Background (1)
话题一Personalbackground(个人情况)
8．—__W__h_a_t__doeshe____l_o_o_k_______l_ik_e？ 他长什么样？
Physical appearance
How we have changed
Talking about abilities
Describe people's looks
Байду номын сангаас
1.Modal verb can 2．Yes/No questions
and short answers 3．What questions 1.What questions 2．Adjectives of
17．sing(v.)___s_in_g_e_r_(n.)歌手____s_o_n_g_(n.)歌曲 18．speak(v.)__s_p_o_k__e_(过去式)__s_p_o_k_e_n_(过去分词)__s_p_e_a_k_e_r(n.)说话者 19．write(v.)__w__r_o_te__(过去式)__w__r_it_t_e_n(过去分词)___w__r_it_e_r(n.)作者 20．teach(v.)__t_ea_c_h_e_r_(n.)教师 21．make(v.)___m_a_d_e__(过去式)___m__a_d_e_(过去分词)制造；使得 22．musician(n.)音乐家___m__u_s_ic_(n.)音乐___m__u_s_ic_a(ladj.)音乐的 23．height(n.)___h_i_g_h__(adj.)高的___h_i_g_h_l_y(adv.)高度地 24．thin(adj.)__t_h_in__n_e_r(比较级)__th__in_n_e_s_t(最高级)薄的；瘦的 25．heavy(adj.)__h_e_a_v_i_er_(比较级)__h_e_a_v_i_e_st(最高级)重的 26．little(adj.)___l_e_s_s__(比较级)___l_e_a_s_t _(最高级)小的；少的
PDATR-29清洁验证中英对照（第一章—简介）
1. Introduction介绍1.1 Background背景In recent years, cleaning has achieved a position of increasing importance in the pharmaceutical industry. The current good manufacturing practices (CGMP) regulations recognize that cleaning is a critical issue to ensure product quality. Virtually every aspect of manufacturing involves cleaning, from the initial stages of bulk production to the final dosage form.近年来清洁作业逐渐在制药界占有重要的地位。
现行的GMP法规也指出清洁作业是保证产品质量的关键性工作。
自大宗原料的生产以迄最终剂型的制造作业，几乎每一个制造工序均含有清洁作业。
The CGMPs in the United States, Europe and other parts of the world have provided the pharmaceutical industry with general guidance for cleaning requirements. For example, in the U.S., section 211.67 of part 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) states that "Equipment and utensils shall be cleaned, maintained, and sanitized at appropriate intervals to prevent malfunctions or contamination that would alter the safety, identity, strength, quality, or purity of the drug product beyond the official or other established requirements." Section 211.182 of part 21 of the CFR identifies that cleaning procedures must be documented appropriately, and that a cleaning and use log should be established. In addition to CGMPs, various inspectional guideline documents published by the FDA contain expectations regarding cleaning in the pharmaceutical industry. Cleaning is also addressed in the PIC recommendations on cleaning validation and in the SFSTP Commission report "Validation desprocédés de nettoyage."美国、欧洲及全球其他地区均有制药界清洁作业的通则性指南。
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第一章
Literary Term: epic
also called Heroic Poetry, epics are long narrative poems that record the adventures of the hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. Epics chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central beliefs and values. The style of epic is grand, formal, complex and serious. Two of the most famous epics of Western civilization are Iliad and Odyssey by Homer. The two most famous English epics are the AngloSaxon Beowulf and John Milton’s Paradise Lost, which employs some of the conventions of the classical epic.
Background
Beowulf is a folk legend of primitive Northern tribes, brought to England by Anglo-Saxon. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundred years before it was written down. In the back of their settlement were deep forests. In front was the storming ocean. When they hunters returned from their exploits, the warriors would tell stories of their adventures. They were brave but superstitious.
Unit 1 Fresh Start
professor fresh out of law school.
…wanting nothing more than…
• Nothing more than: no more than, only
Cf. no more than/not more than
• His bike is mine. • His bike is • His bike is mine. • His bike is not more expensive than
cheaper than mine. no more expensive than
as cheap as mine.
First-gradish
• -ish(derogatory) characteristic of ,like, tending to: • Babyish, bookish, childish, foolish, • It means “having the qualities and characteristics of a first-grade student” .
• Q1: Foolish, childish • First-gradish: having the qualities and characteristics of a first-grade student. The first-gradish feeling is a mixture of helpless, disorientation, self-consciousness, and a lack of confidence.
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第1章 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066)【圣才出品】
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066)1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）(1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C.不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。
(2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire.从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。
(3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。
他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。
(4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame.大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。
(5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatenedto overrun the whole country.在8世纪50年代初期，丹麦人又叫北欧海盗开始入侵英格兰，开始是东海岸，进而威胁到整个国家的统治。
模拟联合国background guide范本1
Enhancing Intellectual Property Rights to Attract Foreign Direct InvestmentIntroductionForeign direct investment (FDI):Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the act of establishing or acquiring a foreign subsidiary over which the investing firm has substantial management control. The location of a Multinational entrepreneur’s (MNE’s) headquarters is called the home or source country, in that the decision to invest is made there, while the location of the subsidiary is called the host or recipient country.FDI is particularly important for host country because it is both a source of capital and a provider of knowledge about production techniques.Foreign direct investment depends on many factors including macroeconomic factors, relative input costs, agglomeration effects, risk factors, and policy variables. Besides, recent studies and experiences tells that in addition to such factors mentioned above, intellectual property protection in host countries has taken on increasing role in attracting foreign direct investment.Intellectual property rights (IPRs):Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are important factors for multinational entrepreneurs (MNEs) on investment decisions because all forms of strong IPRs, such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, provide protection for exporting firms against local copying of the product.Usually host country applying strong IPRs therefore provide favorable environment for multinational entrepreneurs to increase the market size facing exporters and boost sales. However, relationship between IPRs and FDI are highly debated in the professional field.The global system of intellectual property rights (IPRs) went through profound changes in the late 20th century. Developed countries undertook many approaches to protect their intellectual property. Regional agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and a series of Partnership Agreements under negotiation between the European Union and various Eastern European and Middle Eastern nations pay special attention to it. Globally, the multilateral agreement on trade-related intellectual property rights, or TRIPs, within the World Trade Organization (WTO) played crucial role to expand IPRs to greater significance.The role of intellectual property rights in attracting foreign direct investmentVarious studies give drastically different results on the relationship between IPR and FDI.Two previous studies are more noteworthy. Lee and Mansfield (1996) used survey results to develop an index of perceived weakness of IPRs in destination countries on the part of U.S. firms. They find that weakness of IPRs has a significant negative impact on the location of American FDI. Further, in a sample of chemical firms the proportion of FDI devoted to final production or R&D facilities is negatively and significantly associated with weakness of protection. Overall, empirical evidence indicates that, other things equal, countries with stronger IPRs do attract more imports, though the effect varies across industries (Maskus and Penubarti, 1995). From these results, it appears that both the volume and quality of investment are diminished in countries with limited property rights.However, studies by Teece in 1986 showed that firms would be more likely to engage in FDI in countries with weaker IPRs and contract-enforcement procedures. An implication is that as IPRs in a particular nation become stronger, firms would tend to choose more technology licensing and joint ventures and less FDI. This is the one identifiable theoretical case in which the strength of IPRs would be negatively associated with FDI flows.Delegates should especially note that IPR take on different levels of importance with respect to attracting FDI. Investment in lower technology goods and services, such as textile and apparel, electronic assembly, distribution and hotels usually display little emphasize on IPR requirements during decision making. Investors with a product that is technologically advanced and hard to copy also shows l ittle interest in protection of IPR in host countries. However, companies with easy imitable products and technologies, such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food additives, and software are more dependent on the local IPRs system for protection against imitation. Such firms considering investing in local market would pay special attention to local patent protection.Therefore, in theory, considering other factors in making investment decisions, FDI does not necessarily increase with a strengthening of intellectual property rights, but there is emerging empirical evidence in favor of that hypothesis.International frameworks and major actorsThe WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), negotiated in the 1986-94 Uruguay Round, introduced intellectual property rules into the multilateral trading system for the first time. The TRIPS Agreement has an additional important principle: intellectual property protection should contribute to technical innovation and the transfer of technology. Both producers and users should benefit, and economic and social welfare should be enhanced, the agreement says.The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a specialized agency of the United Nations is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest. WIPO was established in 1967 with a mandate from its Member States to promote the protection of IP throughout the world through cooperation among states and in collaboration with other international organizations.The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, which adhering countries are committed to promote, stipulate that enterprises should adopt practices that “permit the transfer and rapid diffusion of technologies and know-how, with due regard to the protection of intellectual property rights”.------ The OECD Declaration and Decisions on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, Annex I, Section VII.2.The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) established the Intellectual Property Programme Division on Investment and Enterprise which seeks to help developing countries participate effectively in international discussions on intellectual property rights and at the national level, to help ensure that their IP policies are consonant with development objectives.Intellectual property rights in a broader contextDespite the narrow focus on IPR to facilitate trade and attract FDI, however, Many analysts claim that strong IPRs play a much larger role in signaling to potential investors that a particular country recognizes and protects the rights of foreign firms to make strategic business decisions with few government impediments (Sherwood, 1990) As intellectual property protection has taken on increasing importance to MNEs, the application of a strong IPRs for governments in emerging markets are regarded as way to achieve better investment friendly environment.This explains why several poor countries with limited technical capabilities unilaterally have strengthened their IPRs laws and enforcement in the 1990s, despite serious questions about the wisdom of doing so. They prefer not to be left behind in the global competition for capital and technology. It also helps explain the universal acceptance of the TRIPs agreement.Enforcing IPRs and dispute solutionsThe agreements and laws are dimmed of their legal significance unless properly enforced. According to TRIPS, “governments have to ensure that intellectual property rights can be enforced under their laws, and that the penalties for infringement are tough enough to deter further violations. The procedures must be fair and equitable, and not unnecessarily complicated or costly. They should not entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays. People involved should be able to ask a court to review an administrative decision or to appeal a lower court’s ruling.”The TRIPS also describes in detail how enforcement should be handled, including rules for obtaining evidence, provisional measures, injunctions, damages and other penalties. Willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale should be criminal offences. Governments should make sure that intellectual property rights owners can receive the assistance of customs authorities to prevent imports of counterfeit and pirated goods.The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center was established in 1994 to offer Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) options, in particular arbitration and mediation, for the resolution of international commercial disputes between private parties. Developed by leading experts in cross-border dispute settlement, the procedures offered by the Center are widely recognized as particularly appropriate for technology, entertainment and other disputes involving intellectual property.Is IPR a way to secure monopoly?The global harmonisation of intellectual property legislation under the World Trade Organization (WTO) has also been criticized, for example by the alter-globalisation movement. It argued that the exclusive rights granted by intellectual property laws are generally negative in nature, and therefore only grant the holder of IP the ability to exclude third parties from infringing on their monopoly.On October 4, 2004, the General Assembly of the World Intellectual Property Organization agreed to adopt a proposal offered by Argentina and Brazil, the "Proposal for the Establishment of a Development Agenda for WIPO". This proposal was strongly supported by developing countries, as well as by a large contingent of civil society. Prior to the General Assembly meeting, hundreds of nonprofits, scientists, academics and other individuals had signed the "Geneva Declaration on the Future of WIPO," which calls on WIPO to focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development - not as an end in itself.Case study: intellectual property rights in China:As cited above, policymakers in both the developed and less developed worlds have increasingly considered intellectual property protection as a major means to attract foreign direct investment. However, stronger intellectual property protection is not always needed to attract such investment. In the case of China, foreign investors were not attracted by the strong intellectual property protection the country offers. Rather, they entered the Chinese market because of “the drastically lower production costs, the country’s enormous market, its inefficient economic system and the preferential treatment of foreign investors”.‘Since 1983, FDI [in China] has grown from less than $1 billion a year to more than $60 billion, and it is projected to soon reach $100 billion annually’ (Navarro, 2007, p. 13). Today, China is oneof the world’s largest recipients of FDI with capital inflows of ab out $50 billion, behind the United States and the United Kingdom (Chow, 2007, p. 198). Such an influx of FDI not only provides China with the foreign capital needed for economic modernization, but also results in technology transfer, job creation, development of human capital and generation of tax revenues (Sherwood, 1990, pp. 191–199).As pointed out earlier, strong intellectual property protection is not always needed for attracting FDI. In fact, stronger protection may reduce investment by encouraging investors to conduct arm’s-length transactions by licensing their products. Such protection would also reduce the net gains in economic welfare from increased FDI by incurring significant costs, such as administrative and enforcement costs, adjustment costs due to labor displacement, social costs associated with monopoly pricing, higher imitation and innovation costs and potential costs resulting from the abuse of intellectual property rights (Maskus, Dougherty and Mertha, 2005, pp. 302–306).the drasticall y lower production costs, the country’s enormous market, its inefficient economic system and the preferential treatment of foreign investors have all helped to attract FDI in China. Because these factors more than compensate for the country’s weak intellec tual property protection, FDI in China increased substantially despite limited intellectual property protection in the country. China therefore is not an exception to the causal relationship between intellectual property protection and FDI, but an ideal case study to illustrate the ambiguity of this relationship and the complex interactions between the many location advantages that affect private investment decisions. After all, as Keith Maskus pointed out, if stronger intellectual property protection alway s led to more FDI, ‘recent FDI flows to developing economies would have gone largely to sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe . . . [rather than] China, Brazil, and other high-growth, large-market developing economies with weak IPRs’ (Maskus, 1998, p. 129).Although the piracy and counterfeiting problems in China have been widely reported in the media in the past decade, the protection of intellectual property rights took a giant leap in recent years.At present, China is a proud member of many multilateral intellectual property agreements, including the Berne Convention, Geneva Convention, Paris Convention, the Patent Cooperation Treaty and UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants).In November 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since joining the WTO, China has further strengthened its legal framework and amended its IPR laws and regulations in compliance with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).China made such progress not only to respond to external pressure, but also because IPR protection becomes more and more important for its self-interest. Compared to a decade ago, a number of Chinese companies have now achieved prominence in the international market, with their trademarks being recognized as well-known outside China (Sull with Wang, 2005). Examples of these famous local brands include Galanz (for microwave ovens), Haier (for household appliances), Huawei Technologies (for telecommunications equipment), Konka (for televisions)and TCL (for televisions). As China increases its exports of goods branded with globally recognized local trademarks, the importance of intellectual property protection to the country’s future economic development cannot be ignored.similar transformations occurred in Japan in the 1970s and in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan in the 1980s—and even in Germany and the United States many decades ago (Assafa, 1996, p. 120; Kingston, 2005, p. 658). It is only a matter of time before China joins its more developed neighbors in championing the cause for stronger intellectual property protection.Conclusion and questions to considerWhat kind of FDI is prevalent in your country and is IPR important in protecting the FDI?What are the consequences if your country apply strong IPR?What are its affects on developing countries and least developed countries?/ip/wipo/genevadeclaration.html/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm/njtip/vol5/iss3/3//ip/wipo/genevadeclaration.html/article.asp?articleid=74520http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/arbitration//fortune/2006-04/27/content_4483322.htmThe Role of Intellectual Property in Promoting International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment, Chow, Daniel C. K. (2007)How Trade-Related Are Intellectual Property Rights?, Maskus, Keith E. and Mohan Penubarti (1995)Intellectual Property and Economic Development, Sherwood, Robert M. (1990)Intellectual Property, Foreign Direct Investment and the China Exception, Peter K. Yu (2009)Intellectual Property Policy for Non-industrial Countries, Assafa, Endeshaw (1996),Intellectual Property Protection and U.S. Foreign Direct Investment, Lee, Jeong-Yeon and Mansfield, Edwin (1996),The Coming China Wars: Where They Will Be Fought and How They Can Be Won, Navarro, Peter (2007)The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer, Keith E. Maskus。
操作系统常用命令(实验一)
（一）UNIX常用命令和权限的使用实验目的1、熟悉UNIX系统的登录和退出。
2、了解UNIX的命令及使用格式。
3、熟悉UNIX/LINUX的常用基本命令。
实验内容1、学习如何登录UNIX。
2、熟悉UNIX/LINUX的常用基本命令如ls、who、w、pwd、ps、pstree、top等。
实验准备预习附录一《UNIX/LINUX简介》实验指导一、UNIX的登录与退出1、登录由于LINUX是一个多用户操作系统，可以有多个用户同时使用一台计算机。
运行各自的应用程序。
为了区分各个用户，每个用户都拥有自己独立的用户帐号。
用户在使用LINUX时都必须以自己的用户名进行登录。
登录提示为：login：在bash shell下“＃”为root用户的命令行提示符，“＄”为一般用户的命令行提示符。
（2）步骤login：（输入username）password：（输入密码）2、退出在UNIX系统提示符$下，输入logout、exit或shutdown 或按CTRL+ALT+DEL退出系统。
例：$ logout3、关闭系统LINUX与WINDOWS9X相似，在不使用计算机时应该先关闭系统，再关机。
关机一般由root用户进行。
关机的方法：halt或shutdown。
二、UNIX命令格式命令[选项] [处理对象]例：ls -la mydir注意：（1）命令一般是小写字串。
注意大小写有别（2）选项通常以减号（-）再加上一个或数个字符表示，用来选择一个命令的不同操作（3）同一行可有数个命令，命令间应以分号隔开（4）命令后加上&可使该命令后台（background）执行1、man获取命令帮助功能：查阅指定命令或资源联机手册。
语法：man 〈command〉说明：man是帮助手册manul的缩写，它的命令格式是man后跟需获取帮助的命令，显示过程中随时可用q退出。
示例：man ls2、用 - -help获取命令参数的说明功能：查阅指定命令所用的参数。
高中英语 Unit1 Background information(背景信息)教案 译林牛津版必修4
英语必修4译林牛津Unit 1精品教案（背景信息）U1 第三部分教案Background information（牛津译林版必修4）●Section 2 Background informationI. An introduction to Advertising1. Definition:American Marketing Association (AMA) defines advertising as “the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media.” Today, with the development of the technology and the diversity of the mass media, advertising has influenced us pervasively in our daily life. However, whatever the promotive strategies advertising takes, language is the main carrier of message all along, as The Language of Advertising, by Vesterg ard & Schroder, says, “Advertising takes many forms, but in most of the m language is of crucial importance.” Advertising language is a style of immediate impact and rapid persuasion. The point of an advertisement is to persuade you of the merits of a particular product or service, in order that you will take out some of your money.2. Advertising Components: According to the definition of the advertising, most of the advertisements should have the following components:(1) AdvertiserThe advertiser is the sender of information and all the advertising activities should be consistent with the purpose and willingness of the advertiser. Therefore, the advertiser is the main body of advertising, namely, every advertisement should have its specific owner of the advertising information. The specific owner should be a recognizable group, including corporation, enterprise, government, organization and individual. There are three significances of an advertiser (both for the advertiser themselves, and for the public): firstly, it’s easy for the target audience to recognize the company and the products of it, which will promote the propagandas andthe sale of its products; secondly, it will establish a high reputation for the group, enterpr ise, or the individual in order that the consumer will trust the brand; finally, it will prevent the advertiser from counterfeiting and deceiving by legal supervision.(2) A certain amount of money paidThe advertising fees a re paid by the advertiser no matter it’s operated by itself or other agency. Because advertising is a kind of marketing action, an advertiser has to pay for its advertisement. There are quite a few people who consider that too much advertising fee will inevitably raise the price and cost of the product, and thereby will influence the sale of the product. However, this conclusion is a one-sided view. Advertising can bring you a huge profit by reasonable planning a nd proper operation.(3) Advertising InformationAdvertising information is the principal content s an advertisement wants to disseminate. Advertising is a serious of planning action, so the information of adve rtising should be aimed at the certain target market and consumers, and should avoid aimlessness. The dissemination of information should be accurate, definite, recognizable and moderate in length. An effe ctive advertisement involves not only “what to say”, but also ‘how to say”.(4) Advertising MediaMedia are the means of the dissemination of advertising, including newspaper, magazine, broadcast, TV program, billboard and mail. The newspaper, magazine, broadcast and TV are called the four main media of advertising. Moreover, any kind of objects or tools can be a medium for the advertisement, such as airplane, train, bus, building, neon light, movie, package, exhibition, and etc. Different kinds of media have different features, disseminating area, target audience and speed.II．经典英文广告麦斯威尔咖啡 Good to the last drop 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。
美国文学期末复习笔记 (1)
美国文学笔记III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）American Transcendentalism(美国超验主义）（1830s- Civil War）Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance1. Appearance1836, ―Nature‖ by Emerson2. Features of Transcendentalism(1). Spirit(思想）/Oversoul（超灵）(2). importance of individualism(3). nature – symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul(4). focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期(1865-1918)1. Three Giants in Realistic PeriodWilliam Dean Howells –―Dean of American Realism‖Henry JamesMark Twain2. Comparison:Theme:Howells –middle classJames –upper classTwain –lower classTechnique:Howells –smiling/genteel realismJames –psychological realismTwain –local colourism and colloquialismMark Twain (1835-1910):1. Summary:American writer, short story writer/Humorist2. Major works:The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆.索亚历险记》Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》: All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece ―The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.‖——Ernest Hemingway3. Style:(1). colloquial language（口语）, vernacular (本土的）language, dialects(2). local colour(3). syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical(4). humour(5). tall tales (highly exaggerated) （荒诞不经的故事）(6). social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)4. ContributionOne of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country.Henry James (1843-1916)1. Summary:An American and British novelist, literary criticFounder of psychological realismFirst of the modern psychological novelistInitiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophistication2. Major works:Daisy Miller （1878）《戴茜·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇的肖像》The Wings of the Dove (1902)《鸽翼》The Ambassadors (1903)《专使》The Golden Bowl (1904)《金碗》The Art of Fiction(1884)《小说的艺术》3. His Point of view(1). Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness(2).Psychological realism(3). Highly-refined language4. Style –“stylist”(1). Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate(2).V ocabulary: large(3). Construction: complicated, intricateNaturalism（自然主义）1. Background:(1). Dar win’s theory: ―natural selection‖(2).Spenser’s idea: ―social Darwinism‖(3). French Naturalism: Zora2. Features(1). environment and heredity(2). scientific accuracy and a lot of details(3). general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societySt ephen Crane (1881-1900)1. Summary:Novelist, poetPioneer in the naturalistic traditionPrecursors（先驱）of Imagist poetry2. Major Works:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》: the first naturalistic novel in AmericaThe Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》V. AMERICAN MODERNISM (1918-1945)（美国现代主义）F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1. Summary:Famous American novelist, short story writer, and essayistthe representative of the 1920sthe spokesman for the Jazz Ageone of the“lost generation”writers2. Major WorksThis Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》:Narrative point of view – Nick CarrawayTheme: The decline of the American Dream3. His Point of view(1). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called ―American Dream‖ is false innature.(2). He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on theemotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.(3). His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4. His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.William Faulkner (1897-1962)1. Sumary:An American novelist and poetInitiator of American Southern RenaissanceOne of the most influential modern novelists of 20th centuryNobel Prize winner for literature in 19492. Major Works:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县）:--- A fictional county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home in Lafayette County, Mississippi.3. Major Themes of his Works(1). history and race(2). Deterioration(3). Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment(4). Horror, violence and the abnormal4. Faulkner's narrative technique(1).Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator(2). Dislocation of the narrative time: The most characteristic way of structuring his stories is to fragment thechronological time.(3). the modern stream-of-consciousness（意识流）technique and the interior monologue（内心独白）：(4). Multiple points of view（多重视角）(5). symbolism and mythological and biblical（圣经的）allusionsErnest Hemingway (1899—1961)1. Summary:Novelist and short-story writerOne of the great American writers of the 20th centuryThe Spokesman of the ―Lost Generation‖Nobel Prize winner for literature in 19542. Major worksThe Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》/ 《战地钟声》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Clean, Well-lighted Place 《一个干净，明亮的地方》3. Major Themes(1).The ―Nada‖(虚无) Concept(2).Grace under pressure(压力下的优雅）―Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.‖------The Old Man and the Sea(3). Code Hero（准则英雄/ 硬汉）a. The Hemingway hero is not a thinker; he is a man of action.b.―Grace under pressure is their motto.c.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible(不可毁灭的）spirit.4. Artistic features(1) .The iceberg（冰山）techniqueThe dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(2). Language stylea. simple and naturalb.direct, clear and freshc. lean and economicald.simple, conversational, common found, fundamental wordse. simple sentencesf. Iceberg principle: understatement, implied thingsg.SymbolismEzra Pound (1885—1972)1. Summary:A leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement‖(意象主义运动）One of the most influential American poets and critic2. Major works:Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》Cantos /《诗章》3. Imagism (1909-1917)(1) .Background:Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japaneseliterature ―haiku‖(2). Defintion : The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to expressthe these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3): Manifesto of Imagism:•Direct treatment•Economy of expression•New rhythmIn a station of the Metro《在一个地铁站》: a quintessential（典型的）imagist textRobert Frost（1847-1963）1. Summary:the most popular American poetWon Pulitzer Prize four timesReceived honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universitiesRead ― The Gift Outright‖ at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 19612. Famous Poems:F ire and Ice《火与冰》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜伫立林边有感》Mending Wall《补墙》After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》3. Frost’s writing featureHis combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language (New England Speech)Eugene O’Neil (1888-1953)1. Summary:America's greatest playwrightWon the Pulitzer Prize four timesWon Nobel Prize in 1936Founder of the American drama2. Major WorksBeyond the Horizon (1920) 《天边外》The Emperor Jones(1920) 《琼斯皇帝》The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》Desire under the Elms (1924) 《榆树下的欲望》美国文学笔记整理完整版18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism埃德加·爱伦·坡侦探小说之父Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism精神批Edgar Allan Poe 评，首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头1809-1849 Novelist小说家, poet, critic批评家good at writing Gothic(哥特式）and detective fictionPoetryThe Raven《乌鸦》To Helen《献给海伦》Short storiesHorror ( suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Black Cat《黑猫》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《丽姬娅》Detective /ratiocinative(推理的）(originator)The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》The Muder in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》The Mystery of Marie Rog《玛丽.罗热疑案》The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifestoRalf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;American essayist,lecturer, poetThe Founder of Transcendentalism1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verseRalph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism个人主义.纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 虚构Nathaniel Hawthorne 象征主义大师American novelist and short story writer1804-1864 The Scarlet Letter红字Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义）deeply.(1). Evil is at the core of human life 邪恶是人类生活的中心(2).whenever there is sin 罪恶, there is punishment 惩罚. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation 代代相传(3). Evil educates. 邪恶的教育(4). He has disgust in science科学. One source of evil is overweening (自负的) (too proud of oneself) intellect . His intellectual characters聪明的特征are villains反派角色, dreadful可怕的and cold-blooded冷血的赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Main characters: Ishmael(以实玛利）: the narrator 叙述者Ahab（埃哈伯）: the protagonist 主要人物Moby DickTypee泰比Omoo奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the1819-1892 end of romanticism）共和圣经Democratic Bible 美国史诗American EpicAmerican poet, essayist散文家, journalist新闻工作者, and humanist人道主义学家The father of free verse（自由诗）Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas 民主的前景One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱一个人的自己》O Captain! My Captain! 《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》3.Writing themes (almost everything):equality of things and beings 平等的事情和人divinity 神学of everythingImmanence（无所不在）of GodDemocracy 民主evolution of cosmos（宇宙的演化）multiplicity 多样性of natureself-reliant spirit 自力更生的精神death, beauty of deathexpansion of America 美国的扩张brotherhood 手足情谊and social solidarity（社会团结）(unity of nations in the world世界统一的国家) pursuit 追求of love and happiness4.S tyle: “free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern固定的韵律模式, the verse without a fixed beat 固定的节拍or regular rhyme scheme规律的格律.(1).Parallelism（排比）(2).phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition重复of words or phrases at the beginning of the line, inthe middle or at the end)(3).the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖ (the first person narrator)(4).strong tendency to use oral English使用英语口语的强烈倾向(5).the habit of using snapshots 生活小照(6).a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure语法结构(7).use of conventional image 传统的想象(8).vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(9). sentences – catalogue目录technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. Significance of Leaves of GrassLeaves of Gras s, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:无论是在内容还是在形式上,是一个划时代的作品在美国文学→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism. 其民主内容标志着从浪漫主义到现实主义的转变→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.其生发的形式从旧的诗意的约定了打开新的思路对美国诗歌。
SBAR标准化沟通
• 现在神志清楚，T：37.8℃，P：100次/分，R：22次/分，血压147/95mmHg，左侧腰部绞痛， 疼痛评分8分。
• Recommendation建议
• 我认为病人可能是结石导致急性疼痛发作，已经安慰病人，您看是否可以给予解痉、止痛药 物治疗？
案例二：医生外出会诊，护士汇报病情
考核流程
➢ 确定被考护士，选择病人
➢ 下病房跟随护士，看工作场景
➢ 现场评估、考核
➢ 追溯
➢ 访谈（病人/护士长、护士）
➢
评价
注意：现场评估不是住院评估，不是背病程记录，提出护理问题：最主要的2-3个
考核要求：
随机：见什么考什么 （在实际中融入理论和操作，灵活多样：如：使用开塞露、输液 滴速调整） 原则：考基础护理、基础操作、专科护理 依据：实用临床护理三基（应知应会）、三基操作篇
是一种以证据为基础的、标准的沟通方式，曾被用于美国海 军核潜艇和航空业，在紧急情况下保证了信息的准确传递。也 是世界卫生组织所提出的标准化沟通模式。
一种有效的工具，用于所有类型的信息传递！
SBAR沟通模式的优点
SBAR沟通方式可以提高医护人员的满意度，增进医 护队伍团结协作
能展现优质护理的内涵 SBAR沟通方式有利于规范交班流程，促进患者安全 提高护理人员工作效率 能提高护士的评判性思维能力，能有效提高护士的
Assessment评估 现在神志清楚，T：36.9℃， P：150次/分，R：30次/分，血压 159/95mmHg，寒战，左侧放置肾周脓肿引流管，24小时引流量约 100ml。患者自述胸闷，憋喘。
Recommendation建议 我认为病人可能是体温上升期，已经给予保暖，病人有房颤病史，您 看先吸氧、心电监护行吗？
现代大学英语精读1 (第三版)教师用书 Unit 12
Unit 12Text AT he Monsters Are Due on Maple StreetRod SerlingI Introduction1 Background1. GenreThis text is written in the tradition of science fiction. Science fiction usually describes imaginary future developments in science. But unlike Round the World in 80 Days by Jules Verne, today’s science fict ion often tries to give a moral message. Therefore, they are more “fiction” than “science”. The present text is a good example.2. Elements of dramaThis is a short two-act play. In reading a play, first we should learn about the setting or background, and get to know the characters and their relations to each other; then we must find out what is happening (the plot and the dramatic conflict), and understand how the drama leads to the climax or how the dramatic conflict is resolved.3. LanguagePlays are particularly good for learning spoken English. Students should pay particular attention to the pronunciation and intonation, as well as such special features of oral English as contractions, ellipses and colloquial expressions. Students are strongly advised to act out the whole play.4. Theme and thesisIn the title of the play, the “monsters” seem to refer to those ETs (extraterrestrial beings) who are out to destroy us human beings on earth (the earthlings or earth people). When we finish the play, however, we realize that monsters actually live in our own hearts. Because of our weaknesses or wicked ways, we tend to destroy each other or seek our own destruction. This, and not the ETs, is our real enemy and real danger.In this play, the author seems to emphasize three fatal human weaknesses: our deep suspicion and distrust of one another, our eagerness to find a scapegoat, and our readiness to turn into a mob. It implies that if we human beings want to be really safe, we must kill those monsters in our hearts: we should try to understand and trust each other, to be less eager to assign blame, and to resist the kind of group (mob) mentalitywhich too often results in violence and tragedy.2 StructureThe teleplay can be divided into five parts on the basis of plot development, most of which can be further divided into several sections.Part I The introduction/exposition: The residents on Maple Street desperately try to understand what is happening in the neighborhood. (paras. 1–29)A. One late afternoon the residents on Maple Street hear a tremendous roar and see a flash of light cross the sky. (paras. 1–2)B. Strange things begin to happen and the residents try to figure out what is happening and some of them decide to go downtown to find out. (paras. 3–29)Part II The rising action: The conflict develops into one between the residents of Maple Street. (paras. 30–102)A. Tommy stops them saying all the strange things have been caused by monsters from outer space. (paras. 30–56)B. Les Goodman is suspected of being an alien sent from outer space earlier, and when people move in on Goodman’s house for action, they turn into a mob. (paras. 57–86)C. Steve Brand begins to be suspected for trying to speak for Goodman. (paras. 87–102)Part III The crisis/climax: The conflict further intensifies when they use a shotgun. (paras. 103–111)A. An approaching figure frightens the residents. (paras. 103–107)B. Charlie fires and he shoots a neighbor dead. (paras. 108–111)Part IV Falling action: The residents begin to quarrel and accuse each other. (paras. 112–134)A.Suspicion falls on Charlie, who puts all the blame on Tommy. (paras. 112–121)B. People start to accuse each other. (paras. 122–134)Part V Resolution: The two creatures in the spacecraft forecast the destruction of the people on Maple Street, not by the monsters, but by themselves. (paras. 135–141)3 Teaching Tips1. Oral work1) Have the students summarize the teleplay.2) Ask them to make a character analysis of one of the following characters: Charlie, Steve, Tommy, or any other character.3) Here are a few topics for discussion.■What message do you think Rod Serling intends to get across to the audience?■What destroys the people of Maple Street?■What do you think is the most dangerous human weakness?2. Follow-up activities1) Ask the students to perform the whole play or act out major events.■Have a play reading session in the class.II Detailed Discussion of the Text1. The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street (title)Question: Who are the monsters? Are they really responsible for all the troubles that happen on Maple Street? Where are the real monsters?are due: to be expected to happen or arrive at a particular timeeg The train is due in exactly 25 minutes.Their baby is due in October.She is due to arrive at 5:30.The meeting is due to start in 5 minutes.2. porch (para. 1)(AmE) a structure attached to the entrance of a house that has a roof and that may or may not have wallsCollocations: a front/back porch, an enclosed porch (=a porch that has walls)3. Steve Brand polishes his car parked in front of his house. (para. 1)parked in front of his house: past participle phrase used as an attributive qualifier More examples:a book written by Mark Twainmemory sticks made in Canadaan IMAX cinema opened last weeka 3-D movie produced in the US4. A Good Humor man (para. 1)a man who sells Good Humor productsGood Humor: an American brand of ice cream sold from ice cream trucks as well as stores. The Good Humor Company started in Youngstown, Ohio during the early 1920s and covered most of the country by the mid 1930s. At its peak in the 1950s, the company operated 2,000 “sales cars”.5. ... and is just stopping to sell some ice-cream... (para. 1)stop to do sth: to stop (doing what you are doing in order ) to do sth elseMore examples:She was working. When she saw me, she stopped to talk to me.I worked the whole day. I only stopped to eat my meals.I had to stop to ask direction many times.6. a couple of (para. 1)two of the same kind or a small number ofMore examples:a couple of days/weeks/months/years, a couple of people, another/first/next/last couple of hours/weeks, etc7. gossip (para. 1)to spend time talking to somebody about other people’s behavior and privat e lives or about other things that do not concern oneself8. Another man waters his lawn. (para. 1)Like “water”, the following nouns can also be used as verbs:land, screw, face, back, grade, score, question, fish, book, ship, paper, truck, bike, dust, etcMore examples:The workers are loading goods from a ship.She slowly backed the car into the garage.Before we move in we have to paper the room first.Would you please book a ticket for me?9. a tremendous roar (para. 2)a terrible continuous loud noise, especially made by animals like lions, or by a man ora machine10. A flash of light plays on his face... (para. 2)A flash of light shines on and moves about on his face...11. ... the man... stands there speechless. (para. 2)“Speechless” here is used as the subject complement denoting the state “the man” is in. It is not used to modify the verb “stands”.More examples:The sun was burning hot.He was lying there, fast asleep.Three months later, she came back home, penniless.12. from across the street (para. 2)The preposition “from” can be followed by another preposition. Draw students’ attention to the use of such double prepositions.More examples:He jumped from behind the tree.She drew a gun from inside the drawer.I came from beyond the mountains.13. Guess it was a meteor, honey. Came awful close, didn’t it? (para. 7)Ellipsis is common in speaking. In both of the sentences above, the subject is dropped. “Guess it was...” should be “I guess...” and “Came awful close...” should be “It came awful close...”14. We see a man screwing in a light bulb on a front porch... (para. 8)Let students imagine themselves reporting to the police what they have seen or heard in a serious fight which finally led to a murder case.They may use the following expressions:I saw sb do/doing sthI heard sb do/doing sthI found sb doing sth15. ... finding that nothing happens. (para. 8)... finding that the light is not on.nothing happens:used to say that what you do does not bring about a result you expectMore examples:I knocked at the door for five minutes, but nothing happened. (=There was no answer.)I shut my eyes and was ready for a good beating, but nothing happened.16. A Man working on an electric power mower plugs in the plug. (para. 8)A Man who’s going to mow his lawn put the plug of an electric power mower into the socket.work on: (phrasal verb) to be in the process of doing sthMore examples:The boy’s working on a math problem.The director’s working on a new movie.17. He turns on the switch, on and off, but nothing happens. (para. 8)on and off/off and on: starting, stopping, and starting againeg It rained off and on for a week.The man worked in a restaurant on and off.She’s had headaches on and off for a couple of y ears.18. ... a Woman is seen dialing her phone. (para. 8)sb is seen doing sth:the passive form of “people see sb doing sth”More examples:The man was seen putting his hand into a women’s bag.The girl was seen playing with her pet dog.19. Operato r, something’s wrong with the phone. (para. 9)Operator, my phone is not working properly.operator: someone who works for a telephone company, whom you can call for help when you have problems with your phonesomething’s wrong with... / there’s something wrong with...More examples:There seems to be something wrong with the computer, but I don’t know what it is. There is nothing seriously wrong with you. You just have a little cold.20. ... the power’s off. (para. 10)There is no power; power is no longer connected.off: (adv especially of machines, electrical devices, lights, etc) not operating because it’s not switched onMore examples:The light was off, and the room was pitch darkThe heat was off and it was terribly cold.on: (adv) the opposite of “off”21. I can’t get anybody on the phone, either. (para. 11)I can’t get anybody to answer the phone. 没人接电话。
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初中英语Unit1PersonalBackground(个人情况)
Unit 1 Personal Background（个人情况）1、Dear Student,My name is Bob. I live in Toronto, Canada, and I want a pen pal in China. I think China is a very interesting country. I’m 14 years old and my birthday is in November. I can speak English and a little French. I have a brother, Paul, and a sister, Sarah. They have pen pals in the United Kingdom and Australia. I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports. My favorite subject in school is P.E. It’s fun. But I don’t like math. It’s too difficu lt!Can you write to me soon?2、I work with people and money. People give me their money or get their money from me.I wear a white uniform and I help doctors. I work in the day and sometimes at night. My work is interesting but kind of dangerous. Thieves don't like me. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners. I like talking to people. I meet interesting people every day and ask them questions.3、Johnny Dean’s New Look!Do you remember Johnny Dean, the pop singer with funny glasses and long curly hair? Well, now he has a new look. He doesn’t have long curly hair. He has short straight hair. And he doesn’t wear glasses. But some people don’t like his new look. “I don’t think he’s so great,” says Ruth from New York. “But my mom does.”4、My Biggest ProblemMy biggest problem is that I’m too busy. When I was young, I used to have so much time, but these days I get up early and stay in school all day. Then I go right home and eat dinner. Before I started high school, I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends, but I just don’t have the time anymore. In the evening, I used to watch TV or chat with my grandmother, but now have to study. I love music, and my father used to take me to concerts. These days, I hardly ever have time for concerts. I do my homework and go to bed. I really miss the old days.。
Rainmeter常用修改指令一览
[Rainmeter]放置一般设定。
[Variables]存放变量。
[Measures]实际测量值。
[Meters]实际测量值在屏幕的表现方式。
[Rainmeter]Background=255, 0, 255——背景，可用BMP,JPG和PNG（带透明）图片！255, 0, 255表示透明，默认透明。
BackgroundMode=1——背景模式，0-Background定义的图片。
，1-透明，2-纯色，3-缩放的图片。
默认1BackgroundMargins=10,10,10,10——定义背景图像的边缘，在BackgroundMode=3的时候也不会被缩放。
SolidColor=FFFF0080SolidColor2=FF00FF40——如果BackgroundMode设置为2的时候，此项定义背景色及第二渐变颜色。
GradientAngle=——如果Background模式设置为2的时候，此项定义颜色梯度（颜色渐变）的角度。
角度以弧度制定义。
BevelType=0——此项描述的是纯背景颜色周围的斜缘边。
0=无，1=凸起，2=凹陷。
Update=1000——Meters的更新时间，单位是毫秒，默认是1000即1秒。
TransitionUpdate=100——meter的过渡时间，默认是100DynamicWindowSize=0——如果设置成1，窗口会在每次更新时进行大小重新计算，必要情况下会自动缩放窗口大小。
DragMargins=——定义窗口不允许被拖动的区域。
需要定义4个值并以逗号分隔。
这个值定义的是不允许拖动的区域。
负值是从对边开始计算的。
KeepOnScreen=0——设置成1则窗口始终保持在监视器的范围之内。
（建议玩全屏降分辨率游戏的用户不要开启此项选项，这样会导致退出游戏后插件移位）Author=AuthorName——皮肤作者的名字和E-Mail地址。
该字符串会显示在关于的对话框内。
话题一Personalbackground(个人情况专项练习)
14．She__to_ld_meaterriblestorysoIfeltscaredandcouldn'tsleepwell. 15．MartinFreemanisa___B_r_it_isahctorandheactsBilboBagginsinTheHobbit.
make， score， help， absent， influence
thinner
8．I__p_u_t_(放)thebiggestcakebackonthetableonherbirthday. 9．Lilyfeltextremelysadbecauseshe___f_a_il_e_d (失败)inherexamination. 10．TFBOYSasa__s_i_n_ge_r_s'(歌手的)groupispopularamong13-year-oldteenagers.
____(烧
burned/burnt
伤)byaccidentwhenshewentoutwithhergrandparents.Shheacrodulyldn'twalkand Hsohwe2e3v.e_r_，__t_h_e_y(o几un乎gg不ir)lwhaedntolueta. rntodoeverything.Atfirstshe
二、用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，每词限用一次。
thin ， pr ivate， ant， tell， Br itish
11．BeforerainingIsawalotof_____an_t_s_getoutoftheirhomesbesidesthetree. 12．Lily'sparentssenthertoa________school. 13．Sheis______thananyotherherpcrlaivsastme ates.
关于韩愈的手抄报英语(一)
关于韩愈的手抄报英语(一)关于韩愈的手抄报（英语版）1. Background•Who is Han Yu?•Brief introduction of Han Yu’s life and achievements. 2. Literary Contributions•Han Yu’s role in the development of Chinese classic literature.•His emphasis on using vernacular language and importance of clear expression.3. Political Influence•Han Yu’s involvement in politics and his critical views on the government.•Famous essay: “Memorial on Bone Ranking System” and its implications.4. Confucian Scholar•Han Yu’s deep reverence for Confucianism and its influence on his writings.•Examination of his famous works praising Confucius and criticizing Buddhism.5. Social Reformer•Han Yu’s efforts to correct social issues and promote moral values.•Focus ing on his essay “On the Disasters of Zhao State”and its impact.6. Legacy•Han Yu’s lasting impact on Chinese literature and society.•Recognitions and honors posthumously bestowed upon him. Conclusion•Brief summary of Han Yu’s significance as a writer, politician, Confucian scholar, and social reformer. •Encouragement to study and appreciate his works for a better understanding of Chinese culture.7. Influence on Modern Chinese Language•Han Yu’s contribu tions to the standardization of the Chinese language.•Introduction of the Han Yu Wen Zi, a system of character pronunciation based on his work.8. Literary Style and Themes•Discussion of Han Yu’s elegant and concise prose style.•Exploration of common themes in his works, such as patriotism, morality, and social justice.9. Controversies and Criticisms•Examination of criticisms and controversies surrounding Han Yu’s viewpoints.•Debates over the appropriateness of his strong political and religious stances.10. Han Yu’s Place in Chinese History•Comparison of Han Yu’s influence with other prominent figures in Chinese history.•Reflection on his significant contributions to the cultural and intellectual landscape of China.11. Sources and Further Reading•List of recommended books, articles, and academic resources about Han Yu.•Encouragement to explore more in-depth studies on his life and works.Conclusion•Recap of Han Yu’s multifaceted achievements as a writer, thinker, and social activist.•Encouragement to recognize his enduring impact on Chinese literature and society.By studying and appreciating the life and works of Han Yu, we can gain a deeper understanding of Chinese culture and history. His writings continue to inspire and provokecritical thinking in both literary and social realms. Let us remember and honor this esteemed figure who has left an indelible mark on Chinese civilization.。
vue3 background用法(一)
vue3 background用法(一)Vue3 Background1. 介绍Vue3是一款流行的JavaScript框架，用于构建交互式的用户界面。
背景是Vue3中的一个特性，可以用于设置元素的背景样式。
2. 使用方法在模板中设置背景样式可以在Vue3的模板中使用style属性来设置元素的背景样式。
使用v-bind:style或者简写形式:style来绑定一个包含背景属性的对象。
例如，以下代码设置一个元素的背景颜色为红色：<div :style="{ backgroundColor: 'red' }"></div>可以使用动态数据来设置背景样式。
例如，将背景颜色绑定到一个data属性：<template><div :style="{ backgroundColor: bgColor }"></div></template><script>export default {data() {return {bgColor: 'red'}}}</script>使用计算属性动态设置背景样式使用计算属性可以根据组件的状态来动态设置背景样式。
计算属性可以根据一些条件返回不同的值。
例如，以下代码根据isDark的值来设置背景颜色：<template><div :style="{ backgroundColor: backgroundStyle }"></d iv></template><script>export default {data() {return {isDark: true}},computed: {backgroundStyle() {return ? 'black' : 'white'}}}</script>使用类名设置背景样式除了直接设置背景样式，还可以使用类名来设置背景样式。
cucumber gherkin background用法(一)
cucumber gherkin background用法(一)Cucumber Gherkin Background1. 什么是Cucumber Gherkin Background?Cucumber Gherkin Background 是一种行为驱动开发（BDD）工具中的特性描述语言，用于定义软件系统的行为和期望结果。
Gherkin背景（Background）用于在多个场景中共享前置条件。
2. 为什么使用Cucumber Gherkin Background?使用Cucumber Gherkin Background的好处有以下几点： - 代码可读性高：Gherkin语言采用自然语言的方式，更易于理解和沟通。
- 易于维护和重用：背景可以在多个场景中共享，减少了重复性代码的编写和维护。
- 支持自动化测试：Gherkin语言可以与各种自动化测试工具进行集成，如Cucumber、Behave等。
3. 如何使用Cucumber Gherkin Background?可以通过以下几个步骤来使用Cucumber Gherkin Background：•步骤1：定义FeatureFeature: 购物车功能Background:Given 用户已登录And 用户的购物车中有以下商品：| 商品编号 | 商品名称 | 数量 || 001 | 苹果 | 2 || 002 | 香蕉 | 3 |Scenario: 查看购物车When 用户访问购物车页面Then 用户应该看到购物车中的商品•步骤2：实现Step Definitions@Given("用户已登录")public void 用户已登录() {// 实现代码省略}@Given("用户的购物车中有以下商品：")public void 用户的购物车中有以下商品(List<CartItem> items) {// 实现代码省略}•步骤3：运行测试在命令行或集成开发环境中运行测试，验证场景是否按照预期执行。
K2A Happy New Year(家长版)(1)
Happy New YearClass（班级）: K2ATime（时间）: 2018年1月13日Background（背景）: House/ Forest 小房子和森林背景Music音乐: Teddy Bear/ Five Little Ducks/ Let’s go to the zoo/Santa/Happy New Year Materials（材料准备）:Hand bells 手铃/castanets响板/Triangle三角铁ClothesCharactors（角色）:Tiger: RyanBears: Eathan/ Sunny/ Henry/RebeccaDucks: Una/ Andrea/Vincint/Anmon/OliElephants:Melody/ Eden/ JohnnyKangaroos: Miya/SummerMonkeys: Ray/Bob/ GeorgePenguins: Bella/Rock/ MeganSnakes: Tin/ Amanda/TianyuPolor bears: Beta/ Stone/ EasonIntroduction（导入）:Lion: Ladies and gentleman, good morning! The new year is coming. The animals want to celebrate the New Year together. Look! They are coming! They bring their best wishes for you and your friends.Chapter 1（场景一）:Teddy Bears: Hello everyone！We are Teddy Bears. We wish you a Merry Chiristmas and aHappy New Year.Five teddy bears sing and dance together, then hide behind the forest.Chapter 2（场景二）:Ducks: Hello everyone！We are ducks. We love dancing and playing. May joy and health be with you always.Five Little Ducks sing and dance together, then hide behind the house.Chapter 3（场景三）:Let’s go to the zooTiger: Come on guys! Hurry up! Follow me!All of the animals: Hello everyone!A beautiful wish to you and your family --- live a happy life and everything goes well.All of the animals sing and dance together.Chapter 4（场景四）:Santa/ Happy New YearAll of the animals sing and dance together with different musical instruments.All of the animals: Happy New Year! Thank you! Hope all your New Year dreams come true!。
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Background (2)
• Therefore, the revision will address reliability prediction over all phases of the software life cycle, since identifying errors early reduces the cost of error correction. In addition, there have been advances in modeling and predicting the reliability of networks and distributed systems • These developments will be included in the revision. •The revision will be an important lifecycle software reliability process document to achieve the following objectives: •Provide high reliability in DoD and aerospace safety and mission critical systems. • Provide a rational basis for specifying software reliability requirements in DoD acquisitions. •Improve the management of reliability risk.
7
Analysis of Results (1)
• Identified thresholds of risk factors: – Attributes of a requirements change that can induce reliability risk for predicting when the number of failures would become excessive (i.e., rise rapidly with the risk factor) [4]. • Two of the most important requirements risk factors of the Space Shuttle, as measured by their negative affect on software reliability, are space and issues. • Space: amount of memory space required to implement the requirement change • Issues: number of possible conflicts among requirements.
• If these attributes can be identified, then policies can be recommeБайду номын сангаасded to DoD and NASA for recognizing these risks and avoiding or mitigating them during development.
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Potential Solution • Identify the attributes of requirements that cause the software to be unreliable. • Quantify the relationship requirements risk and reliability. between
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Analysis of Results (3)
• An example is shown in Figure 1, where cumulative failures are plotted against cumulative memory space for both actual and predicted data. – The figure shows that when memory space reaches 2688 words, actual cumulative failures reach three and climb rapidly thereafter.
1
Outline
• Background • Problem Definition • Potential Solution • Analysis of Results • Reliability Risk Model Validation • Reliability Risk Model Application • Summary • References
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Figure 1: Failures vs. Memory Space 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0
Cululative Failures
Actual CF = 6E-07*CS - 0.0003*CS + 1.9511 Predicted CF: Cumulative Failures CS: Cumulative Memory Space
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Problem Definition (1) • While software design and code metrics have enjoyed some success as predictors of software quality, the measurement field is stuck at this level of achievement. • If measurement is to advance to a higher level, we must shift our attention to the frontend of the development process, because it is during requirements analysis that errors are inserted into the process.
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Figure 2: Failures vs. Issues 10 9
Cumulative Failures
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Cumulative Issues CF=.2481860*(exp(.0107263*CI)) Predicted Actual CF: Cumulative Failures CI: Cumulative Issues
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Analysis of Results (2) • In [4], it was determined that space and issues had the highest statistically significant relationship with reliability. – The greater the cumulative memory space required to implement changes and the greater the number of cumulative conflicting requirements issues caused by the changes, the greater the negative effect on reliability.
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Cumulative Memory Space (words)
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Analysis of Results (4) • In Figure 2, cumulative failures are plotted against cumulative requirements issues, for both actual and predicted cases. When issues reach 272, actual cumulative failures reach three and climb rapidly thereafter. • In both cases, a cumulative failure count of three has been identified as a critical value.
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Analysis of Results (5)
Software Acquisition Life Cycle Measure Plan based on the revised “IEEE P1633\AIAA R-013A Recommended Practice on Software Reliability”
Dr. Norman F. Schneidewind Naval Postgraduate School nschneid@
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Background (1)
• Report on the revision of Recommended Practice, AIAA/ANSI, R-013-1992, Software Reliability [1]. The revision has the joint sponsorship of the IEEE and the AIAA. • Emphasis in the original document was on software reliability models, test phase data collection necessary to support the models, and model predictions of software reliability made in the test phase for non-networked software. • In the ten years since the document was published, there have been notable developments in predicting reliability much earlier than the test phase – as early as the requirements phase [2, 3].