9schedule8scheme3 scope6section1sector1 secure2seek2select2sequence3series4sex3 shift3significant1similar1 simulate7site2so-called10 sole7somewhat7source1 specific1specify3sphere9 stable5statistic4status4 straightforward10strategy2stress4 structure1style5submit7 subordinate9subsequent4subsidy6 substitute5successor7sufficient3 sum4summary4supplement9 survey2survive7suspend9 sustain5symbol5tape6 target5task3team9 technical3technique3technology3 temporary9tense8terminate8 text2theme8theory1 thereby8thesis7topic7 trace6tradition2transfer2 transform6transit5transmit7 transport6trend5trigger9 ultimate7undergo10underlie6 undertake4uniform8unify9 unique7utilise6valid3 vary1vehicle8version5 via8violate9virtual8 visible7vision9visual8 volume3voluntary7welfare5 whereas5whereby10widespread8THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST(E-O)abandon v.go away from(a person or thing or place)not intending to return;forsake; desertabstract adj.existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existenceacademy n.school for special trainingaccess n.~means of approaching or entering(a place);way inaccommodate v.provide lodging or room foraccompany v.walk or travel with(sb)as a companion or helper;escortaccumulate v.gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get(sth)in this wayaccurate adj.free from errorachieve v.gain or reach(sth),usu by effort,skill,courage,etcacknowledge v.accept the truth of admit(sth)acquire v.gain(sth)by one's own ability,efforts or behaviouradapt v.~sth(for sth)make sth suitable for a new use,situation,etc;modify sthadequate adj.~satisfactory in quantity or quality;sufficientadjacent having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or followingadjust v.put(sth)into the correct order or position;arrangeadministrate v.to administeradult adj.grown to full size or strengthadvocate v.speak publicly in favour of(sth);recommend;supportaffect v.have an influence on(sb/sth);produce an effect on aggregate v.~sb(fml)be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount aid n.helpalbeit conj althoughallocate v.~sth allot or assign sth(to sb/sth)for a special purposealter v.become different;change in character,position,size,shape,etc alternative adj.available in place of sth else;otherambiguous adj.having more than one possible meaningamend v.correct an error in(sth);make minor improvements in;change slightly analogy n.~partial similarity between two things that are compared analyse v.separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure annual adj.happening every yearanticipate v.expectapparent adj.clearly seen or understood;obviousappend v.~sth(fml)attach or add sth(esp in writing)appreciate v.understand and enjoy(sth);value highlyapproach e near or nearer to in space or timeappropriate adj.~suitable;right and properapproximate adj.almost correct or exact but not completely soarbitrary adj.based on personal opinion or impulse,not on reasonarea n.extent or measurement of a surfaceaspect n.particular part or feature of sth being consideredassemble e together;collectassess v.~sth decide or fix the amount of sthassign v.~sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be usedassist v.~in/with sth;~(sb)in doing sth(fml)helpassume v.accept as true before there is proofassure v.tell(sb)positively or confidentlyattach v.~sth fasten or join sth(to sth)attain v.succeed in getting(sth);achieveattitude n.~way of thinking or behavingattribute v.~sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to,caused by or produced by sb/sthauthor n.writer of a book,play,etcauthority n.power to give orders and make others obeyautomate v.cause to operate by automationavailable adj.that can be used or obtainedbehalf n.on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf;US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb;in the interest of sbbenefit n.profit;gain;future good(used esp with the vs and preps shown)bias n.opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries;predisposition;prejudicebond n.written agreement or promise that has legal force;covenantbrief sting only a short time;shortbulk n.size,quantity or volume,esp when greatcapable adj.having ability;able;competentcapacity n.ability to hold or contain sthcategory n.class or group of things in a complete system of groupingcease e or bring(sth)to an end;stopchallenge n.~(to do sth)invitation or call(to sb)to take part in a game,contest, fight etc to prove who is better,stronger,more able,etcchannel n.sunken bed of a river,stream or canalchapter n.(usu numbered)division of a bookchart n.detailed map used to help navigation at sea,showing coasts,rocks, the depth of the sea,etcchemical adj.of or relating to chemistrycircumstance n.condition or fact connected with an event or actioncite quote;commendcivil adj.of or relating to the citizens of a countryclarify v.(cause sth to)become clear or easier to understandclassic adj.having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned;of lasting value and import anceclause n.group of words that includes a subject1(4a)and a verb,forming a sentence or part of a sentencecode n.(system of)words,letters,symbols,etc that represent others,used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information brieflycoherent adj.connected logically or consistent;easy to understand;clearcoincide v.~(of events)occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth elsecollapse v.fall down or in suddenlycolleague n.person with whom one works,esp in a profession or businesscommence v.begin(sth);startcomment n.~written or spoken remark giving an opinion on,explaining or criticizing(an event,a person,a situation,etc)commission n.~action,task or piece of work given to sb to docommit v.do(sth illegal,wrong or foolish)commodity n.thing bought in a shop and put to use,esp in the homecommunicate v.~sth make sth known;convey sthcommunity n.the community the people living in one place,district or country, considered as a wholecompatible adj.~(of people,ideas,arguments,principles,etc)suited;that can exist togethercompensate v.~for sth give(sb)sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss,injury,etc;compile v.~sth(for/from sth)collect(information)and arrange it in a book, list,report,etccomplement n.~thing that goes well or suitably with sth else,or makes it completecomplex adj.made up of(usu several)closely connected partscomponent n.any of the parts of which sth is madecompound n.thing made up of two or more separate things combined togethercomprehensiv e adj.that includes everythingcomprise v.have as parts or members;be made up ofcompute v.~sth calculate sth with a computerconceive v.become pregnantconcentrate v.~(sth)(on sth/doing sth)focus(one's attention,effort,etc) exclusively and intensel y on sth,not thinking about other less important thingsconcept n.~idea underlying sth;general notionconclude v.~(with sth)(usu fml)come or bring(sth)to an endconcurrent adj.~existing,happening or done at the same timeconduct n.person's behaviourconfer v.~(with sb)(on/about sth)have discussions(esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)confine v.~sb/sth keep(a person or an animal)in a restricted spaceconfirm v.provide evidence for the truth or correctness of(a report,an opinion, etc);establish the truth ofconflict n.struggle;fightconform v.~keep to or comply with(generally accepted rules,standards,etc) consent v.~give agreement or permissionconsequent adj.~(fml)following sth as a result or an effect considerable adj.great in amount or sizeconsist v.(phr v)consist of sth be composed or made up of sthconstant adj.going on all the time;happening again and againconstitute v.(fml)make up or form(a whole);be the components of constrain v.make(sb)do sth by strong(moral)persuasion or by force construct v.build(sth);put or fit together;formconsult v.~sb/sth go to(a person,book,etc)for information,advice,etc consume e(sth)upcontact n.~state of touching(used esp with the vs shown) contemporary adj.~of the time or period being referred to;belonging to the same time context writings preceding and following passage quotedcontract n.~(for sth/to do sth)legally binding agreement,usu in writing contradict v.say sth that conflicts with by(sb),suggesting that the person iscontrary adj.opposite in nature,tendency or directioncontrast v.~A and/with B compare so that differences are made clearcontribute v.~(to/towards sth)give one's share of(money,help,advice,etc)to help a joint causecontroversy n.~public discussion or argument,often rather angry,about sth which many people disagreewithconvene v.summon to come together;arrange(a meeting,etc)converse v.~(about sth);~(together)(fml)talkconvert v.~(sth)(from sth)(into/to sth)change(sth)from one form or use to anotherconvince v.~sb make sb feel certain;cause sb to realizecooperate to work or act togethercoordinate vt.to organize or integrate(diverse elements)in a harmonious operation core n.centre of such fruits as the apple and pear,containing the seeds corporate adj.of or shared by all the members of a group;collective correspond v.~be in agreement;not contradict sth or each othercouple n.two people or things that are seen together or associated,esp a man and woman togethercreate v.cause to exist;make(sth new or original)credit n.permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received;system of paying in this waycriteria n.(pl of criterion)standard by which sth is judgedcrucial adj.~very important;decisiveculture n.refined understanding and appreciation of art,literature,etccurrency n.money system in use in a countrycycle n.series of events that are regularly repeated in the same orderdata n.facts or information used in deciding or discussing sthdebate n.formal argument or discussion of a question,eg at a public meeting or in Parliament,with two or more opposing speakers,and often ending in a votedecade n.period of ten yearsdecline v.say`no'to(sth);refuse(sth offered),usu politelydeduce v.~sth arrive at(facts,a theory,etc)by reasoning;infer sthdefine v.~sth state precisely the meaning of(eg words)definite adj.clear;not doubtfuldemonstrate v.~sth(to sb)show sth clearly by giving proof or evidencedenote v.be the name,sign or symbol of(sth);refer todeny v.say that(sth)is not truedepress v.make sad and without enthusiasmderive v.~sth from sth obtain sth from sth;get sth from sthdesign n.~(for sth)drawing or outline from which sth may be madedespite prep without being affected bydetect v.discover or recognize that(sth)is presentdeviate v.~from sth stop followingdevice n.thing made or adapted for a special purposedevote v.~oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth;dedicate;differentiat e v.~between A and B;~A(from B)see or show(two things)to be different; show sth to be different(from sth else)dimension n.measurement of any sortdiminish v.become smaller or less;decreasediscrete adj.separate;distinctdiscriminate v.~~A from B see or make a difference(between two things) displace v.move from the usual or correct placedisplay v.~sth put sth on showdispose v.place(sb/sth)in a suitable way;arrangedistinct adj.easily heard,seen,felt or understood;definitedistort v.pull or twist out of its usual shapedistribute v.~sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing diverse adj.of different kinds;varieddocument n.paper,form,book,etc giving information about sth,evidence or proof of sthdomain nds owned or ruled by a nobleman,government,etcdomestic adj.of the home,household or familydraft n.rough preliminary written version of sthdrama n.play for the theatre,radio or TVduration n.time during which sth lasts or continuesdynamic adj.of power or forces that produce movementeconomy n.avoidance of waste(of money,strength,time,resources,etc)edit v.prepare for publication,eg in a book,newspaper,or magazineelement n.~necessary or characteristic part of stheliminate v.~sb/sth remove(esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)emerge v.~come out or up(from water,etc)emphasis n.force or stress given to a word or words when spoken,to make the meaning clear or to sho w importanceempirical adj.based on observation or experiment,not on theoryenable v.make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or meansencounter v.meet or find oneself faced by(sth/sb unpleasant,dangerous,difficult, etc)energy n.ability to act or work with strength and eagernessenforce v.~sth force people to obey(a law,etc);make sth effectiveenhance v.increase make(sb/sth)look betterenormous adj.very large;immenseensure v.make sure;guaranteeenvironment n.conditions,circumstances,etc affecting people's livesequate v.~sth consider sth as equal or equivalent(to sth else)equip v.~sb/sth(with sth)supply sb/sth(with what is needed,for a particular purpose)equivalent adj.~equal in value,amount,meaning,importance,etcerode v.destroy or wear(sth)away graduallyerror n.thing done wrongly;mistakeestablish v.set up on a firm or permanent basisestate n.area of land,esp in the country,with one ownerestimate n.judgement or calculation of the approximate size,cost,value,etc of sthethic n.system of moral principles;rules of conductethnic adj.of a national,racial or tribal group that has a common cultural traditionevaluate v.find out or form an idea of the amount or value of(sb/sth);assesseventual adj.happening at last as a result;ultimateevident adj.~(that...)obvious(to the eye or mind);clearevolve v.(cause to)develop naturally and(usu)graduallyexceed v.be greater or more numerous than(esp a quantity)exclude v.~sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere,taking part in sth,etc; keep sb outexhibit n.object or collection of objects displayed for the public,eg in a museumexpand v.~(into sth)(cause sth to)become greater in size,number or importance expert n.~person with special knowledge,skill or training in a particular field explicit adj.(of a statement,etc)clearly and fully expressedexploit n.brave or adventurous deed or actionexport n.exportingexpose v.uncover or make(sth)visible;displayexternal adj.outside;situated on the outside of sth(esp the body) extract v.~sth take or get sth out,usu with effort or by forcefacilitate v.(of an object,a process,etc but not of a person)make(sth)easy or less difficultfactor n.fact,circumstance,etc that helps to produce a resultfeature n.one of the named parts of the face(eg nose,mouth,eyes)which together form its appear ancefederal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several regional governmentfee n.(usu pl)amount paid for professional advice or service,eg to private teachers,doctor s,etcfile n.metal tool with a rough surface for cutting,smoothing or shaping hard substancesfinal adj.of the end;coming lastfinance n.management of moneyfinite adj.having bounds;limited;not infiniteflexible adj.that can bend easily without breakingfluctuate v.~(of a price,number,rate,etc)rise and fall;change irregularlyfocus n.=>Usage at data data.point at which rays(of light,sound,etc)meet or from which theyappear to comeformat n.shape,size,binding,etc of a bookformula n.(chemistry)set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made offorthcoming adj.about to happen or appear in the near futurefoundation n.act of foundingfounded[find:]to meet with or discover by chanceframework n.structure giving shape and supportfunction n.special activity or purpose of a person or thingfund n.sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose fundamental adj.of or forming the basis or foundation of sth;essential furthermore adv.in addition;moreover;gender n.(in certain languages)classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or femininegenerate v.cause to exist or occur;producegeneration n.productionglobe n.small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries,rivers,cities,etcgoal n.(in football,hockey,etc)pair of posts with a crossbar,between which the ball has to be kicked,hit,etc in order to scoregrade n.step,stage or degree of rank,quality,etc;level of classificationgrant v.agree to give or allow(what is asked for)guarantee n.~(against sth)promise(usu in writing)that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilledguideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actiohence adv.from this timehierarchy n.system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highesthighlight n.best,most interesting or most exciting part of somethinghypothesis n.idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigationidentical adj.the~the sameidentify v.~sb/sth as sb/sth show,prove,etc who or what sb/sth is;recognize sb/sth(as being th e specified person or thing)ideology n.ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a partic ular group or personignorant adj.~(of sth)knowing little or nothing;lacking education or information; unawareillustrate v.supply with pictures,diagrams,etcimage n.copy of the shape of a person or thing,esp one made in stone or wood; statueimmigrate v.~enter a foreign country in order to live there permanentlyimpact n.hitting of one object against anotherimplement n.tool or instrumentimplicate v.~sb show that sb is involved in sth,esp a crimeimplicit adj.~implied,but not expressed directly;not explicitimply v.suggest(sth)indirectly rather than state it directly;hintimpose v.~sth place(a penalty,tax,etc)officially on sb/sthincentive n.~thing that encourages sb to do sth;stimulusincidence n.~of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effectincline v.~towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sthincome n.money received over a certain period,esp as payment for work or as interest on investmen tsincorporate v.~sth(in/into sth)make sth part of a whole;includeindex n.list of names or topics referred to in a book,etc,usu arranged at the end in alphabetic al orderindicate v.~sth(to sb)show sth,esp by pointingindividual adj.single;separateinduce v.persuade or influence(sb)to do sthinevitable adj.that cannot be avoided;that is sure to happeninfer v.~sth(from sth)reach(an opinion)from facts or reasoning;conclude sthinfrastructu re n.subordinate parts,installations,etc that form the basis of a system, an organization oran enterprise(eg of an army),inherent adj.~existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb/sthinhibit v.~sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to doinitial adj.of or at the beginning;firstinitiate v.put(a scheme,etc)into operation;cause(sth)to begininjure v.hurt(sb);harminnovate v.make changes;introduce new thingsinput n.~action of putting sth ininsert v.~sth put,fit,place sth into sth or between two thingsinsight n.~(approv)ability to see into the true nature(of sth);deep understandinginspect v.examine(sth)closelyinstance n.~particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example;caseinstitute n.society or organization for a special(usu social,professional or educational)purposeinstruct to direct to do something;orderintegral adj.~necessary for completenessintegrate v.~sth(into sth);~A and B/~A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth elseintegrity n.quality of being honest and morally uprightintelligence n.power of learning,understanding and reasoning;mental abilityintense adj.(of sensations)very great or severe;extremeinteract v.~act or have an effect on each otherintermediate adj.~situated or coming between two people,things,etc in time,space, degree,etcinternal adj.of or on the insideinterpret v.explain(sth which is not easily understandable)interval n.~time between two eventsintervene v.(of time)come or be betweenintrinsic adj.belonging naturally;existing within,not coming from outsideinvest v.~(in sth/with sb)use(money)to buy shares,property,etc,in order to earn interest or bring profitinvestigate v.find out and examine in order to obtain the truthinvoke e(sth)as a reason for one's actioninvolve v.make necessary as a condition or result;entailisolate v.~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth;issue n.outgoing;outflowitem n.single article or unit in a list,etcjob n.the patience of jobjournal n.newspaper or periodical,esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subjectjustify v.show that(sb/sth)is right,reasonable or justlabel n.piece of paper,cloth,metal,etc on or beside an object and describing its nature,name,owner,destination,etclabour n.physicalor mental worklayer n.thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal divisionlecture n.~(on sth)talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class,often as part of a teaching programmelegal adj.of or based on the lawlegislate v.~make lawslevy v.~sth(on sb)collect(a payment,etc)by authority or force;impose sthliberal adj.tolerant and open-minded;free from prejudicelicence n.official document showing that permission has been given to own,use or do sthlikewise adv.similarlylink n.one ring or loop of a chainlocate v.discover the exact position or place oflogic n.science of reasoningmaintain v.~sth cause sth to continue;keep sth in existence at the same level, standard,etcmajor adj.important;great(er)manipulate v.control or handle with skillmanual adj.of,done with or controlled by the handsmargin n.blank space round the written or printed matter on a pagemature adj.fully grown or developed mentally or physically;having achieved one's full potentialmaximise[maximize:]vt.to make as high or great as possible;increase to a maximummechanism n.working parts of a machine,etcmedia n.the media means of mass communication,eg TV,radio,newspapersmediate v.~act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people,groups, etc who disagreemedical adj.of the art of medicine;of curing diseasemedium n.(pl usu media)means by which sth is expressed or communicatedmental adj.of,in or to the mindmethod n.waymigrate v.~(to...)move from one place to go to live or work in anothermilitary adj.of or for soldiers or an army;of or for armed forcesminimal adj.smallest in amount or degree。
Research_on_Interactive_Model_of_Curriculum_Standa
Theory and Practice of Science and Technology2022, VOL. 3, NO. 6, 118-122DOI: 10.47297/taposatWSP2633-456919.20220306Research on Interactive Model of Curriculum Standards Implementation -- Taking Java Programming as an Example Guohua XiongGuangdong Construction Polytechnic, Guangzhou Guangdong 510440, ChinaABSTRACTIn order to improve the teaching quality of software technology specialty,this paper first analyzes the foreign interactive teaching model,reconstructs the theoretical analysis framework for teachers to implementcurriculum standards, summarizes the core indicators for teachers toimplement curriculum standards and designs a suitable curriculumstandard implementation model, and verifies the rationality of the modelwith the implementation of the curriculum standard of JavaProgramming as an example, Through the joint implementation ofteachers and students, the results show that the model can effectivelyimprove students' learning interest and practical ability, and can provide atheoretical basis for promoting teachers' professional development in thenew curriculum and teaching reform.KEYWORDSCurriculum standard; Interactive model; Teaching implementation; JavaProgramming1 IntroductionThe implementation of curriculum standards carries educational ideas, is a professional and practical work, and has complex value orientation. How to effectively implement curriculum standards and promote teacher professionalization is the key to the realization of curriculum teaching design. The implementation of curriculum standards has always been put in a prominent position in the curriculum reform research of all countries in the world. How to inspire teachers to think about the implementation process of curriculum standards "like experts" as a whole [1], pay attention to students' learning and growth, and form a good teacher-student interaction has become a hot research issue for educators.2 Research Status(1) Research status abroadForeign scholars pay attention to the study of the interaction between teachers and curriculum, and the representative researchers are Remilard, Drake, etc. They are mainly based on teachers' empirical research to understand the interaction between teachers and curriculum, and use this as an analytical framework to solve the problem of teachers' implementation of curriculum standards. They regard the development of theoretical models as an important part of the implementation of curriculum standards, and the number of models constructed is complex. From the perspective of research, the model can be divided into two categories. One is the model of teachers' curriculumTheory and Practice of Science and Technology implementation, such as the famous "Concern-based adoption model (CBAM)"; The other is the interactive model for the implementation of curriculum standards, such as the curriculum hierarchy theory created by Goodlad in the early stage, and the "teacher student content" interactive model developed by Anderson on the basis of this theory.(2) Domestic research statusThe research in China is relatively late. The research on teachers' implementation of curriculum standards mainly focuses on the implementation level, influencing factors and effectiveness. It is difficult to explore the development context of the implementation of curriculum standards, and the theoretical depth is not enough. Although the theoretical research on the implementation of curriculum standards by teachers has been continuing in recent years, it is still in the exploration period, and there is no systematic theory of curriculum implementation. Some domestic scholars equate the implementation of curriculum standards with teaching, and "curriculum" is regarded as teaching materials. The implementation of curriculum standards is to implement the content of teaching materials; Another part of scholars believe that the implementation of curriculum standards is the process of putting innovative curriculum plans into practice [2].3 Research IdeasBy comparing the research on the implementation of curriculum standards by teachers at home and abroad, it is found that there are some typical models for the implementation of curriculum standards by foreign teachers, and they have developed in depth; However, in China, there are either speculative discussions or direct practical explorations, and there are few theoretical systems for teachers to implement curriculum standards. In view of this, the research idea of this paper is to reconstruct the theoretical analysis framework of teachers' implementation of curriculum standards through the theoretical analysis of foreign typical models, and on this basis, summarize the key issues of teachers' implementation of curriculum standards and design a suitable curriculum standard implementation model, and take the implementation of Java Programming curriculum standards as an example to verify the rationality of the model, At the same time, the consistency of teaching evaluation in the implementation of curriculum standards by teachers is analyzed, and thespecific ideas are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Research ideas 119Guohua Xiong 1204 Construction of Interactive Model for Curriculum Standard Implementation (1) Concept of interactive teaching modeThe literature [3]believes that the interactive teaching mode refers to the teaching principle of "students as the main body and teachers as the leading role", which focuses on heuristic teaching and allows students and teachers to participate in the teaching and learning of the course. Literature [4] believes that it is a teaching structure model aimed at cultivating students' independent consciousness and innovation ability, and at "making students love, learn and be good at learning". This paper believes that the interactive teaching mode refers to the teaching mode that, under the guidance of the teaching ideology of "students as the main body, teachers as the leading, and training projects as the main line", around the training projects, interactive teaching methods, supplemented by heuristic methods, let teachers and students participate in the bilateral activities of training project teaching and learning, so as to achieve the goal of cultivating students' innovative spirit and improving practical ability.(2) Relevant theoretical basisAt present, the relevant theories of interactive teaching research mainly focus on constructivism and humanism.Constructivism is one of the most influential educational concepts in the world today. It puts forward a series of new explanations for learning and teaching. It believes that learning is carried out under specific social and cultural background and specific learning environment conditions. When designing practical projects, combining the actual situation of real life is conducive to stimulating students' interest and overcoming the abstraction of learning content To enable students to fully use their knowledge and experience in their cognitive structure, give play to their association and imagination, and promote the effective transfer of students' knowledge [5] [6]. The essence of constructivism is to analyze the nature of cognitive activities and put forward a new understanding of the construction process of learning. Constructivism regards students as the subject and center of the teaching process, attaches importance to the role of students' existing knowledge and experience and psychological structure, attaches importance to the subjective initiative of students' learning process, emphasizes the social and situational nature of students' learning, and believes that teachers should play the role of organizers, helpers and promoters in the teaching process, reflecting the student-oriented teaching concept.Humanism education theory mainly emphasizes the teaching goal view of knowing and unifying, the meaningful free learning view and the student-centered teaching view. Its emphasis is not on the teaching results but on the teaching process, emphasizing the development of students' potential, personality and creativity in the process; What we pay attention to is not the teaching content but the teaching method. In the teaching method, we advocate student-centered, everything for the development of students, and let students choose and discover themselves.(3) Curriculum standard interactive model designSince the teaching of the curriculum follows the corresponding curriculum standards, a better interactive curriculum standard is, to a certain extent, the prerequisite for achieving high-quality curriculum interaction. For another course, from the beginning to the end of the course assessment, the interaction between teachers and students is permeated in the whole teaching process, so we divide the design of interactive curriculum standards into three stages.The first stage is to interact before class and formulate curriculum standards. Before each class,Theory and Practice of Science and Technology the teacher requires the students to preview. Before class, the teacher should explain the teaching objectives, key and difficult points of the course, relevant requirements of practical training and scoring standards to the students. Then, through questionnaires, group discussions, network tool interaction and other methods, master the students' preview situation and basic needs for the course content, and carry out pre-class learning situation analysis based on this, and then modify or redesign in combination with the original curriculum standard to develop a new curriculum standard. Take part of the contents of Chapter 2 Java Programming Basics of Java Programming for example, as shown in Table 1. Since students have learned C Content Language Programming before learning this course, they use the form of pre-class questionnaire to achieve the purpose of interaction. This can clarify what content students can learn by themselves, what content needs to be taught and what kind of teaching method students can accept more easily. Based on this, the curriculum standard of this course can be preliminarily designed.The second stage is interaction in class and adjustment of curriculum standards. During the course of teaching according to the preliminarily designed curriculum standard, analyze whether the students' mastery of knowledge is consistent with the pre-class analysis according to the students' actual training completion and the students' performance in the discussion link. During the course of teaching, students may also put forward some new questions. At this time, the teacher should make a good record and analysis of the learning situation in class, and modify the preliminarily implemented curriculum standard after class according to the analysis. Java Program Design is a practical course, which uses students to achieve the organic integration of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The course selection is based on project-based teaching. In class, teachers and students jointly discuss the needs analysis of the project. The key technology realization is explained by teachers in the way of theoretical teaching and practical demonstration, and then by students on the computer, To reflect the student-centered concept, students can also design and complete independently.The third stage is after-class interaction and optimization of curriculum standards. After class, teachers should not only organize students to investigate the teaching satisfaction of this class, but also ask students to put forward good practices and problems that need to be improved, and analyze students' mastery of the knowledge of this class according to the completion of homework after class, so as to further optimize the curriculum standards of this class.Through the above theoretical analysis, the designed interactive model for the implementation of curriculum standards is shown in Figure 2.Table 1 Analysis of basic knowledge points of Java programmingKnowledge PointsBasic format of Java programComments in JavaIdentifier in JavaKeywords in JavaConstants in JavaDefinition of variablesData type of variableType conversion of variableScope of variableArithmetic operatorAssignment OperatorsComparison operatorLogical operatorOperator precedence Self-study or not √√√√√√√Key Lectures √√√√√√√Teaching Method Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and DemonstrationLecture and Demonstration 121Guohua Xiong 5 ConclusionAt present, there is still a lack of research on the interactive model of curriculum standard implementation, and even less empirical research and specific teaching practice are involved. Starting from this weak link, this paper comprehensively introduces the concept, basis and process of the establishment of interactive curriculum standards in three stages of pre-class, in-class and post-class, and accordingly designs an interactive model for the implementation of curriculum standards, and validates the model through the implementation of the curriculum standard Java Programming. The results of the validation not only deepen the teachers' understanding of the implementation process of curriculum standards to a certain extent, More importantly, it can provide some theoretical basis for promoting teachers' professional development in the new curriculum and teaching reform, and provide a framework for reference and analysis for improving teachers' professional practice.FundingThis paper is Supported by Educational Planning Project of Guangdong Province in 2021 (Grant No. 2021GXJK534), Supported by Project of China Construction Education Association in 2021 (Grant No.2021177), Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Special Project in Guangdong Province in 2022 (Grant No.pdjh2022b0834), Supported by universities characteristic innovation project of Guangdong Province in 2022 (Grant No. 2022KTSCX248), Supported by School level project of Guangdong Construction Polytechnic in 2021 (Grant No.JG2021-12).References[1] Research on the interactive model of teachers'implementation of curriculum standards[D].Yangtze University,2020.[2] XIA Xuemei,CUI Yunhuo.Interaction Perspective of Teachers'Curriculum Implementation:A Construction Based on Literature Review of 40 Years[J]. Research in Educational Development,2013,33(24):1-5+10.[3] Zhao Liqun. The Research and Practice of Interactive Pattern in Class between the Teacher and Students[D]. Liaoning Normal University,2006.[4] Li Ment. Instructional Pattern Construction and Practice Research of the Synchronous Interactive Class[D]. Central China Normal University,2015.[5] ZHANG Zhiliang, WANG Meng, LI Hui. Research on experimental teaching based on constructivism learning theory[J]. Laboratory Science. 2022,25(04):93-96.[6] Zhang Sai.Integrating Innovation Education into Professional Education Practice Based on Anchoring Teaching Model:Taking Changjiang Polytechnic as an Example[J]. Journal of Hubei Adult Education Institute. 2022,28(03):62-66.Figure 2 Interactive model of curriculum standard implementation 122。
英文合作协议6篇
英文合作协议6篇篇1Cooperation AgreementThis Cooperation Agreement (the "Agreement") is made and entered into on [Date] by and between [Company Name 1], a [legal status] registered in [Country/State/Province], with its principal place of business located at [Address 1] (hereinafter referred to as "Company A"), and [Company Name 2], a [legal status] registered in [Country/State/Province], with its principal place of business located at [Address 2] (hereinafter referred to as "Company B").1. RECITALSThe parties, desiring to establish a cooperative relationship in the field of [specify the field or industry, e.g., technology, marketing, etc.], have agreed to enter into this Agreement to set out the terms and conditions of their cooperation.2. PURPOSE OF COOPERATIONThe purpose of this Agreement is to establish a long-term cooperative relationship between the parties for the purpose of [describe the specific purpose of cooperation, e.g., joint development of products, co-marketing, etc.].3. SCOPE OF COOPERATION3.1 The parties shall cooperate in the following areas: [specify the areas of cooperation, e.g., research, product development, distribution, marketing, etc.].3.2 The specific projects and activities under this Agreement may be further detailed in subsequent agreements or plans of action.4. COOPERATION MECHANISM4.1 The parties shall establish a joint working group to oversee and manage the cooperation activities under this Agreement.4.2 The joint working group shall meet regularly to review the progress of cooperation, discuss issues and challenges, and make necessary adjustments to the cooperation plan.5. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY5.1 Any intellectual property developed or generated during the course of this cooperation shall be owned jointly by both parties unless otherwise agreed in writing.5.2 Each party shall be responsible for protecting the other party's intellectual property rights and shall not disclose or use any confidential information without the other party's consent.6. DATA CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY6.1 All data shared between the parties during the course of this cooperation shall be kept confidential and shall not be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of the other party.6.2 The parties shall ensure that any personal data processed or shared during the cooperation comply with applicable data protection laws and regulations.7. FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS TERMS7.1 The financial arrangements and business terms of this cooperation shall be agreed upon by both parties and documented in a separate agreement or agreement-附件.7.2 Any changes to the financial arrangements or business terms shall be made with the consent of both parties in writing.8. TERM AND TERMINATION8.1 This Agreement shall be effective from the date of signing and shall continue for a period of [specify the duration].8.2 Either party may terminate this Agreement by giving written notice to the other party if there is a breach of any term of this Agreement that remains unrectified after receipt of a notice to rectify such breach.9. MISCELLANEOUS9.1 This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding and agreement between the parties relating to the subject matter hereof and supercedes all prior agreements, understandings, negotiations, and discussions, whether oral or written.9.2 This Agreement may not be modified except by a written agreement signed by both parties.9.3 This Agreement is made and shall be construed in accordance with the laws of [specify applicable jurisdiction]. Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiations or in accordance with the laws of [specify applicable jurisdiction].In witness whereof, the parties have executed this Agreement in [City] on the date specified above.Company A:Name: _________________________Title: _________________________Date: _________________________Company B:Name: _________________________Title: _________________________Date: _________________________(To be signed on letterhead paper of both companies) 签字并加盖公章，以证明双方认可本协议。
不同类型的研究和研究技能 Different types of research 英语介绍
不同类型的研究和研究技能Different types of research and research skillsResearch is what every student has to do in his/her academic career. Research work requires a great amount of time and skills only then you can make a good research paper. This article will throw light over theDifferent types of research and research skills.Let’s read further to get a better understanding of the topic.What is Research?Research is a type of study on a specific topic or a problem where the researcher uses scientific methods. In the words of Earl Robert Babbie (American sociologist), “Re search is a systematic approach or inquiry which helps in describing, explaining and prediction of the controlled phenomenon. All types of researches involve inductive and deductive methods.”In inductive methods, researchers analyze the observed phenomenon. The inductive method approach towards research is qualitative. In deductive methods, researchers verify the observed phenomenon. Quantitative research has been carried out by the researchers in the deductive method.One of the most vital aspects of any research is the statistic or conclusion involve in it. You needto brush up your research skills in order to make a proper conclusion of research work in order to make it more impressive and for making it more understandable to the audience.Research is all about a thought that works behind the research. While carrying out any research, you need to approach it step by step. Here are the following steps which you must follow.Find out the problemPossible solutions for the problemBuilding up the argumentsData and facts to support your argumentConcluding the research workWhat Is the Purpose of Research?There are three purposes for conducting any type of research:ExploratoryOne can understand with the name what this purpose is all about. Research helps in exploring the group of questions. It may not be necessary that one can seek the final conclusion through the answers and analysis of the research based on the problems. Research also explores areas that are still hidden and never became part of any studies. This exploratory purpose leads to more conclusive research.DescriptiveAs the name suggests, the descriptive purpose of any research is to elaborate on the information and cover all the untalked points in it. Data collection has a crucial role in expanding information. In a descriptive study, research uses one variable to initiate the study. The descriptive purpose of the research aims at describing, explaining, and validating the findings.ExplanatoryThe role of explanation is vital in any form of research. Explaining the problem and why the researchers chose the topic for the research is needful. To comprehend the topic, researchers as well as the reader both need to have a goodunderstanding of the collected data and findings. Therefore, the explanatory function of research helps in providing a detailed explanation of all the information used in the research.Features of a Research WorkWhile doing research one must have a systematic approach. Fundamentals of research are rules and procedures. They set the objective in research work. Researchers should follow the code of conduct and ethics of the research while drawing the conclusion.All types of researches are based on facts and logical reasoning. They involve inductive and deductive methods.Data should be collected in real-time, and they should be the real observation in natural settings.The research consists of an in-depth analysis of the collected data. Deep analysis ensures that there will be no anomalies in the research work.Research allows more researches as it generates new questions. One research can lead to many more types of research around the topic.Accuracy in research is the most important thing. The collected information should be accurate and authentic in nature.These features must be there while writing a research paper. one must remember there are different types of research papers and each paper has a different approach.Different types of researchQualitative ResearchQualitative research is nothing but exploratory research. This type of research is carrying out to gain an understanding of primary reasons, motivations, and opinions. Qualitative research provides an in-depth look into the issues and helps in developing the hypothesis or ideas. Qualitative research methods have no fixed pattern. They are unstructured and semi-structured. The most common methods of qualitative research are: Group discussion, interviews face to face, participation or observing a scene.Quantitative ResearchQuantitative research is based on statistics and numerical day. Numerical data is generated by quantifying the research or by converting the data into statistics. This type of research helps in quantifying opinions, behaviors, or attitudes. In research, the result is generalized from a large sample group. Quantitative research uses data to prepare facts. Quantitative research methods are structured as compared to qualitative research. Methods in this type of research include various surveys, interviews, kiosk surveys, online polls, paper surveys, and systematic observations.Analytical ResearchAnalytical research follows the various point of view after that researcher analyzes all of them and draws a conclusion from it. In this type ofresearch, a question has been asked. Analytical research initiated by a question and then finding the facts to answer it. This type of research includes information collected from various other researches or sources. After that one has to make a personal conclusion of the topic. You need to have good analytical research skills to master in analytical research.When a student is doing analytical research for an academic paper, he/she has to be neutral. Your point of view should not favor or in against the topic. Persuasive research is perfect for showing your perspective.Persuasive ResearchAnother type of research is persuasive research. In this type of research first, you need todescribe the problem with two different aspects. You have to mention the pros and cons and then conclude by giving preference to one. When someone is doing persuasive research the primary aim is to attract the reader to agree with your point of view. Every type of research is different; the persuasive word itself suggests persuading someone to adhere to your argument. For persuasive research, you need to use an emotional approach along with the logical facts. Data and statistics are also there in persuasive research. In this research, the researcher will either support the argument or stand against it. The researcher has to support the argument with some logical facts.Cause and Effect ResearchIn cause and effect research paper, a researcher first describes the situation, then presents causes and effects and at last draws the conclusion. This type of research paper is for those who are new in the research. Most of the high school and college students of first-year get cause and effect research paper. The research includes:An extensive study of the different research topicOrganized writing styleUnderstanding the style of writing to use in the researchProper citation and referencesWhenever a person is doing cause and effect research,he/she has to answer two things ‘Why?’ and ‘What?’ These two things will reflect cause and effects. Cause and effect research is vital in business and education. It finds out the relationship of result from a specific decision.Experimental ResearchFor experimental research one has to follow certain steps; these steps are: Conduct an experiment then sharing of experience, and providing data and concluding everything on the basis of that data.When you are doing experimental research, you have to describe the case in a detailed manner. Experimental research is carried out in the following subject primarily, chemistry, biology, physics, psychology, and sociology. As thename suggests, this type of research is based on experiments. Here researchers describe or predict an incident with certain actions. To complete the research successfully, you need supporting data and experiment analysis.Survey ResearchMethods which you have to carry out while doing survey research paper are conducting a survey, analyze your findings, and then drawing a conclusion.A survey research paper is for subjects like sociology, psychology, marketing, public health, business, and advertising. You need to conduct a survey in this, where you have to ask questions from the respondents. This helps in analyzing behavior in certain conditions.Problem-Solution ResearchThese types of researches are carried out by both, students as well as by scholars. Here researchers have to solve some problems, but for that, they need proper analysis and a solution that perfectly fits in the problem. At the end of this research, researchers have to prove how effective the solution is.Report researchReport research is quite easy to conduct. Here in this type of research, the researcher needs to read the information on a specific topic thoroughly. After that researcher informs the readers about the main facts of the topic. This type of research seems easy, but you must havegood research skills to extract the vital points from the material you have in your hand.These are the main types of researches students do during their academic years. To get a detailed description of different types of research you can read it here. I hope now you may have got a clear idea about different types and researches. Now, in the next section, I would like to throw some light on the research skills one must-have for carrying the research effectively.Different Types of Research SkillsAt academic level research ability is very important. Research is not only vital for college students, but schools students should also have good knowledge about it. For that, one musthave excellent research skills. Research skills are a combination of various skills. Below you can see all of them:Summarizing and categorizingThis ability plays a vital role in the initial level of the research, a period when students gather the information. Data can be collected from various sources but for proper research one must look out for relevant sources. After collecting the data, one must be able to arrange it properly.Think criticallyThe research is valuable only if something new is presented. Information you present in your research should have a uniqueness in it. Critical thinking is what students need to carry outproper research. Students if presenting an argument, then they must have facts to support the argument.Analytical thinkingThis is an important skill out of all the other research skills. Good analytical skills will help you to analyze a large amount of information in a quick time. This ability needs a lot of practice; it is hard to develop quickly. There are few people who have strong analytical skills but other needs practice.Explanation skillsResearch skills are not only about gathering information and writing it. Your research paper should be self-explanatory. But for this first, youneed to explain your ideas, thoughts, and facts clearly. You have to find the right words to make people understand what you are trying to say. Experienced writers know how to explain things well in the research paperAll the research skills mentioned above are quite hard to learn.However, there are some more skills other than research skills in which you need to get expertise. They are not having much importance but could play a good role in making an excellent research paper. In the next section of this article, you can read all those skillsAdditional skills required for Research paperTo succeed in academic writing, you need to have mastery over these skills along with research skills. Let’s have a look at the additional skills required for research work.Time management skillsTime is the most valuable asset, and once you waste it, it will never come back to you again. We all know research work requires a lot of time. Students must gain mastery in overtime management. They should know how to utilize their time in order to write an excellent research paper.Finance managementYou need to have a sound amount in your bank to do proper research. Almost all researchesinvolve funding. Utilize money wisely during your research period. Science research involves a huge expenditure so be cautious with the usage of money. Before writing an academic paper, estimate all the expenses and plan your budget.IT skillsIf you have a good knowledge of IT, then it will surely help you in academic paper writing as well as your research work can be completed in less time. IT skills knowledge will help in arranging data in a quick time.These are the additional skills that you must have to get an edge over other students. You need to be patient while developing these skills. Perfection takes time, and you might need to wait for years to become perfect in these skills.These skills will help you not only in academic research but in all types of researches. You will learn to manage data efficiently and strategically.ConclusionResearch has been one of the most important tasks a student gets from college. Almost 40 percent of your academic score is based on the research paper. The article has been an agent through which I tried to guide you in your research work. I hope this article provided you with a better understanding of research and the above-mentioned research skills will help you in your endeavors.。
研究生学术写作练习答案（part2
Key to Exercise A: P.109Text 1 is targeting an educated, but not highly specialized audience; while Text B is directed at experts. Text A provides quite a lot of background material and is careful to avoid too much technical vocabulary. Text 2 jumps right into the topic and employs quite a lot of technical terminology that most of us are not familiar with.Keys to Exercise B: P.1101. Generally educated and familiar with the topic, but not highly specialized.2.That the readers have some notion of what an unauthorized settlement is and t he kind of amenities they lack; perhaps also that the readers understand the relationship among the government, policies on housing and access to basic amenities.3. To highlight a housing problem in Delhi, which also happens to be a common problem in other countries.4. The author uses the word challenge to introduce the problem.5. This effort refers to the argument that there is a need for governmental policies to address the problem.6. The author believes that it may help to a lleviate some of the housing problem.Key to Exercise C: P.1111—2句：描述情况3—4句：甄别问题5—6句：描述解决方法7句：评估解决方法Key to Exercise D：P.1111. brought on --- caused2. looking into --- investigating3. figure out --- determine4. come up with --- develop5. make up --- constitute6. get rid of --- eliminate7. gone up to --- reached8. keep up --- maintain9. gone down --- decreased10. looks over --- reviewsKey to Exercise E: P.1121. created / developed2. encountered / faced3. raised / introduced4. appeared / emerged5. examined / investigatedKey to Exercise F: P.1121. an integral part of2. nearly3. considerable4. obtained5. increasing6. intensified7. have insufficient8. rarely happen9. enlarged to facilitate loading and unloadingKey to Exercise G：P.1131. This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.2. Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.3. The difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.4. Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection duringa fall to the ground5. To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.6. Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material.7. These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.8. Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.Key to Exercise H：P. 113For example; because; because of this; so that; more…than…; HoweverKey to Exercise I: P.1141. sentence 2: For examplesentence 4: While / Althoughsentence 6: therefore ; hence / thus2. sentence 2: however ; thussentence 3: while / whereassentence 4: Although / Even thoughsentence 6: For exampleKey to Exercise J: P.1151. b. d.2. a.3. d.Key to Exercise K: P.1151. view2. finding3. problem4. process5. disruption6. situation7. method / approach8. conclusion9. phenomenon10. trend / tendencyKey to Exercise A: P.1291. 1) Meetings of tourism and its importancea. Size of meetingsb. Locations of meetings2) Importance of meetings tourism in postindustrial urban renewala. Growth in the meetings tourism market in the U.S.b. Growth in international conferencesc. Importance of meetings tourism in comparison to leisure tourism in Europe2. This question usually generates some debate, but here is one possibility.Statement 1）could be a new sentence (7), while the point in Statement 2) could be incorporated into sentence (8) after the citation. Sentence (8) could then be split. The latter part of the sentence, after making, could be rewritten as a new sentence (9).3. Presumably there are other definitions for meetings tourism, and this is the one that the authors have chosen to use.Key to Exercise B: P.1301. metal that is often used —> metal often used2. device that is capable of —> device capable of3. roof which is on top of —> roof on top of4. precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from5. This sentence cannot be reduced.6. flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave higher7. a process that involves the selective transport—> a process involving the selective transport8. a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a celestial body with approximately the same massKey to Exercise C: P.1301. with2. in3. to4. from5. in6. around7. in8. inKey to Exercise D: P.1311. components and type2. example3. history4. applicationKey to Exercise E: P.1314-1-7-2-5-6-3Key to Exercise F: P.132The former deals with a right that grants…while the latter is concerned with a copyright– a form of protection that…Key to Exercise G: P.132The whole passage seems like neither a competing nor a contrastive definition. Instead, it’s an extended definition.Key to Exercise H: P.1331. Sentences 4, 7, and 10.2. Present tense. The theories are "timeless." Although they were formulated in the past, they were still widely accepted today.3. S5: In other words S6: therefore S7: on the other handS8: for exampleS9: In other words S16: For instance The purpose is either for explanation / exemplification or to indicate contrasts among the competing theories.4. There are a number of possibilities: perhaps a discussion of the writer's own theory of humor in which flaws in the other theories are presented. Perhaps an expansion of one of the theories; most likely an analysis of a humorous situation 'play, hook, movie, or something else), using each of the competing theories or demonstrating how they do not always work.5. The text, is actually a general review of different theories. It is mostly a GS text, but it doesn't get more and more specific with each sentence. The text reaches a particular level of specificity and then remains at that level. It doesn't provide very specific detail for each of the theories.6. No.It simply says that modern theories are variations of old ones, and it only specifically mentions superiority theory and incongruity theory. (There is no complicated motive behind this. Chris simply had exhausted all her resources and did not, look for modern versions of all the theories.) 7. If Chris expressed a preference, it was not intentional. Note the absence ofevaluative language. However, she has a strong preference for incongruity theory. If she had wanted to express a preference, she would have discussed the incongruity theory last, rather than in the middle. Discussing the preferred point of view in final position is a common rhetorical strategy.Key to Exercise I: P.1341. No answer is given.2. Sentences 1, 4, 10, and 14 are important for the four parts of the text. Most students feel that these are most important. However, we can also note that the major claim or conclusion is given in sentence 13.3. He states that there is a problem with the databases used in Garfield's study and then provides support for this assertion. Next, he gives a very concrete example of a serious weakness — the inconsistency regarding Arabic-language science journals. This example should raise some doubts with the reader, making it apparent that there is a problem. (Note the general-specific movement in the paragraph.)4. Considering that this is a very short text, the amount of detail is appropriate. If it were longer, then it would make sense to critique the databases and the methodology used to arrive at the 80% figure. The number of examples is dependent on the length of the text. Certainly one more wouldbe nice. Can you supply one?5. There are several examples of hedging here, particularly in the second and third paragraphs. But the number of hedges should not be equated with the level of uncertainty. Notice that in the second paragraph, we have hedged generaliz-ations, but in the third there are several unhedged statements of results for single studies. Nevertheless, overall, the two paragraphs seem similar in terms of the level of conviction.6. Garfield 1983; Najjar 1988;Throgmartin 1980; V elho and Krige 1984; Warren and Newhill 1978. All but one of these citations are twenty or more years old. Given that changes in language policy are likely to be evolving, the reference list looks rather dated.7. Users may like to consider issues such as which languages are acceptable in journals or which languages are used for abstracts.8. Sentence (5) typically; (6) predominantly; (9) consistently; (10) considerablyKey to Exercise J: P.1351. The situation and the problem are presented in the first paragraph, while in the first sample they spread over two different paragraphs. In contrast to the previous text, the situation requires little explanation — only one sentence is necessary. Also the nature of the problem is clearer here than in the previous text. We can all imagine the seriousness of the problems associated with the lack of fresh water. A one-sentence paragraph is not a good idea, so it makes sense to continue the paragraph with a discussion of the problem.2. Nets are erected —> water droplets of the fog are collected by the nets —> water flows from the nets to troughs —> water flows through filters into storage tanks —> water is chemically treated —> water flows to households.3. Present tense is used because this is a repeatable process.4. is now being tested, are attached, are trapped, is then piped, is chemically treated.5. The progressive is appropriate here because the testing is being done at the time of writing. From the author's perspective, it is in progress and has not been completed. Although the progressive is rare in scientific academic English, it can often be used to describe contemporary change (e.g., "Scholars are beginning to change their ideas about. . .") The verb to be can indeed be used in the progressive.6. now, approximately, when, then, chemically, finally.7.. Sentence 4:this absence of rainfall Sentence 14: this collection system Both of these occur in the final sentence of their respective paragraphs. They serve to summarize the main point of the paragraph.8. There is nothing fancy or elegant here. The solution is "announced": "One interesting solution to this problem is . . ."9. Students tend to select the following information.the dimensions of the nets the trough material the storage link materials and dimensions the brand name of the netting the duration of the fog season the time needed to construct the system10. A new paragraph could be added under the description of the process. Adding this paragraph would also necessitate a change in the first sentence of the final paragraph to ensure good How. 11. The information about cost could be added between sentences 15 and 16.Key to Exercise K: P.1371. Bacteria in meat can be killed by a brief but intense period of radiation between butchering and packaging.2. Possible harmful effects of drugs can be reduced by carrying out carefully designed,large-scale clinical trials.3. One class of rocks is formed by the gradual accumulation of mineral particles at the bottom ofa body of water.4. Information on political preferences can he obtained by questioning passersby in a busy public area.5. Sequences of events at archaeological sites can he established by identifying the distinct layers of an excavation site and cataloging which items were discovered in which layers.6. Cultures are partly preserved by continuing ceremonial and ritualistic traditions — such as those surrounding marriage or the birth of a child — that have helped to define them.7. Changes in land use can be detected by comparing images taken by satellite over a period of time.8. The spread of infectious diseases can be controlled by vaccinations and by encouraging frequent hand washing.Key to Exercise L: P.137(1) Once the bird has been brought to rehabilitation center, basic procedures are followed. (2) After the bird is sedated, if necessary, it is examined to detect broken bones, cuts, or other injuries. (3) Oil is flushed from its eyes and intestines. (4) Heavily oiled birds are then wiped with absorbent cloths to remove patches of oil. (5) Stomach-coating medicines may be administer-ed orally to prevent additional absorption of oil inside the b ird’s stomach. (6) When the bird is warmed, it is placed in a quiet area. (7) Curtains are hung around the area to limit the bird’s contact with people.Key to Exercise M: P.1381. The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.2. After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.3. First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfections. It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.4. A vessel taken from the leg is grafted to the aorta and the coronary artery beyond the narrowed area, thus allowing blood to flow to the heart muscle.5. When water from rain or melted snow percolates into the ground through cracks, it is heated by the underlying rocks to temperatures well above the boiling point. The water does not boil but, rather, becomes superheated and pressurized, causing it to eventually burst out of the ground in an explosive steam eruption.Key to Exercise N: P.1381. Situation: sentences 1--2 Problem: sentences 3--9 Solution: sentences 10--11 Evaluation: sentence 12The "problem section" receives the greatest treatment, because the detail is necessary tounderstand the problem. The nature of the problem (why it is happening) is not trans-parent, as it is in the "Clouds and Fog" text.2. Sentence (6): in response Sentence (7): thus Sentence (8): but3. Investigations are under way and have not been completed.4. The agent is unnecessary. Passive voice here helps keep the focus on recovery.5. If sentence (2) said, "They are the marine equivalents of terrestrial rainforests," we could consider this as accepted fact. As it stands in the original, the authors are being cautious about making such a strong claim.Key to Exercise O: P.1391. The question remains whether it is possible to develop a reliable earthquake warning system.2. Current studies provide little information on how this policy is being implemented in rural areas.3. We need to know what precautions are being taken to prevent the spread of the disease.4. There is some question as to whether the current crisis can eventually be overcome.5. It has not been determined how these policies are likely to affect small businesses.6. It might also be of interest to investigate to what extent persistence is a major factor in graduate student success.7. Another issue raised by this study is whether and to what extent poverty and climate are linked.8. The process uses the CPU power it needs, depending on what it is doing and what other processes are running.9. The research investigated whether time is money ……10. It is unclear what the optimal level of government debt is.Keys to Exercise C: P.1471. in2. by3. in4. in5. in6. in7. with…of8. by9. by10. inKeys to Exercise D: P.1481. indicate2. suggests3. question4. support5. assumed6. suggest7. influenced8. neglected9. encouraged10. depictsKeys to Exercise A: Page 1801. 主从复合句主谓宾_主系表2. 简单句主系表3. 并列句状谓主4. 简单句主谓宾宾补5. 简单句主谓宾宾补6. 简单句主系表7. 简单句主谓宾+谓状8. 并列句主谓宾+主谓保留宾语9. 复合句状主谓宾定从(主系表)10. 复杂复合句主谓宾+主谓宾(让步状从)Keys to Exercise B：Page 180(1). The girl was good-looking, well mannered, and kind-hearted. (climatic)(2). So beautifully did she sing that the audience burst into applause. (inverted)(3). If you have nothing to say, stop talking. (periodic)(4). In recent years, many factories, especially those engaged in the manufacture of chemical products, were established in the suburbs. (repetition)(5). To be sure she wasn't out with someone else, he called his girlfriend every night. (periodic)(6). At the edge of the wood was a little hut half buried in snow. (inverted)(7). Each state in the United States is allowed to a large extent to control its own affairs. (balanced)(8). My father bought this tape-recorder at half price. (active emphasis)(9). Although he wanted it more than anything else in the world，he knew he had little chance of getting the job. (periodic)(10). One good teacher, generally speaking, is worth a dozen good books. (first order)(11). The person who cheats others is ultimately cheating himself. (end order)Keys to Exercise C: Page 181(1). Having written down all the answers, he still had time to revise them.(2). Holding/With his walking-stick under his arm, he walked up and down the street.(3) The spring being well advanced, we shall soon hear cuckoo's voice again.(4). He declined to open his door to these visitors without giving any reason.(5). Having no money left, he could not carry on the business any longer.(6). They could not decide the point themselves, so they asked a third person to decide it for them.(7). Though he is a rich man, he is not proud of his wealth and makes no distinction between rich and poor.(8). The feet of a cat are furnished with long sharp claws, so a bird or mouse, once caught, cannotescape.(9). They despised my warning, so they shall eat of the fruit of their own way.(10). No one knows when he will come.(11). I was glad to hear that you have succeeded so well.Keys to Exercise D: Page 181(1). Many of my friends didn't have the opportu- nity to go to college.(2). Second, men are usually physically stronger than women.(3). I don't feel that grades in college have much value.(4). He enrolled in an advanced calculus class. Later he found it too difficult, and dropped.(5). When anyone shows up, you should invite him to come in.(6). The faculty here seem more like friends than like teachers.(7). Whenever he saw a pine forest, he was reminded of the night he spent on the mountain.(8). She created at least one good design, and sold it for several hundred dollars.(9). In the modern world of today, we must get an education that will prepare us for a lifelong job.(10). F eeding its ever-increasing population is one of India's most acute problems.(11). She has never read a book more interesting and instructive than that one.(12). The college has some professors well-known at home and abroad.(13). At a secondhand bookstore, my father bought me this book which cost $5.(14). To succeed in business, you must hold a responsible job.(15). I met a boy who had lived in a new city, but who knew little about his home town.(16). The school management brought not only paper, and books, but also large quantities of ink.(17). The workers in our factory work much harder than those in your factory.(18). The little girl not only plays the piano but also composes music.(19). Shanghai has a good harbor and a highly developed industry, so it has become the industrial center and most important port of China.(20). My sister suddenly fell ill and she had to stay at home. Therefore, she missed many lessons.(21). They heard an interesting account of the villagers' customs.(22). He was not only a famous scholar but also a great patriot.(23). My father usually worked late into the night.(24). The splendid display in shop windows has a irresistible fascination.(25). My father is a retired veteran worker.(26). First mop the floor and then have a rest.(27). My father is an artist; therefore, I have also chosen art as my profession.(28). John Smith first met Johnson when John Smith/Johnson was fifty-four.(29). T he reason for Tom's disappointment was that his sister wasn't there to comfort him.(30). I enjoyed the sun, the sand and the surf. This experience revealed to me that I really prefer a vacation at the beach.(31). Often people can find work if they are willing to take what they get.(32). In ten seconds I made my decision that changed the next seven years of my life.(33). There was a knock at the door. I asked who it was, but got no answer.(34). Gasoline is becoming expensive, so automobile manufacturers are producing smaller carsthat use less gasoline.(35). Getting married is easy, but staying married is a different matter.(36) Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon, so they have to study at night. As a result, they are usually exhausted by the weekend.(37). It is especially true in our country that teachers are respected by everyone.(38) At first I wondered if I should speak to her because she seemed so absorbed in her thought.(39) We knew the old desk had a secret drawer, but no one could find it.(40). They did not win the game; so far as I could see they did not even try.Keys to Exercise B: P.187删除Images have been popular…. of his soul.as a reminder of the ancient superstition.Keys to Exercise C: P.1879-3-1-7-4-5-2-6-8Key to Exercise D: P.1882-3-7-6-4-5-13) 分类与分割Key to Exercise F: P.1899-2-3-8-7-6-5-4-1P. 1893-7-2-4-6-5-14) 定义逻辑定义拓展定义Key to Exercise G: P. 1895-6-2-4-1-3Key to exercise H P.1904-2-6-3-5-1。
82018届宝山区高三英语一模(作文有范文)
宝山区 2017 学年第一学期期末高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷1．2． 在试题纸上答题无效，必须在答题纸上的规定位置按照要求答题．3． 本试卷满分 140 分，考试时间 120 分钟．I. L istening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and thequestions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.5. A. The woman has watered too much.B. Moving plants is not a good idea.C. The plants may need more sunshine.D. The woman should get some professional help.B. Check the business time of the laundry.D. Find another suitable blouse.8. A. The man will have a business trip tomorrow.B. The woman has no idea what the boss is doing.C. The terrible weather has delayed all the flights.D. The boss is not supposed to be at the office.9. A. He is used to going out on cold days. B. He is used to wearing a wool hat.C. He is used to wearing no hat in winter.D. He is used to carrying a heavy bag.10. A. The woman often suffers from bad traffic.B. The woman is used to getting up late.C. The woman lives in the downtown area.D. The woman lives far away from the company.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage注意：本试卷包括试题纸和答题纸两1. A. At a dancing show. B. At an airport. C. At home.D. At a cinema. 2. A. He can ' t find the manager.C. He doesn ' t get the right watch. B. His new watch doesnD. His deposit was missing.'t work. 3. A. The plan of their holiday trips. B. Their feeling of the trip toWashington.4. A. Save money on the rent.C. Find a part -time B. Share the rent with someone.D. Apply for a student loan. 6. A. She is ill and has to stayat home. C. She can ' t go to work B. She hates watching TV at home. D. She ' s wasting much time watching7. A. Look at the laundry basket. C. Go to do her laundry.orconversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answerson your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. How to stay calm. B. How to order a meal.C. How to complain politely.D. How to deal with an argument.13. A. Asking to speak to a manager.B. Blaming the person you ' re talking to.C. Saying “ There has been a misunderstanding ” .D. Giving the person a chance to explain.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Sharing your wishes. B. Supplying things with you.C. Chatting with you.D. Carrying things for you.15. A. Its special Wi -F. B. Fingerprint identification system.C. Its built -in cameras.D. Its partners.16. A. Security. B. Convenient. C. Independent. D. Unpractical.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Kids should do chores on weekends.B. Parents should help kids with chores.C. Parents feel pride in helping around the house.D. Chores teach children responsibility.18. A. Kids ' academic achievements will improve.B. Kids ' rooms will be clean and tidy.C. Kids will take care of themselves.D. Kids will finish schoolwork sooner.19. A. Kids like doing schoolwork.B. Kids don ' t need to do chores.C. Kids are spoiled.D. Kids appreciate parents.20. A. The woman won ' t ask her kids to do chores.B. The woman will encourage her kids to do chores.C. The man won ' t ask his kids to do chores.D. The man will encourage his kids to study.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank .Why My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the background says think of that before?” Beliefs tchheayn mgea,t ure and grow just (21) a child. The best beliefs arethe ones 12. A . Customers are less likely toget help. C. Managers will befrightened. B. Customers will get problems fixed. D. Managers will smile happily. Ohthat (22) ___ (cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoymentof reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23) (easy) when you ' re having fu nB.eing able to relate tothe characters, imagine the conflicts in your head, and feel the characters ' sadness, as w melol asts their joy, is thamazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person. Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24) (escape). I would much rather pick up a good book than watch a televisionshow.Reading can teach us. Whether it 'as f antasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25) __ (write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives younew words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)___ ___ you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all read the same books. (27) is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28) (drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29) read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30) (help) me through difficult periods and applauded mein times of celebration . Books always make me smile. That ' s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because itwill make you happy.Section B Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.The discovery that builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors can be switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look ___31___ younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a ___32___ naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals___33___ splicing factors, whichare progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to behave like young cells.The discovery has the ___34___ to lead to therapies which could help people age better, without experiencing some of the backward effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of constant illness, and as people get older they are more likely to suffer from heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries said: "This is a first step in trying to make people live ___35___ lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to ___36___ function to old cells."Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the ___37___ and rapidity of the changes in the cells."When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish ___38___ I couldn't believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic," she said. "I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells refreshed. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research."宝山区2017 学年第一学期期末高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷第 3 页共17 页As we age, our tissues gather aging cells which are alive but do not grow or ___39___ as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become exposed to disease as we age. When stimulated, genes make a message that gives the___40___ for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, whichdetermines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions. III. Reading ComprehensionSection A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at theUniversity of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophyand Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal speciesexhibit so-called "executive control" when it comes to makingdecisions, ___41___ considering their goals and ways to satisfy thosegoals before acting.He acknowledges that language is ___42___ for some experiencedforms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner ___43___ that a wide variety of animals -- elephants, chimpanzees （黑猩猩 ）, ravens （大乌鸦 ） and lions, among others -- ___44___ reasonable decision-making."These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the___45___ they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take that can be used to select among different options," he wrote.The question has been ___46___ since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what it means to be human. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to ___47___ exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious ___48___ in the 1970s and '80s to teach animals human language -- teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, ___49___ -found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in ___50___ thought and language structures.Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable ___51___ to study the issue, but today's researchers conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologists at the University of Vienna, last year ___52___ the results of a study that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, ___53___ their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his ___54___. His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, "to see that we've gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are ___55___ in a unique way." 41. A. secretly B. unintentionally C. scarcely D. c onsciousl y 42.A. requiredB. qualifiedC. acquired D . prepared 43.A. concernsB. complainsC. concludes D . convinces 44.A. turn downB. engage inC. refer to D . argue about 45.A. optionB. schemeC. regulation D . random 46.A. dismissedB. i gnoredC. debated D . answered 47.A. evaluateB. determineC. overlook D . initiate 48.A. results B. successes C. achievements D .attempts49.A. for example B.that is to say C. on thecontraryD. as a result50.A. obvious B. feasible C. private D. complex51.A. mystery B. t radition C. evidence D. fiction52.A. substituted B. published C. reflected D.maintained53.A. adapting B. symbolizing C. investigating D.revenging54.A. agreement B. implement C. requirement D. argument55.A. passionate B. r easonable C. confused D.ridiculousSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)We see them everywhere. “ Therea re some things that money can 'bt uy⋯for everything else, there 's MasterCard. ”W e hear them everywhere. “Make life rewarding ⋯A merican Express. ”W hether watching television, driving down the highway, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.By the time summer rolled around, I didn 't consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I hadacquired ⋯I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn 't working checking my bank account, trying to figure out if my next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy , they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues—after all, I can 't buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren 't prioritiessufferings taught me that I shouldn 'set ek out wealth as a means of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared between my family and friends: “ There are some things that money can 't buy ⋯Seek them. ” Unlike cash, this formgrows the more I give.56.According to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because .A.the appeal of money is inescapable.B.he values the love between his family and friendsC.his wealth grows by working hard every dayD.he has paid off his debt in cash57.The author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order toA.show how to settle problems with othersB. prove how selfish his Dad isC. explain material possessions get him into troubleD. display generation gap between Dad and Son58. The word co “mfy ” （paragraph 4） probably means .A. realisticB. individualC. graciousD. comfortable59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Seeking a different kind of wealthB. Letting go of different sufferingsC. Wealth as a means of satisfactionD. Happiness grows out of hardships（B ）Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stressmight be making you sick. Here's how to battle against them. remedies for headaches. Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormone cortisol （皮质醇 ） can make itharder to concentrate, causing memory problems as well asanxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration. Practiceclosing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal （old hairfollicles （囊 ） are replaced by new ones over time ）,but stress can disturb that cycle. Significant stresspushes a large number of hair follicles into what'scalled a resting stage and then a few months later thosehairs fall out, according to . Stress canalso cause the body ' rse sistant system to attack yourhair follicles, resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back.60. If you ' re stressed, you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT thatA. you keep getting headachesB. you always have a coldC. your hair is falling outD. your brain feels confusedIf you've never suffered from headaches but suddenly your head is constantlystriking, youlavender （ 薰衣草 ） oil on your temples （ 太阳穴 ）when a headache starts. Ortry one of these home61.Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62.What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B.Our body ' s resistant system attacks your hair folliclesC.Our hair starts growing again.D. A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implicationsof additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advanceYet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale's Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting -edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials -- thus the label "additive.""The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing," said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. "We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, and especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process."Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable totraditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production -- by consumers, merchants and hobbyists -- and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used."This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies," said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. "If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie."The special issue contains:? life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and products? investigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologies? studies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materials? examination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technology63.The word “ additive ” in the passage refers to .A.the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB.the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC.the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD.the traditional way to produce products by removing materials64.The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on .A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB. a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC.the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD.the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65.Which of the following can be inferred about the researchers ' viewpoint from the passage?A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health.D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66.The passage mainly discusses .A.investigations of the 3 -D printing processB.the environmental implications of 3 -D printingC.studies of 3-D printing emissions and materialsD.assessments of additive manufacturing processesSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands' surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. 67 These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typicallyassigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power._______ 68______ For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are oftendescribed through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple's gender-typed personality characteristics."Results from the third study conducted by Robnett's team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. "We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视女性) respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles," says Robnett. ___“69 ”"This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women' s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men," says Robnett. 70 “It _reflects slight gender-rolestandards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despite privileging men."IV.Summary Writing71.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Secure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the " Signaling Code and Security" working group , is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an "electronic purse" that works by unknown names,but prevents misuse at the same time. The "black-box addition plus" (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account."Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well," Andy Rupp says. "This is needed for ensuring the payment system's suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all orit is very slow." Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: Duringfirst test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.V.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets 72.他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。
管理信息系统(第9版)精要版原书英文版题库答案第1章
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 9e (Laudon/Laudon)Chapter 1 Business Information Systems in Your Career1) Internet advertising is growing at a rate of more than 30 percent a year.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 6AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension2) A business model describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 11AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension3) Information technology (IT) consists of all the hardware that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives, whereas information systems consist of all the hardware and software needed.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 13AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension4) Computers are only part of an information system.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension5) Information systems literacy describes the behavioral approach to information systems, while computer literacy describes the technical approach.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 15AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension6) The dimensions of information systems are people, organizations, and information technology.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 15AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension7) In order to understand how a specific business firm uses information systems, you need to know something about the history and culture of the company.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 15AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension8) Developing a new product, fulfilling an order, or hiring a new employee are all examples of business processes.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 16AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension9) Business processes are those logically related tasks for accomplishing tasks that have been formally encoded by an organization.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 16AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension10) Employee attitudes about their jobs, employers, or technology can have a powerful effect on their abilities to use information systems productively.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 16AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension11) A network requires at least three computers and a shared resource.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension12) An IT infrastructure provides the platform on which the firm can build its information systems.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension13) UPS's use of Web-based tools that allow customers to embed UPS functions such as tracking and cost calculations into their own Web sites was an information systems solution used to achieve customer intimacy.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 18AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Comprehension14) Identifying a problem includes agreeing that a problem exists.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 21AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension15) Political conflict is an example of the people dimension of business problems.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension16) As a result of new public laws, accountants are beginning to perform more technical duties, such as auditing systems and networks.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 25AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension17) Forensic accounting is used to investigate bankruptcies and contract disputes.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 25AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension18) An understanding of enterprise-wide systems for customer relationship management is one of the skills relevant to careers in marketing.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 26AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension19) Whereas marketing and financial careers have been transformed by the growth in information systems, management has–so far–remained relatively unaffected.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 26AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension20) There are two types of outsourcing: offshore outsourcing and foreign outsourcing. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 28AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension21) As discussed in the chapter opening case, the Yankees' use of information systems in their new stadium can be seen as an effort to achieve which of the primary business objectives?A) Operational excellenceB) SurvivalC) Customer and supplier intimacyD) Improved decision makingAnswer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 3-4AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize22) Journalist Thomas Friedman's description of the world as "flat" referred to:A) the flattening of economic and cultural advantages of developed countries.B) the use of the Internet and technology for instantaneous communication.C) the reduction in travel times and the ubiquity of global exchange and travel.D) the growth of globalization.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 9AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension23) The six important business objectives of information technology are: new products, services, and business models; customer and supplier intimacy; improved decision-making; competitive advantage; operational excellence, and:A) flexibility.B) survival.C) improved business practices.D) improved efficiency.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 10AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension24) The use of information systems because of necessity describes the business objective of:A) survival.B) improved business practices.C) competitive advantage.D) improved flexibility.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 12AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension25) Which of the following choices may lead to competitive advantage (1) new products, services, and business models; (2) charging less for superior products; (3) responding to customers in real-time?A) 1 onlyB) 1 and 2C) 2 and 3D) 1, 2, and 3Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 12AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of compare26) Verizon's implementation of a Web-based digital dashboard to provide managers withreal-time information such as customer complaints is an example of:A) improved flexibility.B) improved decision-making.C) improved efficiency.D) customer and supplier intimacy.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 12AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize27) The move of retail banking to use ATMs after Citibank unveiled its first ATMs illustrates the information system business objective of:A) improved efficiency.B) customer and supplier intimacy.C) survival.D) competitive advantage.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 12AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize28) An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support:A) decision making and control in an organization.B) communications and data flow.C) managers analyzing the organization's raw data.D) the creation of new products and services.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 13AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension29) The three activities in an information system that produce the information organizations use to control operations are:A) information retrieval, research, and analysis.B) input, output, and feedback.C) input, processing, and output.D) data analysis, processing, and feedback.Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension30) Order data for baseball tickets and bar code data are examples of:A) raw input.B) raw output.C) customer and product data.D) sales information.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize31) The average number of tickets sold daily online is an example of:A) input.B) raw data.C) meaningful information.D) output.Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize32) Output:A) is feedback that has been processed to create meaningful information.B) is information that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate the input stage.C) transfers raw data to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used.D) transfers processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension33) Converting raw data into a more meaningful form is called:A) capturing.B) processing.C) organizing.D) feedback.Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension34) An example of raw data from a national chain of automobile stores would be:A) average of 13 Toyotas sold daily in Kentucky in 2007.B) 300 Toyota RAV4s sold during fourth quarter 2007 in Kentucky.C) 1 Toyota RAV4 sold January 7, 2008 in Louisville, Kentucky - $28000.D) annual sales of Toyota RAV4s increased 2.4 percent.Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize35) Electronic computers and related software programs are the technical foundation, the tools and materials, of:A) all business procedures.B) information accumulation.C) modern information systems.D) all industrialized countries.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 14-15AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension36) The field that deals with behavioral issues as well as technical issues surrounding the development, use, and impact of information systems used by managers and employees in the firm is called:A) information systems literacy.B) information systems architecture.C) management information systems.D) information technology infrastructure.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 15AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension37) A hierarchy:A) results in a clear-cut division of labor.B) is composed primarily of experts trained for different functions.C) is a pyramid structure of rising authority and responsibility.D) is used primarily in large organizations to define job roles.Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 15AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension38) In a hierarchical organization, the upper levels consist of:A) managerial and professional workers.B) managerial, professional, and technical workers.C) professional and operational workers.D) managerial, professional, and operational workers.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 15-16AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension39) The fundamental set of assumptions, values, and ways of doing things that has been accepted by most of a company's members is called its:A) culture.B) environment.C) atmosphere.D) values.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 16AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension40) Business processes:A) include informal work practices.B) are used primarily for sales and accounting functions.C) are governed by information technology.D) are logically related tasks used primarily by operational personnel.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 16AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension41) Data management technology consists of:A) the physical hardware and media used by an organization for storing data.B) the detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware components in an information system.C) the software governing the organization of data on physical storage media.D) the hardware and software used to transfer data.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension42) The hardware and software used to transfer data in an organization is called:A) data management technology.B) networking and data management technology.C) data and telecommunications technology.D) networking and telecommunications technology.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension43) An intranet uses:A) mainframe technology.B) infrared telecommunications systems.C) the telecommunications capacities of fiber optic networks.D) Internet technology within the boundaries of the firm.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Comprehension44) The first step in the four-step model of business problem solving is:A) agreeing that a problem exists.B) identifying the problem.C) outlining the problem's causes.D) assigning the problem to a problem solver.Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 21AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension45) Inadequate database capacity is an example of the ________ dimension of business problems.A) technologyB) organizationalC) peopleD) managementAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 20AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize46) Legal and regulatory compliance is an example of the ________ dimension of business problems.A) managementB) organizationalC) peopleD) technologyAnswer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize47) Aging hardware and outdated software are examples of the ________ dimension of business problems.A) technologyB) managementC) information systemsD) organizationalAnswer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize48) Poor business processes and unsupportive culture are examples of the ________ dimension of business problems.A) managementB) organizationalC) peopleD) infrastructureAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize49) The owners of Speed-EZ, a new bike messenger service, are concerned about how they will manage their messengers once they have left the office. This is a business problem that falls into the:A) management dimension.B) people dimension.C) organizational dimension.D) technology dimension.Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 20AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize50) Flapjack Flats, a new pancake chain, is having difficulty finding pancake chefs. This is a business problem that falls into the:A) management dimension.B) people dimension.C) organizational dimension.D) technical dimension.Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize51) In choosing the best solution for a business problem, one of the most important considerations is:A) change management.B) existing resources and skills.C) employee training.D) outcome measurement.Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Synthesis in terms of predicting52) The final step in the four-step model of business problem solving is:A) outcome.B) implementation.C) change management.D) feedback.Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension53) Which of the following would not be considered part of the implementation phase of problem solving?A) change managementB) purchasing hardware for an information systems solutionC) training an employee on new systems softwareD) evaluating a selection of software packages for implementing a new business process Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 22-23AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize54) The failure of NASA's initial solution to preventing the space shuttle shedding foam illustrates:A) the importance of training employees on new business processes.B) the need to prepare for measuring outcomes of a business solution.C) the continuous nature of problem solving.D) the need to quickly adapt to new technological innovations.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 23AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of compare55) One of the most frequent errors in problem solving is:A) rushing to judgment.B) not being aware of personal limitations.C) being too doubtful.D) following a rote pattern of decision making.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 23AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension56) A major criterion in deciding the most important perspectives of a business problem is:A) implementation.B) change management.C) usefulness.D) organizational needs.Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 24AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension57) Which of the following is an example of a business using information systems to create new products and services?A) Apple's creation of the iPodB) JC Penney's information system that allows its contract manufacturers to see what garments have been sold and need to be replacedC) Toyota's legendary TPS that has created superlative efficiencies and enabled Toyota to become the world's largest auto makerD) Verizon's Web-based digital dashboard providing real-time company information for managersAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 11AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize58) An example of a business using information systems to attain competitive advantage is:A) Apple's creation of the iPod.B) JC Penney's information system that allows its contract manufacturers to see what garments have been sold and need to be replaced.C) Toyota's legendary TPS that has created superlative efficiencies and enabled Toyota to become the world's largest auto maker.D) Verizon's Web-based digital dashboard providing real-time company information for managers.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 12AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize59) An example of a business using information systems for customer and supplier intimacy is:A) Apple's creation of the iPod.B) JC Penney's information system that allows its contract manufacturers to see what garments have been sold and need to be replaced.C) Toyota's legendary TPS that has created superlative efficiencies and enabled Toyota to become the world's largest auto maker.D) Verizon's Web-based digital dashboard providing real-time company information for managers.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 11AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize60) An information skill important for an accounting major would be:A) an understanding of system and network security issues.B) an understanding of product management enterprise systems.C) an understanding of supplier management enterprise systems.D) an understanding of enterprise systems that enhance leadership.Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 25AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension61) An information skill important for a marketing major would be:A) an understanding of system and network security issues.B) an understanding of product management enterprise systems.C) an understanding of supplier management enterprise systems.D) an understanding of enterprise systems that enhance leadership.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 26AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension62) Maintaining the organization's financial records is a business function of:A) accounting.B) financeC) salesD) marketing.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 25AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension63) Branding products is a business function of:A) manufacturing and production.B) finance and accounting.C) human resources.D) marketing.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 26AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension64) To make sure they stock clothes that their customers will purchase, a department store implements a new application that analyzes spending levels at their stores and cross-references this data to popular clothing styles. This is an example of using information systems to support a business strategy of:A) new products, services, and business models.B) survival.C) customer and supplier intimacy.D) improved decision making.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 11AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize65) Financial managers work directly with ________ to ensure investments in information systems help achieve corporate goals.A) operations managersB) senior managersC) marketing managersD) accounting managersAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 26AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension66) Operations management as a discipline is directly relevant to three occupational categories:A) industrial production managers, operations analysts, and administrative service managers.B) project managers, production managers, and administrative service managers.C) project managers, production managers, and industrial production managers.D) finance, accounting, and management.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 26-27AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension67) Assume you work for a package delivery service in a major metropolitan area, and that the business has been losing customers for several years. You have been asked to find a solution to this problem, perhaps one which uses modern information technologies. What is the correct way to proceed?A) Look for solutions, evaluate the solutions, identify the problem more clearly, and then implement the solution.B) Think about what solutions can be implemented, look for solution designs, evaluate the designs, and then implement the solution.C) Identify the problem, design alternative solutions, choose the best solution, and then implement the solution.D) Design solutions, evaluate and identify the problems, choose the best solution, and then implement the solution.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 20-21AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of organizing68) Which of the following statements is not true?A) The most common and successful offshore outsourcing projects involve production programming and system maintenance programming work, along with call center work.B) Inflation in Indian wages for technology work is leading to a counter movement of jobs back to the United States.C) The fear that offshore outsourcing will reduce demand for new information system hires in the U.S. is mitigated by the fact that reduced IT expenditures results in increased IT investments and the creation of domestic jobs.D) The impact of domestic IT outsourcing has been very disruptive to some regional areas of the U.S.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 28AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension69) The culture of UPS places service to the customer among the company's highest business objectives, which is reflected in their use of information systems to enable customer tracking of their packages. Based on your reading of Chapter 1, why is "culture" an important factor to consider when building information system solutions to business problems?A) Business culture has to be synchronized with new technology.B) The business culture provides the vision and inspiration for information system solutions.C) People are a company's most important asset.D) Businesses without culture do not understand new technology.Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 15-16AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of assess70) Based on your reading of the case discussing mobile handhelds, Doylestown Hospital's use of iPhones is an example of using information systems to enhance which of the following generic business objectives?A) SurvivalB) New products, services, and business modelsC) Improved decision makingD) Customer and supplier intimacyAnswer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 8AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of categorize71) ________ is data that has been shaped into a form that is meaningful to human beings. Answer: InformationDiff: 1 Page Ref: 13AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension72) ________ is output returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage.Answer: FeedbackDiff: 2 Page Ref: 14AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension73) The world's largest and most widely used network is ________.Answer: the InternetDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension74) ________ consists of the detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware components in an information system.Answer: Computer software/softwareDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension75) The ________ is a service provided by the Internet that uses universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information in a page format.Answer: World Wide Web/Web/WWWDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension76) ________ are private corporate networks extended to authorized users outside the organization.Answer: ExtranetsDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension77) In business problem solving, the three major categories of factors are organization, technology, and ________.Answer: peopleDiff: 2 Page Ref: 20AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension78) Having inadequate resources is a business problem that falls into the ________ dimension. Answer: organizationalDiff: 3 Page Ref: 22AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension79) Encouraging employees to adapt to new business processes is one factor of ________. Answer: change managementDiff: 3 Page Ref: 23AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension80) Being aware of organizational and personal limitations is one of the four elements of________.Answer: critical thinking.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension81) Define operational excellence. How can information systems help achieve it?Answer: Operational excellence is the achievement of higher levels of productivity and efficiency. Information systems can help achieve operational excellence by improving communications to supplier and optimizing the supply chain. Information systems could help managers communicate with workers more efficiently, enable technological innovation in products, minimize warehouse overhead, streamline distribution.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10-11AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Synthesis in terms of devising82) You work for an auto manufacturer and distributor. How could you use information systems to achieve greater customer intimacy?Answer: You could create a web site that allows customers to customize cars, communicate with support personnel and other car owners. You could create an automated e-mail service reminding car owners to take their car in for periodic check ups. You could have an information system that tracks customer preferences in local areas, so you can provide cars that reflect local customer needs and desires.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11-12AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Synthesis in terms of applying83) What important managerial function is impaired by not having access to timely and accurate information? What is the effect of this lack of data?Answer: The managerial function is decision-making. Without access to timely and accurate information business managers rely on forecasts, best guesses, and luck. The result is over- or underproduction of goods and services, misallocation of resources, and poor response times. These poor outcomes raise costs and lose customers.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Evaluation in terms of justify84) What is the difference between information technology and information systems? Describe some of the functions of information systems.Answer: Information technology (IT) consists of all the hardware and software that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives. Information systems are more complex. An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.The functions of an information system are to support decision making, coordination, and control; help employees analyze problems; help employees visualize complex subjects; and help create new products.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Synthesis in terms of applying, generalizing85) You are a marketing manager for a national movie theater chain. Give an example of data that your department could use for creating meaningful information. What type of information could that data produce?Answer: Movie ticket sales from individual theaters would be an example of raw data. Meaningful information from this would be: average number of tickets sold to seniors on certain days of the week.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13-14AACSB: Use of ITCASE: Synthesis in terms of devising。
科研员英语常用表达
科研员英语常用表达Essential Expressions for Scientists in English.1. Describing Research Projects and Objectives:"My current research focuses on exploring the underlying mechanisms of [topic].""The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of [variable] on [phenomenon].""Our team is working towards developing a novel approach to [problem statement]."2. Discussing Methodology:"We employed a quantitative approach using[software/tool] to analyze the data.""Qualitative interviews were conducted with[participants] to gain insights into [topic].""Experimental procedures involved [steps] to ensure accurate results."3. Referring to Literature and Previous Studies:"Several studies have been conducted in this area, most notably [reference], which provides valuable insights.""Previous research has shown that [phenomenon] is influenced by [factors], but there is still much to discover.""Drawing from the literature, we hypothesize that [hypothesis]."4. Presenting Results and Findings:"Our findings indicate a significant correlation between [variable 1] and [variable 2].""The results of the experiment suggest that [conclusion].""The data analysis revealed interesting patterns in [phenomenon]."5. Discussing Implications and Future Work:"These findings have important implications for [field/industry].""Future research could explore [area] to further validate our findings.""We hope that our work will pave the way for more innovative research in this area."6. Communicating with Colleagues and Stakeholders:"Could you please provide feedback on our proposed methodology?""I would appreciate it if you could share your expertise on [topic].""We are seeking funding to support our research on [project]."7. Describing Challenges and Solutions:"One of the main challenges we faced was [problem].""To overcome this, we implemented [solution].""Continuous iterations and improvements are necessary to ensure the accuracy of our research."8. Acknowledging Contributions:"I would like to thank my team members for their valuable contributions to this project.""Special thanks to [individual/organization] forproviding us with the necessary resources.""Collaborations with [partner] have been instrumental in advancing our research."9. Promoting Research and Publications:"Our latest findings have been published in[journal/conference].""You can access our research paper at [link].""We encourage interested parties to read our paper and provide feedback."10. Closing Thoughts:"We hope our work will spark further interest and discussion in this important area.""Thank you for your support and feedback. We look forward to sharing more updates in the future.""Science is a collaborative effort, and we are grateful for the opportunity to contribute to its progress."These expressions provide a comprehensive toolkit for scientists to communicate effectively in English, covering various aspects of research from inception to publication.。
专利审查协作中心笔试复习题资料[通用基础版词汇句式]
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专利审查协作中心笔试复习资料（通用基础版词汇句式）一、常用词汇短语in that 由于，在于broadly 宽泛地讲process 方法，过程，工艺advantageous 有利的as balance 余量in turn 则，反过来，而disclose 公开see particularly 具体参见column xx, line xx xx栏，xx行contemplated 预期的，涉及，考虑范围内also 并且cross-sectional views 截面图instead of 代替portions 一部分analogous to 类似particular example 具体例子result in 导致but alternatively 或corresponded to 一致still somewhat 在某种程度上about 约to 至accordingly 因此in principle 原则上literature 文献in reality 事实上cautiously 小心地after characterization 表征之后disadvantage for 不利于term 术语impart 赋予subjected to 经过～，易于～，进行～employ 使用handling 操作overview 综述owing to 由于nevertheless 然而superior to 优于surprisingly 出人意料地mentioned 描述assume 采用per se 本身1980's 1980年代suitable 合适的suitably 相称地similarly 同样地confer 提供give rise to 得到give 显示出delivering 提供regardless of 而不论benefits 益处performance 性能seeking to 试图convenience 便利性so also 因此so forth 等at times 有时absolutely imperative 绝对必要alternatively 或者substantially 基本上together with 以及～exerts 表现出develop 开发also 同样also covers 还包括likewise 同样conventional method 常规方法so that 因此，所以，以便followed by 然后，随后vice verse 反之亦然particularly 特别是，尤其in particular 特别是in particular with 特别是more particularly 更特别地，更具体地especially 特别是specifically 具体地desirable 希望is desirable to 希望if desired 若需要，必要时desired 预期undesired 不希望if so desired 如果需要when desired 如果需要in addition 此外additionally 此外moreover 此外furthermore 此外，更进一步further 此外perferably 优选more perferably 更优选most preferably 最优选still more perferably 再优选particularly preferred 特别优选preference is given 优选less preferred 次优选example 实施例，实例specific examples 具体实例embodiment 实施方案therewith 随后thereby 从而，以whereby 其中wherein 其中thereto 其中applications 装置is applicable 使用is applicable to 适用typically 通常frequently 通常conventionally 通常among others 除了别的之外，其中among other properties 除其它性质之外in addition to 除了～之外，还except that xx 除了xxbesides 除了～之外，还cost effective 更加经济commercial xx 商品xxcommercial scale 商用规模are commercially available as xx 其在市场上的商品是xx commercially available 商购commercial formulatios 商用制剂marked as medicaments 作为药物上市optionally 任选地，选择性地,或者if appropriate 任选地，如果有的话if necessary 任选地if present 如果存在二、常用句式结构（1）特点……方法……是……本实用新型采取的方法是: The methods of the utility model are that其主要技术特征为: The utility model is characterized in that本实用新型突出的优点是: The utility model has the advantages of 本方案具体特点还有: the scheme also has other specific features of本实用新型解决问题的技术方案是: The technical scheme of the utility model for solving the problem be本实用新型的显著优点是: The remarkable advantages of the utility model are that 本装置主要结构是: The primary structure of the device is that本实用新型的要点在于: The main point of the utility model is that本实用新型的解决方案是: The solution of the utility model is that本实用新型的名称是: The apellation of the utility model is that主要技术特征在于: The technical feature is本实用新型采用的工艺方法: The utility model adopts the technique that它的工作特点是: The working feature is characterized in that本实用新型的结构是: The structure of the utility model is that本实用新型的技术效果是: The technical effect of the utility model is that 本实用新型的结构要点是: The structural key point of the utility model is that 它的特征是: which is characterized in that综合样式的特点是: The integrated form is characterized in that其连接关系是: the connecting relation is that其各自的特征是: which are respectively characterized in that（2）与……相比本实用新型同现有的技术相比: Compared with the prior art本实用新型与现有技术结构产品相比: Compared with the product of the existing technique structure本实用新型与公知技术相比: Compared with the common technique本实用新型同已有的传统技术相比: Compared with the traditionally prior art 本实用新型与现有装置比较: Compared with the existing device本实用新型对照现有技术的有益效果是: Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the beneficial effects are that本实用新型较之现有产品: Compared with the existing product本实用新型同现有同类产品相比: Compared with the existing products of the same kind（3）通过……由于……在……中本实用新型通过下述技术方案予以实现: The utility model is realized by the following technical scheme本实用新型的任务是这样实现的: The task of the utility model is realized in such a way that它是在现有技术基础上改进实现的: The utility model is realized on the basis of the improvement of the prior art通过上述优化结构: by the optimal structure通过上述构件: by the member通过上述手段: by the means通过上述的组合装置: by the assembly通过上述具体设计: by the detailed design通过上述措施: by the measure本实用新型采用上述结构后: By adopting the above structure通过以上的技术方案: by the technical scheme通过以上结构: by the structure由于改进上述结构: Due to the improvement of the above structure由于采用了这种结构: Due to the adoption of the structure由于采用了以上改进: Due to the adoption of the improvement由于采用了上述的技术解决方案: Due to the adoption of technical solution 由于采用上述技术措施: Due to the adoption of the above technical measure 由于采用上述改进结构: Due to the adoption of the above improved structure 由于采用了如上的设计方案: Due to the adoption of the design scheme由于本实用新型采用的上述技术方案: Due to the utility model adopting the technical scheme由于本实用新型采用上述结构特征: Due to the utility model adopting the structure character由于设计合理: Due to reasonable design在使用中: when in use在安装时: When in installation本实用新型操作时: During the operation本实用新型在使用过程中: When the utility model is in use在实际应用中: When in practical use在实际生产应用中: When used in practical production具体实施时: On the occasion of concrete application在实际使用中: When in practical use（4）其他本实用新型克服了已有技术结构复杂: The utility model overcomes the complicated structure in the existing technology本实用新型弥补了现有技术的不足: The utility model makes up defects of the priorart本实用新型解决了现有技术的不足之处: The utility model solves the defects existing in the prior art本实用新型所要解决的技术问题是克服现有技术的不足: The technical problem to be solved by the utility model is to overcome defects of the prior art 本实用新型避免了现有技术的不足之处: The utility model avoids the defect of the prior art本实用新型与传统工艺相反: The utility model is opposite to the traditional craft作用时间长: long acting time作用时间快: fast acting time以满足实际生产中的需要: to satisfy the needs in actual production本实用新型一物两用: The utility model has two purposes本实用新型可一物多用: The utility model combines a plurality of functions 本实用新型一物多用: The utility model has a plurality of purposes本实用新型与现有技术完全兼容: The utility model and the prior art be completely compatible且经济实用等特点: and The utility model has the advantages of economy and practicability本实用新型具有功能比较多、性能价格比比较好、防刀割和实用性较强等优点: The utility model has the advantages of more functions, better price performance ratio, cutting prevention, stronger practicality, etc.本实用新型实施后: After the utility model is implemented三、范例惯用的词组appl.no.(application number)申请号ser.no.(serisl number)申请书登记号int.cl.3 (international patent classification,3 rd edition)国际专利分类表（第三版）abstract of the disclosure发明摘要preferred embodiments最佳实施方案cross-sheet 5 第5页（图共5页）sheet 3 of 4第3页（图共4页）常用的句子1.reference is made to our copending application no.25838/78 filed 31st may 1978.请参阅我们在1978年5月31日登记的与此有关的申请书，其申请号为25838/78。
学术英语理工详解答案 Unit 4
Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review
1 Writing a literature Review
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1 Writing a literature Review
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Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.
Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review
1 Writing a literature Review
Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review
1 Writing a literature Review
5 It seems that the Text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and the phrases like “I am simply floored”, “let officials be oblivious”, “not to be outdone”, “Do not tell us about that”. Hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy.
ABB 传感器选型指南说明书
GeneralThe following questionnaires are used to select sensors according to the client's requirements.The characteristics shown in the catalogue are given with respect to a defined environment (worst case conditions).The technical requirements will not always reach these extreme limits, and it is possible, following confirmation by us, to propose higher maximum electrical or thermal values to those published, thanks to a knowledge and detailed analysis of the sensor operating environment.A technical relationship between the client and ABB will allow the proposal of the best selection of sensors, equally from the viewpoint of performance and economy.Two principal areas are considered in the selection of a sensor:–the electrical aspect–the thermal aspectThe sensor performance is based on a combination of electrical and thermal conditions; any values other than those indicated in this catalogue cannot be guaranteed unless validated by us. The information below is only valid for sensors using closed loop Hall effect technology.Contact your local supplier for other technologies.Profile missionDue to the design of converters with integrate more power with less volume, sensors are very constraint; leading to reduce their life time. As a matter of fact, even though the application main conditions are well within the sensors characteristics, these conditions have an impact on the sensor life time.The main general characteristics that involves the sensors life time are the following:–the ambient temperature above 40 °C. It is usually said that every additional 10 °C, the life time is reduced by a factor of 2. Of course, this value is a theoretical value and has to be defined in line with the concerned project.–the ambient temperature variations also impact the sensor life time. Even small variations (like 10 °C) can change the life time of the sensor especially on the electronic part.–the way the sensors are used also impact its duration (numbers of ON/OFF per day, average current or voltage value, powersupply value, load resistor value, vibrations levels…)The above general impacting conditions are well defined in standards like IEC 62380, UTE C 80-810 and must be consider during any new converter design.ABB can provide theoretical reliability calculation based on specific profile mission of your projects.Electrical characteristicsThe electrical characteristics values mentioned in this catalogue are given for a particular sensor operating point. These values may vary, according to the specific technical requirement, in the following way:–The primary thermal current (voltage) (I PN or U PN) may be increased if:-t he maximum operating temperature is lower than thevalue shown in the technical data sheet-the sensor supply voltage (V A) is reduced-the load resistance value (R M) is increased–The maximum current (voltage) measurable by the sensor may be increased if:-the maximum operating temperature is lower than thevalue shown in the technical data sheet-the sensor supply voltage (V A) is increased-the secondary winding resistance value (R S) is reduced(e.g. by using a lower transformation ratio)-the load resistance value (R M) is reducedThermal characteristicsThe operating temperature values mentioned in this catalogue are given for a particular sensor operating point. These values may vary, according to the specific technical requirement, in the following way:–The maximum operating temperature may be increased if: -the primary thermal current (voltage) (I PN or U PN) is reduced -the sensor supply voltage (V A) is reduced-the load resistance value (R M) is increasedPS: The minimum operating temperature cannot be lower than that shown in the technical data sheet as this is fixed by the lower temperature limit of the components used in the sensor.74S21Application1. Application :–Variable speed drive ................................................................ –UPS ....................................................................................... –Wind generator ....................................................................... –Active harmonic filter ............................................................... –Welding machines ................................................................... –Solar ...................................................................................... –Other (description) ......................................................................2. Quantity per year: ...........................................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Sensor fixing:–By soldering to the PCB .......................................................... –By the enclosure ..................................................................... –By the primary conductor ........................................................ 2. Primary conductor:–Cable diameter ................................................................... (mm) –Cable connection size ......................................................... (mm) –Bar size .............................................................................. (mm)3. Secondary connection:–By connector .......................................................................... –By cable without connector ..................................................... –Other ......................................................................................Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Presence of strong electromagnetic fields ....................................4. Max. continuous primary conductor voltage ................................ (V)5. Main reference standards ................................................................Electrical characteristics1. Nominal current (I PN ) ......................................................... (A r.m.s.)2. Current type (if possible, show current profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ...................................................... (Hz)4. Current measuring range:–Minimum current .................................................................... (A) –Maximum current ................................................................... (A) –Duration (of max. current) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (of max. current) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max current .............................. (V)5. Overload current (not measurable):–Not measurable overload current ........................................... (A) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ...................................................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal current I PN ............................. (mA) 8. Current output (NCS range only)–Secondary current at maximum current I PMAX ....................... (mA)9. Voltage output–Secondary voltage at nominal current I PN ............................... (V)10. Voltage output (NCS range only)–Secondary voltage at maximum current I PMAX (V)Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Rolling stock:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ................................................................... –Other ......................................................................................Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ................................................................... Fixed installation (e.g. substation)..................................................... 3. Quantity per year: ............................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Sensor fixing:–By the enclosure ..................................................................... –By the primary conductor ........................................................ 2. Primary conductor:–Cable diameter ................................................................... (mm) –Bar size .............................................................................. (mm) 3. Secondary connection:–Screw or Faston...................................................................... –By connector .......................................................................... –By shielded cable .................................................................... –Other ...................................................................................... Electrical characteristics1. Nominal current (I PN ) .......................................................... (A r.m.s.)2. C urrent type (if possible, show current profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ....................................................... (Hz)4. Current measuring range:–Minimum current .................................................................... (A) –Maximum current ................................................................... (A) –Duration (of max. current) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (of max. current) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max current .............................. (V)5. Overload current (not measurable):–Not measurable overload current ............................................(A) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ...................................................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal current I PN ............................. (mA) 8. Current output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary current at maximum current I PMAX ....................... (mA)9. Voltage output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary voltage at nominal current I PN ............................... (V)10. Voltage output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary voltage at maximum current I PMAX (V)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature ......................................(°C)4. Maximum continuous primary conductor voltage ..........................(V)5. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Fixed installation (e.g. substation) ................................................ 3. Quantity per year: ............................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Primary connection:–By screw ................................................................................ –Other ...................................................................................... 2. Secondary connection:–Screw or Faston...................................................................... –By connector .......................................................................... –Other ...................................................................................... Electrical characteristics1. Nominal voltage (U PN ) ........................................................ (V r.m.s.)2. Voltage type (if possible, show voltage profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ...................................................... (Hz)4. Voltage measuring range:–Minimum voltage .................................................................... (V) –Maximum voltage ................................................................... (V) –Duration (at max. voltage) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (at max. voltage) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max voltage ............................... (V)5. Overload voltage (not measurable):–Not measurable overload voltage ............................................ (V) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ................................................................................... –Category (from OV1 to OV3) ........................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal voltage U PN ............................ (mA)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature .....................................(°C)4. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Fixed equipment (e.g. substation) ................................................ 3. Quantity per year: ...........................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Electrical characteristics1. Nominal voltage (U PN ) ............................................................ (V DC)2. Maximum voltage long duration: 5 min (U MAX2) ........................ (V DC)3. Maximum voltage overload: 20 ms (U MAX3) .............................. (V DC)4. Minimum voltage to be detected . (V)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature ..................................... (°C)4. Pollution degree ..............................................................................5. Over voltage category (from OV1 to OV3) .........................................6. Maximum ambient light level ......................................................(lux)7. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201。
美国FDA对GLP常见问题的答复(中文版)
美国FDA对GLP常见问题的答复(中文版)自1979年6月20日美国颁发和实施GLP以来,广大受监督单位提出了大量问题,为保证解释一致性和精确性,FDA有关官员分别做了解答,并对各种解答进行了广泛收集和整理,经FDA有关部门审核,现已成文。
现将此内容编译,供读者参考。
一．范围1．GLP是否适用于认证试验,以便证实测定受试品在动物组织和药物制剂中的浓度而使用的分析方法？答:不适用。
2．GLP是否适用于下列动物实验的研究:对靶动物种进行超剂量研究,对靶动物种进行动物安全性研究,组织残留物的蓄积和消除研究,以及动物乳房刺激性研究? 答:适用。
3．GLP适用于化妆品的安全性研究吗? 答:不适用。
此类研究不适用于申请上市许可证。
然而,GLP代表优质管理,这是所有的测试部门应当努力追求的目标。
4．用以测定受试品中潜在的滥用药品的特点而进行的安全性研究是否必须依照GLP进行? 答:必须。
但是只有当研究必须作为研究许可证申请或上市许可证申请的一部分而递交给主管机构时。
5．GLP是否适用于加工食品的感观评价？答:不适用。
6．GLP是否适用于所有支持性的分析,以便对安全性研究提供补充资料？答：GLP适用于化学规程,以便测定受试品的特点,测定受试品及其混合物的稳定性,测定受试品混合物的均匀性和浓度。
同样,GLP适用于分析样品的化学规程(例如,临床化学、尿分析)。
GLP不适于制定化学分析方法,也不适于建立受试品的规格。
7．对个别非临床实验室研究,有可能豁免GLP的具体条款吗? 答:有可能。
GLP的制定目标是适用于各种研究受试品以测试系统。
但是,主管机构意识到,并GLP的所有条款都适用于所有的研究。
实际上,GLP的某些条款可能有损个别研究的科学性。
因此,实验室可就特定的研究向主管机构请求豁免GLP的某些条款。
请求应有充分的事实根据来证明批准豁免是正确的。
8．第二个合同实验室提供特殊的服务设施,比如眼科测试、读动物心电图、脑电图和肌电图、制备组织块和组织切片、统计分析和血液学的服务,这些都属于GLP管辖吗? 答:属于,取决于它们对GLP指导下研究的贡献程度。
词汇索引2——精选推荐
Ａ氨基酸序列 amino acid sequence案卷 files案卷的保存期限和销毁 preservation period and destruction of the file案由 brief of the caseＢ颁发专利证书 issuance of patent certificate办理登记手续通知 notification to go through formalities of registration办理专利申请的形式 form of filing patent application包含性能、参数特征的产品权利要求 product claim including feature of performance or parameters 包含用途特征的产品权利要求 product claims including feature of use包含制备方法特征的产品权利要求 product claims including feature of manufacturing process保藏 deposit保存期限 preservation period保密 keeping secret保密的确定 determination of confidentiality ；保密发明专利 confidential invention patent保密申请与向外国申请专利的保密审查 confidentiality examination of patent application to be kept secret and patent application to be filed abroad保密审查 confidentiality examination保密实用新型专利 confidential utility model patent保密原则 principle of confidentiality保密状态 state of secrecy背景技术 background art本国优先权 domestic priority本领域的技术人员 person skilled in the art避免“事后诸葛亮” avoiding ex post facto Analysis必要技术特征 essential technical features编写页码 page numbering变化状态的产品 product of variable states标识作用 indicator function标准表格 standard forms并列独立权利要求 parallel independent claims驳回 rejection驳回请求 rejection of request补充检索 supplementary search补正书 rectification补正通知书 notification to make rectification不必检索的情况 subject matters for which search is not required不全面审查的情况 circumstances of non-comprehensive examination不丧失新颖性的公开 non-prejudicial disclosures不受理程序 procedures of non-acceptance不受理的情形 circumstances of non-acceptance不授予专利权的申请 applications for which no patent right shall be granted不同类独立权利要求的单一性 unity of independent claims in different categories 不允许的修改 disallowable amendments部分违反专利法第五条第一款的申请 applications partially contrary to Article 5.1 of the Law 部分优先权 partial priorityＣ菜肴和烹调方法 dishes and cooking methods参数特征 feature of parameters测量人体或动物体在极限情况下的生理参数 measuring physiological parameters of human or animal body under extreme conditions查询 inquiry查阅和复制 consultation and copy产品 product产品的构造 structure of product产品的类别 class of product产品的色彩 color of product产品的图案 pattern of product产品的形状 shape of product产品名称 name of product产品权利要求 product claim产业 industry撤回专利申请声明 declaration of withdrawing patent application成套产品 products in set成套产品的外观设计 design of products in set成套设备的分类 classification of plant承认 admission程序节约原则 principle of procedural economy重复授权 double patenting出版条件的格式审查 format examination of requirements for publication出版物公开 disclosure by publication初步审查 preliminary examination创造性 inventive step辞去委托 resignation of appointment充分公开 sufficient disclosure从属权利要求 dependent claims从属权利要求的单一性 unity of dependent claims从属权利要求的撰写规定 requirements on drafting of dependent claims纯功能性的权利要求 pure functional claim错误的更正 correction of mistakesＤ答复 response代表人 representative代理机构 agency代理机构变更 change of agency代理人 agent代理人变更 change of agent单独对比 separate comparison单一性 unity单一性恢复费 restoration fee for unity耽误期限的处置 handling of failure to meet time limit当事人处置原则 principle of disposal by parties concerned当事人的权利和义务 rights and obligations of parties concerned当事人缺席口头审理 absence of parties concerned in the oral proceedings 当事人中途退庭 quitting of parties concerned from the oral proceedings 登记簿 registration brochure登记费 registration fee登记和公告 registration and announcement登记手续 formalities of registration抵触申请 conflicting application地址 address第一次审查意见通知书 first office action第一独立权利要求 first independent claim电话讨论 communication by telephone电子发文 issuance in electronic form电子方式送达 delivery by electronic means电子申请 electronic application电子申请代表人 representative of electronic application电子申请的若干规定 relevant provisions on electronic application电子申请用户 electronic application user电子文档 electronic files电子文件形式 form of electronic documents动物 animal动物和植物品种 animal and plant varieties独立权利要求 independent claim独立权利要求的撰写规定 requirements on drafting of independent claim独任审查 examination by a single examiner alone独特视觉效果 unique visual effect多步骤方法的分类 classification of multistep processes多重分类 multiple classification多项从属权利要求 multiple dependent claim多项优先权 multiple priorities对比设计 comparative design对比文件 reference documentsＦ发明 invention发明名称 title of invention发明或者实用新型内容 contents of the invention or utility model发明人 inventor发明人变更 change of inventor发明人的译名 translation of the name of inventor发明实际解决的技术问题technical problems actually solved by the invention发明信息 invention information发明专利公报 invention patent gazette发明专利申请的初步审查 preliminary examination of patent application for invention 发明专利申请的实质审查 substantive examination of patent applications for invention发明专利申请单行本 separate copy of patent application for invention发明专利单行本 separate copy of patent for invention法定期限 prescribed time limit方法 process方法的分类 classification of process方法权利要求 process claim方法特征 feature of process妨害公共利益 detrimental to public interest放弃专利权 abandonment of patent right非治疗目的的外科手术方法 methods of surgery for non-treatment purpose费用 fees费用的查询 inquiry about payment费用的减缓 reduction and postponement of payment费用的减免 reduction and exemption of fees费用的审查 checking of fees费用的暂存与退款 temporary deposit and refund of fees费用缴纳的期限 time limit for payment of fees费用支付和结算 payment and setting accounts费用种类的转换 transformation of the category of fee分案申请 divisional application分类 classification分类补正通知书 notification to rectify classification分类的步骤 steps of classification分类的内容 contents of classification分类方法 method of classification分类位置规则 rules for classification places封闭式 close-ended mode附加信息 additional information附图说明 description of figures复查 review复审程序 reexamination procedure复审程序的中止 suspension of reexamination procedure复审程序的终止 termination of reexamination procedure复审费 reexamination fee复审请求案件 cases of request for reexamination复审请求不予受理通知书 notification of nonacceptance of request for reexamination 复审请求的审查 examination of request for reexamination复审请求客体 object of request for reexamination复审请求口头审理通知书 notification of oral proceedings for request for reexamination复审请求期限 time limit for request for reexamination复审请求人 petitioner for reexamination复审请求视为未提出通知书 notification that request for reexamination deemed not to have been made 复审请求审查决定 examination decision on request for reexamination复审请求受理通知书 notification of acceptance of request for reexamination复审请求书 request for reexamination复审通知书 notification of reexamination复审委员会 patent reexamination board复审与无效请求的审查 examination of requests for reexamination and for invalidationＧ改正国际单位错误 correction of errors made by the international authority改正译文错误 correction of mistakes in translation更正 correction公布印刷费 printing fee for publication公告授予专利权 announcement of grant of patent right公告送达 delivery by public notice公告印刷费 printing fee for announcement of grant of patent right公开原则 principle of publicity公正执法原则 principle of fair enforcement of law公证文书 notarial document公知常识 common knowledge公众意见 public opinion构造 structure规定的学术会议或者技术会议 prescribed academic or technological meeting国防发明专利 national defense patent for invention国防实用新型专利 national defense patent for utility model国际单位错误的改正 correction of errors made by International Authority国际阶段的修改文件译文的审查 examination of translation of amended documents in international phase国际局通知效力丧失 loss of effect as notified by the international bureau国际申请日 international filing date国际申请进入国家阶段手续的审查 examination of formalities of international application entering national phase 国际展览会 international exhibition国家法律 laws of state国家阶段程序 procedure in national phase国家公布 national publication国家申请号 national application number公共利益 public interest功能分类 classification according to function功能性限定 definition in terms of function惯用手段的直接置换 direct substitution of customary meansＨ汉字 Chinese characters汉字编码方法 method of encoding Chinese characters合并审理 combined examination of cases合法原则 principle of legality合议审查 collegiate examination合议组 panel核苷酸或氨基酸序列 nucleotide or amino acid sequence互联网证据的公开时间 publication time of evidence on internet化合物的创造性 inventive step of chemical compound化合物的分类 classification of chemical compound化合物的新颖性 novelty of chemical compound化合物的制备或处理的分类 classification of preparation or treatment of chemical compound化合物权利要求 claim of chemical compound化学产品 chemical product化学发明的充分公开 sufficient disclosure of chemical invention化学发明的创造性 inventive step of chemical invention化学发明的权利要求 claim of chemical invention化学发明的实施例 embodiment of chemical invention化学发明的新颖性 novelty of chemical invention化学方法权利要求 claim of chemical process化学混合物或者组合物的分类 classification of chemical mixture or composition化学领域发明专利申请的审查 examination of patent application for invention in the field of chemistry化学通式的分类 classification of general chemical formula回避制度 challenge system会晤 interview恢复权利 restoration of right恢复权利请求费 fee for requesting restoration of right恢复实质审查程序 resumption of procedure for substantive examination基本检索要素 basic search element基因 gene积极效果 positive effect疾病的诊断和治疗方法 methods for diagnosis or for treatment of disease计算机程序本身 computer programs per se计算机程序相关专利申请的审查 examination of patent application relating to computer program 计算机可读介质 computer-readable medium计算机汉字输入方法 methods of inputting Chinese characters into computer技术方案 technical solution技术手段 technical means技术领域 technical field技术偏见 technical prejudice技术启示 technical inspiration技术主题 technical subject检索 search检索报告 search report检索的时间界限 time coverage of search检索要素 search element检索用非专利文献 non-patent literature used in search检索用专利文献 patent documentation used in search简要 conciseness简要说明 brief explanation减缓 reduction and postponement缴费日 date of payment缴纳期限 time limit for payment节约原则 principle of practicing economy解除委托和辞去委托 dissolution of appointment and resignation of appointment解密 declassification届满日 date of expiration of time limit进入国家阶段的国际申请的初步审查和事务处理 preliminary examination of internationalapplication entering national phase and processing of procedural matters therefor进入国家阶段的国际申请的审查 examination of international application entering national phase 进入国家阶段的国际申请的实质审查 substantive examination of international application entering national phase 进入国家阶段的书面声明 written statement concerning the entry into national phase 进入国家阶段后对申请文件的修改 amendment to application documents after entering national phase 进入国家阶段时提交的文件 documents submitted at the time of entering national phase 举证期限 time limit for presenting evidence举证责任 burden of producing evidence具体实施方式 specific mode for carrying out the invention决定 decision决定的理由 grounds of decision决定要点 main points of decisionＫ开放式 open-ended mode开拓性发明 inventions opening up a whole new field科学发现 scientific discoveries科学理论 scientific theory口头公开 oral disclosure口头审理 oral proceedings宽限费 surcharge for the late entry宽限期 grace periodＬ理由和证据的审查 examination of grounds and evidence利用独一无二的自然条件的产品 product utilizing unique natural conditions 联系人 contact person零件或部件的分类 classification of details or partsＭ马库什权利要求 Markush claim名称 title明显区别 distinctive difference明显实质性缺陷的处理 handling of obvious substantive defects明显实质性缺陷的审查 examination on obvious substantive defectsＮ能够产生积极效果 producing positive effect能够实现 enablement年度 annual period年费 annual fee判断客体 object of judgement判断主体 subject of judgement旁听 auditing烹调方法 cooking methods平面印刷品 plane printed goods期限 time limits期限的计算 calculation of time limit期限的监视 monitoring of time limit期限的延长 extension of time limit期限届满前的处理 processing before expiration of time limit其他处理决定的更正 rectification to other decisions其他方式公开 disclosure by other means其他文件 other documents其他文件的受理与不受理 acceptance or nonacceptance of other documents其他文件的形式审查 formal examination of other documents其他文件和相关手续的审查 examination of other documents and relevant formalities 起算日 Dies a Quo of time limit签字或者盖章 signature or seal前置审查 interlocutory examination前置审查和复审后的处理 interlocutory examination and handling after reexamination 清楚 clarity请求原则 principle of examination upon request请求书 request全面审查 comprehensive examination取证和现场调查 taking of evidence and on-spot investigation权利的恢复 restoration of right权利要求的概括 generalization of claim权利要求的类型 kinds of claims权利要求的类型清楚 clarity of claims in kinds权利要求的撰写 drafting of claims权利要求书 claims权利要求书简要 conciseness of claims权利要求书清楚 clarity of claims权利要求书以说明书为依据 claims supported by the description权利要求书应当满足的要求 requirements to be complied with by claimsＲ认可和承认 Acknowledgement and admissionＳ色彩 color色彩的统一 unity of colour商业上获得成功 commercial success上位概念 generic term设备或方法的分类 classification of apparatus or processes设计构思相同 same designing concept设计人 creator设计要素 design element涉案专利 patent concerned涉及计算机程序的发明 inventions relating to computer programs涉及计算机程序的发明专利申请的审查 examination of invention applications relating to computer programs涉及生物材料的申请 application relating to biological material社会公德 social morality申请的驳回 rejection of application申请费 filing fee申请附加费 additional fee for filing application申请权转移 transfer of right to apply for patent申请人 applicant申请人的译名 translation of applicant’s name申请人国籍变更 change of applicant’s nationality申请人姓名或者名称变更 change of name or title of applicant申请人主动修改 amendment made by applicant on his own initiative申请日的更正 correction of date of filing申请手续 application formalities申请文件 application documents申请文件的补正 rectification of application documents申请文件的审查 examination of application documents申请文件的形式审查 formal examination of application documents审查的文本 text of examination审查基础声明 statement concerning basis for examination审查决定 examination decision审查决定被法院生效判决撤销后的审查程序 examination procedures after examination decision being overturned by effective court judgement审查决定的更正 correction of examination decision审查员依职权修改 amendment by examiner ex officio生物材料 biological material生物材料的保藏 deposit of biological material生物技术领域发明专利申请 patent application for invention in the field of biotechnology 实际解决的技术问题technical problems actually solved by invention实施例 embodiments实用新型 utility model实用新型创造性 inventive step of utility model实用新型内容 content of utility model实用新型新颖性 novelty of utility model实用新型专利的专利权评价报告 evaluation report of utility model patent实用新型专利公报 utility model patent gazette实用新型专利单行本 separate copy of utility model实用新型专利申请的初步审查 preliminary examination of patent application for utility model 实用性 practical applicability实质审查 substantive examination实质审查程序 procedure for substantive examination实质审查程序的终止、中止和恢复 termination, suspension and resumption of procedure for substantive examination 实质审查费 substantive examination fee实质审查请求 request for substantive examination使用公开 disclosure by use使用外观设计的产品名称 name of product incorporating design使用中文完成国际公布的国际申请 international application of which the international publication is in Chinese 使用状态参考图 reference view showing state in use适用文字 applicable language适于工业应用的新设计 new design fit for industrial application适于实用的新的技术方案 new technical solution fit for practical use视为撤回 deemed to be withdrawn视为撤回的更正 rectification to decisions of deemed withdrawl视为撤回在先申请的程序 procedure of earlier application deemed to be withdrawn 视为放弃取得专利权的权利 entitlement to patent deemed to have been abandoned 视为未提出 deemed not to have been submitted授予专利权的程序 procedure of grant of patent right授予专利权通知 notification to grant patent right收件人 addressee受理 acceptance受理的更正 correction of decisions on acceptance受理地点 location of acceptance受理条件 requirement for acceptance受理与不受理程序 procedures of acceptance and nonacceptance书面审查原则 principle of written examination书面形式 written form书写规则 rules of writing书证的真实性 authenticity of documentary evidence数值和数值范围 numerical value and numerical range说明书 description说明书的撰写 drafting of description说明书附图 drawings of description说明书和权利要求书 description and claims说明书和权利要求书的译文 translation of description and claims说明书清楚 clarity of description说明书完整 completeness of description说明书应当满足的要求 requirements to be complied with by description说明书摘要 abstract of description送达 delivery送达日 date of delivery所属技术领域的技术人员 persion skilled in the artＴ他人未经申请人同意而泄露其内容 disclosure made by any person without consent of applicant 特定技术特征 specific technical features提前公开声明 declaration requesting earlier publication天然物质 natural substance听证原则 principle of hearing通知和决定 notification and decision通知和决定的送达 delivery of notification and decision通知和决定的撰写 drafting of notification and decision通知书的答复 response to notification通知书的更正 rectification of notification同时出售 sold at the same time同时使用 used at the same time同样的发明创造 identical inventions-creations同样的发明或者实用新型 identical inventions or utility models同类独立权利要求的单一性 unity of independent claims in the same category同一类别的产品 product of the same class突出的实质性特点 prominent substantive features图案的统一 unity of pattern图片或者照片 drawings or photographs通知 notification退款 refund退件的处理 handling of returned documentsＷ外观设计 design外观设计不相近似 dissimilarity of designs外观设计分类 classification for design外观设计图片或者照片 drawings or photographs of design外观设计实质相同 substantially identical designs外观设计相同 identity of designs外观设计相同主题的认定 determination of same subject matters for designs外观设计优先权的核实 verification of priority of design外观设计专利单行本 separate copy of design patent外观设计专利公报 design patent gazette外观设计专利的专利权评价报告 evaluation report of design patent外观设计专利申请的初步审查 preliminary examination of patent application for design外国优先权 foreign priority外科手术方法 methods of surgery外文的翻译 translation of foreign language外文证据 evidence in foreign language完整 completeness微生物发明 inventin concerning microorganism微生物发明的审查 examination of invention concerning microorganism违背自然规律 violation of the laws of nature违反法律 contrary to the laws违反社会公德 contrary to social morality委托 appointment委托书 power of attorney文档 dossier文件份数 number of copies of document文字 language无积极效果 no positive effect无确定形状的产品 product without fixed shape无效宣告程序 invalidation procedure无效宣告程序的终止 termination of invalidaton procedure无效宣告程序中实用新型专利审查的若干规定 provisions concerning examination of utility models in invalidation procedure无效宣告程序中外观设计专利的审查 examination of design patent in the invalidation procedure 无效宣告程序中有关证据问题的规定 provisions concerning issues of evidence in invalidation procedure 无效宣告理由的增加 addition of causes for invalidation无效宣告请求案件审查状态通知书 notification of examination status of request for invalidation 无效宣告请求不予受理通知书 notification of nonacceptance of request for invalidation无效宣告请求客体 object of request for invalidation无效宣告请求的审查 examination of request for invalidation无效宣告请求范围以及理由和证据 scope, causes and evidence of request for invalidation无效宣告请求费 fee for request of invalidation无效宣告请求人 petitioner for invalidation无效宣告请求审查决定 examination decisions on request for invalidation无效宣告请求审查通知书 notification of examination on request for invalidation 无效宣告请求视为未提出通知书notification that request for invalidation deemed not to have been submitted无效宣告请求受理通知书 notification of acceptance of request for invalidation 无效宣告请求书 request for invalidation五人合议组 five-member panel物品的分类 classification of article物证的提交 presenting of physical evidence物质的医药用途 medical-use of substanceＸ显而易见 obvious显著的进步 notable progress现场调查 on-spot investigation现有技术 prior art现有设计 prior design现有设计的转用 transformation of the prior design现有设计的组合 combination of the prior designs相似外观设计 similar designs，similarity of designs相同内容的发明或者实用新型 invention or utility model with identical contents 相同主题的发明创造 invention-creation for the same subject matter相同主题的发明或者实用新型 invention or utility model for the same subject matter 相同主题的外观设计 design of same subject matter下位概念 specific term向外申请 application filed abroad销毁 destruction新颖性 novelty形式审查 formal examination形状 shape形状的统一 unity of shape性能、参数特征 feature of performance or parameters修改 amendment修改的方式 manner of amendment修改的要求 requirement of amendment修改文件译文的审查 examination of translation of amended documents选择发明 selection inventionsＹ延长期限请求 request for extension of time limit延长期限请求费 fee for requesting extension of time limit要解决的技术问题 technical problems to be solved要求优先权声明 declaration of claiming priority要素变更的发明 invention by changing elements要素关系改变的发明 invention by changing relations between elements要素省略的发明 invention by omitting elements要素替代的发明 invention by replacing elements页码 page number医生处方 medical prescription一般消费者 normal consumers一事不再理原则 principle of res judicata依职权审查原则 principle of conducting examinations ex officio遗传工程 genetic engineering遗传资源 genetic resource译文错误 mistakes in translation译文改正费Ⅲ.Ⅰ－7.3以说明书为依据 support in description以其他方式公开 disclosure by other means已有的技术 existing technology已知产品的新用途发明 invention of new use of known product引证文件 cited documents应用分类 classification according to application用结构和／或组成不能清楚表征的化学产品权利要求 claim of chemical product which cannot be clearly characterized by features of structure and/or composition用途发明 use invention用途权利要求 use claim用途特征 feature of use用途限定的产品权利要求 product claim defined by use用物理化学参数表征的化学产品chemical product characterized by physical/chemical parameters 用原子核变换方法获得的物质 substance obtained by means of nuclear transformation 用制备方法表征的化学产品 chemical product characterized by method of preparation 优先权 priority优先权的核实 verification of priority优先权要求的撤回 withdrawal of claim to priority优先权要求的恢复 restoration of claim to priority优先权要求费 fee for claiming priority邮寄 mailing有益效果 advantageous effects原始申请的译文、附图 translation and drawings of original application原始提交的国际申请文件的法律效力 legal effect of inter. appl. documents as originally filed 援引加入 incorporation by reference原子核变换方法 methods of nuclear transformation允许的修改 allowability of amendments预料不到的技术效果 unexpected technical effect域外证据 evidence formed abroadＺ暂存 temporary deposit在产业上能够制造或者使用的技术方案technical solution which can be made or used in industry 在后申请 subsequent application在后申请的申请人 applicant of subsequent application在先商标权 earlier trademark right在先申请 earlier application在先申请视为撤回 earlier application deemed to be withdrawn在先申请文件副本 copy of earlier application documents在先著作权 earlier copyright在中国完成的发明 invention completed in China再次审查意见通知书 further office action再现性 reproducibility摘要文字部分 text of abstract摘要附图 figure accompanying the abstract摘要译文 translation of abstract展览会 exhibition诊断方法 diagnostic methods整体分类 classification as whole整体观察、综合判断 whole observation and comprehensive judgement证据的调查收集 investigation and collection of evidence证据的审核认定 examination and verification of evidence证据的提交 presentation of evidence证明文件 certifying documents证人出庭作证 witness in testimony证人证言 testimony of witness证书 certificate纸件与电子申请的转换transformation between electronic application and written application 直接观察 direct observation直接送交 delivery by hand植物 plant植物品种 plant varieties指定期限 specified time limit制备方法特征 features of manufacturing process治疗方法 methods of treatment治疗目的的外科手术方法 methods of surgery for treatment purpose智力活动的规则和方法 rules and methods for mental activities滞纳金 surcharge质证Ⅳ.Ⅷ－4.1中国政府承认的国际展览会international exhibition recognized by the Chinese government中国政府主办的国际展览会international exhibition sponsored by the Chinese government中止 suspension中止程序请求费 fee for requesting suspension of procedure中止检索 termination终止 termination主动修改 Amendment made by applicant on his own initiative主要是生物学的方法 essentially biological process著录项目 bibliographic data著录项目变更 change in bibliographic data著录项目变更手续费 fee for change in bibliographic data著录项目变更证明文件 certifying documents for change in bibliographic data专利登记簿 patent registration brochure专利登记费 registration fee for grant of patent right专利分类 patent classification专利公报 patent gazette专利权的授予 grant of patent right专利权的终止 termination of patent right专利权评价报告 evaluation report of patent专利权评价报告请求费 fee for request of patent assessment report专利权评价报告请求书 request for evaluation report of patent专利权人国籍变更 change of nationality of patentee专利权人姓名或者名称变更 change of name or title of patentee专利权转移 transfer of patent right专利申请及专利单行本 separate copy of patent application and patent专利申请手续 patent application formalities专利申请文档 dossier of patent application专利申请文件 patent application documents专利性国际初步报告的使用 use of international preliminary report on patentability 专利证书 patent certificate转基因动物或植物 transgenic animal or plant转用发明 invention by diversion字体及规格 typeface and specification字体颜色 color of typeface总的发明构思 general inventive concept总委托书 general power of attorney组合发明 invention by combination组合库的分类 classification of combinational libraries组合物的分类 classification of compositions组合物权利要求 claim of composition组合物的新颖性 novelty of composition组件产品 combination product组装关系不唯一的组件产品 assembled product with more than one options of assembly 组装关系唯一的组件产品 assembled product with only one option of assembly最接近的现有技术 closest prior artForm of amendment II.VIII-5.2.4Formality fee for correction of mistakes in translationIII.I-8.3。
《中国电子科学研究院学报》编辑部诚聘审稿专家
2021年第4期刘为等:卫星移动通信地面终端单跳直通技术方案38526th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference. San Diego：AIAA, 2008：1-10.[23] DANG J H, ZHOU P, CAO Z G. A novel on-boardswitch scheme based on O F D M[C]// International Conference on Space Information Technolog). Beijing：SPIE,2009：26-27.[24]张世层.星载柔性转发器的数字信道化器设计与实现[D]•西安:西安电子科技大学，2015.[25] DEWANGAN L, SINGH M, DEWANGAN N. A surveyof PAPR reduction techniques in LTE-OFDM system[ J].International Journal of Recent Technology & Engineering, 2012, 1(5) ：10-13.[26] 3GPP. 3GPP TS 36. 201 V14. 1.0 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-U T R A)；LTE physical layer；General description[ S]. [ S. 1. ] ：3GPP, 2017.[27] 3GPP. 3G PPTS36.211 V14. 2. 0 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) ；Physical channels andmodulation[ S]. [S. 1. ] ：3GPP, 2017.[28] 3GPP. 3G PPTS 23.401 V14. 4. 0 General Packet RadioService ( G PRS) enhancements for Evolved UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network ( E-UTRAN ) access[S]. [S. 1. ] ：3GPP, 2017.[29] 3GPP. 3GPP TS 36. 213 V I6. 3. 0 Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access ( E-UTRA) ；Physical layer pro-cedures[ S]. [ S. 1. ] ：3GPP, 2020.[30] 3GPP. 3GPP TR 38. 811 V15. 1.0Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network ；Study on New Radio(NR)to support non-terrestrial networks[S ]. [S. 1.]:3G PP, 2019.作者简介(T S\^f刘为（1977—)，男，山东人，高级工程师，硕士生导师，主要研究方向为B5G料通信緣及天地-体化通信系统的'系统架构与无线关键技术；E-mail：david_liuwei@outlook,com王琳（1977—),女，山东人，高级工程师，主要研究方向为5G、后5G等新一代移动通信系统、系统设计及研发工作，研制研发5G通信、物联网、工业互联网、大数据、全数据链通信、边缘网络节点设备、基于软件无线电/认知无线电的综合射频装备；温文坤（1979—),男，云南人，博士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为物联网组网与传输、低功耗芯片设计、宽带移动通信系统架构、宽带移动通信信号处理等；闵铁锐（1970—），男，黑龙江人，高级工程师。
护理人才培养的英语
护理人才培养的英语Nurturing Nursing Talents: A Comprehensive ApproachIn the realm of healthcare, nursing professionals occupy a pivotal role, serving as the frontline caregivers who provide compassionate and skilled care to patients. Therefore, the cultivation of nursing talents is paramount to ensuring the quality of healthcare services and patient outcomes. This endeavor requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses rigorous education, clinical practice, continuous learning, and professional development.Firstly, the foundation of nursing talent development lies in robust educational programs. These programs must be designed to equip students with a solid theoretical knowledge base, encompassing anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and other fundamental concepts of healthcare. Additionally, courses that focus on nursing theory, ethics, and patient-centered care are essential to fostering a holistic understanding of the nursing profession. The integration of technology into educational curricula is also crucial, as it prepares nurses to navigate the increasingly digital healthcare landscape.Moreover, clinical practice is integral to the nursing education process. Through hands-on experience in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings, students gain practical skills in patient assessment, treatment administration, and communication. Clinical rotations allow them to observe and participate in a variety of nursing scenarios, from routine care to emergency situations. This exposure not only enhances their technical abilities but also helps them develop the empathy and compassion that are central to nursing.Continuous learning is another vital aspect of nursing talent development. As medical science and technology advance, nurses must remain up-to-date with the latest practices and research. This requires ongoing education through workshops, conferences, and online courses. Nurses should also be encouraged to pursue advanced degrees or certifications in specialized areas of nursing, such as critical care, geriatrics, or pediatrics. Such specialization allows them to provide more targeted and effective care to patients with specific needs.Professional development is also crucial in nurturing nursing talents. Nurses should be provided with opportunities for career advancement and leadership training. This includes mentorship programs that pair experienced nurses with newer ones, allowing for the transfer of knowledge and skills. Leadership development courses and workshops can also help nurses cultivate the skills necessary to manage teams, coordinate care, and make informed decisions in complex healthcare environments. Furthermore, the importance of interprofessional collaboration cannot be overstated. Nurses must work closely with doctors, therapists, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure seamless patient care. Therefore, nursing education should incorporate interprofessional education strategies that foster collaboration andcommunication among different healthcare disciplines.Additionally, the role of nursing in promoting patient safety and quality of care must be emphasized. Nurses are often the first responders in identifying and addressing patient safety issues. Therefore, they must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to identify risks, implement preventive measures, and respond promptly to adverse events.Moreover, the emotional and mental well-being of nurses is equally important. The stressful nature of the job can take a toll on their personal lives and affect their ability to provide quality care. Therefore, it is essential to provide nurses with access to support services, such as counseling and stress management workshops, to help them cope with the demands of their profession.In conclusion, the cultivation of nursing talents is a multifaceted and ongoing process that requires a concerted effort from educational institutions, healthcare organizations, and individual nurses themselves. By providing robust education, clinical practice, continuous learning, professional development, and support for emotional well-being, we can foster a generation of nursing professionals who are skilled, compassionate, and resilient in meeting the challenges of today's healthcare landscape.Moreover, with the ever-evolving healthcare system, nursing talents must be encouraged to embrace innovation and technology. This includes the utilization of advanced medical devices, the integration of electronic health records, and the adoption of telehealth services. By staying abreast of these technological advancements, nurses can enhance patient care, improve work efficiency, and contribute to the overall transformation of healthcare delivery.Additionally, nursing talents must be nurtured in a culture of diversity and inclusivity. Healthcare institutions should strive to create an environment where nurses from diverse backgrounds and experiences are valued and respected. This diversity brings a rich tapestry of perspectives and insights that can enrich patient care and contribute to the overall improvement of healthcare services. Furthermore, the importance of research and evidence-based practice in nursing cannot be overstated. Nurses should be encouraged to participate in research projects, contribute to the body of nursing knowledge, and apply evidence-based practices in their daily work. This approach ensures that nursing care is grounded in scientific principles and leads to improved patient outcomes.Finally, the role of nursing in promoting health and wellness across communities must be recognized and celebrated. Nurses are not just caregivers within the hospital walls; they are also agents of change in the community. They can play a pivotal role in health promotion, disease prevention, and education, thus improving the overall health status of the population.In summary, the cultivation of nursing talents is a comprehensive and multifaceted process that demands a concerted effort from all stakeholders. By focusing on robust education。