Chapter6 Table and view
英语读译教程 chapter6
1)he was an ordinary looking man with
thick glasses.= who wore thick glasses) 他貌不惊人，带着深度眼镜。 2） I am sure of his success.= I am sure that he will succeed.) 我确信他会成功。 3）she cannot walk fast because of her old age = because she is old. 她上了年纪，走不快。
1）The doctor’s early arrival pleasese. = the doctor arrived early. This pleased the nurse.) 医生到得很早，使护士很高兴。 2）the sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.= whenever I see the orphan, I remember her parents). 一见到那孤儿，我就想起她的父母。 3） careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 你只要仔细比较一下，就可以发现不同。
例6. 西部地域辽阔，交通不发达，首先要进
行基础设施的建设。 Since the western region covers a vast area with poor transport facilities, we should first of all conduct infrastructure construction.
例4. 半轮晓月渐渐西沉，月光透过我的小床
Chapter 6 从句的翻译
（一）重复先行词的中文句式, 可用非限定从进行翻译I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
（二）省略先行词的中文句式,翻译时应补出先行词It is he who received the letter that announced the bankruptcy of your company.是他接到那封信，说你们公司破产了。
They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
（三）某些状语译成定语从句（一）译成表示“时间”的分句A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。
（二）译成表示“原因”的分句He doesn’t want to talk with Mrs. Smith, who is very haughty and conceited now他不愿和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在非常傲慢和自负。
（三）译成表示“条件”的分句Men become desperate for any kind of work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。
Chapter 6 -
Chapter 6诵读Kisses for Dad给爸爸的吻John works hard but he is still poor. He is very sad all day. One day when he comes home from work, he sees his daughter in the living room. She is playing with a roll of colourful wrapping paper. John gets angry.约翰工作很努力，但他仍然很穷。
他整天都很伤心。
一天，他下班回家，看见女儿在客厅里。
她正在玩一卷彩色的包装纸。
约翰生气。
“Where is the paper from?” John asks.“纸是从哪儿来的?””约翰问。
“I bought it with my pocket money,” the girl answers.“我用我的零花钱买的，”女孩回答。
“You won't get money from me any more!” John says and goes int o his room.“你不会再从我这里得到钱了!”约翰说着走进了他的房间。
A few days later, it’s Christmas Day. The girl brings a little box in colourful paper to her father and says, “Dad, this is for you.”几天后就是圣诞节了。
小女孩拿着一个小盒子，里面装着彩色的纸，她对爸爸说:“爸爸，这是给你的。
”The father is surprised to see the colourful box. He feels sorry for his anger that day. He touches the girl's head and opens the box. He becomes angry again when he finds nothing inside.父亲惊讶地看到了这个五颜六色的盒子。
Chapter 6 知识点回顾 基础知识梳理
Chapter 6 知识点回顾基础知识梳理一．必会词组escape from think of a plot be full of strong personalities come across be made into dip pen shut up make an appeal come to life on one’s own one of…. thanks for put on be famous for be worried about belong to be used forin my opinion on end stop doing search for round-the –world trip life jacket 二．本章语法（1）adj在名词前做定语He was a ______, _______man. 中年的而又肥胖的He is a _______teacher. 受欢迎的（2）adj在系动词的后边做表语Y ou ____ ________happy today. 你今天看起来很高兴。
Our classroom _____ _____big.我们的教室很大。
（3）It is +adj.+to do sth.学好英语是很重要的事情。
________________________________(4)adj+to do卡通是很容易画的。
Cartoons ____ _____ ____draw.三．形容词常见考点1. Y our classroom is _____ (wide) and _______ (bright) than ours.2. There are _____ (few) hours of sunlight a day in winter than in summer.3. Which do you like _____ (well), Maths or chemistry?4. This is the _____ (good) film I have ever seen.5. Africa is the second _____ (large) continent.6. I’m not as _____ (careful) as he.7. He is _______ (young) than his two sisters.8. The ______ (old) I get, the _______ (strong) I seem to feel.9. The weather is getting ______ (warm) and ______ (warm).10. Summer is _________ (hot) season of the year.四．形容词中考真题1．----Who has ____ marks in English，Wang Lin，Zhang Fang or Li Hong?----Li Hong．A．good B．Better C．best D．the best2. My dog is gentle and never bites, so you needn’t be____.A. excitedB. frightenedC. satisfiedD. interested3. ---Oh, what’s the matter?---I’m really __ all the time. I have no energy.A. busyB. happyC. tiredD. excited。
语言学第六章chapter6课件
Five types of deixis
1. Person deixis: me, you, him, them. 2. Time deixis: now, then, tonight, last week. 3. Space/spatial/place deixis: here, there, and
6.2.2 Deixis
Deixis (指示), which means “pointing” via language, the interpretation of many words and expressions by reference to the situational context of tc form used to do this “pointing” is called a deictic expression, or indexical.
语言学第六章chapter6
(3) A: Can I borrow your dictionary? B: Yeah, it’s on the table.
antecedent, anaphor or anaphoric expression.
indirect anaphor or bridging reference : (4) I walked into the room. The windows
语言学第六章chapter6
A melamed [小学教师, Hebrew teacher] discovering that he had left his comfortable slippers back in the house, sent a student after them with a note for his wife.
牛津8Achapter 6知识清单
内容详解：1．How long do they live? 它们能活多长时间？How long 多久，多长时间How ling have you been here? 你来这里多久了？I’ve been here for 10 years. 我来这里10年了。
友情提示：用how long 提问的句子，其中谓语动词一定不能是非延续性动词，如leave，buy，borrow，come/go join，wake 等。
如果句子中涉及这些词的意思，则必须用其他相关的延续性动词代替，如leave-be away Buy-have/has borrow-keep come/go-be in join-be a member of拓展How的其他短语及用法（1）how far 多远，指距离How far is it from your home to my office? 从你家到我办公室多远？（2）How old 年龄多大（3）How many/much 多少，提问数量How many birds are there？有多少只鸟？How much money do you have now?（4）How soon 过多久才。
用于将来时How soon will Tom come back？汤姆过多长时间才回来？In an hour。
一个小时之后。
（5）how often 多少次，提问频率How often do you see a film? 你多长时间看一次电影？2．Noise pollutionNoise 名词意为噪音The factory has so much noise. 这个工厂有这么多噪音。
辨析：sound noise 与voiceSound 泛指一般能够听到的任何声音，包括人的，动物的，以及自然界的各种声音。
Noise 指令人不愉快的“噪音”Voice 主要指人的噪音，如说话，歌唱，打电话的声音，也指动物的叫声。
chapter 6 非线性规划
– 3. 函数的凸性的判别 – 定理6.1（一阶条件） 设R是n维欧式空间上的开凸
集，f(X)在R上具有一阶连续偏导数，则f(X)为R上 的凸函数的充分必要条件是，对于任意两个不同点 X(1)∈R和X(2)∈R，恒有
– 此外，若将上述关于凸函数定义中两个不等式中 的不等号改为“≥”和“>”，则分别称f(X)为凸集R 上的凹函数和严格凹函数。
– 2. 凸函数的性质
（1）若f(X)为凸函数，则－f(X)必为凹函数，反之亦 然；
（2）若f(X)为凸集R上的凸函数，则对于任意非负实 数α，函数αf(X)亦为凸集R上的凸函数；
chapter 6 非线性规划
chapter 6 非线性规划
概述
一、问题提出
– 生产管理中很多问题的运行过程都是以非线性形式运 行的，如生产成本往往是生产量的非线性函数，产品 的需求量是其价格的非线性函数等等。这样，我们在 建立一个决策问题的数学模型时，目标函数或者约束 条件常常会出现非线性形式。
f ( X (2) ) f ( X (1) ) f ( X (1) )T ( X (2) X (1) )
定理6.2（二阶条件） 设R是n维欧式空间上的某一 开凸集，f(X)在R上具有二阶连续偏导数，则f(X)为 R上的凸函数的充分必要条件是：f(X)的海森矩阵 H(X)在R上处处半正定。
– 6. 全局最优解——对于非线性规划min f = f(X)，gi(X) ≥ 0 （i = 1,2,…,l;），设X0∈R，对于任何X∈R均有f(X0) ≤ f(X)， 则称X0为非线性规划问题在R上的一个全局最优解。若
X0≠X时，f(X0) < f(X)严格成立，称X0为严格全局最优解。
社会语言学Chapter6
6.2 Subjective inequality
6.2.2 Evaluation of language
When we evaluate speech as rough, posh, effeminate, affected and so on, this evaluation is based on the evaluation of the speakers, and not on the speech forms themselves.
Lay people take the basic core completely for granted, and are more concerned with more ‘peripheral’ aspects such as vocabulary and registerspecific constructions.
The most important questions is how people evaluate the dialect or language that they speak themselves, because this is closely related to their self-evaluation.
Linguists’ opinion ?
6.1 Linguistic Inequality
6.1.1 Introduction
Equality among languages
All languages are equal: no language is inherently “better” than others.
6.2 Subjective inequality
6.2.1 Language-based prejudice
chapter.6 企业竞争战略(业务层)(案例)
最初的3条航线，选择在各城市的次要机场之间提供廉 价的点对点的空运服务。 在后来的发展中，不论业务范围如何扩展，西南航都始 终坚持最初制定的“与汽车竞争”的低价、短航线业务方向， 并为此严格进行成本控制，不曾偏离。如在《北美自由贸易 协定》签署后，人们普遍认为总部位于得克萨斯州的西南航 最有条件开辟墨西哥航线，但是西南航并没有选择这一具有 诱惑力的航线；1994年，美国有51个城市希望西南航将服务 带入它们的机场，恳请西南航设立办事处，西南航仍然不受 干扰地严格依据自己短程、低价的定位对航线进行严格的筛 选，只有那些通常每天都有10－20个航班客运量的城市才会 成为西南航办事处的设立点；西南航在20世纪70年代仅飞1 个州，80年代仅飞5个州，90年代扩大到15个州，而且即使 是在繁荣期，也控制年增长率在10％－15％。
我们所找到的这些中国隐形冠军公司不但有类似德国隐 形冠军公司的市场地位和成长经历，而且有非常相似的战略 特征和企业文化，其中最重要的特点之一就是“专注”：集 中一切资源、时间和精力来耕耘一个狭窄市场的公司，显然 比那些三心二意的同行们更有希望成为行业的冠军公司。 “专注”是隐形冠军公司在企业战略上最核心的共同特征。 对于多数隐形冠军公司来说，至少到目前为止，它们的 选择都是聚焦于狭窄的市场，专心做自己最擅长的事情，力 图在一个具体的产品或者业务上形成自己绝对的竞争优势。 简单地说，它们的目标就是要做“小池塘里的大鱼”。而且 多数隐形冠军公司专心耕耘的是“冷门”的利基市场，一方 面，国际大企业对于这样的市场往往掉以轻心，或者因为大 企业的官僚与笨拙而未能充分开掘，而国内企业战略风格帮 助隐形冠军们找到那些看似生僻、其实利润丰厚而且竞争相 对较弱的市场。例如：美的风扇、德生收音机、明珠星石英 钟等企业都是比较典型的例子。
国际商务谈判第二版课件Chapter6
puzzling acts.
警察展开了一连串带对抗性和令人费解的行为。
13. scorn: n. lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike;
open disrespect for a person or thing 鄙视，轻蔑；受某人鄙视的人或事
06 Chapter
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Skills
Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee, and just as hard to sleep after.
—Anne Morrow Lindbergh
—They hone their skills in their everyday lives. 他们在日常生活中磨炼才能。
10. tail off: When something tails off, it gradually becomes less in amount or value, often before coming to an end completely. 逐渐减少，变少
美国人有一种天生的公平感。
6. stimulus: n. A stimulus is something that encourages activity in people or
things. 刺激；刺激物
—Interest rates could fall soon and be a stimulus to the US economy.
这个国会议员被指控违反保密条例。
5. innate: adj. An innate quality or ability is one that a person is born with. 天
2024届高三英语第一轮专项复习《夏日友晴天》chapter6 chapter7 词块赏析课件
部分单词常用词块一览
cascade:
cascade down: 瀑布般流下 The water from the mountain melted snow cascaded down the rocks. （山上融化的雪水如瀑布般流下岩石。） cascade effect: 级联效应 The financial crisis had a cascade effect on the global economy. （金融危机对全球经济产生了级联效应。）
She's easily distracted by her phone while studying. （她在学习时很容易被手机分心。）
barrel:
barrel of laughs: 令人大笑的事情 The party was a barrel of laughs with all the games and jokes.
a large audience. • （他通常在大庭广众面前做演讲时感到不自在。）
部分单词赏析
• wrestle: • 释义： "Wrestle" 表示努力、艰难地对付某种问题、挑战或困难。也可以
表示搏斗、摔跤。
• 常用词组搭配： • wrestle with，wrestle against，wrestle control， • wrestle with one's emotions • 例句： • She had to wrestle with her fear of heights before she could go on
高级英语视听说第二册chapter6
The Men's Movement: What Does It Mean to Be a Man?The women's movement has gained a lot of attention in recent years in th e U.S., and in countries around the world, as you heard in the last lecture. The women's movement has inspired many women to fight for equal right s and treatment in their homes, their personal relationships, and at work. I t has also forced many women to examine and to rethink the roles they pl ay in society. However,notonly have women begun examine and rethink t he roles they play at home and work, and in modem society as a whole, b ut men also have begun to examine and rethink the roles they play in soci ety, and to examine and rethink the various and changing roles they must play at home and work today. Men have also begun to react in both positi ve and negative ways to the new expectations they must meet at home an d work. Some men are adjusting well to the new roles they must playas m ore and more women enter the job market, and some men are pleased that their wives and partners have jobs outside the home. However, some of t he role changes men are having to make to accommodate their working w ives and girlfriends, and some of the new expectations concerning their m asculinity are causing some of them a good deal of stress, anger, and conf usion. Some men are even asking the question "What does it mean to be a real man in today's world!" Many are confused about how they should tre at women, whether these women are their female colleagues at work, their friends, or their wives. Some feel they are no longer "king of the castle" at home. As a result of this confusion and unhappiness, a countermoveme nt called the men's movement has sprung up alongside the women's move ment in the United States.Men in the movement seek to provide one anot her with the support they need to cope with the stresses and strains of bei ng a man in today's world, and to cope with the stresses and strains broug ht about by the professional advances made and the personal freedoms w on by women in many countries over the past few decades. Some women view the men's movement as a backlash against the professional advances women have made and the personal freedoms they have won, as a result of the women's movement. Many men and many women, also) see the me n's movement as men's need to form a brotherhood for psychological sup port, just as women have formed support groups with other women. Other s see the men's movement as men's attempt and need to understand more f ully what it means and takes to be a "real man" at the start of the twenty-f irst century, when traditional definitions of manhood are changing, or are under attack in many countries around the world.To begin this discussion of some of the catalysts for the men's movement, I'll say a few words about why some women consider the men's moveme nt a reaction against the women's movement-what the well-known author Susan Faludi calls the "backlash" against the women's movement. Ms. Faludi suggests that some men feel thatwomen are becoming too independen t and powerful today as a result of the professional advances they have m ade in the workplace and because of the personal freedoms they have gain ed in their family and personal relationships. She notes that the resentmen t of some men to- ward women's gaining power is not a recent phenomen on. More than 1,900 years ago,the women of Rome tried to repeal a law t hat forbadethem from riding in horse-drawn chariots and from wearing multicol- ore d dresses. In 195 B.C., the Roman senator Cato expressed the fear and co ncern that the women of Rome had become so powerful that the independ ence of the men of Rome had been lost in their homes, and was being tra mpled underfoot in public. In her recent book titled Back- lash: The Unde clared War Against American Women, Susan Faludi points out that many men today still resent women's progress in becoming independent person ally and professionally. Faludi notes that a seven-year survey ofAmerican male attitudes in the 1980s found that no more than 5 to 10 percent of the men surveyed genuinely supported women's demands for independence a nd equality. It is likely that this attitude has not changed much today.Although some women view the men's movement as a backlash, many ot hers see the men's movement as something that is good for both men and women. They see it as men's need to form a brotherhood for psychological support to protect their rights and personal freedoms even as women for med support groups with other women to protect and advance their rights. They think, for example, that women should not automatically be given c ustody of children when a divorce occurs, and yet this is what often happe ns in the United States today. Finally, some authorities relate the develop ment of the men's movement to the confusion created by the crisis ofmasculinity in contemporary society, and the many and changing image s portrayed in the popular media of who and what real men are and how t hey are supposed to act. If you watch American movies, 'you might find y ourself asking: Is the real man, for example, a sensitive guy like Dustin H offman's Tootsiel ?Is he an involved dad like Robin Williams's Mrs. Doub tfire or the father played by Steve Martin in Parenthood? A macho man li ke Arnold Schwarzenegger plays in The Terminator, or is he a caring nurt urer like the man Schwarzenegger played in Kindergarten Copt Many me n are searching for answers to this question and are attempting to find ans wers from the leaders of the men's movement.What are the origins of this crisis of masculinity that poses problems for many men today? One of the historical reasons for the crisis, according to Robert Bly, a poet who is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the men's movement, is rooted in the changes that took place in the u.s. as a result of the Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the early to mid-1900s. When the Industrial Revolution began, the kinds of work that peopl e did (that is, the kinds of work men did) changed for many Americans. B efore the Civil War, 88 percent of American males were small farmers, in dependent artisans, or small-business owners. In these professions the wo rkers usually worked close to their homes. This meant that sons were con stantly learning how to work and support themselves and their family by working alongside their fathers. By 1910, however, less then one-third of all men in the United States were self-employed. Sociologist Michael Ki mmel points out that even then many men felt that the concept ofmanhoo d was being threatened (andwas even vanishing) be- cause men no longer worked their land, or had control over their labor. Many never got to see t he fruits of their labor, as farmers and crafts- men usually do. Many men i n the post-Industrial Revolution era had become mere cogs in the machin es of industrial America. In addition, the change from a farm to an industr ial society meant that instead of supporting their families by working near their homes as farmers, craftsmen, or small-business owners, the majorit y of men began working in factories or offices. Often the factories were f ar from their homes and men had to travel long distances to work. This m eant that the men were not home and the amount of time fathers spent wit h their sons was greatly reduced. Y oung boys, therefore, did not have thei r fathers around to act as role models. The effects of the Industrial Revolu tion continue into the present day, according to men in the men's movement, and they want to address the problems it has brought. For example, ma ny people are concerned that men still have little say in the upbringing of their children. The evolution of the women's movement had a profound ef fect on the development of the men's movement. As a result of thewomen' s movement, more women are working outside the home, and many men are playing a more active role in family life and they are taking on some o f the tasks involved in child care and housework. Thirty to forty years ago , care of the home and children were almost exclusively the responsibility of women. In addition to these changes inside the home, in the workplac e, men are today entering occupations that used to be considered women's jobs . More men are becoming nurses and teachers of young children. Ot her men are finding that they have more female colleagues and bosses at work than ever before, and they are having to adapt to women's styles of communication and management, which can differ considerably from tho se of men. At work, as well·as at home, many men today in the U.S. have to play very different roles than their fathers did . As a result, they are joi ning with other men in the men's movement or they are reading books suc h as Robert Bly's Iron John to try to understand and cope with the roles ex pected of men in today's world.So, some of the reasons for the men's movement can be attributed to three things: 11 the changing roles brought about by the women's movement, 2) the Industrial Revolution, and 3) men's desire to understand and affirm t he concept of manhood.Exactly what forms does the men's movement take, and what do men in t he men's movement hopeto achieve by being active in the movement? To begin with, the men's movement has no unified, mono- lithic philosophy. Although there are a number of unifying themes, there are also some inter esting differences between the basic groups associated with the men's mo vement. Several writers who write about the men's movement have identi fied four basic groups of men active in the movement. The first group is l abeled the male feminists, and these men work for women's rights and eq uality between the sexes. Some of the men in this first group are vocal ab out blaming other men for much of the violence against women and for th e inequality that exists between men and women in relationships and in th e job market. Not all members of the men's movement, however, consider this first group of men to be an integral part of the men's movement. To b e sure, the other three groups focus more on men's issues than do the so-c alled male feminists. The second orientation in the men's movement attra cts men who join men's support groups to meet regularly and give and rec eive psychological support in dealing with problems created by the new r oles they have to play at home and at work. These men are attempting to l earn to better express their feelings and emotions, and to show sensitivitywithout being ashamed. A third group in the men's movement consists of men who want to get back the power they feel they have lost because of t he advances made by women as a result of the women's movement and fe minist causes. Finally, there is an approach to the movement called the m ytho-poetic men's movement. The mytho-poetic men's movement is often identified with Robert Bly, the poet who wrote one of the most well-kno wn books of the men's movement: Iron John. The men involved in this as pect of the men's movement believe that men should be initiated into man hood as men were initiated when people still lived in small tribes and ban ds in ancient cultures. This group initiates men using mythology, poetry ( hence the name mytho-poetic], and other rituals, such as dancing, to expl ore and affirm the value of masculinity and masculine approaches to prob lem solving. Men who subscribe to this viewpoint worry that too much co ntact with women and too little contact with other men has turned them in to weaklings or wimps.So, the men's movement is very diverse. A man who wants to join the mo vement has many options of just how he will explore the question "What does it mean to be aman in today's world?" What do women think of the men's movement? Just as there are many different ways for men to approa ch the men's movement, there are many different opinions about the value and worth of the move- ment. Some women, especially many feminists,do not like the men's movement. They feel it is a backlash and that it is an example of how men are trying to keep women from achieving equality by forming stronger "good old boy" (or male-only) networks and by advo cating women's return to their roles of housewife and mother rather than business partner or competitor. However, some women, particularly those whose husbands are part of men's support groups or who have gone on m en's weekend retreats are glad that men are learning to express their emoti ons and getting support from other men. Barbara Brotman reports in an ar ticle in the Chicago Tribune that one woman she interviewed is glad that her husband has joined the men's move- ment because she no longer feels that she alone is responsible for their family's emotional well-being. She and her husband now share that role and responsibility.This lecture has been only a brief introduction to some of the issues relate d to the men'smovement. Because ofmany different percep- tions concern ing the goals and purpose of the movement, it is difficult to give a simple definition or draw a simple portrait of the movement.Perhaps it would be better to say the men's movement is like a tree with many branches and many roots. The movement is much younger than the women's movement, but in one form or another it is begin- ning to have s ubstantial impact on many men and women, as they try to adapt to their c hanging roles inAmerican society in the twenty-first century.。
香港朗文6学年单词汇知识整合总
pond
池塘
them
他们
push
推
throw
扔
see-saw
跷跷板
us
我们
slide
滑梯
why
为什么
snack bar
小食店
yummy
美味的，好吃的
swimming pool
游泳池
Chapter 6
swing
摆动，摇摆
air
空气
tennis court
网球场
bark
狗吠
touch
触摸
behind
chapter 4
six
六
eraser
橡皮擦
teddy bear
玩具熊
game
游戏
ten
十
green
绿色
three
三
hen
母鸡
two
二
isn’t
不是
yes
是，是的
not
不，没，不是
chapter 4
now
现在
again
再
orange(adj.)
橙色
an
一，一个
pen
钢笔
bag
包，袋，书包
pencil
Word List for 1A
chapter 1
chapter 1
a
一个
sir
先生
afternoon
下午
spell
拼写
am
是
teacher
老师
and
和
thank
谢谢
boy
男孩
this
这，这个
商务英语写作chapter6
Chapter 6 Adjustment and RefusalsIn business world it is unavoidable to receive complaints and claims. How to appropriately resolve the matter becomes a tough and challenging task. It is said the most difficult business letter is to respond to complaints and claims. However, there are still some useful tips for writing it without damaging the company's image.AdjustmentWhen you get a complaint or claim, you may either grant an adjustment or reject it depending on the circumstances. When you grant an adjustment, the situation is a happy one for your customer. You are correcting an error. You are doing what you were asked to do. As in other positive situations, a letter written in the direct order is appropriate. The direct-order plan follows these general steps:1.Begin directly---with the good news.2.Incidentally1 identify the correspondence that you are answering.3.Avoid negatives that recall the problem.4.Regain lost confidence through explanation or action.5.End with a friendly, positive comment.RefusalRefusal of a request is definitely a bad news message; therefore, an indirect order is preferred. In the refusal letter, you have two goals. The main one is to say no; the other is to maintain goodwill. You could achieve the first goal by simply saying no ---plainly and directly. Maintaining goodwill, however, requires more. The following general pattern will help you better handle the tasks.1.Begin with words that indicate response to the request and are neutralas to the answer, and set up the strategy.2.Present your justification or explanation, using positive language andyou-viewpoint.3.Refuse positively.4.End with adapted, goodwill comment.The following two letters are written according to thewriting principles mentioned above. Now read the lettersand try to figure out how the writing principles areapplied in them. The questions after the letters might helpyou accomplish the task.Letter A Letter of adjustmentDear Mrs. Williams:Your repaired video game is being returned by UPS, and you should receive it within a week. Skilled engineers made your video game almost as good as new.Recently Pace Electronic has acquired the assets of Four Star Games and has became responsible for repairs under warranties. Now you can be assured of prompt and reliable service. Any future repairs can be made by one of the dealers of our expanded network (see enclosed sheet).Also enclosed is a brochure showing some of our exciting new products, as well as Four Star's old favorites. You can order by mail, using the order form in the brochure, or call 1-800-877-PACE. We look for-ward to helping you enjoy your video game.Letter B Credit refusal letterDear Mr. Sands:We sincerely appreciate your interest in an account with White-Horton & Company. Whenever we can, we are always willing to serve you.In determining what we can do for you regarding your June 8 request for credit, we made the routine checks you authorized. The information we have received permits us to serve you only as a cash customer2. But asyou know, cash buying here at White-Horton's discount prices can make a very real saving for your budget.We hope to see you in the store again very soon, and we look forward to the opportunity of serving you.Questions for Comprehension1.What kind of order does each letter adopt?2.How does the author of adjustment begin his/her letter?3.Do the replies clearly state the problems?4.How does each author arrange the body of his/her letter?5.Is the tone of each letter polite and considerate?6.How does each author end his/her letter?7.What's the purpose of each letter?8.Does each letter state clearly its explanation?9.What's your impression on these letters?10. Sum up the requirements for writing an adjustment and a refusal.Sample Analysis1Sample 6-1 Adjustment for the wrong materialsDear Glenn Presley:The correct consignment of the clothing material will reach you within 20 days.I'm grateful for your letter dated September 1st. We're sorry to learn that the clothing materials don't match the sample. After careful examination, we found that we had misfilled3your order and another order that was different from yours with only one letter. We have arranged for the correct consignment and it would arrive at your place by September 24th.As compensation for the wrong delivery, I would like to provide you a 5% discount on this consignment, and I hope such an arrangement is satisfactory to you.Thank you for your letter of March 3rd and we will take care of your broken-down sewing machines.It is our common practice to carry out a careful screening to ensure our machines functional and reliable before they are finally sent out to customers. We are so confident and proud of our quality that our warran-ties4 run for as long as the customers possess the products.Your letter informing us of the problem has been handed to the Technology Department. The senior engineers will make a careful research to find out the potential problem areas. Simply send us the bill for the repairs and we'll reimburse you the costs.For any problems arising with this or any other machines we produced, simply take it to your nearest Sharp Machine Distributor who will repair it at no expense for you.Sincerely yours,Sample 6-3 Refusal to claim on replacement1Dear Mr. Mitchell:We understand your concern about the software Model 4050 you mentioned in your letter of May 6. We are willing to do as much as we reasonably can to make things right.From your description and our staff's careful research, we found that there was something wrong in the computer networks you adopted.As it is stated in the operating instruction, this software is solely compatible5 with Windows XP, which is different from Windows 98. And before you use this software, you should have to install the starting sys-tem6 at the bottom of the box first. But you haven't installed it. Therefore, please install the starting system first and then try it with Windows XP. For other procedures, please follow the procedures strictly with our instruction brochure.We hope the software will bring much convenience and profit to you.Frankly yours,Sample 6-5 Adjustment of a wrong order •Dear Mr. White:I would be disappointed to lose your cooperation, but even more disappointed to lose your faith and friendship in our firm. So I sincerely thank you for your letter that was written in friendliness to give us an-other opportunity.I am sorry that you had to send the wrong order back, which, I know, is really bothering. Though you didn't send back the leather chairs of which we sent the wrong style and the amount is not that much, we want to made it right. We will immediately send the sandal-wood chairs that you wanted.I must apologize again for the inconvenience has caused you. If you want to change any other items in your order, let me know and we will send them to you. You can return them when you are convenient. A check for postage is also enclosed as we don't expect to have you pay the extra expense because of our mistakes.You have been a customer of long standing. We will try our best to avoid mistakes in serving you.Dear Sirs:We have received your letter of October 15, but we are surprised to know your unreasonable request.Obviously, the rice was wetted by the seawater during the transportation, so you shouldn't claim on us. You have to write to those who are responsible.Sincerely yours,Language for WritingI. Notes1. incidentally: adv.The issue was brought up incidentally at the meeting.2.cash customer:The credit investigation survey permits us only to serve you as a cash customer.3.misfill: v.We misfilled your order owing to the carelessness on the part of our warehouse worker.4.warranty: n.The car enjoys a five-year warranty period.patible: adj.The two systems are not compatible.6.starting system:The new starting system proves much faster than the older ones,7. route: v.We will route the information to the headquarters by tomorrow.II. Useful Sentence Patterns1. BeginningAdjustment1)... should reach you in three days...2) The attached check for... is Newton's way of assuring you that your satisfaction is very important to us.3) By... (time), your three Dove Bicycles should reach you at... shop.Refusal1) We understand your concern about the.... As always, we are willing to do asmuch as we reasonably can to make things right.2) You were right in assuming that.... We are always interested in doingwhatever we can to make our sales satisfactory.3) Your order and request are sincerely appreciated. We are always grateful forthe opportunity of serving you in the best way we can.2. Indirect Refusing1) The best we can do is...2)... permit us to serve you only as a cash customer.3) We feel at this time you will be acting in your own best interest by...4) We must consider the sale final.5)In view of this explanation, you will understand why we must stand by ourguarantee policy in this case.3. Ending1) Thank you for this opportunity to explain. We shall continue to work hard toprovide you with the service you have a right to expect.2) We hope to see you again in the store, and we look forward to theopportunity of serving you..3) We are always pleased to do business with your organization and willcontinue to serve you with quality industrial equipment.4) So, whenever it is convenient, please come by and let us...5) We wish you the best in enjoying from...ExercisesI. Put the following sentences into the right order and make it a completeletter.a..Please accept our apologies for the delay.b. The mistake has been corrected and will never occur again.c. Our internal research has uncovered a bottleneck in our fulfillmentprocedures.d. Thank you for your letter of December 10th regarding your order thechinaware.e. Therefore, we have delayed several shipments, including yours.f.Your order has now been ranged and shipped.g. Please contact me if I can offer any help.II.Fill in the blanks of the following letter with the words given. Change the form where necessary.recover invoice appreciateregarding account inconvenienceDear Sirs:Thank you for your letter dated January 18th __________ the mistaken bill.On January 4th, a virus hit our computer system. When we ________ our collapse system, we discovered the __________ were out of order.We realized that all the _____________ we have sent out were inaccurate, including the one you received on January 8th.We have corrected all the accounts and sent new invoices.We are extremely sorry for the_________brought to our customers; therefore, we enclosed a 15% discount coupon for your next order.W e ___________ your cooperation during this time and look forward to serving you again.Sincerely yours,III. Read the following adjustment and see if you can improve i t.Thank you for your letter of May 3rd concerning the furniture you purchased. I'm sorry that we have sent you the wrong size.The mistake was made by our distribution department and they made a mistake in looking for the right name.Sincerely apologize for the inconvenience it brought you.1) One of your customers, Mrs. Douglas, wrote to claim to you that youhave mixed up the tables she ordered. After examination, you foundthat it was owing to the loss of the sales file of that purchase.You are asked to write a response to her claim and tell her you will offer her a 10% discount on her next purchase as compensation.2)Your customer, Mr. Bidwell wrote to you that you had sent him thewrong bill with $150 overcharged. After calculation, you found that hehad missed to calculate the transportation fees.Now write him a letter to refuse his request.。
chapter6翻译教程
Example:
He was first introduced to the employees at the welcoming party by his friend Peter Newmark who was already managing director of the corporation.
to maintain reference (via anaphora前指，回指) to the
same people and things throughout: father _ he _ he _
he
the more general connections created by a number of
Punctuation: Punctuation is an essential aspect of discourse analysis, since it
gives a semantic indication of the relationship between sentences and clauses. Sound-Effects: Sound-effects, even at the level beyond the sentence, should be taken into account, not only in poetry, but in jingles. Referential Synonyms: Referential synonyms are used to avoid repetition rather than to supply new information. Enumerators Contrasts
073010234 Ana
人民大2023业伦理(英文版)教学课件《商业伦理》Chapter 6(新)
Which party are you in favor of, the employer or the employee?
Employee Management Ethics
1. Employer and Employee Rights and Responsibilities
Employers aຫໍສະໝຸດ d employees have rights and responsibilities and each should honor with respect to the other. What is the glue that holds together the organization’s many layers of employees and managers and that fixes these people onto the organization’s goals and formal hierarchy? Contracts . Contractual agreements — some explicit and some left implicit — cement each employee into the organization by defining each employee’s duties and scope of authority within the organization.
Employee Management Ethics
2. Employee Rights
Moral Foundation of Employee Rights
The ideal relationship between employer and employee is one based on mutual respect and trust. Trust generally leads to open communication, which, in turn, provides an environment of collaboration and productivity. However, in many companies, this is not the case. Power and authority relationships between employer and employee are, by definition, asymmetrical. Employees are generally, as stated by J. Rowan, in a “comparatively inferior bargaining position with respect to their employers . This inequity opens up possibilities for various sorts of exploitation, such as inadequate compensation, discrimination, and privacy invasions, all of which have been known to occur. ”
Chapter 6 课后答案
Chapter 6 答案Pragmatics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)pragmatics: a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(2)deixis: the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situationswith respect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) andtime (now/then) of utterance.(3)reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions,events, and qualities they stand for.(4)anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to anotherword or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.(5)presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make anutterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. “some tea has already been taken”is a presupposition of “Take some more tea!”(6) Speech Act Theory: The theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has beendeveloped by J. R. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only usedto inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”, to performacts. In saying “Sorry”, you are performing an act of apology.(7)indirect speech act: an utterance whose literal meaning (location) and intendedmeaning (illocution) are different. For example, Can you pass thesalt? is literally a yes/no question but is usually uttered as a request or politedirective for action.(8)the Cooperative Principle: a principle proposed by the philosopher PaulGrice whereby those involved in communication assume that both partieswill normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning.It is composed of 4 maxims: quality, quantity, relation and manner.(9)the Politeness Principle: politeness is regarded by most interlocutors as ameans or strategy which is used by a speaker to achieve various purposes,such as saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relationsin conversation. This principle requires speakers to “minimize the expressionof impolite beliefs”. It is composed of 6 maxims: Maxims of Tact, Generosity,Approbation, Modesty, Agreement and Sympathy.(10) conversational implicature: the use of conversational maxims in the CooperativePrinciple to produce extra meaning during conversation.2. Deictic expressions: I, now, you, that, here, tomorrow.3. Anaphoric expressions: she, him, it.4. (1) He bought the beer.(2) You have a watch.(3) We bought a car.5.Direct acts: (1)/(5); Indirect acts: (2)/(3)/(4)6.(a) The Maxim of Quality: (1) Do not say what you believe to be false;(2) Do notsay that for which you lack adequate evidence.(b) The Maxim of Quantity: (1) Make your contribution as informative as is required(for the current purpose of the exchange); (2) Do not make your contributionmore informative than is required.(c) The Maxim of Relation: Be relevant.(d) The Maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous (1) Avoid obscurity of expression;(2)Avoid ambiguity; (3) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity); (4) Be orderly.7.The speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of Agreement in PP. The response begins with “well” rather than “no” in order to minimize disagreement between the speaker and hearer.8.It is an indirect speech act. Carol invites Lara to a party, but Lara wants to decline the invitation. To be polite, she doesn’t choose a directrefusal, instead she says “I’ve got an exam tomorrow” as a reasonable excuse to decline the invitation. In this way, she minimizes the expression of impolite beliefs, thus the utterance conforms to PP.。
Chapter6跨商务文化交际
Greeting
U.S. persons are informal in their greetings, often saying “Hi” to complete strangers. U.S. greeting behavior is ritualistic; upon arriving at work, one person says: “Good morning, how are you?” to which the other person responds: “Fine, thank you, and how are you?”
Stand up & Smile Shake hands/bow/embrace Repeat names Say greeting and farewell
Introductions are accompanied by a handshake, an embrace, or a bow depending upon the culture.
Bowing is the traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Korea and Japan.
Whereas embracing is considered inappropriate as a form of greeting in the United States and China, in other countries it is customary. In Latin America, a hearty embrace is common among women and men alike, and man may follow it with a friendly slap on the back.
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db_teach_co urse db_faculty_ per db_student_ 23:40 per
course_no， work_id work_id register_no
pk_cs_no_wk_id pk_fa_work_id pk_st_regist_no
vt_teach_colleg
work_id，t_name，t_titles， major_name，college_name， t_address，t_telephone， t_position，t_email t_address，t_email, t_telephone， t_position
course_no，work_id， course_name，launch_year， launch_term，executed_plan register_no，course_name， t_name，credit,registered_date， registered_year，final_Grade， registered_term，makeup_flag registered_term， final_Grade， makeup_flag Oracle实用案例渐进教程
course_no work_id
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
9
9 P9 23:40
视图规划
有两类用户：教师和学生 教师用户teauser查询并可更改staffuser模式下的部分信息
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Oracle实用案例渐进教程
10
10 P10 23:40
teauser查询并可更改的信息
定义视图名称 查询的列 可更改的列 相关表
tbs_art_fash_bus i
tbs_bio_foo tbs_infor_mati tbs_teach_std
8
23:40
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
8 P8 23:40
表约束设计
拥有表
db_college
主关键字
字段名 college_no 约束名 pk_college_no 字段名
外部关键字
14 P14 23:40
用OEM Database Control创建表
用sys用户登录企业管理器OEM Database Control，可将 创建的表指定给任何模式/用户。单击标签页“方 案”，选择“表”；在对象类型中选“表”，并单击 “创建”，进入选择表组织页面。 默认表组织是“标准”的堆表，单击“继续”按钮。
3 3 P3 23:40
23:40
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
使用PCTFREE和PCTUSED可以增加查询及更新数据 的性能；降低数据块未使用空间量。
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Oracle实用案例渐进教程
4
4 P4 23:40
表的存储及其他参数
表 db_college db_major db_teach_co urse db_teacher db_Student db_course db_grade 索引 组织 表＋ 分区 表 Staffuser Tbs_bio_foo Tbs_infor_mat i Tbs_art_fash_ busi Teauser Stduser Tbs_teach_std 默认值 ①初始 值:1 ②最大值 :4 存储 方式 堆表 用户 Staffuser 默认的表空间 Tbs_main 空闲空 间:10% 已用空间40% 空闲空 间:10% 已用空间 :50% 空闲空间:5% 已用空间 :50% 事务处理 数 ①初始 值:2 ②最大值 :4 ①初始 值:2 ②最大值 :4 ①初始 值:1 ②最大值 :30 其他 选默认
视觉传达设计
数字媒体艺术 雕塑
0405
工业工程
23:40
索引组织表 表空间 分区依据的列 分区列值
分区表 分区名 分区表空间
Tbs_main
college_no
04，05，07
01，02 03，06 DEFAULT
db_grade_p1
db_grade_p2 db_grade_p3 db_grade_p4
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Oracle实用案例渐进教程
23 23 P23 23:40
创建表db_major
与创建表db_college类似，所不同的是在标签页“存储” 和 “选项”参数全部采用默认值。在创建表的“一般信 息”页中，名称栏键入表名db_major；方案栏键入 “staffuser”；表空间栏键入“tbs_main”。根据预先设计 的表物理模型定义，在列的属性中定义各个列的名称、 类型、长度等。
db_Student
vs_student_up d
db_Student
13 13 P13 23:40
23:40
创建应用表
创建表有两种方式： 一是登录企业管理器OEM Database Control，由sys创建； 二是由表的所有者执行SQL语句。
23:40
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
14
Chapter 6 Table and View
23:40
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
1
1 P1 23:40
Learning Objectives
了解表的类型及相关概念，学会根据实际需要选择表 的类型并创建表。 掌握视图的概念及创建方法。
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Oracle实用案例渐进教程
2
2 P2 23:40
23:40
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
20
20 P20 23:40
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Oracle实用案例渐进教程
21
21 P21 选项。
23:40
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
22
22 P22 23:40
创建表db_college的脚本 ---script_6-1_db_college.sql ---创建表db_college的脚本 ---用staffuser用户登录并执行该DDL语句 CREATE TABLE DB_COLLEGE( college_no CHAR(6) NOT NULL, college_name VARCHAR2(20), setting_quota NUMBER(4), current_quota NUMBER(4), major_number NUMBER(2), CONSTRAINT pk_college_no PRIMARY KEY (college_no) VALIDATE ) TABLESPACE TBS_MAIN INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 4 PARALLEL /
0502 0503 0504 0505 0601 0602 0701 0702 0703 0704 Oracle实用案例渐进教程
服装艺术设计
服装表演专业 饰品设计 形象设计 摄影 化学工程与工艺 材料科学与技术 信息管理系统 人力资源管理 电子商务 物流管理
7 7 P7 23:40
0402
0403 0404
23:40
Oracle实用案例渐进教程
6
6 P6 23:40
专业代码
0101 0102 0201 0202 0301 0302 0303 0304 0305 0401
专业
生物工程 生物技术 食品质量与安全 食品科学与工程 数学 物理学 计算机科学与技术 电子信息工程 通信工程 环境艺术设计
0501
vs_grade_upd
db_grade
vs_student
register_no，s_name， s_gender,s_class,s_tele,s_dat eofbirth, s_address， s_postcode,s_email,s_mail_ad dress
s_mail_address， s_postcode， s_address，s_tele， Oracle实用案例渐进教程 s_email
college_no
pk_rno_wid_cno
register_no
work_id course_no college_no
fk_register_no
fk_grade_wid fk_grade_cno fk_g_colle_no fk_tc_curse_no fk_tc_work_id
db_student
vt_grade_upd
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学生用户stduser：能查询自己的信息、课程及选课成绩 及教师承担的教学任务等；允许修改自己的部分信息。
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Oracle实用案例渐进教程
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stduser查询并可更改的信息
定义视图 vs_grade_teac h 查询的列 register_no，course_name， registered_date， registered_year,credit， registered_term,t_name,final_ grade,makeup_flag course_name， registered_date， work_id,registered_term ,registered_year 可更改的列 相关表 db_grade db_teacher
db_teacher db_major db_college db_teacher
vt_teach_upd
vt_ teach_cs
db_teach_c ourse db_grade db_teacher db_Student db_grade
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vt_teach_grade
约束名