RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENTS The Pure Exponential Diophantine Equation a x + b y = c z for Generalize

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I.introduction

课程上完后考试，不划范围。没有听课和做作业的同学要扣平时分，平时分为30分，每次扣3分。本课程为双语教学，国内外均在试行，还没有统一的模式，备课和教学均没有经验，希望同学们提意见，以便改进！
I
Introduction
1.Separation processes 2. Introduction to membrane processes 3. The history of membrane technology 4. Definition of a membrane 5. Membrane processes 6. Problems
1.2. A classification of some separation processes
A classification of some separation processes in terms of the physical or chemical properties of the components to be separated is given in table I.1(far from complete) Table I.1 Separation processes based on physical/chemical properties property size separation process filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, dialysis, gas separation, gel permeation chromatography vapour pressure distillation, membrane distillation freezing point crystallisation affinity extraction, adsorption, reverse osmosis, gas separation, pervaporation, affinity chromatography charge ion exchange, electrodialysis, electrophoresis, diffusion dialysis density centrifugation chemical nature complexation, carrier mediated transport

河南省创新发展联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题

河南省创新发展联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期9月月考英语试题一、阅读理解Join a Zion National Park ranger (护林人) to learn about what makes Zion National Park unique. Programs are free and created for classrooms and individuals. We connect to your school or home through a free web-based program. You will be provided with a link to the video conference ahead of time via an email invite. Registration is open! Click on the program below for more information. Program 1—Chat with a RangerIn Chat with a Ranger, students learn about Zion National Park, the park service, and the life of a ranger. Students prepare and send questions ahead of time. This program can be adapted to fit different curriculum objectives, and is appropriate for any age group. Program 2—Pollination InvestigationIn this distance learning program, students will discover what pollination is and how important it is to all ecosystems. Looking at the relationship between plants and pollinators, participants will see how they have influenced each other and will be challenged to create their own perfect pollinator. Program 3—Whooo’s in the Canyon?Who left these clues behind here in the high canyons of Zion National Park? A feather, small bones, and hoot hooting in the trees can be heard as your classroom goes on a virtual hike of Zion to discover the Mexican spotted owl. Learn it about how the owl uses its special adaptations to survive in this desert environment. Program 4—The Forests, Wetlands, and Deserts of Zion This distance learning program focuses on the plants and animals that live in Zion's varying ecosystems. Students will learn about their adaptations and relationships to each other in this interactive lesson with a creative and critical thinking activity.1．Which program requires participants to make preparations in advance?A．Chat with a Ranger.B．Pollination Investigation.C．Whooo's in the Canyon?D．The Forests, Wetlands, and Deserts of Zion. 2．What can participants learn from program 3?A．Survival strategies taken by owls in the park.B．Ways to prepare a hike tour in the park.C．Threats brought by the desert environment.D．A variety of ecosystems in ZionNational Park.3．What do the listed programs have in common?A．They involve interactive activities.B．They include a virtual tour of different trails.C．They are accessible through web-based program.D．They require participants to visit the park in person.On a hot June day in 2015, I retired after 34 years of teaching high school. Then, I drove to meet my new piano teacher, Mark.I had worked for more than three decades as a busy English teacher with an endless stream of papers to mark and precious little time to experiment or learn new skills. I was determined to make up for all I had been missing. I wanted to finally master the piano and learn how to make music.I told Mark I had a specific concrete goal: to play Clair de lune by Claude Debussy, a piece I remember hearing from early childhood.Determined that there would be a day when I would totally master this piece, I set myself a deadline: I would perform before a gathering of friends on my 60th birthday. For months I did nothing but furiously (猛烈地) practise. When the day came, around 30 friends and relatives crowded into my dining room to hear me play, and aside from a few minor slips, I managed to pull it off without embarrassing myself. People clapped warmly. I made it. I had risen to a challenge, but I still didn’t feel that I was really “making music”.After that, my progress was painfully slow. I had come to hate hearing myself play music badly. I got no pleasure from the act of missing notes.I began focusing on what few things I could do: gardening and cycling. I came to understand that I didn’t have to be that man I’d always thought I ought to be. I could just do what feels good. So, after nearly five years of lessons, I quit.I still love music; I regularly go out to concerts. But now my piano does nothing more than sit silently in my dining room, displaying family photos and collecting dust. And I’m perfectly happy with that.4．Why did the author learn the piano after retiring from teaching?A．To impress his friends and relatives.B．To avoid the boredom of retirement.C．To start a new career as a concert pianist.D．To pursue a long-time passion for music. 5．What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A．The author attended a concert of piano music.B．The author performed successfully despite a few errors.C．The author felt embarrassed about his piano performance.D．The author quit his piano immediately after his 60th birthday.6．What does the author do with his piano now?A．He uses it for music lessons.B．He uses it for performance.C．He uses it for something unrelated to music.D．He plays it for personal enjoyment occasionally.7．Which of the following can best describe the author?A．Inner- directed and hardworking.B．Conventional and careless.C．Ambitious and kind-hearted.D．Lazy and pessimistic.When it comes to diatoms (硅藻类) that live in the ocean, new research suggests that photosynthesis (光合作用) is not the only strategy for accumulating carbon. Instead, these single-celled are also building biomass by feeding directly on organic carbon in the ocean.These new findings could lead researchers to reduce their estimate of how much carbon dioxide diatoms pull out of the air via photosynthesis, which in turn, could take a much closer look at the understanding of the global carbon cycle, which is especially relevant given the changing climate. The new findings were published in Science Advances on July 17, 2024.The team showed that the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium, which is found in oceans around the world, regularly performs a mix of both photosynthesis and direct eating of carbon from organic sources such as plankton (浮游生物) . In more than 70% of the water samples the researchers analyzed from oceans around the world, the team found signs of simultaneous photosynthesis and direct organic carbon consumption from Cylindrotheca closterium. The team also showed that this diatom species can grow much faster when consuming organic carbon in addition to photosynthesis. Furthermore, the new research hinted at the possibility that specificspecies of bacteria are feeding organic carbon directly to a large percentage of these diatoms living all across the global ocean. This work is based on a genome-scale metabolic modeling approach that the team used to reveal the metabolism of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium.The team’s new metabolic modeling data support recent lab experiments suggesting that some diatoms may rely on strategies other than photosynthesis to intake the carbon they need to survive, thrive and build biomass.The UC San Diego led team is in the process of expanding the scope of the project to determine how widespread this non-photosynthetic activity is among other diatom species. 8．What’s new according to the research?A．The way of the diatom’s carbon accumulation.B．The impact of climate on diverse sea plants.C．The procedure of exploring carbon.D．The system of building biomass.9．What do the new findings make researchers more focus on?A．The causes of climate change.B．The grasp of the carbon cycle.C．The bad effect of photosynthesis on diatoms.D．A rough estimate of the amount of carbon dioxide.10．What do we know from paragraph 3?A．A large number of diatoms may feed on bacteria.B．The diatom lives on plankton.C．Water samples are key factors for the research.D．Diatom species grow faster with sufficient sunlight11．Which is the most suitable title for the text?A．Photosynthesis in Diatoms B．Plankton’s Role in OceansC．New Carbon Strategies in Diatoms D．Advances in Modeling DataAccording to a report in 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that non-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the risk of diseases. The guideline came as a surprise. After all, the very purpose of non-sugar sweeteners-which contain little to no calories—is to help consumers control their weight and reduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar.In its report, the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) and death. How is it that non-sugar sweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they’re supposed to fend off?The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies. The problem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational. In such studies, subjects tend to self-report their food intake, which might not guarantee inaccuracy. More importantly, observational studies cannot determine cause and effect. Are non-sugar sweeteners causing diabetes, or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consume them? Lastly, there are numerous variables that researchers can’t possibly control for in these studies that could influence the results.Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners. These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment or control group, and they can determine cause and effect. They show that sweeteners modestly benefit weight loss and help control blood sugar, without the negative effects seen in observational research. The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration, often lasting just a few months. So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn’t be able to tell from these RCTs.But we also can’t tell from observational studies, which only measure correlation and not causality (因果关系) . Changing the current situation might be hard, though. RCTs are expensive and require recruiting participants, setting up diet plans, and regularly measuring subjects’ health outcomes.For change to happen, it might need to start at the top, where science is funded Government agencies, which appropriate billions for research, should start prioritizing RCTs.12．What do the underlined phrase “fend off” probably mean in paragraph 2?A．Put out.B．Defend against.C．Keep up.D．Count on. 13．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A．The WHO’s suggestions on observational studies.B．The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies.C．The significance of controlling variables in observational studies.D．The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report.14．What is a feature of RCTs according to the text?A．They cost little B．They tend to last long.C．They can control variables and determine causality.D．They require participants to self-report related data15．How should the government help RCTs?A．By making appropriate plans B．By providing financial supportC．By raising people’s awareness of health D．By founding more related governmentagenciesTo make science’s stories more concrete and engaging, it’s important to use some effective strategies. Here are four of them. Put people in the storyScience’s stories often lack human characters. 16 . Characters can be also people affected by a scientific topic, or interested in learning more about it. Besides, they can be storytellers who are sharing their personal experiences.17People often think of science as objective and fair. But science is actually a human practice that continuously involves choices, missteps and biases (偏见) . If you explain science as a course, you can walk people through the sequence of how science is done and why researchers reach certain conclusions. 18 . And they can also stress the reason why people should trust the course of science to provide the most accurate conclusions possible given the available information. Include what people care aboutScientific topics are important, but they may not always be the public’s most pressing concerns. In April 2024, a polling company found that “the quality of the environment” was one of thelowest-ranked priorities among people in the US. The stories about the environment could weave in connections to higher-priority topics. 19 . Tell science's storiesScientists, of course, can be science communicators, but everyone can tell science’s stories. When we share information online about health, or talk to friends and family about the weather, we contribute to information that circulates about science topics. 20 . Think about all of a story’s characteristics - character, action, sequence, scope, storyteller and content - and how you might incorporate them into the topic.A．Explain science as a processB．Shoot attractive short science videosC．Scientists themselves can actually become ideal onesD．This practice is to stress why the content is importantE．You can tell growth stories of remarkable teenage scientistsF．Science communicators can emphasize how science is conductedG．You may as well borrow features from stories to strengthen your message二、完形填空In 2018, Molly Baker unfortunately lost her husband in a severe skiing accident. She was 21 . In the first several weeks after his passing, her friends and family 22 a great deal of support. But after a while, the cards and meals started to 23 . “People had to get back to their normal 24 . And so things kind of dropped off,” Baker recalled.That was when one of Baker's friends, Carla Vail, thought up a way to 25 the help for an entire year. She called it the “Calendar Girls”. V ail gathered the names of 31 of Baker's friends who wanted to help, and 26 each friend a particular day. Vail also gave Baker the names on the 27 , so Baker could know what to 28 each day.“And what that looked like for them was that on that day, they would reach out to me in some 29 ways—maybe via text, or a card,” Baker said.Looking back, Baker feels that Vail's 30 was essential to helping her cope with her husband's death, because she was 31 at that time.“A lot of people are really uncomfortable around 32 ,” Baker said. “So what they do is, instead of doing something, that they 33 do nothing. It was nice to have that ‘Calendar Girls’ setup.”Today, Baker tries to do something similar for her friends going through 34 . In hard times, she knows how 35 it is to have something to look forward to every day. 21．A．cautious B．unconscious C．desperate D．impassive 22．A．extended B．demanded C．announced D．assumed 23．A．pass down B．show up C．break up D．slow down24．A．exercise B．routine C．diet D．growth 25．A．resist B．continue C．explain D．test 26．A．ordered B．sent C．owed D．assigned 27．A．furniture B．file C．calendar D．Internet 28．A．expect B．absorb C．propose D．define 29．A．rare B．strange C．specific D．generous 30．A．curiosity B．thoughtfulness C．ambition D．toughness 31．A．innocent B．optimistic C．tolerant D．lonely 32．A．panic B．evidence C．failure D．grief 33．A．simply B．hardly C．skillfully D．secretly 34．A．distraction B．addiction C．loss D．annoyance 35．A．amusing B．valuable C．astonishing D．universal三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

GRE考试作文Argument150详解

题目Argument150The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine."The decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide clearly indicates the global pollution of water and air. Two studies of amphibians in YosemiteNational Park in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 1992 there were only four species of amphibians observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. The decline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout into the park's waters, which began in 1920 (trout are known to eat amphibian eggs). But the introduction of trout cannot be the real reason for the Yosemite decline because it does not explain the worldwide decline."直译如下：全球范围内两栖动物数量的减少证明全球范围内空气和水的污染。

2023年12月英语六级阅读原文

2023年12月英语六级阅读原文原文标题：The Importance of Environmental Protection随着工业化和城市化的进程不断加快，环境问题已经成为全球性的焦点。

关于这一话题，许多人有不同的看法。

有一些人认为环境污染是制约人类社会发展的主要障碍之一，应当尽快加强环境保护。

而也有一些人对此持怀疑和否定态度，认为环境问题并不严重，环境污染对人类社会的发展不构成实质性的威胁，因此不必大惊小怪。

无论如何，我们都不能忽视环境问题的存在和严重性。

环境保护的重要性首先体现在生态系统的稳定和人类生存环境的改善。

生态系统是地球上的重要基础设施，不同的生物之间通过各种复杂的生态关系相互依存，形成生态系统的稳定性。

然而，由于人类活动过度开发和环境污染，使得原有的生态系统遭到破坏，生物多样性下降，一些濒临灭绝的物种濒临灭绝。

这对于人类生存环境产生了严重的影响。

加强环境保护，保持生态系统的稳定性，保护生物多样性是十分必要的。

环境保护对于人们的身体健康和身心健康是至关重要的。

环境污染直接危害人们的身体健康，长期暴露在污染环境中会导致各种慢性疾病的发生，甚至致癌。

而且，环境污染还会对人们的心理健康造成影响，长期生活在污染环境中会使人产生消极的情绪，降低人们的生活质量。

为了保护人们的身体健康和身心健康，必须加强环境保护，减少环境污染。

环境保护与可持续发展的理念相一致，是现代社会发展的必由之路。

可持续发展是指经济、社会和环境的协调发展，即在满足当前需求的前提下，能够保证子孙后代也能满足其需要。

如果环境得不到有效的保护，将严重威胁人类社会的可持续发展，甚至会导致资源过度消耗，生态平衡被打破，给子孙后代留下巨大的环境债务。

加强环境保护，推动可持续发展已成为全球热点问题。

环境保护对于人类社会的发展至关重要。

只有加强环境保护，才能保障生态系统的稳定和人类生存环境的改善，保护人们的身体健康和身心健康，推动可持续发展。

湖北省六校2025届高三英语11月联考试题含解析

湖北省六校2025届高三英语11月联考试题（含解析）留意事项:1.答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

2.选择题的作答:每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

3.非选择题的作答:用签字笔干脆答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

4.考试结束后，请将试卷和答题卡按时上交。

第一节听下面 5 段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有 10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What’s the relationship between the man and Ms. Jones?A. Husband and wife.B. Teacher and student.C. Neighbors.2. Where did the man stay last night?A. At a classroom.B. At a party.C. In a lab.3. When did the lecture probably start?A. At 10: 00 a. m.B. At 9: 00 a. m.C. At 8: 30 a. m.4. What will the woman probably do next?A. Go to the man’s place.B. Call the Hillsboro Hotel.C. Reserve an exhibition hall.5. What’s the man’s favorite sport at the 2024 Beijing Winter Olympics?A. Alpine skiing.B. Curling.C. Figure skating.其次节听下面 5 段对话或独白。

研究生英语高级教程unit7译文

参考译文如何应对全球流行病布莱恩•沃什[1]对于墨西哥城这样拥有两千万人口的熙熙攘攘的大都市而言，恢复生机的第一个标志不是公开的宗教仪式，也不是政治集会，而是交通拥堵，这很正常。

为应对甲型H1N1流感的爆发，墨西哥城实施了为期一周的停工停市，终于在五月五日这天重归繁华与喧闹。

猪流感的传播速度已经减缓，这使得墨西哥的政府官员燃起希望，觉得最糟糕的时刻已经过去了。

[2]国际卫生组织的官员也可以稍感放松了。

自从四月底首次出现新型流感病毒报告以来，他们一直处于高度紧张状态。

世界卫生组织和疾病预防控制中心的科学家发现在墨西哥以外鲜有严重或致死的甲型H1N1流感病例，另外也没有足够证据显示疾病会在多数国家持续传播。

[3]那么，世界范围内的关闭学校、边境检测和政府要员召开新闻发布会号召民众勤洗手是大惊小怪吗？很可惜，不是。

正如卫生组织的官员反复强调的，我们现在还处于甲型H1N1流感爆发的初期，而流感病毒的不可预测性是众所周知的。

目前，这种新型流感病毒似乎和普通季节性流感的危险性相差无几，但它可能会在明年冬天以更为致命的方式卷土重来——正如1918年那场造成灾难性后果的大流感一样。

[4]现实情况是，虽然美国和其他国家的卫生部门官员在应对甲型H1N1流感病毒方面进行的广泛合作值得赞扬，但H1N1病毒的出现还只是敲响一个警钟，并不是对我们意志和能力的真正考验。

哥伦比亚大学的美国国家灾难防御中心主任爱尔文•莱德纳尔博士指出：“我们应该把这种新型流感病毒的出现看作是警钟，而不是闹铃。

”[5]在甲型H1N1流感病毒面前，我们这个广泛联系的全球社会对新出现的疾病所显示出的无助暴露无遗。

乘飞机旅行和国际贸易往来使得新型病菌能在不到两周的时间内传播到二十几个国家。

当然，全球化有不利因素也有其优势。

正是全球化使我们能够建立起一个真正意义上的全球疾病监测系统。

全球性流行病的威胁提醒美国人必须对自己老朽过时的医疗卫生系统进行修正。

在传染病爆发的时候，每个人的处境都岌岌可危。

A hidden Markov model for the detection of pure and mixed strategy play in games

A hidden Markov model for the detection of pure andmixed strategy play in games∗Jason Shachat†J.Todd Swarthout‡Lijia Wei§July7,2012AbstractWe propose a statistical model to assess whether individuals strategically use mixed strategies in repeated games.We formulate a hidden Markov model in which the latentstate space contains both pure and mixed strategies,and allows switching between thesestates.We apply the model to data from an experiment in which human subjectsrepeatedly play a normal form game against a computer that always follows its part ofthe unique mixed strategy Nash equilibrium proﬁle.Estimated results show signiﬁcantmixed strategy play and non-stationary dynamics.We also explore the ability of themodel to forecast action choice.JEL classiﬁcation:C92;C72;C10Keywords:Mixed Strategy;Nash Equilibrium;Experiment;Hidden Markov Model ∗This paper supersedes the previous working paper,“Man versus Nash:An experiment on the self enforcing nature of mixed strategy equilibrium.”†Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics and MOE Key Laboratory in Econometrics,Xiamen University.jason.shachat@‡Department of Economics and Experimental Economics Center,Georgia State University. swarthout@§Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics and MOE Key Laboratory in Econometrics,Xiamen University.ljwie.wise@1IntroductionGame theory and the Nash equilibrium solution concept are a key framework in the social sciences for modeling interactive behavior.The formulation of a normal form game consists of a set of players,a set of possible actions for each player,and a payoﬀfunction for each player that gives a real-valued payoﬀfor any possible joint action proﬁle–a list of actions consisting of one for each player.A Nash equilibrium is a joint action proﬁle such that each player’s assigned action results in at least as high a payoﬀto the player as any other possible action,assuming all other players choose their respective actions in the Nash equilibrium proﬁle.If players are restricted to deterministically choose an action,then there are many games that don’t have a Nash equilibrium,such as the childhood game of Rock,Scissors, Paper.Confronted with this problem,Von Neumann(1928)generalized a player’s decision from choosing an action to choosing a probability distribution over his possible actions.1This choice of a probability distribution is called a“mixed”strategy,and a degenerate mixed strategy which chooses a particular action with probability one is called a“pure”strategy. The introduction of mixed strategies allows for existence of equilibrium across a broad class of games:from minimax solutions for zero-sum games(Von Neumann,1928;Von Neumann and Morgenstern,1944)to noncooperative equilibria for n-person games(Nash,1951).While the role of mixed strategies in deﬁning logically consistent solution concepts is not in doubt, the positive aspect of individuals actually playing mixed strategies is an open question of considerable interest.Researchers’eﬀorts to answer this question have naturally focused on settings where the use of mixed strategies is most compelling:the repeated play of games which have a unique mixed strategy Nash equilibrium.The value of“being unpredictable”is readily seen in examples such as serves in tennis,“bluﬃng”in poker,and whether or not a tax authority audits a tax payer.A common approach in this literature is to test whether the players’action choices are consistent with the mixed strategy equilibrium.Some studies using controlled experiments with human subjects have the advantage of knowing the payoﬀfunctions,and test whether choice frequencies agree with the equilibrium strategies and whether players’sequences of actions are serially independent(O’Neill,1987;Binmore,Swierzbinski,and Proulx,2001; Morgan and Sefton,2002;Selten and Chmura,2008).Other studies consider high-level sports competitions,such as soccer(Chiappori,Levitt,and Groseclose,2002;Palacios-Huerta,2003; Bareli,Azar,Ritov,Keidarlevin,and Schein,2007)and tennis(Walker and Wooders,2001), with the advantage of studying highly experienced players competing for high stakes and 1Along with generalizing the set of feasible actions to the set of mixed strategies,a player’s payoﬀfunction is extended by setting its value to the expected payoﬀgiven a proﬁle of mixed strategies,commonly referred to as the expected utility property.the disadvantage of unknown payoﬀfunctions.2These studies focus on testing the serial independence of action choice and the equilibrium implication of equal payoﬀs across action choices.Some of the most prominent and recurring results for both types of studies are that aggregated action frequencies across players agree with the equilibrium mixed strategies but individual action frequencies do not,and for many individuals action choices are serially correlated violating the independence prediction.To reconcile these issues of serial correlation and heterogeneity,several studies(Ochs,1995; Bloomﬁeld,1994;Shachat,2002;Noussair and Willinger,2011)conduct laboratory experi-ments using the same type of games but directly elicit mixed strategies by obligating players to select a probability distribution over actions.3Elicited strategies in these experiments ex-hibit various distinct patterns.Some subjects choose pure strategies almost exclusively,some choose strictly mixed strategies almost exclusively,and others use both types of strategies–usually in long sequences.Also,certain mixed strategies are often quite focal,such as choosing equal probability weight on a subset of actions rather than the Nash equilibrium proportions. Naive interpretation of these results suggests a clear distinction between play that is purposely unpredictable and play that is a pure best response to changing forecasts of an opponent’s action(Nyarko and Schotter,2002).A more cautious interpretation is that subjects may es-chew the randomizing device provided by the experimenter and instead internally randomize, or perhaps subjects choose strictly mixed strategies due to the experimenter eﬀect of the novel elicitation method.Clearly a less invasive method to detect mixed strategy play would be valuable.In this study we propose a hidden Markov model(HMM)to detect whether observed action choices are the result of pure or mixed strategies play in repeated two-personﬁnite action games.4There are three key ideas in our formulation:(1)we treat the strategy a player follows as a latent state and the action played as the observable output from the latent strategy;(2) the set of possible latent states is a discrete subset of all possible mixed strategies containing pure strategies,Nash equilibrium or minimax strategies,and focal mixed strategies;and(3) a player switches the latent strategy he follows according to aﬁrst order Markov process. We then demonstrate the ability of the model by applying it to a new experimental data set we collect.In our experiment,each human subject repeatedly plays a2×2game against a computer player that follows its mixed strategy equilibrium.Some subjects play a zero-2The action sets are typically comprised of simple actions,e.g.,{serve left,serve right}and{defend left, defend right}.The payoﬀs are assumed to be the probability of winning the task and these probabilities will diﬀer based upon both the comparative skills between players and the relative strengths a player has for each action.3For example,Shachat(2002)adopts a game with four actions,each identiﬁed by a diﬀerent color,for each player.Each player mustﬁll a box with100cards in any combination of the four colored card types,and then one card is selected at random to determine the action played.4See Rabiner(1989)for a classic introduction to hidden Markov models.sum game and others an unproﬁtable game.5The estimated HMMs reveal several interesting results,including:(1)signiﬁcant amounts of both pure and mixed strategy play;(2)the focal equiprobable mixed strategy is played more often than the Nash equilibrium strategy;(3)low transition probabilities between mixed and pure latent strategies;(4)dynamic adjustments in the types of strategies players follow over time;and(5)appreciable rates of both mixed and pure strategy play in the limiting distributions of the HMMs(interpreted as the long run equilibrium of play).We then extend the HMM from a statistical framework for evaluating hypotheses to one for forecasting action choice and assess its predictive accuracy.2A HMM of switching strategiesConsider an experiment in which we observe M pairs of subjects,each playing T periods of the same2×2normal form game.Often games like this are described by a two-by-two table,and for familiarity purposes we denote one subject’s player role as Row and the other as Column. We label each player role’s two possible actions Left(L)and Right(R),and express a subject’s mixed strategy as the probability of playing L.Of particular interest is when the game has a single Nash equilibrium and it is in strictly mixed strategies,although our framework is not restricted to study only such cases.Three factors confounding the analysis data generated by this type of process are the latency of players’mixed strategies,the heterogeneity of strategy adoption across subjects,and variation of adopted latent strategies over the course of repeated play.In this section,we present a model that accommodates and allows estimation of these confounds.Consider the following HMM for aﬁxed player role.The state space S is an n-element subset of the subject i’s possible mixed strategies.Denote s i,t∈S for the strategy used by subject i in period t,S i is the set of all possible T element sequences of mixed strategies for i with typical element s i,and let s be the collection of s i for all M subjects in a given player role.Let y i,t denote subject i’s realized action in period t,y i is the corresponding T element sequence of i’s observable actions,and y is the collection of y i for all M subjects.View{y,s} as the output of the HMM.The probability structure of the HMM has three elements.First,the n-element vector B for which the element B j is the probability a subject chooses action Left,i.e.the mixed strategy,if he is in state j.We will provide two analyses which diﬀer in how we specify B.In one approach we consider B as known a priori,and S and B are redundant ually, in this approach,B contains the two pure strategies,other strategies suggested by theory such 5An unproﬁtable game is one in which the minimax and Nash equilibrium solutions are distinct but yield the same expected payoﬀfor each player.as Nash equilibrium or minimax,and other focal strategies.In the second approach we treat the elements of B as unknown parameters–the state dependent mixed strategies.The second element of the structure,π,is the initial multinomial probability distribution over S.The third element,P,is the n×n transition probability matrix.The element P jk is the probability a subject adopts strategy k in period t conditional upon having adopted strategy j in period t−1.The likelihood function of(B,π,P)isL(B,π,P|y,s)=Pr(y,s|B,π,P).Rewriting this likelihood in terms of the marginal distributions of y and s gives usL(B,π,P|y,s)=Pr(y|s,B,π,P)·Pr(s|B,π,P).Next,we assume that the marginal distribution of y conditional on s is independent ofπand P.In other words,once the state is realized then the probability of a Left action relies solely on the mixed strategy of the current state.Also,by the speciﬁcation of the HMM,s is independent of the state dependent mixed strategies B.This allows us to restate the previous likelihood function asL(B,π,P|y,s)=Pr(y|s,B)·Pr(s|π,P).Since the sequence of states for each subject is unobservable,we evaluate the likelihood by integrating over the set of all possible sequencesL(B,π,P|y,s)=M i=1s∈Sπ(s i,1)B I y i,1s i,1(1−B si,1)1−I y i,1Tt=2P si,t−1,s i,tB I y i,ts i,t(1−B si,t)1−I y i,t ,where I y i,t is an indicator function which equals one for the action Left and zero for the action Right.As T grows,the number of calculations needed to evaluate this likelihood quickly becomes computationally impractical.We describe the Bayesian approach we take to estimate the HMM,although one could proceed down a frequentist path of maximizing the expected likelihood function using some variation of the EM(expected maximum likelihood) algorithm.In the Bayesian analysis,weﬁrst factor the joint posterior distribution of the unknown HMM parameters and unobserved states s into the product of marginal conditional posterior distributions.Then we evaluate these marginal conditional posteriors through an iterative sampling procedure called the Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)method.MCMC is asimple but powerful procedure in which the empirical distributions of the sampled parameters converge to the true posterior distributions.After convergence,iterative sampling is continued to construct empirical density functions.These are used to make inferences regarding the parameters of the hidden Markov models.Consider the posterior density function on the realized unobserved states and HMM pa-rameters h(s,B,P,π|y).First,express this joint density as the product of the marginal density of HMM parameters conditional on the observed action choices and unobserved states with the marginal density of the states conditional upon action choicesh(s,B,P,π|y)=h(B,P,π|s,y)h(s|y).We have already assumed that the transition matrix P and initial probabilities over statesπare independent of the action choices and state contingent mixed strategies B,which allows us to stateh(s,B,P,π|y)=h(B|s,y)h(P,π|s,y)h(s|y).This product of three conditional posteriors permits a simple Markov Chain procedure of sequentially sampling from these distributions.We start with some initial arbitrary values for the HMM parameters,(B(l),P(l),π(l))where l=0.We create s(0)by simulation using P(0)and π(0)without conditioning on y.From these initial parameter values and the observed action sequences y,we use a Gibbs sampling algorithm to generate an initial sample of state sequences s(1).Then we make a random draw P(1)from the posterior distribution of P conditional on s(1)and y,and proceed similarly to make a random draw ofπ(1).We complete the iteration by making a random draw B(1)from the posterior of B conditional on s(1)and y.The key to the MCMC method is that as l→∞,the joint and marginal distributions of B(l),P(l), andπ(l)converge weakly to the joint and marginal posterior distributions of these parameters (Geman and Geman,1987).We now describe the details of each step in an iteration of the MCMC procedure.Step1:Sampling the state sequences s(l)We begin by describing a Gibbs sampling technique for generating draws from the distribu-tion of s(l)conditional upon y and(B(l−1),P(l−1),π(l−1)).The elements of s i can be drawn sequentially for each t conditioning on the observed action choice y i,t,the realized state in other periods,π,and P.Let s i,=t be the vector obtained by removing s i,t from the sequence s i.Given s i,=t,we express the conditional posterior distribution of s i,t asPr(s(l)i,t |y i,t,B(l−1),P(l−1),s(l)i,=t,s(l−1)i,=t)∝Pr(y i,t|s(l)i,t,B(l−1))·Pr(s(l)i,t|P(l−1),s(l)i,=t,s(l−1)i,=t)Pr(s(l)i,t |P(l−1),s(l)i,=t,s(l−1)i,=t)=Pr(s i,t=k|P(l),s(l)i,t−1,s(l−1)i,t+1).Consequently,the conditional posterior probability of s i,t=k and t>1isPr(s(l)i,t =k|·)=Pr(y i,t|s i,t=k,B(l−1)k)·Pr(s i,t=k|P(l−1),s(l)i,t−1,s(l−1)i,t+1) nj=1Pr(y i,t|s i,t=j,B(l−1)j)·Pr(s i,t=j|P(l−1),s(l)i,t−1,s(l−1)i,t+1),and for t=1Pr(s(l)i,1=k|·)=Pr(y i,1|s i,1=k,B(l−1)k)·Pr(s i,1=k|π(l−1),s(l−1)i,2) nj=1Pr(y i,1|s i,1=j,B(l−1)j)·Pr(s i,1=j|π(l−1),s(l−1)i,2).The state s(l)i,tis determined by making a random draw from the uniform distribution on theunit interval,and comparing this draw to the calculated conditional probability of s(l)i,t. Step2:Sampling the transition matrix P(l)andπ(l)The posterior distributions of P jk andπdepend only upon s(l)and the priors.We specify the prior ofπas a Dirichlet distribution h(π;α1,...,αn)whereαj=1,for1≤j≤n.Similarly, we specify the prior of the j th row of P as a Dirichlet distribution h(p j1,...,p jn|ηj1,...,ηjn). In an experiment,we record the data from the true start of the HMM process,so we assume that the joint posterior is simply the product of these two marginal posteriors.The respective posteriors ofπ(l)and P(l)areh(π|s)∝Pr(s|π)h(π;α1,...,αn),andh(P j1,...,P jn|s)∝Pr(s|P j1,...,P jn)h(P j1,...,P jn;ηj1,...,ηjn).Ifν0j is the number incidences of s(l)i,1=j in s(l),andνjk is the count of transitions from state j to k in s(l),then the conditional probabilities in the two posterior calculations are multinomial distributionsh(π|s)∝πν011...πν0n−1n−1·1−n−1k=1πkν0nh(π;α1,...,αn)h(P j1,...,P jn|s)∝Pνj1j1...Pνjn−1jn−1·1−n−1k=1P jkνjnh(P j1,...,P jn;η1,...,ηn).Since the Dirichlet distribution is the conjugate prior for the multinomial distribution,these posterior distributions are also Dirichlet distributions for which each shape parameter is the sum of its prior value and the respective counth(π|s)=h(π;α1+ν01,...,αn+ν0n)andh(P j1,...,P jn|s)=h(P j1,...,P jn;η1+νj1,...,ηn+νjn).Hence,we selectπ(l)and P(l)be taking random draws from these distributions.Step3:Sampling the state dependent mixed strategies BFor our initial approach to modeling the state dependent mixed strategies,we assume B corresponds to a known subset of S.In our Bayesian analysis this is equivalent to assuming a point prior on these strategies,and therefore there is no updating.So in our Gibbs sampling procedure we skip this step,and proceed to next iteration of the Gibbs sampler.Of course this is a rather strong prior to assume,and we should evaluate whether it is appropriate. Accordingly,we conduct an auxiliary analysis in which we assume a uniform prior of the set of all mixed strategies.In the auxiliary analysis we proceed as follows.The priors of state dependent mixed strate-gies B1,...,B n are assumed independent of each other and of the Markov process governing the states.Given these assumptions,we can think of each B j as a Bernoulli probability, and each Left(Right)action as a success(failure)when occurring in state j.The likelihood function is calculated as a binomial trial.Since it is the conjugate prior of the binomial,we assume the prior is a Beta distribution,denotedβ(B j;ζj;γj).We want a uniform prior as well,and that corresponds to setting the shape parametersζj andγj to one.The posterior distribution is simplyh(B j|y,s(l))=β(B j;ζj+κL,j,γj+κR,j),whereκL,j andκR,j are the number of times the actions Left and Right,respectively,are chosen when in state j according to s(l).The state conditional mixed strategies B(l)j,j=1,...,n, are randomly drawn from these Beta posterior distributions,completing an iteration of theGibbs sampler.The Gibbs sampler is run for a large number of iterations until the empirical distribution of all the parameters has converged(Geweke,1991).Then the sampling procedure is allowed to continue to run for another number of iterations to build up an empirical distribution that corresponds to the posterior distribution of the HMM parameters.It is from this empirical distribution that we conduct statistical inferences.3The experimentWe apply our HMM framework to a new experimental data set that provides a likely setting for mixed strategies,and particulary Nash equilibrium strategies,to be adopted.Additionally, our procedures allow us to estimate for one player role without the need to also simultaneously model the opposing role,because each human subject repeatedly plays against a computer player that follows its mixed strategy equilibrium.Each subject is informed that his opponent is a computer but is given no information regarding the computer’s strategy.We adopt two diﬀerent games in our experimental design,with each subject playing only one of the two games.One game is zero-sum and the other game is unproﬁtable.3.1The gamesOurﬁrst game is a zero-sum asymmetric matching pennies game introduced by Rosenthal, Shachat,and Walker(2003).The normal form representation of this game is presented on the left side of Figure1.The game is called Pursue-Evade because the Row player“captures”points from the Column player when the actions of the two players match,and the Column player“evades”a loss when the players’actions diﬀer.In the game each player can move either Left or Right,and the game has a unique Nash equilibrium in which each player chooses Left with probability two-thirds.In equilibrium,Row’s expected payoﬀis two-thirds, and correspondingly Column’s expected payoﬀis negative two-thirds.Our second game is an unproﬁtable game introduced by Shachat and Swarthout(2004) called Gamble-Safe.Each player has a Gamble action(Left for each player)which yields a payoﬀof either two or zero,and a Safe action(Right for each player)which guarantees a payoﬀof one.The normal form representation of this game is presented on the right side of Figure1.The Gamble-Safe game has a unique Nash equilibrium in which each player chooses the Left action with probability one-half,and each player earns an expected equilibrium payoﬀof one.Right is the minimax strategy for both players with a guaranteed payoﬀof one.Aumann(1985)argues that the Nash equilibrium prediction is not plausible in such an unproﬁtable game because its adoption assumes unnecessary risk to achieve the correspondingPursue-Evade Game Gamble-Safe Game Column Player Left RightR o w P l a y e r Left 1 , -1 0 , 0 Right 0 , 0 2 , -2Column PlayerLeft Right R o w P l a y e r Left 2 , 0 0 , 1Right 1 , 2 1 , 1 Figure 1:The experimental gamesNash equilibrium payoﬀ.For example,imagine Row has Nash equilibrium beliefs and best responds by playing the Nash strategy.Row’s expected payoﬀis one.However,suppose Column instead adopts his minimax strategy Right.This reduces Row’s expected payoﬀto one-half.Row could avoid this risk by simply playing the minimax strategy.This aspect makes the Gamble-Safe game a more challenging test for the hypothesis of mixed strategy play than the zero-sum Pursue-Evade game.3.2Subject recruitment and experiment protocolWe conducted six experiment sessions in the Finance and Economics Experimental Laboratory (FEEL)at Xiamen University during December 2011.A total of 110undergraduate and masters students participated in the experiment,with each session containing between 12and 22subjects.54subjects were assigned to the Persue-Evade game treatment,and 56subjects were assigned to the Gamble-Safe game treatment.Subjects were evenly divided into Row and Column player roles within each treatment.FEEL uses the ORSEE online recruitment system for subject recruitment (Greiner,2004),and at the time of the experiment approximately 1400students were in the subject pool.A subset of students from the subject pool were invited to attend each speciﬁc session,and these students were informed that they would receive a 10Yuan show-up payment and have the opportunity to earn more money during the experiment.Further,the invitation stated that the session would last no more than two hours.Upon arrival at the laboratory,each subject was seated at a computer workstation such that no subject could observe another subject’s screen.Subjects ﬁrst read instructions de-tailing how to enter decisions and how earnings were determined.6Then,200repetitions of the game were played.For the Pursue-Evade game,Column subjects were initially endowed with a balance of 260tokens each,and Row subjects none.Each token was worth one-third6The instructions are available at /swarthout/HMM/of a Yuan.Each subject’s total earnings consisted of the10Yuan show-up payment plus the monetary value of his token balance after the200th repetition.While a mathematical possibility,no Column subjects in the Pursue-Evade game went bankrupt.The experiment was conducted with a Java software application created at the Georgia State University Experimental Economics Center(E x CEN)that allows humans to play normal form games against computerized algorithms.At the beginning of each repetition,each subject saw a graphical representation of the game on the screen.Each Column subject’s game display was transformed so that he appeared to be a Row player.Thus,each subject selected an action by clicking on a row,and then conﬁrmed his choice.After the repetition was complete,each subject saw the outcome highlighted on the game display,as well as a text message stating both players’actions and his own earnings for that repetition.Finally,each subject’s current token balance and a history of past play were displayed at all times.The history consisted of an ordered list with each row displaying the repetition number,the actions selected by both players,and the subject’s payoﬀfrom the speciﬁc repetition.3.3Data summaryWe begin the summary of the experimental data by providing views of the joint distribution of the proportion of Left play for each subject-computer pair,while conditioning on whether the data are from theﬁrst100or last100repetitions.Figures2and3present these views for the Pursue-Evade and Gamble-Safe treatments,respectively.In each of theseﬁgures,the x-axis is the proportion of Left play for the Column player and the y-axis is the proportion of Left play for the Row player.Each arrow in theﬁgures represents the play of a single human-computer pair,with the arrow tail representing the joint frequency of Left play in the ﬁrst100repetitions and the arrow head representing the joint frequency of Left play in the ﬁnal100repetitions.These arrows show the adjustments subjects make from theﬁrst half to the second half of play.We see that many arrows suggest substantial change in the human player frequency,but the changes do not trend in any one direction or uniformly towards the Nash equilibrium.Human play also displays greater dispersion and displacement from the Nash equilibrium than the computer opponents,suggesting nonconformity with the Nash equilibrium predictions.Table1presents the means and standard deviations of subjects’frequencies of Left play by treatment and role.Recall that we have2700observations for the each role in the Pursue-Evade treatment and2800observations for each role in the Gamble-Safe treatment.Although the Row player mean is close to the Nash equilibrium proportion in both game treatments,the Nash equilibrium proportion is rejected for all four cases at any reasonable level of signiﬁcance. In each of the four cases,subjects’proportions of Left play display too much variance to haveHuman Row vs.NE ColumnNE Row vs.Human ColumnComputer Column Proportion LeftH u m a n R o w P r o p o r t i o n L e f t0.00.20.40.60.81.00.00.20.40.60.81.0C o m p u t e r R o w P r o p o r t i o n L e f t0.00.20.40.60.81.00.00.20.40.60.81.0Computer Column Proportion LeftH u m a n R o w P r o p o r t i o n L e f t0.00.20.40.60.81.00.00.20.40.60.81.0C o m p u t e r R o w P r o p o r t i o n L e f t0.00.20.40.60.81.00.00.20.40.60.81.0。

第7单元A课文翻译研究生英语

参考译文伴生物种1. 伴生物种是指不被计算在上岸渔获量中的，但是受到捕捞影响的物种。

跨界鱼类种群，高度洄游鱼类和公海鱼类种群因受到如下因素的影响而影响其他物种：（1）丢弃，（2）未被捕捞上来的生物与渔具发生身体接触，（3）间接过程。

2. 渔业通过很多种机制来影响伴生物种，丢弃是目前人类获取知识最多的一种，尽管人类所知有限。

关于丢弃的全球最新信息是一份粮农组织的报告。

该报告估计全球海洋渔业的丢弃率约为百分之八，丢弃率会根据不同的国家，齿轮类型，目标物种和统计区发生改变。

3. 虾类拖网作业的平均丢弃率最高，为百分之六是二点三。

不同渔业的丢弃率差别很大，在零到百分之九十六之间变化。

尽管有一些跨界的或其他公海中的虾类种群的捕捞，大多数虾类拖网作业仍然限于对专属经济区中虾类种群的捕捞。

专属经济区中虾类的捕捞目标很有可能是生活在较深水域或冷水水域的物种。

冷/深水水域捕虾业的总丢弃率是百分之三十九，但在使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）后（比如在格林兰岛），丢弃率相对较低，在百分之五左右。

混获的有各种长须鲸和无脊椎动物物种，也包括其他渔业中目标物种的幼鱼。

对于虾类拖网作业中丢弃的长须鲸物种（尤其是比目鱼）的关注促使一些渔业强制使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）。

4. 延绳钓捕捞高洄游鱼种（主要是金枪鱼和类金枪鱼属物种）具有仅次于虾类拖网作业的丢弃率（平均丢弃率为百分之二十八，并且在零百分之四十范围内浮动）。

延绳钓中最常见的丢弃物种是蓝鲨。

其他鲨鱼，受到鲨鱼和海洋哺乳动物损害的目标物种，扁舵鲣，鲔，印度洋国王鲭鱼，和土魠鱼也在被捕获后丢弃。

5. 跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群主要采用底层拖网捕捞。

目标为底栖鱼类的拖网渔船丢弃率百分之九点六（所有渔业）。

没有根据来判断跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群的丢弃率与专属经济区鱼类种群的丢弃率孰高孰低。

专属经济区鱼类种群的捕捞量在总捕捞量中所占的比例如此之高以至于研究者估计目标为底栖鱼类的底层拖网捕捞所导致的1，700，000吨丢弃物大多来源于专属经济区渔业。

a clear statement of the novelty of the research

A Clear Statement of the Novelty of the ResearchIntroductionThe introduction gives an overview of the importance of novelty in research and sets the context for the rest of the article.The Significance of Novelty in Research1.The role of novelty in advancing knowledge2.Importance of identifying gaps in existing research3.Novelty as a driver of scientific progressDefinition of Novelty in Research1.The concept of novelty2.Types of novelty in research–Methodological novelty–Theoretical novelty–Empirical noveltyResearch Methodology1.Research design and approach2.Data collection methods3.Data analysis techniques–Descriptive analysis–Inferential analysisIdentification of Novelty in the Research1.Novelty in research objectives2.Novelty in research questions3.Novelty in research methodology–Integration of multiple methodologies–Use of innovative techniques4.Novelty in research findings–Unexpected results–New insights or perspectivesAssessment of Novelty in the Research1.Peer review process–Importance of peer review in evaluating novelty–Criteria used by reviewers to assess novelty2.Citation analysis–Identification of previous works cited–Evaluation of the extent of novelty in citationsImpact of Novelty in Research1.Contribution to existing knowledge2.Influence on future research directions3.Relevance for practical applications or policy-makingConclusionThe conclusion highlights the importance of novelty in research and emphasizes the need for continuous innovation and exploration in scientific endeavors.Through this comprehensive analysis, it becomes evident that the novelty of research plays a fundamental role in advancing scientific knowledge and driving progress. Identifying and incorporating novelty within research can lead to groundbreaking discoveries and significant contributions to various fields. By understanding the different aspects of novelty and employing rigorous methodologies, researchers can enhance the impact and relevance of their work, ultimately promoting the growth and development of their respective disciplines.。

初三英语完形填空深度理解单选题60题

初三英语完形填空深度理解单选题60题1. In the classic novel, the character was in a dilemma. He had to ______ between staying with his family and pursuing his dream.A. chooseB. selectC. electD. pick答案：A。

解析：choose是普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，这里表达在家庭和梦想之间做出选择，比较通用。

select较正式，强调经过认真考虑后的挑选，通常是从多个类似事物中进行挑选，在这里语境没有那么正式。

elect主要用于选举，是选举某人担任某职位，不符合语境。

pick通常用于口语，有挑选、采、摘等意思，不如choose正式且常用于这种两难抉择的语境。

2. The scientific article mentioned that the new species ______ a unique feature that distinguishes it from others.A. hasB. ownsC. possessesD. holds答案：C。

解析：possess表示拥有，常指拥有抽象的东西，如品质、特征等，这里说新物种拥有独特的特征，用possess最合适。

has 是最普通的表示“有”，比较口语化。

own强调合法地拥有某物，多指所属关系，如拥有财产等，这里不是指所属关系。

hold表示握住、持有（具体东西）或者举行（会议等），不符合这里表示拥有特征的语境。

3. In the adventure story, the hero ______ his courage when facing the dangerous situation.A. showedB. displayedC. exhibitedD. demonstrated答案：A。

2024年高考英语试卷

2024年高考英语真题试卷（新高考Ⅰ卷）第二部分一、阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

HABITAT RESTORATIONTEAMHelp restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的)plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.GROUPSGroups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRINGV olunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.Bring your completed V olunteer Agreement Form. V olunteers under the age of18 must have the parent /guardian approval section signed.We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills(满足)community service requirements.UPCOMING EVENTS1．What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team?A．To discover mineral resources.B．To develop new wildlife parks.C．To protect the local ecosystemD．To conduct biological research.2．What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team?A．5.B．10.C．15.D．18.3．What are the volunteers expected to do?A．Bring their own tools.B．Work even in bad weather.C．Wear a team uniform D．Do at least three projects."I am not crazy, "says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. "I am ahead of my time. "If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods, But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医)now practicing "holistic" medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic(按摩疗法)and herbal medicine Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, "moves more easily and rides more comfortably" after a chiropractic adjustment.Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. "Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well, "he says. "I will do anything to help an animal. That's my job. "4．What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him?A．He's odd.B．He's strict C．He's brave.D．He's rude5．Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets?A．He was trained in it at university.B．He was inspired by another veterinarian.C．He benefited from it as a patient.D．He wanted to save money for pet owners.6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A．Steps of a chiropractic treatment.B．The complexity of veterinarians' work.C．Examples of rare animal diseases.D．The effectiveness of holistic medicine.7．Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association?A．To prove Farber's point B．To emphasize its importance.C．To praise veterinarians.D．To advocate animal protection.Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often "no. " The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset(心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks-like identifying the main idea in a reading passage-to ones that require mental abstraction-such as drawing inferences from a text.The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called "shallowing hypothesis(假说). " According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly tum to these technologies -say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical piecesDigital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing leaning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.8．What does the underlined phrase "shine through" in paragraph 2 mean?A．Seem unlikely to last.B．Seem hard to explain.C．Become ready to use.D．Become easy to notice.9．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?A．Readers treat digital texts lightly.B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.C．People select digital texts randomly.D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.10．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?A．They can hold students' attentionB．They are more convenient to prepare.C．They help develop advanced skills.D．They are more informative than text.11．What does the author imply in the last paragraph?A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect."With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application, "said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?"Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns."We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of af lowering plant instead of the grass rightnext to it, "said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?"Quite a lot, "Daru explained." Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places -and even species -that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. "12．What do we know about the records of species collected now?A．They are becoming outdated.B．They are mostly in electronic formC．They are limited in numberD．They are used for public exhibition.13．What does Daru's study focus on?A．Threatened species.B．Physical specimens.C．Observational data D．Mobile applications14．What has led to the biases according to the study?A．Mistakes in data analysis.B．Poor quality of uploaded picturesC．Improper way of sampling.D．Unreliable data collection devices.15．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps?A．Review data from certain areas.B．Hire experts to check the records.C．Confirm the identity of the users.D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.二、第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

考研英语阅读理解精读练习十一

考研英语阅读理解精读练习In a world where sight and sound seem to reign supreme, all it takes is a cursory glance at the size of the perfume industry to realise that smell matters quite a lot, too. Odours are known to regulate moods, thoughts and even dating decisions, which is why any serious romantic will throw on the eau de toilette before going out for a night on the town. Yet in all these cases, those affected are aware of what they are smelling. Unlike the media of sight and sound, in which subliminal messages have been studied carefully, the potential power of subliminal smells has been neglected.Wen Li and her colleagues at Northwestern University in Chicago are now changing that. In particular, they are investigating smells so faint that people say they cannot detect them. The idea is to see whether such smells can nevertheless change the way that people behave towards others.Dr Li's experiment, the results of which have just been published in Psychological Science, employed 31 volunteers. These people were exposed to three different odours at low concentration. One was the fresh lemon scent of citral. The second was the neutral ethereal perfume of anisole. The third was the foul sweaty smell of valeric acid. And the concentrations really were low. In the case of valeric acid, for example, that concentration was seven parts per trillion—a level only just detectable by bloodhounds. As a control, Dr Li used a mineral oil that has no detectable smell at any concentration.The participants were asked to sniff a jar containing either one of the three odours or the scentless oil, and then press a button to indicate whether they thought the jar smelled of anything. Immediately after that, a picture of a face would appear on a screen in front of them for just over a second. Each participant was asked to rate the face's “likeability”.Dr Li found that the odours helped shape people's judgments about the faces when their responses indicated that they had not smelled anything. When someone had been exposed to valeric acid, for example, he tended to react negatively to a face. Exposure to citral, by contrast, made that face seem, on average, more friendly. (Obviously, the same face was not shown to any given participant more than once.) Even more intriguing, however, was that when participants did consciously perceive a smell, its effect on face-perception disappeared.What is going on is unclear. If smells can carry useful information about personality (which is possible), then the effect would be expected to be the same whether or not the chemical in question is detected subliminally. If they do not carry such information, then it is hard to see what use the subliminal reaction is. Nevertheless, it is there.The findings do, however, demonstrate what might be a powerful method of manipulation. Indeed, Dr Li considers the potential uses to be vast. Business meetings might be made more pleasant by releasing appropriate fragrances into the air in unsmellable amounts. Conversely, fights might be started by putting people in thepresence of a faint foul odour. Advertising hoardings might benefit from a little olfactory tweaking and cinema audiences could be reduced to floods of tears at the appropriate moment. The sweet smell of success might, in other words, actually be undetectable.1. Dr. Li is carrying out such an investigation in order to _____[A] find out how smells regulate moods in a subtle and nuanced way.[B] prove that smell plays an equally important role in daily life as that of sight and sound.[C] find out if people are sensitive to faint smells.[D] find out if faint smells could influence people’s judgement of others.2.The mineral oil is used in Dr. Li’s experiment to _____[A] control the concentration of odours in a slightly detectable degree.[B] act as a group of comparison with that of the other smells.[C] regulate the participants’ moods by decreasing the smell’s concentration.[D] protect the participants from losing sense of smell.3. The word “likeability” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____[A] similarity.[B] likeness.[C] loveliness.[D] likelihood.4. When the participants conciously smelt the valeric acid, they tended to_____ [A] make negative judgement to a face.[B] make positive judgement to a face.[C] make biased judgement to a face.[D] make fair judgement to a face.5. From Dr. Li’s experiment, it can be infered that_____[A] one’s reaction to subliminal smells reflect useful information about his or her personality.[B] subliminal smells can influence people’s interaction with each other.[C] subliminal smells have no effect on people’s conscious face-perception.[D] subliminal smells turn out to be a means of powerful manipulation in terms of business success.文章剖析：这篇文章介绍了细微气味对人们的影响。

2024年新课标Ⅰ卷英语真题(含听力)(原卷版)

听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】
11 How did Jack go to school when he was a child?
A.By bike.B.On foot.C.By bus.
12.What is Jack's attitude toward parents driving their kids to school?
We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes hat can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
B.They can be used in cooking.
C.They bear a lot of fruit soon.
16.What is difficult for Marie to grow?
A.Herbs.B.Carrots.C.Pears.
17.What is Marie's advice to those interested in kitchen gardening?
Battery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday, Jan. 22 10:00 am — 2:30 pm
Stinson Beach Parking Lot
Sunday, Jan. 29 9:30 am — 2:30 pm
Coyote Ridge Trailhead
21.What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team?

a clear statement of the novelty of the research

a clear statement of the novelty of the research
研究的新颖性是科学研究中非常重要的一个方面，它直接关系到研究成果的质量和科学价值。

本文将就如何清晰地陈述研究的新颖性进行探讨。

首先，要清楚地了解研究的背景和前人的研究。

在阅读文献和研究历史的基础上，确定研究的创新点和亮点，找出和前人不同的地方。

其次，要明确研究的目的和研究的科学问题。

在研究过程中，我们需要解决一些科学问题，这些问题可能是前人未解决的，也可能是新的问题。

我们需要明确这些科学问题，并通过独特的研究方法和技术，找到解决问题的新途径和新方法。

第三，要突出研究的创新性和实用性。

创新性是研究的灵魂，是研究成果的核心。

实用性则是研究成果的价值，是研究成果的应用前景。

在研究中，我们需要关注这两个方面，突出研究的创新性和实用性，使研究成果具有更高的价值和意义。

第四，要注意研究的局限性和不足之处。

任何一项研究都有其局限性和不足之处，我们需要清楚地了解这些问题，并在研究成果中进行适当的说明和讨论。

同时，我们也需要在后续的研究中进一步完善和改进。

最后，要注意语言的表述和逻辑的结构。

在陈述研究新颖性的过程中，语言的表述和逻辑的结构非常重要。

我们需要使用清晰明了的语言，让读者容易理解研究的新颖性所在，同时要注意逻辑的结构，使整篇文章条理清晰、层次分明。

总之，研究的新颖性对于科学研究非常重要，我们需要清晰地陈述研究的创新点和亮点，明确研究的目的和研究的科学问题，突出研究的创新性和实用性，同时注意研究的局限性和不足之处，最后要注意语言的表述和逻辑的结构。

a controversy erupted in the解析

a controversy erupted in the解析
最近，在某个国家发生了一场激烈的争议，引起了公众的广泛关注。

这场争议涉及到一项政策的实施，引发了民众的对立情绪和不满。

这项政策是关于环保的。

政府计划对某种常见的塑料制品加征税，以鼓励人们减少使用并转向更环保的替代品。

这项政策得到了环保组织和专家的支持，他们认为这是一个重要的措施，可以减少塑料污染和对环境的破坏。

然而，这项政策也遭到了一些人的反对。

他们认为这是一个无效的措施，只会增加消费者的负担，对经济造成负面影响。

此外，他们还指责政府没有足够的证据证明这项政策的有效性，只是为了迎合环保主义者的要求而采取的行动。

这场争议引发了公众的热议和讨论。

一些人支持这项政策，认为我们需要采取更多的环保措施来保护我们的星球。

他们认为环保应该成为我们日常生活的一部分，而政府应该采取更多的行动来促进环保意识的普及和实践。

另一些人则持反对意见，他们认为政府应该优先考虑经济发展和就业问题，而不是过度注重环保。

他们认为政府应该采取更多的措施来支持企业和创业者，以促进经济繁荣和就业机会的增加。

这场争议凸显了环保和经济发展之间的矛盾和挑战。

在现代社会，我们需要采取更多的环保措施来保护我们的星球和未来，但这也会给经济和社会带来一定的压力和影响。

因此，政府需要采取更加平衡和综合的政策，以应对不同的挑战和需求。

总之，这场争议是一个重要的话题，值得我们深入探讨和思考。

我们需要在环保和经济发展之间找到一个平衡点，以实现可持续发展和共同繁荣的目标。

只有这样，我们才能为未来创造更好的世界。

Unit 3 Faster, higher, stronger 同步练习-高中英语外研版(2019)

选择性必修第一册 Unit 3(限时：35分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解AHere are some fun and engaging ways to learn about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations and what you can do to take action to make them a reality.Freerice from WFPFreerice is a free online educational game where people of all ages can do their part —simply by playing.Every right answer on Freerice brings a real financial donation to the UN World Food Programme (WFP) from sponsors worth about 10 grains of e your time and knowledge to help provide food for people in need.FriedaStorytelling is a powerful communication tool and helps children remember lessons and virtues that they will use in everyday life. The idea behind the production of the story of Frieda is to simplify the lessons of the SDGs so young children can better understand the SDGs.SDG PandasInspired by reallife animal ambassadors (大使) Qiqi and Diandian, SDG Pandas are stickers that you can use in your WhatsApp conversations to help spread the SDGs and inspire action for a better world.SDG ElyxElyx, the United Nations' digital ambassador, uses various expressions and actions to help demonstrate the meaning of each Sustainable Development Goal.Created by French artist YAK, Elyx has no race, sex or nationality and is a universal character promoting the importance of the United Nations' work.A．Freerice from WFP.B．Frieda.C．SDG Pandas.D．SDG Elyx.2．What are inspired by real animals?A．The WFP's programs.B．Frieda's stories.C．The virtual stickers.D．The digital ambassador.3．What's Frieda meant to do?A．Promote students' storytelling ability.B．Encourage financial donation for the SDGs.C．Guide children in practicing virtues in daily life.D．Make the SDGs easier for children to understand.BAttention managers: the next time you need to inspire your team creatively, be more attentive to your employees' feelings when you deliver negative feedback (反馈).Kim, who worked as a software engineer for Samsung after graduation from college, is familiar with having his creative work picked apart.“I personally hate hearing negative feedback as most people do and I wondered if it really improved my performance, particularly when it came to completing creative tasks.” In two studies, Kim found that negative feedback can help or prevent creativity.What is most important is where the criticism (批评) comes from.When creative professionals or participants received criticism from a boss or a peer, they tended to be less creative in their later work.Interestingly, if a person received negative feedback from an employee of lower rank, they became more creative.It makes sense that employees might feel threatened by criticism from their managers.Supervisors(监督员；管理者)have a lot of power in deciding promotions or pay raises.So negative feedback from a boss might cause career(职业) anxiety.It also stands to reason that feedback from a co-worker might also be received as threatening.We often compete with our peers for the same promotions and chances.What Kim found most surprising was how criticism proved to improve supervisors through lessons learned from negative feedback that came from their followers (employees that they manage).“But we tend to believe we shouldn't criticize the boss，”says Kim.“In reality, most supervisors don't detest negative feedback since they want to learn from it.Another reason is thatthey are in a natural power position and can deal with the discomfort of negative feedback better.”As for giving suggestions to employees, bosses should point out a follower's poor performance or weak points in time.But they should keep their feedback specific to tasks.Explain how the point they're discussing relates to only their task behavior, not to aspects of the person.Meanwhile, feedback receivers need to worry less when it comes to receiving criticism.4．What's the motivation behind Kim's study?A．To work on his essays for graduation.B．To have a better knowledge of criticism.C．To call for understanding between workers.D．To encourage a culture of criticism in the workplace.5．What's the main idea of Paragraph 4?A．What typical power supervisors possess.B．What feedback can cause career anxieties.C．How workers can have a good impression on bosses.D．Why certain criticism harms a person's performance.6．What amazed Kim mostly in the study?A．Some people enjoy negative feedback.B．Employees are brave to criticize the boss.C．Followers' criticism may benefit managers.D．Many bosses sometimes struggle in their work.7．Which of the following would the author agree with?A.Bosses should give criticism actively and also properly.B.Workers should avoid exposing their own personal matters.C.Workers should compromise with each other sometimes.D．People should try to avoid criticizing their coworkers.CThere have been many headlines in recent years about the potentially negative impacts contact sports can have on athletes' brains.However, a study by Northwestern University (NU) showed that in the absence of injury, athletes across a variety of sports, including football, basketball and hockey, have healthier brains than nonathletes.The researchers examined the brain health of 495 Northwestern student athletes and 493 citizens.They delivered speech syllables to study the participants through earbuds (耳塞) and recorded the brain's activity with scalp electrodes (头皮电极).They analyzed the ratio of background noise to the response to the speech sounds by looking at how the response to sound was relative to the background noise.Athletes have a better ability to diminish background electrical noise in their brain to better process external sounds, such as a teammate yelling or a coach calling to them from the sidelines.“No one would argue against the fact that sports lead to better physical fitness, but we don't always connect brain fitness with sports，”said Senior author and professor Nina Kraus.He likens (比喻) the phenomenon to listening to a DJ on the radio.“Think of background electrical noise in the brain like static (天电干扰)on the radio，”Kraus said.“There are two ways to hear the DJ better —minimize the static or increase the DJ's voice.We found that athletes' brains use the first way to hear the ‘DJ’ better.A serious commitment to physical activity is beneficial to the nervous system, and perhaps, if you have a healthier nervous system, you may be able to better handle injury or other health problems.”“The findings could motivate athletic interventions for those who struggle with hearing processing.In particular, playing sports may offset(抵消) the excessively noisy brains often found in children from low-income areas，”Kraus said.8．What's new about contact sports in NU's study?A．The physical fitness sports bring.B．The potential risk of sports to athletes.C．The influence of sports on athletes' attention.D．The ways to help athletes avoid injuries during sports.9．What does the underlined word “diminish”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Bring down.B．Make use of.C．Take in. D．Pay attention to.10．Why does Kraus talk about listening to a DJ on the radio in Paragraph 4?A．To show the static's effects on ordinary people.B．To prove the importance of decreasing the noise.C．To encourage people to listen to the radio more.D．To stress the special ability of athletes' brains.11．What may be the significance of the study's findings?A．Reminding athletes to listen to what their teammates say carefully.B．Encouraging people with hearing problems to exercise more.C．Motivating athletes to help each other while competing.D．Protecting those who usually get injured in sports.DEveryone knows that to help lessen the ongoing climate crisis, we need to plant new trees.A paper recently published in Science predicts that our Earth could support an additional 9，000，000 sq km of forest, potentially hosting 500 billion trees that are able to absorb more than 200 billion tons of CO2.It would be a serious help.The Earth's land is 149，000，000 sq km.According to our study, when we take out glaciers and deserts, we are left with 104，000，000 sq km.When we further take out cities, freshwater, forests, etc., we finally get 51，000，000 sq km of arable (适于耕种的)land badly needed to feed 7.5 billion human beings.Very few people are aware of the great complexity of the whole system.“Widespread use at the scale of millions of square kilometers globally of treeplanting and bioenergy crops (用于制造生物能源的农作物)planting，”reads an IPCC report, “could have potentially bad consequences for food security and land degradation (退化).” In other words, more widespread monoculture(单一栽培)and more bioenergy crops could degrade soil.Bioenergy now has a 50 per cent share of the world's renewable energy consumption, according to expert Fatih Birol's words: “as much as wind, solar and all others combined”．It's good news, but not entirely.One reason is that rising ocean levels and deserts spreading are taking away more arable land.So we arrive at a tough choice.Should we use our spare soil for agriculture, reforestation or bioenergy?Firstly, when planning to use lots of spare land to grow trees, we should notice that last year, 36，000 sq km of forest was cut down.So wouldn't it be better to start by stopping cutting down forests altogether? Besides, animal farming takes up 77 per cent of the world's arable land and provides us with 18 per cent of the calories.Shouldn't we globally cut back on meat consumption? Lastly, modern bioenergy, which is made from nonfood-crops, is already available.Shouldn't weavoid firstgeneration biofuels, which are obtained from food crops?12．What does the Science paper predict?A．People will be more active in planting trees.B．The climate change will lessen in the future.C．Large quantities of trees can help handle CO2.D．Trees will play a much bigger role in our daily life.13．What are the figures in Paragraph 2 mainly intended to show?A．Humans face a freshwater crisis.B．The Earth's land has various functions.C．Forests take up a small part of the Earth's land.D.The arable land is hard to feed the world's population．14．What can be inferred from the IPCC report?A．Planting trees benefits bioenergy crops.B．More land can be used for growing bioenergy crops.C．The condition of plenty of land has been improved.D．Large scale of treeplanting may be a doubleedged sword.15．What's the last paragraph mainly about?A．How to properly use our spare soil.B．How to produce more trees and biofuels.C.Why to protect our environment.D．What to know about our role in nature.Ⅱ.阅读七选五Social psychology's roots were laid in the late 1800s of Europe.Social psychology became a distinct discipline in the 1920s. 16 He was called the “father” of the discipline.17 Social psychology studies people's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.It also examines interpersonal interaction, analyzing the way in which someone interacts with other people.It also examines cultural influences like advertisements, books, films, television, and radio.Social psychologists like to use empirical (以实验为依据的)methods to conduct studies in their fields.These methods often involve experiments which can bring up complex ethical (伦理的) problems.One of the most infamous social psychology experiments was the Stanford PrisonExperiment. 18 To avoid a repeat of such questionable experiments, social psychologists rely on the efforts of ethics committees to ensure that their work is ethically allowable.The study of social psychology is significant.It can explain how groups make decisions, which social conditions can lead to improper behavior, etc.And social psychologists are constantly learning more about the science behind human interactions. 19If you want to learn more about this field of psychology, you may be able to take an introductory course at a local college in your area. 20 Once you start studying the discipline, try to be devoted to it!A．Or you may give lectures on this field.B．Social psychology deals with a wide range of areas.C．It was shut down at last because it got out of control.D．One of the major influences in the field was Kurt Lewin.E．So social psychology is a discipline that's beneficial to humans.F．Zimbardo is also a very famous social psychologist in the world.G．You can also consult your library for some published texts on the subject.选择性必修第一册 Unit 3(限时：35分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解AHere are some fun and engaging ways to learn about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations and what you can do to take action to make them a reality.Freerice from WFPFreerice is a free online educational game where people of all ages can do their part —simply by playing.Every right answer on Freerice brings a real financial donation to the UN World Food Programme (WFP) from sponsors worth about 10 grains of e your time and knowledge to help provide food for people in need.FriedaStorytelling is a powerful communication tool and helps children remember lessons and virtues that they will use in everyday life. The idea behind the production of the story of Frieda is to simplify the lessons of the SDGs so young children can better understand the SDGs.SDG PandasInspired by reallife animal ambassadors (大使) Qiqi and Diandian, SDG Pandas are stickers that you can use in your WhatsApp conversations to help spread the SDGs and inspire action for a better world.SDG ElyxElyx, the United Nations' digital ambassador, uses various expressions and actions to help demonstrate the meaning of each Sustainable Development Goal.Created by French artist YAK, Elyx has no race, sex or nationality and is a universal character promoting the importance of the United Nations' work.语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。

2022年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列专题19 阅读理解——说明文类(教师版)

题型介绍：材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构简单，理论性强，规律严谨。

具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情颜色，具有单一性和精确性的特点。

这类文章通常不会消灭文学英语中接受的排比、比方、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。

2. 句子结构较简单，语法分析较困难。

为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。

3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。

命题形式：命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜想题、推理推断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理推断题居多。

方法概述高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。

科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文规律性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体规律以及重要细节上全面把握｡【试题特点】①留意学科渗透,行文规律性强,内容抽象｡②贴近同学的学习､生活实际,有利于激发同学的思维,对选拔优秀考生有肯定的作用｡③能全面地考查同学的综合阅读力量和运用所学学问去分析､解决实际问题的力量｡(4)科学方法图示推断题科普说明文常消灭科学方法图示推断题，这种试题或以生物依靠关学—科—网系为命题题点，要求考生推断正确的生物依靠关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生推断正确的流程挨次，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生推断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生推断正确的机械配制。

解题时肯定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依靠关系、创造制造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解精确率。

分析备选项时应对比原文介绍状况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确推断。

命题方式考点一、细节事实理解。

一篇文章必定是由很多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，全部这些信息以某种挨次（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。

人与宠物动物的关系探究——基于东北最大宠物动物市场的调查

现代经济信息人与宠物动物的关系探究——基于东北最大宠物动物市场的调查吴子薇中南财经政法大学法学院摘要：在市场经济的高效率模式化运作下，本应只为精神目的而豢养的宠物动物日益退化为只重价值的商品，而评判其价值的标准则是所谓的“血统论”“纯种论”。

本文通过对东北最大的宠物动物市场的实地调查研究，运用观察法、访谈调查法、文献研究法、个案分析法和计算机应用技术探寻人与宠物动物的实然性关系，得出相关结论，进一步发掘二者的应然性关系，谋求人与宠物动物关系的可持续发展。

关键词：宠物动物；宠物市场；人与动物；可持续发展中图分类号：B82-058 文献识别码：A 文章编号：1001-828X(2019)015-0364-02Research on the relationship between people and pet animals——based on the survey of the largest pet animal market in northeast ChinaWU Ziwei(Law School of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law，Wuhan，430073)Abstract：With the high-efficiency and stereotyped development of market economy，pet animals that should have been raised for spiritual purposes only are now gradually degraded into goods of value，each of which is judged not by its specific character but by the so-called"bloodline"and whether it is a"purebred".After making a thorough investigation in the largest market of pet animals in Northeast China，the article talks about the reality of the relationship between human and pet animals by using the observation method，interview investigation，data studies，case analysis and computer application technology and comes to conclusions.Further exploration has been made on what that should be like，looking forward to its sustainable development.Key Words：pet animals；pet market；human beings and animals；sustainable development前言自人类出现的远古时期起，人便开始与更早存在于地球上的动物建立关系。

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RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENTS The Pure Exponential Diophantine Equation a x + b y = c z for Generalize

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2022年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列 专题19 阅读理解——说明文类(教师版)

人与宠物动物的关系探究——基于东北最大宠物动物市场的调查

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2022年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列专题19 阅读理解——说明文类(教师版)