Chapter 00 Introduction2009
chapter 1 Introduction (to style)
Mark Twain
And he grew up and married, and raised a large family, and brained them all with an axe one night, and got wealthy by all manner of cheating and rascality; and now he is the infernalist wickedest scoundrel in his native village, and is universally respected, and belongs to the Legislature. So you see there never was a bad James in the Sunday-school books that had such a streak of luck as this sinful Jim with the charmed life. (The Story Of The Bad Little Boy)
Charles Dickens
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那是信 仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是光明的季 节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希望的春天，那 是失望的冬天；我们全都在直奔天堂，我们 全都在直奔相反的方向。
Mark Twain
Thus perished the good little boy who did the best he could, but didn't come out according to the books. Every boy who ever did as he did prospered except him. His case is truly remarkable. It will probably never be accounted for. (The Story Of The Good Little Boy)
workbench教程.ppt
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-5
February 23, 2009 Inventory #002593
Introduction
A. About ANSYS, Inc.
Training Manual
ANSYS, Inc.
• Developer of ANSYS family of products
• Global Headquarters in Canonsburg, PA - USA (south of Pittsburgh)
– Development and sales offices in U.S. and around the world – Publicly traded on NASDAQ stock exchange under “ANSS” – For additional company information as well as descriptions and
• ANSYS LS-DYNA – LSTC’s LS-DYNA explicit dynamic solver technology with the pre-/post-processing power of ANSYS software. This powerful pairing can be used to simulate crash tests, metal forging, stamping, and catastrophic failures.
Training Manual
12:00 – 1:00 1:00 – 1:30 1:30 – 2:00 2:00 – 2:30 2:30 – 3:30 3:30 – 4:00 4:00 – 4:30 4:30 – 5:00
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论(现代语言学).
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论1. What is linguistics? 什么是语言学?1.1 definition 定义Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.语言学是对语言进行科学研究的学科。
Languages in general 针对所有语言而言A scientific study of language is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.语言进行科学地研究最根本的是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究,并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。
The linguist has to do first is to study language facts, i.e. to see how language is actually used; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure.语言学家首先必须研究语言材料,即要观察一般情况下语言的使用方法,继而对语言的结构具体地提出一些假设。
A linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works.一套语言学理论是说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
1.2 The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.把语言学作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第二册)教学课件0 Part V-Introduction
Waste Land, the most significant American poem of the 20th century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
ICnhatprtoerd3uction
American society. Early in the century Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot published works that would change the nature of American poetry, but their impact (and that of other modernist writers) on the general reading public was slight. The genteel tradition and popular romanticism still dominated the nation’s literary tastes.
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter One: Introduction1. Linguistics and English linguistics1) As the name suggests, linguistics is the study of language in general and of particular languages, their structure, grammar, history, culture, and so on.2) According to John Lyons（约翰·莱昂斯），linguistics is divided into types: general linguistics（普通语言学）and descriptive linguistics (描述语言学).A. Differences:i. General linguistics deals with language in general, or the whole human language. Descriptive linguistics studies particular languages.ii. General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general. Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish models that describe the rules of particular languages like Chinese, German, English, etc.B. Relationship:They explicitly or implic itly depend on each other.i. On the one hand, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which a particular language can be analyzed and described.ii. On the other hand, the descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguists. Thus, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other.3) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics. It deals with a particular language --- English, for the purpose of constructing a model to represent the unconscious linguistic knowledge possessed by a fluent English speaker.Actually the study of any particular language is a kind of descriptive linguistics.2. The nature of language(s)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols, which is creative, double-structured and changeable.1) Language is a system.i. Every language consists of a set of rules, including phonological rules, morphological rules, syntactic rules, semantic rules, grammatical rules, and so on. These rules underlie people's actual speech or writing.ii. In de Saussure's（索绪尔）term, the system of language is called langue（语言体系）and the speaker's speech is called parole (言语).iii. According to Chomsky（乔姆斯基）, competence（语言知识）is "the speaker-hearer's knowledge of his language"，while performance（言语行为）is "the actual use of language in concrete situations".iv. Langue or competence is abstract and not directly observed, while parole or performance is concrete and directly observable. It has to take in a definite time and place, and in a particular situation.2) Language is symbolic.i. What is a symbol? How many parts does a symbol consist of?A symbol is essentially made up of two parts: a concrete object or form, and the meaning or the idea that it conveys.ii. There are a few words which cannot be classified as symbols such as the, a, an, etc.3) Language is a system of vocal symbols.i. Two types: visual symbols, auditory symbolsii. Not all sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols. For example, sneezes, coughs and so on usually do not have symbolic value.iii. Language is primarily speech, and not the written form. Three reasons: A. Biolog ically speaking, children begin to learn to speak much earlier than to learn to read and write. B. Functionally speaking, the spoken form is used more frequently than the written form in our daily life. C. Historically speaking, all human languages were spoken before they were written and there are still many languages in the world today which have not been written down.4) Language is arbitrary.i. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.ii. By saying language is arbitrary, we mean that we cannot give a reason why a certain linguistic form should represent a certain meaning and why a certain meaning should be represented by a certain form.iii. It does not imply that any individual speaker has the freedom to determine the pronunciation of a word.5) Language is creative.i. Every language contains an infinite number of sentences, which, however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words.ii. The length of a sentence has no limit in theory.6) Language is double-structured.Two levels: grammatically --- meaningful and sound --- meaningless7) Language is changeable.Language has changes in three systems: sound system, lexical system and grammatical system.3. Scientific method3.0 Definition: Generally speaking, a scientific method is the procedure adopted by scientists in conducting their investigation and establishing their conclusion.3.1 Scientific method in generalFour stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions3.2 Scientific method in linguisticsFour stages: gather data, construct a tentative rule, examine the tentative rule, finalize the ruleAn important principle --- objectivity3.2.1 ObjectivityThree common linguistic biasesA. Some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced.B. Only the standard variety is the pure form of a language.C. Change is not natural for living languages and such a change is a sign of corruption and decay.3.2.2 Sources of dataA. Collecting data is the initial work for any linguistic description.B. If the linguist describes a language that he does not know himself, he may find a suitable native speaker of that language as his informant（（为语言学调查）提供资料的本地人），who is usually a bilingual.3.2.3 Rules constructionA. The essential task of linguistic description is to construct rules which may account for a native speaker's implicit knowledge about the language.B. How does a linguist construct a rule?Step 1: the linguist starts with collecting data.Step 2: based on the data collected, he may construct a very simple rule as a tentative version.Step 3: then he examines the tentative rule against further data. If the additional data do not agree with it, he has to modify it.Step 4: he keeps on testing the rule and, accordingly, revising the rule until the rule can account for all the relevant data collected.Attention: very likely, the data gathered are not complete. Thus, the rule formed is open to further modifications.4. The goal of linguistics4.0 Definition: the goal of linguistics is to establish a model of a native speaker's competence.4.1 Modeli. There are two kinds of models:A. a physical or literal model --- it can be used to investigate the function and construction of the real object.B. a conceptual or theoretical model --- it can be used to examine something unobservable such as the nature of economy.Which type does a model of the competence of a native speaker belong to? --- The latter.ii. Two features of an adequate model of competence: explicitness（明确性）and generativeness（生成性）A. By saying a model is explicit, we mean that the rules of the language the model contains are clearly defined.B. By saying a model is generative, we mean that we can use a finite set of rules to generate an infinite number of sentences.4.2 CompetenceA native speaker has four types of linguistic knowledge: phonological knowledge（音位知识）, morphological knowledge（词法知识）, syntactic knowledge（句法知识）and semantic knowledge（语义知识）i. Phonological knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language.ii. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about how a word is formed.iii. Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.iv. Semantic knowledge is a native speaker's intuition about the meaning of language.5. Sub-branches of linguistics1) Phonetics（语音学）is the study of speech sounds of all human languages. It deals with questions like how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived, how English sounds are classified and described.2) Phonology （音系学）is the science that deals with the sound system of a language.3) Morphology（词法、形态学）deals with word formation and the internal structure of words.4) Syntax（句法）is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.5) Semantics（语义学）is the study of the meaning of words and sentences6. Saussure: The Father of Modern Linguistics1) When did modern linguistics start? --- At the beginning of the 20th century.2) What are the most influential schools of modern linguistics? --- Structural linguistics（结构语言学）and Transformational-generative Grammar (TG Grammar)（转换生成语法）3) Who is commonly acknowledged as the father of modern linguistics? --- Ferdinand de Saussure4) Why is he regarded as the founder of modern linguistics?Answer:1。
2009提纲课文句子翻译
《大学英语·精读》第二册难句Unit 6The Making of a SurgeonParagraph 1.How does a doctor recognize the point in time when he is finally a “surgeon”? As my year as chief resident drew to a close I asked myself this question on more than one occasion.一名医生是怎样看待他成为一名外科大夫那一刻的？当我做为一名住院医生的岁月即将结束时我不止一次地这样问自己。
Paragraph 2The answer, I concluded, was self-confidence. When you can say to yourself, “There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon” ---- then, and not until then, you are indeed a surgeon. I was nearing that point.这个答案，我判断，是自信。
当你能对自己说，"没有外科病人我不能熟练治疗，就像其他外科大夫治疗的一样好甚至比他们还要好"——那么，一直到这时候，你才确实是一名外科大夫。
我正在期待着这一刻。
Paragraph 4There were still situations in which I couldn’t be certain my decision has been the right one, but I had learned to accept this as a constant problem for a surgeon, one that could never be completely resolved ---- and I could live with it. So, once I had made a considered decision I no longer dwelt on it.现在，在我的住院实习的最后一个月，睡觉不再是一个问题。
2009MudHensScoutSleepoverHandbook
2009 Mud Hens Scout Sleepover HandbookFOREWARDThe Toledo Mud Hens would like to say thank you for making your reservation for the 2009 Annual Scout Sleepover. Inside the handbook is some valuable information regarding our scout sleepover. Whether you are new to our scout sleepover or a seasoned veteran we ask that you take some time to review the material in the handbook; as some things have changed since last season. We also ask that you share this information with other people in your group who will be attending. This will make sure that everyone in your group has the important information, which will make the event more enjoyable for everyone. You and your group members may access this handbook online at /info/scout_sleepover.asp.For any Boy or Girl Scout questions please contact Chris Hole.Sincerely,Chris M. HoleSeason Ticket & Group Sales AssociateToledo Mud Hens Baseball ClubPhone: 419-725-4367 x 4403Email: *****************TABLE OF CONTENTSGame Dates, Times, and Cost (3)Sleepover Rules (3)Rain Out Policies & Disclaimer (Rain checks, sleepover make up date) (4)FAQS…………………………………………………………………………………………5-6Directions (6)Parking Map……………………………………………………………………….Appendix ASleepover Tent Layout Map……………………………………………………….Appendix BGAME DATES, TIME AND COSTErie Shores Saturday, May 9 Friday, June 12 Saturday, July 11* Saturday, August 8 Black Swamp Saturday, June 13 Friday, June 26 Saturday, August 8 Great Sauk Trail Saturday, May 9 Saturday, July 25 Saturday, August 8 Girl Scouts of Western OhioFriday, July 10Saturday, August 1Girl Scouts Heart of MichiganFriday, July 10Saturday, August 1Girl Scouts Metro DetroitFriday, July 10Saturday, August 1Girl Scouts Southeastern MichiganFriday, July 10Saturday, August 1*July 11 – Two games for the price of one starting at 5:30pmIf your council is not listed or if you have questions please contact Chris Hole at 419-725-4367 x 4403 or by e-mail at *****************Cost:Game tickets only: $9.00 per personSleepover (includes game ticket & sleepover): $17.00 per personOptional Morning Breakfast Buffet: $8.00 per person (must be purchased in advance) Optional Game Snack Pack (Hot dog, Bag of Chips, Soda): $5.00 per person (must be purchased in advance) Optional Scout Sleepover T-shirt: $12.00 per Kid (must be purchased in advance)$15.00 per Adult (must be purchased in advance)All game times are at 7:00 pm (except July 11) and include a pre-game parade that starts at 6:20 pm on the field and post-game fireworks. July 11 scout parade starts at 4:50pm and game time at 5:30pm.SLEEPOVER RULESWe ask that all scouts, scout leaders, and participants observe the following rules. It will make the event more enjoyable for everyone, and will keep the cost down for future years.DO:•Treat the field with care•Stay in the outfield at all times•Carry all equipment on to the field•Use electric devices for lighting•Bring snacks for sleepover portion only. No food or drink is allowed to be brought into the game.DO NOT:• NO plastic or tarps between tent and grass. Please only put plastic or tarps on the inside of tent.• NO rain guard. Please don’t spray rain guard on tents. It washes off and kills the grass.•STAKE DOWN TENTS; no stakes allowed – confiscated stakes will NOT be returned.•Go on infield grass at anytime.•Use heating devices•NO wheeled wagons, coolers, etc. Please carry everything on to the field.•DO NOT spray BUG SPRAY on the field. Please go to main concourse to apply bug spray; spray will kill the grass.•Bring anything flammable (lighters, candles, kerosene lanterns) onto the field.•NO ALCOHOL – this shouldn’t be listed, but it has been a problem. Confiscated alcohol will NOT be returned.•Bring pets of any kind, shape or size.•Smoke (Fifth Third Field is a non-smoking facility at all times)•THROW any objects, at anytime, includes but not limited to baseballs, footballs, Frisbees, etc.RAIN OUT POLICIESIf the game is cancelled, so is the sleepover. If the game is played, the sleepover would only be cancelled if the weather forecast calls for severe storms overnight or the field can not take the abuse. If the sleepover is cancelled hold onto your game tickets, sleepover tickets, and breakfast tickets. These tickets will be good for the sleepover make-up date of Friday, August 28, 2009. There will be NO REFUNDS on game tickets or sleepover tickets. See rain check policy.Rain Check PolicyGame Tickets – the Mud Hens do not offer refunds on tickets purchased. Keep your tickets; they can be used as a rain check for any future Mud Hens 2009 regular season home game, including the sleepover make-up date of August 28, 2009 (see sleepover make-up date policy).Sleepover Tickets - If the sleepover is cancelled for any reason, hold on to your sleepover ticket because they will be good for the sleepover make-up date of August 28, 2009 (see sleepover make-up date). There will be NO REFUNDS on sleepover tickets because a make-up date has been established.Breakfast Tickets- Hold onto your breakfast tickets because they will be good for the breakfast on the morning following the sleepover make-up date.Sleepover Make-Up DateIf any of the scout sleepovers are cancelled they will be rescheduled for the make-up date on Friday, August 28, 2008. Since this date is scheduled well-in-advance there will be NO REFUNDS on sleepover tickets or breakfast tickets. To make reservations for this date you must call Chris Hole at 419-725-4367 x 4403.Game tickets and sleepover are based upon availability for the make-up date.DISCLAIMER*DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY: Neither the Toledo Mud Hens Baseball Club, Inc. or Lucas County, Ohio shall be liable for personal injury or property loss or damage suffered by any participant(or his/her natural or legal guardians) arising out of or connected with any participant's participation in Scout Night at Fifth Third Field. By registering and participating in Scout Night, each individual scout or troop leader agrees to be responsible for the conduct and actions of each participant under his/her supervision.FAQ’SWhat essentials do we need to bring?The list should include a spikeless tent, sleeping bag/pillow, flash light, proper clothes to sleep in, light jacket/sweatshirt for after the game and any necessary toiletries.Who receives sleepover patches?Only scouts and scout leaders spending the night receive patches. Those who are on the waiting list (1st priority) to sleepover and those who want to, can purchase them at a cost of $3/patch. Orders for extra patches will be process AFTER all sleepovers have been completed. While supplies last.Is the sleepover available to family members?Yes, mothers, fathers, and siblings of scouts are welcome and encouraged to attend the game and spend the night.Will there be adequate supervision?YES! Any scout groups that plan on staying overnight are REQUIRED to have adequate chaperoning by their scoutleader(s). There will be at least 8 Mud Hens employees on hand to assist during the evening, as well as 4 Mud Hens employees staying overnight. The number of employees will increase as needed depending upon attendance.What is the itinerary for the event?PARADE - Gates to the ballpark will open 1 hour before the schedule game time. The scouts will participate in the pre-game parade starting 40 minutes before the scheduled game time (PARADE-enter between sections 104 and 105 and exit between section 116 and 117), and attend the Mud Hens game. Fireworks will follow ALL of the sleepover dates.SLEEPOVER - Once the field is cleared and prepared for a safe sleepover the scouts will be allowed to bring their tents and any snacks they may have brought onto the field for the night. The Mud Hens will provide entertainment until lights out. Scouts will get their sites ready and lights out will be no more than 15 minutes following the conclusion of the night’s entertainment.BREAKFAST - The following morning all campers will clean up their sites. Wake up call will be at 7 a.m. Camping gear needs to be removed from the field by 8:00 am and before proceeding to breakfast. If you are participating in the morning breakfast, it will be served from 7 a.m. until 8:30 a.m. All scouts should be ready to leave Fifth Third Field by 8:30 a.m. MORNING CLEAN UP - All scouts are REQUIRED to assist in field cleanup Saturday/Sunday morning! We will walk the field looking to pick up all debris left from the sleepover. By cleaning up after yourselves you will help in keeping the costs down in future years.How do I get my patches?Patches will be enclosed in the package that is mailed to the person who placed the order. If you do not receive patches in the mail packet please let us know.Where do the scouts store their camping gear?Scouts will need to keep their gear in their chaperone/scout leader’s vehicle during the game. Scouts should meet to enter the field between sections 103 and 104 and between sections 118 and 119; this will also be announced over the public address system.Where do I pick up my Scout Sleepover T-Shirt I ordered?If you purchased a scout sleepover t-shirt you will need to redeem your t-shirt coupon at the Swamp Shop Souvenir Store on the day of your game only. The coupon should be enclosed in the package that is mailed to the person who placed the order (if not call us). The Swamp Shop is located in the right field corner by the Roost.How/When/Where should we transport our camping gear onto the field?How? We must ask that you NOT bring wagons or coolers with wheels onto the field. All camping gear transport should be done by CARRYING items onto the field.When? Approximately 45 minutes after the conclusion of the game/fireworks is when you should bring your gear onto the field. You will not be allowed onto the field until it is safe.Where?Sections 103-104 and 118-119 will be the ONLY entry points onto the field when bringing in your equipment and tents. Please adhere to the diagram when placing and setting up all tents (See Appendix B).What do we need to get into the sleepover?There is a sleepover ticket that should be turned in to gain entrance into the sleepover, which is included in the sleepover packet mailed to the person who placed the order. This ticket will be checked and ripped when you enter the ballpark at the 1st or 3rd base gate for the sleepover portion of the evening. Only those with sleepover tickets will be able to sleepover.Do we need anything to be allowed to eat our breakfast in the morning?There is a breakfast ticket that should be turned in at the beginning of the buffet line for your breakfast, which, if purchased, is included in the sleepover packet mailed to the person who placed the order.Where is breakfast served?Breakfast will be served in the Roost banquet facility, both the 3rd and the 4th floors will be open, and you can eat inside or outside on the Nest Party Deck.If we have someone in a wheelchair or other special needs, can we get them on the field to spend the night?Yes, you can. Please call Chris Hole at 419-725-4367 x 4403 to make special arrangements.Will there be concession stands open during the sleepover?No, there will be no concession stands open for the sleepover. Scout groups are allowed to bring food and beverage into the ballpark for the sleepover portion only. No food or beverage is allowed in the ballpark for the game. An optional Game Snack Pack (Hot Dog, Bag of Chips, Small Soda) is available for purchase in advance for only $5.Will there be restrooms open during the sleepover?Yes, one set of restrooms on the first and third base side of the main concourse will remain open for the entire night.If we need to leave in the middle of the night can we?Once we have everyone on the field all the gates in the ballpark will be locked. However, if you need to leave in the middle of the night for any reason you may do so through the suite level glass doors behind home plate. Please note that these doors will lock behind you so once you are out you can not re-enter the ballpark.Where do we park, and will they tow our car at night?The Toledo Mud Hens do not have a parking lot. We use existing parking lots in the downtown area. Most parking companies are aware of our scout sleepovers, so when you pull into a parking lot let the attendant know you are going to be attending the sleepover and your car will remain over night. Most parking companies do not have a problem because you will be gone by 9:00 am the next morning. For a parking map of Downtown Toledo see Appendix A or go online/parking The Toledo Mud Hens are not responsible for lost, stolen, or damaged property in the parking lot or Fifth Third Field. If something should occur it is the sole responsibility of the vehicle’s owner to contact the Toledo Police and notify the parking lot company of any theft or damage.How do I get to Fifth Third Field?The directions are below. In addition, the pocket schedule that is enclosed with the sleepover packet, which is mailed to the person who made the reservation, has directions to Fifth Third Field. You may also view directions online at/info/directions.asp?view=3.DIRECTIONS TO FIFTH THIRD FIELD406 Washington StreetToledo, OH 43604FROM OHIO TURNPIKE (80/90):I 80/90 to exit 64 to I-75 North. Follow I-75 North to exit 201-B (downtown exit). Turn left onto Erie St. Turn right onto Washington St.FROM DETROIT (I-75 SOUTH):I-75 South to exit 202-A (Washington St.). Turn right onto Washington St.FROM FINDLAY (I-75 NORTH):I-75 North to exit 201-B (downtown exit). Turn left onto Erie St. Turn right onto Washington St.FROM ANN ARBOR (23 SOUTH):23 South to I-475 East. Take I-475 East to I-75 South. Follow I-75 South to exit 202-A (Washington St.). Turn right onto Washington St.Parking Map of Downtown AreaP = Parking LotFifth Third FieldEntry Diagram / Tent LayoutDo NOTgo ontoor GRASSTENTTENTBreakfast served in Roost (upper deck)Your sleepover tickets will be checked and ripped at the first and third base gate entrances. No entry for sleepover without a sleepover ticket.-Do NOT Spike your tents down-No plastic or tarps between the tent and the grass-Do NOT drag anything on the field-No carts, wagons, wheeled coolers-No heating devices (kerosene or gas)-Do NOT Throw any objects at all。
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter One Introduction“炎黄子孙”Chinese descent,“四大发明”the four great inventions (of ancient China);“三十六计, 走为上计”the best thing to do now is to quit ;“苛政猛于虎” A bad government is more fearful than a tiger.“to meet one’s Waterloo”遭遇失败as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗，穷到极点“临时抱佛脚”make effort at the last moment/ last-minute efforts抽象词具体化异化译法cowboy牛仔Trojan horse特洛伊木马(源于希腊神话《木马屠城记》)golden age黄金时代soap opera肥皂剧(通常指一出连续很长时间的、虚构的电视剧节目，每周安排为多集连续播出，因此又称系列电视连续剧)dark horse黑马（出人意外获胜的赛马或参赛人）；（美）“黑马”候选人（常因各方妥协而意外获得提名或当选）hot dog热狗sour grape酸葡萄（形容妒忌而贬低自己得不到的东西）honeymoon蜜月Pandora’s box潘朵拉的盒子forbidden fruit禁果bottleneck瓶颈ivory tower象牙塔double-edged sword双刃剑（指对双方皆不利的局面，或敌我不分的计谋）；armed to the teeth武装到牙齿crocodile tears鳄鱼眼泪(利用眼眶中专门处理盐分的器官功能，把多余的盐分浓缩起来，借道眼睛，像泪珠似的流出来)walls have ears隔墙有耳new wine in old bottles旧瓶装新酒铁饭碗the iron rice-bowl (铁饭碗是名词，意指长期安稳而没有失业风险的工作，因为它的永久性和稳定性，使工作本身如铁一般的坚硬，所以便有铁饭碗这一称号。
chapter one Introduction
• 使用教材： • 美国文化背景（第三版）英玛丽安娜· 卡尼· 戴特斯曼 乔
• • • •
安· 克兰德尔 爱德华· N· 卡尼著 世界图书出版社2006.1. 美国文化背景_541308289.PDF 美国社会与文化 吴斐编著 武汉大学出版社，2003.11 美国社会与文化（中英双语）.pdf 美国文化与社会十五讲 袁明主编 北京大学出版社， 2003.12. 美国文化与社会十五讲.pdf 当代美国 社会与文化（第二版）王恩铭 吴敏 张颖编著 上海外语教育出版社,2007.1. 美国文化与社会 王恩铭编 上海外语教育出版社,2009,7.
The national Flag
Stars and Stripes
国玺Great Seal of the United States
一美元纸币
Great Seal of the United States
• 当中的秃鹰a bald eagle是美国国鸟，秃鹰的右爪
握着橄榄枝olive branch ，橄榄枝上有13片叶子， 代表和平；左爪握着13支利箭a bundle of 13 arrows ，代表战争。 秃鹰的嘴里含着一条飘带，飘带上是13个拉丁文 大写字母“E PLURIBUS UNUM”，翻译成英语是 “Out of many，one”，中文意思是“合众为一”， 符合美国是不同肤色、不同民族大融合的特点。
• 1. A general survey • 2. American history • 3. American People (Ethnic and racial diversity)
• • • • •
in the U.S. 4. American values and beliefs
多相流基础 chapter 1-introduction
Wg + Wl = W
（2）total mass flux（总质量流速G，kg/m2s） — — total mass flow rate divided by total channel cross-sectional （单位流道截面流过的气液混合 物的质量）.
G =W A G g = Wg A Gl = Wl A
（3）flowing quality （干度，流动质量含气率， x）—— the fraction of the gas mass flow rate at any cross-section, dimensionless（气相的 质量流量份额，无量纲）.
ρ g u g Ag x = Wg W = G g / G = ρ l ul Al + ρ g u g Ag
Solid-liquid two-phase flow（固液两相流）. Examples: Mainly flow of suspensions（悬浮液的流动） such as： （1） flow of a river bed sediments（河沙的流动） （2）coal-water slurry（水煤浆） （3）slurry（泥浆） and so on.
4、Scope of this book（本书内容） 、 （本书内容）
（1）gas (vapor)-liquid two-phase flow （气（汽）液两 相流）—— some of the principles and methods can generally be applied to other types of two-phase flow too. （2）the first part —— adiabatic flow（绝热流动），that is flow with no heat addition or removal. （3）the second part —— heat transfer（传热），main objective is to identify the various types of heat transfer and to show the heat transfer rate can be calculated.
罗斯公司理财英文第九版Chap002
Usually a separate section reports the amount of taxes levied on income.
Total operating revenues Cost of goods sold Selling, general, and administrative expenses Depreciation Operating income Other income Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense Pretax income Taxes
Shareholder’s equity is the residual difference between assets and liabilities.
2-8
Value versus Cost
Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), audited financial statements of firms in the U.S. carry assets at cost.
Net income is the “bottom line.”
Total operating revenues Cost of goods sold Selling, general, and administrative expenses Depreciation Operating income Other income Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense Pretax income Taxes
2-2
Sources of Information
Chapter one Introduction
(4)language
is the institution whereby human communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oralauditory arbitrary symbols. Hall, 1968 (5)from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences (finite and infinite), each finite in length and constructed out of a set of elements.---Chomsky, 1957
introduction Three questions related to linguistics
What?
Why? How?
What
is linguistics? morpheme division: linguist (economist, scientist, biologist, zoologist)) -ics(physics, economics, statistics, stylistics): it is a discipline in which some people are involved in the study of languages, and it takes all the language in the world into consideration.
Further
examples of morpheme analysis Such as universe
Linguistics is a branch of science
国际贸易实务2009(英语)
Introduction Purpose: International Trade Practice is a course to study theory and practice of goods-sale . Task: Students can master basic theory, knowledge and skills of International trade through this course, and learning to carry out principles and policies of the country combining the reality of our country, and understanding the international trade practice.
1.3 The basic content of contracts for the International Sale of Goods. （1）Article of contract （2）Price of Goods （3）Obligations of the buyer （4）Obligations of the seller （5）Prevention and handle of controversy
Chapter 1：International Trade Terms Chapter 2 ：Name, Quality, Quantity and Packing Chapter 3 ：Transport of International Goods Chapter 4 ：Insurance of International Goods Chapter 5 ：Price of International Goods Chapter 6 ：Payment Chapter 7 ：Inspection, Claim, Arbitration and Force Majeure Chapter 8 ：Negotiation , Conclusion and Performance of Contract Chapter 9：Trade Forms
Chapter 1Introduction 练习题
Chapter One IntroducitonI. Multiple Choices.Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question to complete the sentence.1. __________ function constructs a model of experience and logical relations.A. InterpersonalB. TextualC. MetalingualD. Ideational2. Arbitrariness of language was first discussed by ____________,A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD. Saussure3. Which function is the major role of Language?A. InformativeB. InterpersonalC. PerformativeD. Emotive4.Which branch of study cannot be included in the scope of Linguistics?A. SyntaxB. PragmaticsC. PhoneticsD. Anthropology5. The ___________ function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.A. performativeB. phaticC. recreationalD. emotive6. The term __________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. comparativeC. diachronicD. historical comparative7.__________ examines how meaning is encoded in a language.A. SemanticsB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Morphology8.Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as __________.A. paroleB. languageC. systemD. langue9.The fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discussed by _________.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Austin10. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and lettersB. Sounds and meaningC. Letters and meaningD. Sounds and symbols.11. ___________ studies the sound systems in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Syntax12. The founder of modern linguistics is ___________.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD. Saussure13. Modern linguistics focuses on the present day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.synchronicC. diachronicD. Psychological14. Which of the following is NOT the function of language?A. Metalingual function.B. Interpersonal function.C. Emotive functionD. Cultural transmission15.We can refer to Chairman Mao. This feature of language is called _________.A.dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement16.The sentence "Don't say X." is ___________.A.descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. obligatoryD. Narrative17.Which of the following functions are NOT the functions put forward by Halliday?A. The Ideational FunctionB. The Interpersonal FunctionC. The Generative FunctionD. The Textual Function20. __________ is the major concern of semantics.A. MeaningB. WordsC. Sentence structuresD. Phrase structure rules21. The set of possibility for “doing” is termed _________ from a functional language’s view.A. linguistic potentialB. communicative competenceC. competenceD. langue22. Traditional grammar regards the __________ form of language as primary, not the spoken from.A. oralB. writtenC. writingD. vocal23. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the __________ nature of language.A. arbitrarinessB. productivityC. dualityD. cultural transmissionnguage is __________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.A. instructiveB. constructiveC. intuitiveD. productive25.Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. SpeechII. Complete each of the following statements.1.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact ratherthan exchanging information or ideas, its function is ____________ function.2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are notpresent (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ___________.3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be___________; it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be __________. 4.In modern linguistics, ___________ study seems to enjoy priority over ___________ study.The reason is that successful studies of various sates of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This famous quotation from Shakespeareillustrates that language has the design feature of _______________.6.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are notmutually intelligible, which show that language is culturally ____________.7.The features that define our human languages can be called ____________ features.8.The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called ___________.9.Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______________ and performance.10.___________ can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the otherhand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.III. Answer the following questions.1. A distinction can be drawn between competence and performance in the study of language. What do they refer to? Why does Chomsky draw such a distinction?2. Explain the following statements with examples: Our language can be used to talk about itself.3.How do you understand “duality”, a design feature of language?1.phatic2. displacement3. descriptive, prescriptive4. synchronic, diachronic5. arbitrariness6. transmitted7. design8. morphology9. competence 10.Pragmatics。
2009英语一text2讲解 -回复
2009英语一text2讲解-回复The topic of the text is "the impact of online social networking on individuals and society."Introduction:The emergence and rapid growth of online social networking platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, have revolutionized the way individuals interact and connect with each other. These platforms offer a plethora of opportunities for communication, sharing information, and creating virtual communities. However, they also raise concerns about privacy, addiction, and the overall impact on individuals and society. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of online social networking and analyze its impact on individuals and society.Body:1. The benefits of online social networking [2009英语一text2讲解]: Online social networking offers numerous benefits that enhance individuals' lives and society as a whole. It provides a platform for connecting with friends and family, allowing easy communication regardless of geographic boundaries. It also enables individuals toexpand their network, meet new people, and build professional relationships. Moreover, online social networking facilitates the sharing of information and resources, leading to knowledge dissemination and collaborative problem-solving.2. Privacy concerns and online social networking [2009英语一text2讲解]:One of the primary concerns regarding online social networking is the issue of privacy. Users often share personal information on these platforms, and there is a constant risk of this information falling into the wrong hands. Furthermore, online social networks may track users' activities and collect data for advertising purposes, raising concerns about data security and privacy breaches. These issues emphasize the need for individuals to be cautious about the information they share and ensure the privacy settings of their accounts are secure.3. The impact on mental health and addiction [2009英语一text2讲解]:While online social networking has its advantages, excessive use can lead to addiction and have detrimental effects on individuals' mental health. The constant need for validation and the pressure topresent a perfect life online can contribute to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Moreover, the addictive nature of these platforms may result in decreased productivity, as individuals spend excessive amounts of time scrolling through their feeds or engaging in virtual interactions rather than focusing on real-world commitments.4. Social distancing and its impact on social skills [2009英语一text2讲解]:The convenience of online social networking has inadvertently led to decreased face-to-face interactions. This phenomenon has raised concerns about the impact on social skills, particularly among young people. The ability to connect and communicate online may hinder individuals' proficiency in engaging in meaningful conversations, reading nonverbal cues, and empathizing with others in real-life interactions.5. Societal impact and the spread of information [2009英语一text2讲解]:Online social networking also plays a crucial role in disseminating information to the masses. During times of crisis or social upheaval, these platforms are utilized for mobilizing people, spreadingawareness, and organizing events. However, their influence on public opinion and the spread of misinformation and fake news remains a significant concern. The ease with which information is shared can lead to the rapid dissemination of inaccurate or unverified facts, polarizing society and shaping public discourse.Conclusion:Online social networking has undoubtedly transformed the way individuals connect and communicate, offering numerous benefits. However, it is essential to recognize and address the potential drawbacks to fully harness its potential while minimizing the negative impact. Individuals should be mindful of their privacy settings and moderation of usage to protect their mental health and well-being. Moreover, society must engage in critical thinking and media literacy to combat the spread of misinformation and leverage online social networking for positive social change.。
用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物
摘要《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位农村女孩不甘贫穷,独自来到芝加哥实现自己的“美国梦”，最终成为了纽约百老汇的一位著名演员，物质享受得到满足，精神却陷入迷失的故事。
阅读这部小说我们很容易注意到嘉莉不断升级的需要及日益增长的欲望，及在追求欲望的过程中对传统道德的违背。
本文主要依据马斯洛层次需求理论，分析嘉莉及与嘉莉妹妹关系密切的两位男主人公，在不同时期的不同需要，并分析这些欲望产生的原因，即一方面是人物内在的欲望，另一方面是环境、城市的诱惑等外在因素。
这两方面的相互作用最终导致嘉莉陷入精神的迷失。
《嘉莉妹妹》的故事似乎在警示我们，在物质越来越发达的今天，人们不应该盲目追求物质的享受，而应该充分认识到精神带给人们的幸福感和满足感,思索自己人生的意义和价值所在。
关键词：嘉莉妹妹；欲望；层次需求理论AbstractSister Carrie tells the story of a small country girl Carrie who moves to Chicago to realize her “American Dream” and eventually becomes a Broadway star in New York. Despite living a luxurious life, she is lost in spirit. Reading the novel, we may easily notice Carrie’s different needs and desires arising gradually and also the betrayal of traditional moral code in the process of pursuing material gain. The paper analyzes the reasons why Carrie and two male heroes closed to her have various needs at different stages of life, mainly based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. One is figures’inner desires; the other is the outside force, including temptations of environment, cites, etc. The interaction between them makes Carrie lose herself eventually. It seems to tell people that in modern society material supplies more and more abundantly, but we should never pursue it blindly and much importance should be attached to happiness and stability created by spirit. It is essential to ponder the significance and the value of life.Key words: Sister Carrie; desire; hierarchy of needsContentsChapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1 About the author and the novel (1)1.1.1 The author: Theodore Dreiser (1)1.1.2 The novel: Sister Carrie (1)1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (2)Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs (4)2.1 Carrie’s primary needs (4)2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for Chicago (4)2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistress (5)2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs (6)2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking step (6)2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced development (7)2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goal (8)Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs (10)3.1 Drouet’s primary needs (10)3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of Carrie (10)3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of material (11)3.2 Droue t’s higher level needs (12)Chapter 4 Hurstwood’s needs (13)4.1 Hurstwood’s needs in Chicago (13)4.1.1 Hurstwood’s physiological needs (13)4.1.2 Hurstwood’s safety needs (14)4.1.3 Hurstwood’s love and belonging needs (14)4.2 Hurstwood’s needs in New York (15)Conclusion (17)References (19)Acknowledgments (20)Chapter 1 General Introduction1.1 About the author and the novel1.1.1 The author: Theodore DreiserTheodore Dreiser is the most outstanding realistic novelist in the history of American literature. He is also an American naturalistic writer famous for the exploration of realistic life. Dreiser was born in Indiana in a poor German immigrant family. When Dreiser was eight, his mother was forced by the pressure of living, left home with him and three other young children, wandered from one town to another in the Midwest. The family lived a tough and criticized life. Dreiser’s childhood also endured poverty and ignorance.In 1887, he came to Chicago alone, worked in restaurants and hardware companies. In spite of this, he was attracted by the city life full of excitement and stimulation. In 1889, “he was sponsored by a sympathetic middle school teacher to study at the University of Indiana. But he dropped out of school the next year, returned to Chicago to become a debt collector in a real estate and furniture company” (Wang Sixiang, 2009: 158). This job led him to come into contact with the underworld characters and the dark side of society, accumulated a wealth of material for the future creation. It also determined the naturalistic color and the tragic thought of his creation. Dreiser entered the press in 1892, started to be a journalist. In Chicago, he witnessed the strong contrast of extreme poverty and extravagant life. These experiences are the beginning of his thought, which led him to create his own novel.1.1.2 The novel: Sister CarrieSister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser’s first novel, is a good work of epoch-making significance in the history of American fiction. This novel tells the story of Caroline Meeber, a pretty rural girl, leaves her rural home to make a living in Chicago. On the train, she meets Charles Drouet, a traveling salesman. The harsh reality shatters her dream. At the same time, in front of her is unemployment and disease. In desperation she becomes Drouet’s mistress. Later, due to the greater desire, she becomes the hotelmanager Hurstwood’s mistress. Hurstwood and Carrie elope to New York, and Carrie becomes a popular actor by chance and squeezes into the upper class. However, Hurstwood becomes poorer and finally committed suicide. The life of upper class does not make her feel satisfied. She feels empty and can not find the real meaning of life. In the loneliness and desolation, she sits in a rocking chair dreaming of the happiness that she would not get.The novel reveals the cruel squeezing of the American capitalist system for poor people and the corrosive action of bourgeois lifestyle for petty bourgeois. And the moral concept the novel reflects is also a counter-tradition. Because Carrie rather than be punished for her depravity, but becomes a popular star of musical comedies finally. Therefore, this book has aroused widespread concern in society since it was published, was banned for a time which led up to intense controversy of the literary world for more than 30 years until it is regarded as a classic to gain public recognition. Until today the novel was born one hundred years later, people are still controversial about Carrie’s character and behavior, especially her endless desire.1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needsIn Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are five kinds of needs ranging from lower level to higher level. These are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs. (1)The physiological needs — it is the most basic requirement of human beings, including food, sleep, water, secretion, and sex. If any one of these needs, except sex, can not be satisfied, the physiological function of human can not operate normally. In other words, the life of human would be threatened. In this sense, the physiological need is the primary motivation of people’s action. Maslow believes that only those basic needs be met, the other needs can become new motivating factors. And to this point, the needs has been relatively satisfied will no longer be motivating factors. (2)The safety needs — it is the demand for the following things: personal and property safety, health care, job security and family safety. Maslow believes that the pursuit of the whole organism is a security mechanism, the human receptors, effectors’ organs, intelligence and other forms of energy are mainly seeking safety tools. We can even put both science and philosophy as part of meeting the security needs. (3)The love and belonging needs — if both physiological and safety needs are relatively well satisfied, and then there will emerge the love and belonging needs. Everyone wants to get mutual concern and care.The love and belonging needs is more meticulous than the physiological needs. It relates to a person’s physiological characteristics, experience, education and religion. Generally people will hunger for affectionate relations with others, for a place in the group and have a family. (4)The esteem needs — everyone wants to have a stable social status. And it requests that personal ability and achievements are recognized by the society. These needs can be divided into two parts. First is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, confidence and freedom. Secondly, we have what we may call the desire for reputation, attention, importance or appreciation. Satisfaction of the esteem need can make people have confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world. (5)The self-actualization needs — it is the highest level of needs. It refers to the realization of personal ideals, aspirations and the individual’s ability to the greatest degree. Maslow notes that in order to satisfy self-actualization needs, different people take different measures. The self-actualization need is an effort to realize their potential. It is to make them become the characters they desire to be.These basic needs are related to each one and another, but any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role, and needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. This means that the highest goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The lower needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next higher need emerges,in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs2.1 Carrie’s primary needs2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for ChicagoBy the end of the Civil War (1861-1865), most of the forces that would typify twentieth century American had begun to emerge. Northern industrialism had triumphed over southern agrarianism. The great age of big city bossism began. Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. Soon the United States had the most extensive railroad system in the world. The tempo of life accelerated as Americans became increasingly mobile. From 1870 to 1890 the total population of the United States doubled. Villages became towns, towns became cities, and cities grew to a size with a speed that would have astonished the Founding Fathers. The population of Chicago increased twenty times to two million, making it the nation’s second largest city after New York. The national income quadrupled. It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”. Thousands and thousands of men, women and children native-born and foreign, flooded to American cities, drawn by hopes for making their fortune. They believed that anyone could grasp an opportunity to attain success through honest and hard work. Just as American naturalists argued: the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.Dreiser clothed the social phenomenon of so-called “American Dream” through his character, Carrie. At the beginning of the novel, the heroin, Carrie, keeps pace with the general trend of the time, and moves to Chicago, which is not far away from her hometown. She is eighteen years old, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth:And yet she was interested in her charms, quickly to understand the keenerpleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things. A half-equipped littleknight she was, venturing to reconnoiter the mysterious city and dreamingwild dreams of some vague, far-off supremacy, which should make it preyand subject-the proper penitent, groveling at a woman’s slipper. (TheodoreDreiser, 1979: 3)In Maslow’s view, humans are wanting beings, mainly because humans are not satisfied with the status and are eager to achieve a higher realm. Desire is one of the strong emotions which tells people that he is still curious to exist, that he still have an edge on his longings and want to bite into the world. Carrie is driven by the environment and the internal desire to move to Chicago. Strictly speaking, it is the physiological needs. Carrie wants to change the poor life. She begins to hunt a job to earn money to fulfill her needs. Carrie accepts a job in a shoe factory for four and a half dollars a week. Every week she pays four dollars for her board and lodging. Does the story develop smoothly like this? The author gave a hint by writing “When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse” (Zhang Xiaowei, 2011: 203). Carrie tries to live on her own to start her first step of material pursuit.2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistressChicago is a charming city indeed. Carrie is surrounded by various temptations: Carrie passed along the busy aisles, much affected by the remarkabledisplays of trinkets, dress goods, stationary and jewelry. Each separatecounter was a show place of dazzling interest and attraction. She could nothelp feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally.There was nothing there which she could not have to used-nothing whichshe did not along to own. The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicatelyfrilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, hair-combs, purses, all touchher with individual desires. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 27)She longs for dress and beauty with a whole heart.But the fact is that the cold reality takes her by the hand. First, her sister and brother-in-law live a lean life and consumed by housework. The money left by Carrie every week is not enough for her car fares, let alone clothes, laces, ribbons, etc. And none of those things is in the range of her purchase. Second, in the shoe factory, the machines work intensively. Carrie is not strong. Her shoulders and necks ache in bending over and she is totally exhausted every day. “As Carrie listened to this and much more of similar familiar badinage among the men and the girls, she instinctively withdraws into herself. She feared that the young boys about would address such remarks to he r” (LI Wei, 2011: 278). The wholeatmosphere of the shoe factory is sordid.Carrie does not like to bear the hard work, the foul working condition and the human environment. She hopes to break away from the factory to enjoy physical comfort and from such uncouth men to keep her calm. Third, as the rigorous winter is around the corner, Carrie worries about the problem of winter clothes, for she has nothing to wear. At last, as a result of illness she loses the job and to return hometown seems to be the only choice.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerge the safety needs. The problem is that whether she can satisfy it or not, it depends on the reality which supplies enough conditions or not, besides her own effort. Carrie understands that it is impossible to buy dress and entertain herself by her personal diligence. Drouet is, for Carrie, an escape. She does not love him, but he means a source of amazement, and she recognizes that the relative opulence of his chambers and department he procures for Carrie are the signs of that for which she is striving. Eventually she betrays herself to become Drouet’s mistress to realize her safety need. Carrie and Drouet pay a visit all round the city and go shopping, take part in various activities, enjoy delicious foods. It seems that Carrie has never hesitated,“Money! Money! What a thing it was to have! How plenty of it would clear away all the troubles” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 82). She surrendered to the magic of money. At the second stage of material pursuit, Carrie has a much stronger desire. She falls in love with it without reason.2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking stepAs the plot goes, the author depicts a panorama of rising needs and desire. On one hand, Carrie is not just satisfied with living together with Drouet:That young lady, under the stress of her situation and the tutelage of hernew friend, changed effectively. She the glow of a more showy life was notupon her. She did not grow in knowledge so much as she awakened in thematter of desire. Mrs. Hale’s extended harangues upon the subjects ofwealth and position taught her to distinguish between degrees of wealth.(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 140)When she comes to her own room, Carrie sees her comparative poverty. She is not comparing it with what she has had, but what she has seen recently. She begins toponder what, after all, Drouet is and what she is. On the other hand, Carrie fears of losing Drouet’s affection, of being abandoned, and also she longs for someone to sympathize with her, but not let her ponder and wonder. It makes clear to Carrie that Drouet could not understand her. He just cares about her beauty. When Carrie is sorrow, he only asks her to dance. Carrie feels lonely and forsaken. What’s more, Carrie believes Drouet does not plan to marry her. He prefers the single state to any legal bondage. These two sides wake up Carrie’s deep desire. She “hopes to live an extravagant life but not from hand to mouth” (Peng Dankui, 1995: 74). She is eager to be understood and loved. Drouet is only an intermediary in her movement from poverty to affluence. Carrie is ready and longs to change.More wealth and higher status are Carrie’s new goal. At this time, Hurstwood becomes another male stepladder to gratify her needs both in material and spirit. Hurstwood can give her a life of honor. Carrie recognizes the quality of Hurstwood’s clothes, his style and his bearing as distinct improvements on Drouet. Hurstwood shows his thoughts and feelings concerning Carrie. “In contrast, Hurstwood appeared strong and sincere. He had no easy manner of putting her off. He sympathized with her and showed her what her true value was. He needed her, while Drouet did not care” (Gao Chenke, 2011: 115).Though Carrie has achieved her material goal, all in all, she has another need—love. Carrie begins to care about her inner thoughts, which takes the first step of exploring her spirit. Carrie’s spirit pursuit is based on material pursuit.2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced developmentAfter becoming Hurstwood’s mistress, in a material way, Carrie is considerably improved. Hurstwood writes her regularly-a letter every morning. They both enjoy the happy days. Carrie has an opportunity to take part in a play. It is not an important thing, but because of the prestige of Hurstwood, it is significant. “By the time of the 16th had arrived Hurstwood’s friends had rallied like Romans to a senator’s call. A well-dressed, good-natured, flatteringly-inclined audience was assured from the moment he thought of assisting Carrie”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 209). Carrie moves into a new environment. She feels the respect and power of celebrities. Carrie’s needs develop further: the esteem needs. That is the desire for confidence and appreciation:There was nothing bold in her manner. Life had not taught herdomination-superciliousness of grace, which is the lordly power of somewomen. Her longing for consideration was not sufficiently powerful tomove her to demand it. Even now she lacked self-assurance, but there wasthat in what she had already experienced which left her a little less thantimid. She wanted pleasure, she wanted position. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:176)For Carrie she is nervous. She hopes the play could succeed to gain confidence and appreciation, “The glamour, the tense situation, the fine clothes, the applause, these had lured her until she felt that she, too, could act-that she, too, could compel acknowledgment of power” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 192). Carrie tries best to explore her potentials.2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goalHurstwood coaxes Carrie to elope to New York. But he is merely another man who either cannot hold or find a job. He forces to begin the battle for place and comfort all over again. But his situation becomes worse and worse. At the beginning, he strolls about, and then he just picks his papers up, and stays for day after day. At last, he becomes a beggar completely, lived by other’s charity. Finally he committed suicide by turning on the gas in a Bowery flophouse. When the attraction of material disappears, it is inevitable for Carrie to abandon Hurstwood. The physiological and safety needs play an important role now. Carrie begins to make a livelihood on her own. Different from the former experience, this time, she is successful by her own power without depending on some other men. Carrie becomes an actor because of her pretty-look and her diligence. Her salary rises from 30 dollars to 150 dollars per week. She becomes a famous star. She could possess of her gowns and carriage, her furniture and bank account. But she is alone, “It does not take money long to make plain its important, providing the desires are in the realm of affection. With one hundred and fifty in hand, Carrie could think of nothing particularly to do. In itself, as a tangible, apparent thing which she could touch and look upon, but this soon passed” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 548).After Carrie gains her economic status, there is only self-actualization need left. And Ames helps Carrie sublimate her spiritual pursuit into the world of literature and philosophy. Ames isn’t attracted by Carrie’s beauty, but there is something in him that has attracted her. Ames says to Carrie that riches are not everything, and there is always a great deal more in the world than she has known. Carrie understands that the thingsAmes pointed out is not money, or clothes, or applauses but a kind heart to serve others. It is an aesthetic world of which Carrie has not dreamed of and which she recognizes as a new peak to conquer and a new level to achieve. Carrie moves to the highest needs, which states that the true value of life is not in what we get but in what we give. This is the ultimate goal in her spiritual world.Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs3.1 Drouet’s primary needs3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of CarrieDrouet is a man who has a keen desire for the feminine. In the driving of the sexual instinct, he will involuntarily chase every beautiful woman he meets. After seeing beautiful pure Carrie on the train, he is attracted by her. With beautiful clothes, grandiose talk and his experiences of chatting up girls, Drouet wins Carrie’s favor. Just as the author says:Let him meet with a young woman once and he would approach her withan air of kindly familiarity, not unmixed with pleading, which would resultin most cases in a tolerant acceptance. If she showed any tendency tocoquetry he would be apt to straighten her tie, or if she “took up” with himat all, to call her by her first name. If he visited a department store it was tolounge familiarly over the counter and ask some leading questions. In moreexclusive circles, on the train or in waiting stations, he went slower. If someseemingly vulnerable object appeared he was all attention to pass thecompliments of the day to lead the way to the parlor car, carrying her grip,or, failing that, to take a seat next her with the hope of being able to courther to her destination. Pillows, books, a footstool, the shade lowered; allthese figured in the things which he could do. If, when she reached herdestination he did not alight and attend her baggage for her, it was because,in his own estimation, he had signally failed. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:5) Drouet’s chasing for young beautiful girls is not because he is a cold-blooded, black heart, scheming villain, but because he is full of lust. When Drouet meet Carrie in the street secondly, Carrie was looking for a job and has no winter clothes to wear. Then he use Carrie’s plight to persuade her to leave her sister’s home and l ive together with him. After Carrie beca me Drouet’s mistress, Drouet didn’t have the plan to marry her. In the second part of the novel, Drouet and Carrie met again in New York, after he tried to mend fences and Carrie refused, he was not feeling so sad. Because, for him, he canfind a woman for pleasure wherever. Losing Carrie is not so important for him. At the end of the novel, on the night of a big snowstorm, he is talking with a partner to discuss where to look for a woman to have fun.3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of materialThe great industrial development in American brings about the booming of the cities like Chicago and New York. At the same time, the social gap between the rich and the poor is widening. People are obviously graded. Whether having high material consumption ability has almost become the sole criterion of level division. Drouet is divided into middle class in this social background. He doesn’t have to live in poverty like Hanson, but not as well as Hurstwood has a wealthy family and prominent position. He is good at enjoying life and the pursuit of a higher level of material comforts, immersed in his salesman career and tried to improve his social status. In his view, his life is fulfilling and almost perfect. He dressed in fashion style, wearing a striped plaid wool suit, white and pink striped shirt, gold-plated button, covered with yellow agate known as the “cat ey e”. His vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, matched with a pair of glowing shoes and a fedora. This fashionable dress greatly satisfied the vanity of him. Drouet’s s afety needs come to be realized in the abundant material world.Drouet likes to have dinner at Rector’s,a restaurant he believes that successful person would go. After dinner, he likes to go to th e resort of Fitzgerald and Moy’s to drink a glass of whiskey and enjoy a couple of cigars. In such a place, he can get to know a variety of celebrities, in order to increase the capital to show off and meet his vanity. The author has described it in detail:Rector’s, with its polished marble walls and floor, its profusion of lights, itsshow of china and silverware, and, above all, its reputation as a resort foractors and professional men, seemed to him the proper place for asuccessful man to go. He loved fine clothes, good eating, and particularlythe company and acquaintanceship of successful men. When dining, it wassource of keen satisfaction to him to know that Joseph Jefferson was wontto come to this same place, that Henry E. Dixie, a well known performer ofthe day, was then only a few tables off. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 39) As a successful salesman, Drouet believes that it is an honor to be able to make celebrities. At the same time, the big company he is working for also let him feel glory. With the reputation of Bartlett, Caryoe & Company, his work goes well. Although he isnot rich, also does not have a high social status, but he is good at communication, appropriate interaction with others, which also provides a possibility of success in his career. Living with Carrie, Drouet’s career developed gradually and his social status improved accordingly. When he and Carrie meet again, he has been responsible for a branch and is about to establish his own company. He can meet Carrie’s desire for material. He bought her beautiful dresses and coats, purchased cosmetics and went to the theatre with her. But objectively speaking, he was too concerned with material life, treat feelings do not serious. This is also the most dissatisfied for Carrie.3.2 Drouet’s higher level needsAlthough the physiological and material satisfaction is very important for Drouet, he has some higher level of needs. As a traveling salesman, Drouet’s social status is not high. He frequently went to the restaurants and pubs which celebrities always went to. In addition to the pursuit of material comforts, but also he is in the search for a social identity and the sense of belonging. Eating and talking together with the upper-class people, let him have a feeling of integrated into the society.His pursuit of Carrie is not only to satisfy his needs for sex, but also to get rid of the emptiness.Due to his work requirement, Drouet often go to travel around, and he is lacking of group sense of belonging. While Carrie as his mistress, can bring him some emotional comfort.In addition, Carrie’s young and beautiful can meet Drouet’s vanity. And he can show off in social occasions. However, Carrie is not the only choice for Drouet. Instead of creating a stable family, the best way to meet his spiritual emptiness is to seek new love affairs constantly. That is also the reason why he does not marry Carrie.。
ANSYS_Workbench基础教程精品文档
Workshop 4.1 – Linear Structural Analysis Lecture – Chapter 4: Static Structural Analysis Workshop 4.2 – 2D Structural Analysis Lecture – Chapter 5: Vibration Analysis Workshop 5.1 – Free Vibration Analysis Workshop 5.2 – Pre-Stressed Vibration Analysis Lecture – Chapter 6: Thermal Analysis
Introduction
Welcome!
Training Manual
• Welcome to the ANSYS Mechanical application introductory training course!
• This training course covers the basics of using ANSYS Mechanical in performing structural and thermal analyses.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ• ANSYS CFD – State-of-the-art CFD solvers, including CFX and FLUENT.
• ANSYS AUTODYN – Explicit dynamic solver for transient non-linear simulations involving large deformations and strains, non-linear material behavior, non-linear buckling, complex contact, fragmentation, and shock wave propagation.
纪录片home (2009)英文介绍
纪录片home (2009)英文介绍Title: Home (2009) - A DocumentaryIntroductionHome is a visually stunning documentary film directed by Yann Arthus-Bertrand that was released in 2009. The film serves as a powerful reminder of just how interconnected our planet truly is and the importance of protecting and preserving our environment for future generations.SynopsisHome takes viewers on a journey around the globe to examine the state of our planet and the impact that human activity has had on it. Through breathtaking aerial footage, the film showcases the beauty of Earth as well as the destruction caused by deforestation, pollution, and other environmental issues.The film also delves into the ways in which climate change is affecting our planet and the urgent need for action to mitigate its effects. Home serves as a wake-up call to viewers, urging them to consider the consequences of their actions and to take steps to protect the environment.ThemesHome explores a number of important themes, including sustainability, environmental conservation, and the interconnectedness of all life on Earth. The film highlights the ways in which human activity is altering the natural world and the need for sustainable practices to ensure a healthy planet for future generations.Through its stunning visuals and powerful storytelling, Home emphasizes the importance of preserving our environment and taking action to address the pressing issues facing our planet. The film serves as a reminder that we all have a role to play in protecting the Earth and that small changes can make a big difference.ImpactSince its release, Home has been shown in countries around the world and has inspired viewers to take action to protect the environment. The film has sparked conversations about sustainability and environmental conservation and has encouraged individuals, communities, and governments to work together to address the challenges facing our planet.Home has also been credited with raising awareness about climate change and other environmental issues, leading to increased support for policies and initiatives aimed at protecting the environment. The film's powerful message and stunning visuals have made it a valuable resource for education and advocacy efforts.ConclusionHome is a visually stunning documentary that serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of protecting our planet. Through its breathtaking aerial footage and compelling storytelling, the film highlights the beauty of Earth as well as the challenges facing it.By showcasing the ways in which human activity is impacting the environment, Home urges viewers to consider the consequences of their actions and to take steps to protect the Earth. The film's themes of sustainability, environmental conservation, and interconnectedness serve as important lessons for audiences of all ages.Home is a must-watch for anyone interested in learning more about the state of our planet and the urgent need for action to address environmental issues. The film's impact has been far-reaching, inspiring individuals and communities to worktogether to protect the environment and create a more sustainable future for all.。
2009专八听力原文
2009专业八级（TEM8）听力原文PART I: LISTENING COMPREHENSION—SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Good morning, everyone. Today we’ll discuss some preliminaries concerning how to write experimental reports.When you first signed up for a course in university, like a psychology course, chances are that you didn’t really expect what was coming in your study; particularly, the course emphasis on methodology and statistics. For a few of you, this may have come as a pleasant surprise, provided that you have already known something about the course. For most, however, I dare say, it will undoubtedly have been a shock to the system. No doubt in other parts of your course study, you will read books and journals, examining, critically, models and theories, assumptions and hypotheses put forward by scholars and specialists. My task today is to help you understand some of the important features of experimental reports, because you will have to write up some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work, especially experimenting.Then what is an experimental report? All the report is, really, is the place in which you tell the story of your study, like what you did, why you did it, what you found out in the process and so on. In doing this, you’re more like an ancient storyteller, whose stories were structured in accordance with widely recognized and long established conventions than a modern novelist who is free to dictate form as well as content. Moreover, like the storyteller of old, although you will invariably be telling your story to someone who knows quite a bit about it already, you are expected to present it as if it had never been heard before. This means that you will need to spell out the details and assume little knowledge of the area on the part of your audience. Then, perhaps, you may ask, what is the nature of the conventions governing the report? A clue, I think, can be found in its basic structure. A highly structured and disciplined report is written in sections, and these sections, by and large, follow an established sequence. What this means is that, in the telling, your story is to be cut up into chunks. Different parts of the story are to appear in different places in the report. What you did and why you did it appear in the section called introduction. How you did it is in the method section. And what you found out is in the result section. And, finally, what you think it shows appears in the discussion part. As you can see, the report, therefore, is a formal document composed of a series of sections in which specific information is expected to appear. We will discuss the precise conventions governing each section as we go along.For example, what are the subsections in the method? But today, I will introduce to you certain general rules straight away. The first of these concerns the person to whom you should address your report, whom I should call your reader. A very common mistake, especially early on, is to assume that your reader is the person who will be marking the report. In reality, however, the marker will be assessing your report on behalf of someone else: an idealized, hypothetical person who is intelligent but unknowledgeable about your study and the area in which it took place. Your marker will, therefore, be checking to see that you have written your report with this sort of reader in mind. So you need to make sure that you have, one, introduced the reader to the area relevant to your study; two, provided the reader with the background necessary to understand what you did and why you did it; three, spelt out and developed your arguments clearly; four, defined technical terms; and five, provided precise details of the ways in which you went about collecting and analyzing the data that you obtained. In short, you should write for someone who knows little about your area of study, taking little for granted about your reader’s knowledge of your area of study. So when in doubt, spell it out. This is my advice to you.If you find this difficult to do, then a useful approach is to write the report as if it would be read by someone you know who is intelligent but unknowledgeable about your subject. A friend of yours, say. Write it as if this person were going to have to read and understand it. Indeed, it is a good idea, if you can, to get just such a person to read your report before handing it in. The demands and expectations placed upon you will of course, vary with your experience of report writing. Early on in your study, as an author of experimental reports, less will be expected of you than later. At this early stage, you will be expected mainly to show that you understand what you did in your report and its implications, together with evidence that you have, at least a basic grasp of the demands of the report’s f ormat. Later on, however, you will be expected to pay more attention to this research significance of what you did. The "why you did it" part will become more important because in being responsible for the choice of topic and design, you will be expected to be able to justify this choice. So you must be able to tell us why it is, that given the options available to you, you decided to conduct your particular study. You will need, therefore, to develop the habit of thinking about how the ideas that you’re en tertaining for your experiment or study will look in the report, paying particular attention to how they will fit into the part of introduction. Specific dangers that you must watch out for here are, first, a lack of adequate material to put in the section; and second, the undertaking of aproject that lacks any research justification, because it is based on assumptions that are contradicted by existing findings in the area. Thinking clearly in advance will help you to avoid making these mistakes.OK. Today we’ve had a brief look at the format of an experimental report, what each section is about and some of the basic issues like reader awareness, so on and so forth. Next time, we will discuss how to write up the introduction section.SECTION B INERVIEWInterviewer: Good morning, Mrs. Collins, welcome to our studio. As a distinguished member of Toastmasters International, could you tell us a bit about the background of theorganization?Mrs. Collins: I’m delighted to have that opportunity. Toastmasters is an international organization, designed to develop effective speaking and listening skills. It was founded in 1924 byRalph Smedley and it’s headquartered in California.I: What is the purpose of Toastmasters?M: Toastmasters has a two-fold purpose: the personal growth of the individual and the strong effective communication skills.I: Then, who is Toastmasters open to? And what kind of members do you have now?M: Well, many people think Toastmasters is open only to those individuals who wish to be professional speakers. That is definitely not true. Toastmasters is open to the public at large. Any individual who wishes to improve his public speaking is welcomed. And also, those who just want to increase their overall self-confidence are encouraged to attend.I: Another question is how can Toastmasters help you in job situations?M: By becoming involved in Toastmasters, you will learn different methods of communicating what you really want to say. And equally important, you will learn what your audience expects from you so you can deliver that message to them in a logical fashion. Some people are comfortable around friends, but when they appear before a group they don’t know, they get tense. Our organization helps our members to get calm and organize thoughts, and deliver them in an effective way.I: Is Toastmasters concerned with total communication, not just for speaking but for other communication skills?M: Most often, people are assumed that when you are listening, you are also paying attention. This is not always true. Many times people are waiting for their turn to speak and not really listening at all. Toastmasters can develop a person overall in terms of organizing their thoughts, getting input from others, and then receiving effective feedback.I: Then, how does Toastmasters train people?M: Toastmasters has an approach of learning by doing. The Toastmasters International Organization provides a menu we refer to as the basic menu, because it gives a guideline for the development of speeches. These speeches cater to different purposes, for example, one objective might be to develop vocal variety; another might be to organize your thoughts, or develop your use of humor in speeches.I: Can you also learn other skills, such as parliamentary procedures or being master of ceremonies? M:Yes, different assignments within Toastmasters involve not only in preparation of speeches and then presenting these before an audience, but also the opportunity of serving as toastmaster of the meeting. This assignment helps members practice being an MC for a meeting, that is a master of ceremonies. Other assignments include serving as an evaluator for another speaker or serving asa grammarian who will monitor use of filler words or phrases, such as and, er, or you know. Bothof these assignments will allow the members to increase or enhance their listening skills.I: I know that there is an 8-week program for young people and also an 8-week speech craft course offered for adults. What do these involve?M: They are basically an introduction to Toastmasters in general, a sample providing the opportunity for an individual to determine whether or not they wish to get involved in Toastmasters by joining in a club.I: What can an individual gain from being in Toastmasters?M: I would say self-confidence and some tricks of the trade in the development of speeches. But that is only the beginning. As an individual continues to give speeches and then improve, he progresses from the point of being fearful to stand before a group of peers to the point where he can address any group of people with a degree of self-confidence. Leadership skills are also developed by learning to organize and conduct meetings.I: Ok, thank you very much, Mrs. Collins, for talking to us in the studio.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTst week, a United Nations report says humans are very likely the cause of most of temperature increases in the last 50 years. It says global warming is undeniable and the world can expect to feel the effects for centuries to come. The intergovernmental panel on climate change released the report in Pairs at a conference of climate experts. Representatives of more than 100 governments agreed on the findings. This is the most detailed scientific report to date on global warming and the influence of fossil fuel burning and other human activities. The scientists say there is greater than a 90% chance that greenhouse gases are the main cause of rising temperatures and sea levels. The report also links global warming to other changes including increased dryness in some areas and violent storm patterns. The UN panel released its last climate change report 6 years ago. The scientists say the new report is based on studies done since then and stronger agreement on global warming. The new report makes no policy proposals but the aim is to press governments and industries to cut the release of carbon dioxide and other gases blamed for trapping heat.2. At least 80 people have died in a derailment of a luxury train in eastern India, which some government officials say could have been caused by terrorist sabotage, and investigation has been ordered to identify the cause of the accident. There were nearly 600 passengers and staff on board the train. It was going from the eastern city Calcutta to New Delhi when it was wrecked late Monday night. The train derailed as it was crossing a bridge over the Dhavi River, near Raffee Gange Station in the eastern Bihar State. One of the coaches sank in the river, at least two others hang precariously from the bridge, and several others left the tracks. The accident occurred in a remote area with poor telecommunication links. Many victims remained trapped in the wreckage through the night before they were rescued. A spokesman for Eastern Railway says rescue operations were slowed down by bad weather, but are now fully under way.3. One in ten young people claimed to have had no career advice during their education. "Around two thirds have not decided on a career by the time they leave school," says the Hugel Paul for Recruitment Consultancy, Harvey Nash. "Most rely on friends but many are turning to the Internet for advice instead; and career service needs to embrace this", say the experts. The knock-on effect of confusing and unhelpful career advice is that young people are not making the best use of their skills and the industry is losing out on the most talented candidates. Harvey Nash Chief, Albert El said, "without direction and advice, not only are young people missing out on the potential careeropportunities themselves, but businesses too could be missing out on the next generation of skills they need to compete".。
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College of Science
化学新定义
Two sets of three M’s Molecules,Materials, and Matter
Make it,Measure it, and Model it
1、传统化学新概念不断提出
College of Science
组装（Assembly）；自组装（Self-assembly）； 仿生合成（Bio-inspired Synthesis）；分子机器 （Molecular Machine）；分子器件（Molecular Device）； 单分子层化学（Single Layer Chemistry）；分子材料 （Molecular Materials）； 分子信标（Molecular Beacon）；分子构筑学（Molecular Tectonics）； 单分子检测（Single Molecular Detection）；有序结构 （Ordered Structures）； 智能材料（Intelligent Materials）；构筑模块（Building Blocks）； 分子工程（Molecular Engineering）；表面图案化材料 （Patterned Surface Materials）；Synthons（?）
各类有机物的结构特征 理化性质基本规律 典型化学反应的本质
Hale Waihona Puke College of Science
制备与合成 实验
主要参考书
College of Science
Text book: Instant notes in organic chemistry, by GL PatricK 有机化学，付建熙主编，高教出版社 有机化学学习指导，朱玮等主编，高教出版社 邢其毅“基础有机化学” 有机化学资料:
20世纪化学三大理论成就
化学热力学 量子化学和化学键理论。
College of Science
化学键理论对于现代分子生物学的建立，功不可没。 例如量子化学家鲍林提出的氢键理论和蛋白质分子的 螺旋结构模型，为1953年沃生和克里克提出DNA分 子的双螺旋模型奠定了基础，后者又为破解遗传密码 奠定基础，从而创建了现代生物学。
校http://210.27.80.165/jingpin/2004/youhua/index.htm MIT /OcwWeb/Chemistry/513Organic-Chemistry-IISpring2003/CourseHome/index.htm 科学网 /bbs/showforum.aspx?forumid=87
Petroleum ether should not be confused with the class of organic compounds called ethers, which contain the -O- functional group. Likewise, benzine should not be confused with benzene. Benzine is a mixture of alkanes, e.g., pentane, hexane, and heptane, whereas benzene is a cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon, C6H6.
Q: what is petrolum ether?
Ethers ? Alkanes? Alkenes?
石油醚是哪类化合物? 醚? 烷烃? 烯烃?
College of Science
A volatile fraction of petroleum consisting chiefly of pentanes and hexanes. The term "petroleum ether" is an old term used to refer to a mixture of hydrocarbons with a specific boiling point range. In other words, there is no ether in petroleum ether! Synonyms for petrolem ether include
Be an active learner
Form a study group and be an active learner. Don't just memorize, but integrate the information into your existing knowledge base and emphasize understanding.
其余六大技术
信息技术，生物技术， 航空航天技术，核技术，纳米技术和激光技术
最重要的是信息技术、合成化学技术和生物 技术，所以21世纪是信息科学、合成化学和生 命科学共同繁荣的世纪
化学形象反而被交叉学科所埋没
College of Science
交叉学科：生物化学—分子生物学；生物大分子 的结构化学—结构生物学；溶液理论、胶体化学－ 软物质物理学 人类基因计划的主要内容是基因测序的分析化学 和凝胶色层等分离化学 分子晶体管、分子芯片、分子马达、分子导线、 分子计算机，化学器件学—分子电子学。 化学家合成了巴基球碳－60，后来又合成了碳纳 米管 应用物理学或纳米科学 分子生物学正是生物化学的发展。“化学”一词 消失了，几乎要在生物学与物理学的夹缝中消亡
金熔点10630C，而纳米金(5-10nm)融化温度仅3300C。 银熔点为960.30C，而纳米银(5-10nm)为1000C。
纳米尺度与性能关系
例如纳米铂黑催化剂可使乙烯催化反应的温度从6000C 降至 室温。 癌症早期探测
纳米材料的制备和调控
III 化学是一门中心科学
化学是一门承上启下的中心科学。
化学动力学、分子反应动态学、催化理论以及 电脑辅助合成设计，大大推动了合成化学。
II 21世纪化学的四大理论难题
合成化学理论
化学反应理论 合成化学方法学及催化理论 酶对化学反应的加速可达100亿倍，专一性达 100% 自组装理论
College of Science
材料化学理论
结构和性能的定量关系 结构包含构型、构象、手性、粒度、形状和形貌等 性能包含物理、化学、功能、生物和生理活性等。
College of Science
有机化学
Organic chemistry 2009 For Undergraduates in biological science
王俊儒 中心实验楼4层415室 87092187(O)
By Junru Wang Email: wangjr07@
西北农林科技大学理学院
naphtha, petroleum benzin, benzin, ligroin, white spirit, and the lab slang, "pet ether".
Q: what is petrolum ether?
College of Science
Petroleum ether is obtained from petroleum refineries as the portion of the distillate which is intermediate between the lighter naphtha and the heavier kerosene. specific gravity of between 0.6 and 0.8 Remember
2、传统化学新理念不断产生
可持续化学（Sustainable Chemistry）
College of Science
提供创新的动力：化学不仅仅是提供原材料，而且 是从衣物到能源、到药品等领域创新的主要源泉； 作为支撑知识经济社会新技术的核心：化学是纳米 科技、生物技术和环境技术的核心科学； 为可持续发展投资：化学正在改进产品和加工过程 使其更具有生态效应，使资源的利用使用最佳化，使 对环境的影响最小化； 保护和发展就业市场、专业人才和生活质量：化学 为知识型企业提供创新动力。
提前预习/做课堂笔记/课后做一定量的题/勤思考,多交流,及 时总结整理 “Chance favors the prepared mind.” 答疑时间：随时 ----Louis Pasteur
《有机化学》内容要求
以基本概念为主线（Keynotes） 有机化合物的IUPAC命名和结构书写 结构和性质(性能)
This is a very minimal amount of time to spend on a course of this type. You will be rewarded for your efforts. Remember that you are competing with other students. Students that fail usually do so because they're too busy not because they're dumb or lazy.
College of Science
化学是与信息、生命、材料、环境、能源、地球、 空间和核科学等八大朝阳科学（Sun-rise sciences）都有紧密的联系、交叉和渗透的中心 科学。
1. 传统化学不曾有的新概念不断提出 2. 传统化学不曾有的新理念不断产生 3. 在事关人类生存与发展的关键领域，化学学 科的作用更加突出
四大理论难题之四—纳米化学理论
数纳米(nanometer,nm)的量级，正处于量子尺度 和经典尺度的模糊边界（fuzzy boundary）
1nm, One billionth (10-9) of a meter
College of Science