Textile Economy in China (1-6, 2013)
国际贸易 经济 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易自由化和战略调整模式
Trade liberalization and patterns of strategicadjustment in the US textiles and clothing industryBelay SeyoumU.S.A.International Business Review，Issue 16 ,2007Belay SeyoumNova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA Received 2 December 2005; received in revised form 17 April 2006, 11 October 2006, 23 November 2006; accepted13 December 2006The overall environment facing the US TC industry will be one of rapidly changing market conditions and technological innovation. With the phase out of quotas and growing number of trade agreements, the US TC industry is being exposed to intense competition in export and domestic markets. This is likely to lead domestic industries/labor to demand intervention by national governments to mitigate the adverse impact of trade liberalization (Standbury & Vertinksy, 2004).In spite of the substantial job losses, the US TC industry remains technologically advanced partly due to increased productivity resulting from advances in technology and design capabilities. Textile production is capital intensive and modern technology is essential to meet the increasing for high-quality products. Over the last few years, US textiles and apparel firms have substantially increased their investment to maintain modern manufacturing facilities as well as improve production and marketing capabilities in order to maximize their inherent advantages to market proximity. In apparel, low skill production jobs have moved to low-cost locations offshore while the more skilled ones have been retained. To successfully adapt to the new environment, US TC industries need to capitalize on their sources of competitive advantage. They need to develop a more flexible operational arrangement, meet high standards in product innovation and generally develop a more change-seeking business culture (Kilduff, 2005).An important survival tool for US TC firms is to expand their potential market by offering new product designs and product categories. Manufacturers must try to bring a steady stream of products to market that are in line with the taste, preferences of theconsumer. They can also expand their market potential by offering new product categories. Two of the fastest growing apparel segments in the US, for example, have been the women’s plus and men’s big and tall segments (Driscoll, 2004). Plus-size apparel marketing was estimated at $47 billion in 2005 accounting for 20% of total apparel market. It is important to identify the firm’s target customers and assess whether the firm is successfully addressing their needs.US TC firms should target a narrow segment of the market that provides the best opportunity for success. In textiles, the focus should be on a few specialized segments such as carpets, nonwovens and technical textiles. Similarly, apparel producers should increase their focus on core products, reduce vertical integration to shed overhead costs, and establish alliances with other firms to consolidate resources and increase market share.Finally, in view of rising incomes and high growth rates in many developing countries such as China, Brazil, and India, there are potential export market opportunities for US textile and apparel products. US export interests may be served by seeking improved access to the retail distribution systems of developing countries. US textile firms should also be able to use Mexico to export to the European Union and other countries, taking advantage of the Mexico-EU trade agreement. Since the conclusion of NAFTA, a number of Asian and European firms have produced certain products in Mexico in order to export to the US market.This paper suggests a demand pull model as a basis for developing a network structure in the clothing industry. In a demand pull model, consumer demand is the driver of sales unlike the supply push model whereby the manufacturer pushes goods to the retailer regardless of consumer demand.Retail companies have become powerful due to their sufficient capital and marketing expertise to build loyalty among consumers. They are the lead firm in view of their central role in the organizational network. The lead clothing retailer integrates industrial capabilities such as sourcing of textiles, design, product branding and its relations with consumers enables it to keep abreast of fashion consumption trends.The lead firm conveys its requirements to these changing trends (changes in style, material requirements) to its suppliers or subcontractors (Table 7). It also provides assistance with the purchasing of capital equipment and technology necessary to produce apparel in accordance with market demand. The fragmented webs of suppliers and subcontractors are bound together through information technology, online data sharing, joint product development, and collaborative forecasting, planning and replenishment activities. Retailers will hold less inventory as shipments become smaller and more frequent since point of sale data is directly transmitted to the manufacturer/supplier who will produce and ship garments as it is needed. This model shows the role of the retailer as an intermediary integrating the functions of design, textile sourcing, branding and as facilitator of apparel production through a web of suppliers/subcontractors. Such restructuring through technological improvements and information technology is one means of succeeding in an increasingly competitive environment. The horizontally structured, mass production methods no longer ensure future competitiveness.The lion’s share of the benefits from quota elimination is expec ted to accrue to China. Its low labor cost, high productivity, range and flexibility of services as well as efficient supplier networks will make China the supplier of choice. About 87% of apparelexecutives that participated in a cotton sourcing summit in Miami in February 2004, agreed that China will soon account for 50–90% of all apparel sold in the US market (National Labor Committee, 2004). This means rationalization of production and a massive consolidation of vendors. Other winners are likely to include India and Pakistan in narrow segments of the TC industry. The elimination of quotas is also likely to lead to lower prices for consumers in view of the absence of quota costs which is often a significant part of the cost of TC sold in the US market. Well-known brands may still hold market value since they are not subject to retail price deflation. It is important for TC firms to evaluate their internal capabilities such as sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, transportation etc. in order to develop an action plan for the post-quota world.Exporters from Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean are likely to lose market share to China since they largely compete on price (not quality) and lack the capability to produce high value added products. Even with the introduction of safeguards on a range of products that are of export interest to these countries, their US market share has declined since the phase out of quotas. With the complete removal of quotas in 2008, it is difficult for these countries to compete on price. Since the US government lifted quotas in 2002 on 29 categories, for example, China’s market share (in these categories) jumped from just 9% (2002) to 65% (2003) while prices paid by US retailers (for apparel from China) dropped by 48% (National Labor Committee, 2004). In cotton dressing gowns (quotas removed) China’s share in 2003 jumped from 25% to 39% while that of Caribbean countries fell from 13% to a mere 3%. In the first 12 months after the phase out of quotas, China’s market share in apparel rose by 59% in value while that of many Central and South American countries showed a sharp decline.What are the implications for TC firms in countries that are vulnerable to competition from China? First, they should capitalize on their proximity to the US market. Their ability to offer lower transport cost, lower lead times as well as duty free entry to the US market may attract the fashion-oriented segment of the US industry. This will depend on access to good local transport infrastructure to get goods to market as well as advanced telecommunications systems to link suppliers and customers. Local firms and governments need to collaborate in creating a climate which is conducive to business and to develop infrastructure to attract and retain TC industries that are so vital in generating exports and employment.Secondly, low wages do not necessarily provide a comparative advantage with respect to China. Firms should develop new capabilities in areas in which China does not have a comparative advantage (yarn, and silk non-apparel). This requires, inter alia, investment in modern production methods and development of competitive sources of local raw materials. Even in product areas in which China is expanding its exports, developing country suppliers that enhance their skills, technology, supply chains and marketing capabilities (through joint ventures, licensing arrangements) faster than China can still maintain their shares to the US market.Thirdly, an important strategic consideration that limits the competitive impact of China is the need on the part of multinationals to diversify their risk portfolios. US manufacturers and retailers are likely to adopt a diversified risk adjusted sourcing strategy that balances cost, speed to market as well as political and economic stability. They may not be prepared to rely on China for critical inputs beyond a certain threshold of risk. Furthermore, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean could be attractive options for US companies in some fashion sensitive segments of the industry where quick response or fast turnaround is important.Finally, existing US rules of origin requirements to qualify for free access to the US market have had unintended consequences. One of the requirements is that they have to use US yarn and fabric. This has had the effect of making their exports less competitive. The US may have to modify its rules of origin to allow developing countries to import from Asia or other competitive sources without losing their preferential status.美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易自由化和战略调整模式贝蕾·塞尤姆美国国际商务评论，第16期,2007年贝蕾·塞尤姆诺娃东南大学，学院大道3301，劳德代尔堡，佛罗里达33314，美国2005年12月2日收到稿件；分别于2006年4月17日、2006年10月11日和2006年11月23日收到修改稿件；2006年12月13日正式录用美国纺织品和服装行业面临的是一个市场条件快速变化、科技不断创新的环境。
低碳经济背景下中国服装贸易的机遇与挑战
低碳经济背景下中国纺织品服装外贸面临的挑战摘要：自2009年哥本哈根全球气候会议举办以来，“发展低碳经济”的热潮相继在欧美日等经济强国与地区悄然蔓延开来;2007年美国金融危机爆发，随即导致了全球经济的瘫痪、原有经济结构的瓦解，随着世界经济的复苏，各国开始重建经济结构，“低碳经济”开始被以美国为首的发达国家推上历史舞台；中国做为发展中国家的一员，为了融入新的世界经济潮流，维持乃至提高现有的经济地位，发展低碳经济是中国必经的道路；当然，这条“新航道”也必然会给中国带来新一轮的机遇和挑战，在经济结构，产业结构，贸易结构等方面都会带来深远影响；尤其纺织品服装贸易在中国的对外贸易实务中占有重要地位，任何低碳经济转型产生的影响，纺织品服装贸易都会首当其冲。
关键词：全球低碳经济纺织品服装贸易Abstract:Since 2009 ，new energy and environment protection as the theme of “a low carbon economy” has become the world economic development goals. The relationship between trade and environment has become increasingly close. Textile and garment industry is one of the most serious pollution industrial in China. Environmental problems will become the important problems in this industry trade. This article aims to discover the existence of environment issues in textile and apparel trade. Exploring the generation and development of the environment system in textile and apparel trade to provide a basic support for better optimization of textile and apparel industry development.Key Words:low carbon economy textiles and apparel trade引言：工业革命以来，人们的生活水平有了极大地提高，人类文明进入了一个极度繁荣的时期。
2023年世界经济与我国纺织品服装贸易形势展望
2023 中国纺织125推升了我国纺织品服装贸易规模。
中国海关数据显示，2022年我国纺织品服装出口连续第三年超过3000亿美元，出口总额达3409.5亿美元，同比增长2.5%。
但实际出口数量在下半年出现逐步下降趋势。
9月以来，纺织品服装单月出口额连续为负，累计增速降至个位数水平并持续放缓，需求疲弱态势逐渐显现。
从出口产品结构看，东南亚、南亚纺织供应链持续恢复，成为我国纱线、面料等产业链配套产品出口的主要增长动力，2022年我国共出口纺织品1568.4亿美元，同比增长1.4%，增速较2021年回升5.5个百分点，占全行业出口总额的比重为46%。
服装出口金额为1841.1亿美元，同比增长3.4%，增速较2021年回落20.7个百分点，占全行业出口总额的比重提高0.7个百分点至54%。
从出口市场结构看，“一带一路”沿线市场对我国纺织品服装出口带动作用自2020年新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来，全球经济贸易复苏进程艰难曲折，不稳定不确定因素相互交织，因疫情导致的供应链运转不畅、终端需求增长放缓、通胀水平推高等压力席卷而来。
2022年初俄乌冲突爆发后美欧宣布对俄罗斯采取一系列制裁措施，不仅为俄罗斯发展前景蒙上阴影，也造成全球范围内粮食、能源等大宗商品供给“滑坡”，半导体、汽车等领域供应链受到较为明显的冲击，全球经济衰退风险上升，金融市场脆弱性随之暴露。
大宗商品供给短缺推升全球通货膨胀压力，美欧主要发达经济体能源价格飙升，生活成本涨幅达到近40年来的最高水平。
为遏制通胀压力，发达经济体启动激进的加息节奏，居民消费、企业投资信心受到持续抑制，货币环境紧缩、叠加供应链合作效率损失，全球经贸环境风险进一步提升。
2022年，大宗商品价格的快速上涨2023年世界经济与我国纺织品服装贸易形势展望摘要 ：近年来，全球经济贸易环境先后受到新冠肺炎疫情冲击、地缘政治局势演变、主要经济体复苏周期错位、通胀压力抬升、经贸摩擦加剧等风险因素冲击，复苏之路艰难曲折，我国纺织品服装贸易环境也随之出现一定程度波动。
超实用新高考英语第二轮复习：压轴大题逆袭卷(阅读CD+七选五+完形填空+语法填空+读后续写)解析版
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【2022届福建省漳州市高三二模】When people hear “artificial intelligence (AI)”, many think of big data. There’s a reason for that: some of the most prominent AI breakthroughs in the past decade have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and the research in small data approaches has grown extensively over the past ten years.
If you take the top 100 biggest innovations of our time, perhaps around 60% to 65% are really based on small data. Big data is all about finding connections, but small data is all about finding the causation, that is, the reason why.
中国_62044400_人造纤维制女式连衣裙(2003-2013)出口量及出口额
2786373.00 美元 1629929.70 美元 3157856.10 美元 3570889.10 美元 3531856.10 美元 4384853.10 美元 7237001.00 美元 6565721.00 美元 5138112.00 美元 3752818.00 美元 2919508.00 美元 5365518.20 美元 6390330.00 美元 3517653.00 美元 7111002.00 美元 7721145.00 美元 8005890.00 美元 9259192.00 美元 7367854.00 美元 8065041.00 美元 8113518.00 美元 6569871.00 美元 9684879.00 美元 13611162.00 美元 10544736.00 美元 7141087.00 美元
433763.00 个/套 272183.00 个/套 483185.00 个/套 535693.00 个/套 669290.00 个/套 535077.00 个/套 800668.00 个/套 768891.00 个/套 563608.00 个/套 505184.00 个/套 398683.00 个/套 656437.00 个/套 690868.00 个/套 358997.00 个/套 847619.00 个/套 977563.00 个/套 862724.00 个/套 800997.00 个/套 658601.00 个/套 782803.00 个/套 782631.00 个/套 474041.00 个/套 664096.00 个/套 856778.00 个/套 841459.00 个/套 737333.00 个/套
机构简介： 如果您对本产品其它相关进出口相关数据感兴趣，欢迎登陆中国产业洞察网官方网站查询并来电咨询。 我们致力于成为您身边的决策咨询专家顾问！
RCEP对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响研究
RCEP对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响研究一、本文概述Overview of this article《RCEP对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响研究》这篇文章主要探讨的是区域全面经济伙伴关系协定（RCEP）对中国纺织品进出口贸易的潜在影响。
RCEP是由东盟10国发起，邀请中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰和印度6个对话伙伴国参加，旨在通过削减关税及非关税壁垒，建立16国统一市场的自由贸易协定。
作为全球最大的自由贸易协定之一，RCEP的生效和实施，无疑将给中国的纺织品进出口贸易带来巨大的机遇和挑战。
The article "Research on the Potential Impact of RCEP on China's Textile Import and Export Trade" mainly explores the potential impact of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on China's textile import and export trade. RCEP is initiated by 10 ASEAN countries, inviting 6 dialogue partner countries including China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and India to participate. The aim is to establish a 16 country unified market free trade agreementby reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers. As one of the world's largest free trade agreements, the entry into force and implementation of RCEP will undoubtedly bring huge opportunities and challenges to China's textile import and export trade.本文首先将对RCEP的主要内容及其对中国纺织品进出口贸易的直接影响进行概述。
纺织品还盘英语范文求一篇关于衣服交易的询盘发盘还盘接受的中文函电范文其他产品也行
纺织品还盘英语范文求一篇关于衣服交易的询盘发盘还盘接受的中文函电范文其他产品也行如你与某外商第一次联系，我这里给大家一个标准的联系函格式,请参考：邮件标题：客户求购的产品名称邮件内文：To:客户公司名称Attn:客户人名Re:客户求购的产品名称DECORATIVE LIGHTINGWe are pleased to get to konw that you are presently on the market for decorative lighting,and as a specialized manufacturer and exporter for this product in China,we sincerely hope to establish business relations with your esteemed corporation. If the product we offered above is some different from what you require actually,kindly inform us in detail,we will be pleased to re-offer you as per yr actual requirements asap.Please note that the product pictures will be sent to you upon yr request,and a small sample could also be sent to you for yr final checking if the price is finally aeptable.To konw more about ourcorporation,kindly visit our website: kindly check and revert at yr earlist.Pure Trading Co.,LtdAdd: Tel: Fax: E-mail:几点说明：a)邮件标题只能是客户求购的产品名称，而不要加其它的任何多余语言，这样，客户打开你邮件的可能性一般可达到100%；b)开头语简洁带过证明你是专业而老练的商人，可立即拉近与客户的距离，而对商人来说过多的寒暄实在是多余；不少人喜欢一开始就说从何得知该客户的，我们建议你，一般情况下最好不用提，客户在那里发布过求购信息，客户自己知道，多说多余，不过，如是本网线下转发给你的外商询盘，加一句话也无妨；c)开头语特忌讳主动过多介绍自己，因为会给人一种推销的感觉，给人的第一感觉就不好，事实上，没有几个客户会有耐心来阅读你的长篇介绍的，不主动过多介绍自己将一定反而会给客户一种很自信、很专业的印象，这种印象对你来说是非常重要的；那么，“过多”的标准是什么呢？我们认为，介绍性语言超过两句即是“过多”！d)简洁开头后，你必须立即进入正文，即报价，因为客户最关心的无非是产品规格与价格而已，你如不能提供客户想要的东西，客户回你干吗？立即进入报价，证明你是专业做该行的，你是有诚意、实实在在想做生意的，大家的时间都很宝贵，都不想浪费时间，特别是欧美商人更是如此；有人说，客户询盘中规格说的不全，无法报价，事实上，没有那个外商会在询盘中一次就把要求说完的，你可估摸着试探性报，报错了没关系，这只是证明你是专业的、多年做该行的，如所报的规格与客户所要的不符，客户一般会很快回复你并详细告诉你他所需产品的具体要求的；有人总喜欢第一次联系客户时就问东问西的，有些国家的客户（如印度、韩国）可能会耐心回你，但对大多数欧美客商（如美国）来说，他们一般是不会回复该类邮件的；e)所报的价必须是实价，必须与现有的市场行情相吻合，价太低，客户知道你不是做该行，不会理你；价太高也会吓跑客户，客户也不会回你，所以，切勿乱报价，应了解清楚了、多比较后再报，对新产品、对外贸公司来说这点尤其重要；f)第一次联系客户时，除非客户在询盘中提出，最好不要主动附上图片，以免被删或被国外反垃圾邮件软件拦截；g)与客户第一次联系最好用HOTMAIL邮箱，或在邮件中另附上你的HOTMAIL邮箱，因为垃圾邮件泛滥的原因，中国越来越多的邮件服务器被国外打入黑 ___，你发的邮件可能最终进不了客户的邮箱，或客户回你的邮件你也收不到，这种情况已越来越严重，而用HOTMAIL邮箱一般不会有这方面的问题；8，强烈建议：如你不能报出有一定竟争力的价格，请最好不要联系客户，既然报不了价自然就成不了，不仅客户很可能不会理你，你又何必浪费你及外商宝贵的工作时间呢？对外贸公司来说，何不在货源上多下点功夫，效果一定好很多！总之，你联系客户的目地无非是为了争取能最终成交，而要能最终实现成交的目地，你起码总要迈过产品规格相符、出口报价适当这两个槛，直接洽谈这两个最重要的问题，不仅外商喜欢，也必能大大缩短成交的进程，大家何乐何不为呢？转自：国际进出口贸易论坛回复客户的询盘要清晰对于如何回复客户的询盘的问题，从表面看，是一个比较简单的问题，其实是一个很深的问题，也是一个所有从事外贸工作需要思考的问题，老外贸也不例外，因为这是一个关系到能不能抓住这个客户、能不能发展这个客户的问题，因此：一、首先要调整好自已的心态。
外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 国内混合动力汽车发展
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle DevelopmentWith the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical "To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009,Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334.Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fueleconomy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market.FAW GroupDevelopment Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000.FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric BusFAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%.Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid carsRed Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, it is built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲemission standard.Besturn B70 hybrid carsBesturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models.SAICDevelopment Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market.In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key.2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress.Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1stApply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Powerplatform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electric air-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicle dynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people.Roewe 750 hybrid carsRoewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating one machine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybrid fuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%.Dongfeng Motor GroupDevelopment Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars.EQ7200HEV hybrid carsEQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱmodel (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤30%.EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric BusEQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou. EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system,electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the increase in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤30%.China ChanganDevelopment Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000."Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chang-an increased investment in clean energy vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgrade and fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored. Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June 2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing.CheryDevelopment Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems.From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe ⅣStandard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumption target to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations.Chery A5BSGChery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the leastfuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes. Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10% -15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%.Chery A5ISGChery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards.Cherry A3ISGChery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines and electric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop function such as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stopped or suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses.FY 2BSGFY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about 5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%.BYD AutoDevelopment Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD.BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electric vehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles.国内混合动力汽车发展随着石油资源的枯竭、人们环保意识的提高，混合动力汽车及电动汽车将成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业内人士的共识。
2013年我国进出口贸易的主要特点
2013年我国进出口贸易的主要特点（一）2013年我国进出口贸易总体稳中向好，有望超过美国位列世界货物贸易第一位1、我国进出口贸易总体保持平稳增长，规模首次突破4万亿美元2013年我国进出口总值25.8万亿元人民币(折合4.2万亿美元)，扣除汇率因素后同比增长7.6%，进出口规模首次突破4万亿美元关口，有望超越美国位例世界货物贸易第一位。
其中出口13.7万亿元人民币(折合2.2万亿美元)，增长7.9%；进口12.1万亿元人民币(折合2万亿美元)，增长7.3%；贸易顺差1.6万亿元人民币(折合2597.5亿美元)，同比扩大12.8%。
从月度具体数据来看，我国进出口贸易额基本维持在同一水平，同比增速在经历了前三季度较大波动后趋于平稳。
一季度，我国进出口值为9754.1亿美元，同比增速为13.5%；二季度进出口10220.2亿美元，同比增速为4.3%。
进入三季度，我国进出口10629.4亿美元，同比增速回升至6%；第四季度，我国进出口11001.4亿美元，同比增长7.3%。
其中，10月、11月和12月进出口同比增速分别为6.5%、9.2%和6.5% ，总体呈现低位平稳的态势。
图表 1 2013年我国进出口贸易月度走势2、2013年前三季度我国进出口货运量总体保持增长态势，进口货运量与贸易额走势基本一致，价格对出口影响在减小2013年我国进出口货物量359960万吨，同比增长4.4%。
其中，进口货物量为230271万吨，同比增长10.4%；出口货运量为129689万吨，同比减少了4.7 %。
从我国进出口货运量与进出口贸易额的走势来看，进口货运量走势与进口贸易额走势基本一致，进口价格基本维持在一个比较稳定的水平，进口贸易额的增加是由进口数量增加带来的。
而前三季度出口货运量与出口贸易额呈交织波动，即出口货运量较高时，出口贸易额较小，而出口货运量减少时，出口贸易额反上升，这说明出口货运量与出口贸易额的波动受价格影响较为明显，四季度影响逐渐减小，呈现出量价齐增的态势，出口环境有所改善。
2021年MBA面试常问题目及答案英语
个人信息方面问题：针对personal data1. What’s your name?2. May I have your name，please?3. Are you Mr./Miss?4. What’s your surname?5. What is you family name?6. What’s your full name?7. How do you spell your last name? 8. Please give me your name.9. May I ask your name?10. I believe you’re Mr.….，aren’t you?11. Your name，please.12. How do you do，and you are…?13. Miss... ，I presume.14. Would you give me your name?Answers:My name is …/ I’m…My surname is…My full name is…How do you do，I’m..针对personal qualities1. What kind of personalities do you think you have?2. What kind of person are you?3. What types of people do like to work with?4. What types of people don’t you like to work with?5. Do you think you are introverted or extroverted?6. Would you like to describe yourself as what kind of person you are?7. Would you like to tell me your weak points and strong points? 8. What do you think is the most important thing fo you to be happy?9. What basic principles do you apply to you work?10. What do you think a job is?11. Are you more a follower or a leader?12. What attitude do you take towards life?Answers:，，easy to approach and friendly to everyone.’m inclined to think independently and enjoy staying all by my self，often and often I like sharing activities with others.until they get done.to self-fulfillment.，but I am team-task minded too.，seize the hour. Even if it ’s hard at the time. I try to get things done that day and not to let them go.关于兴趣兴趣提问1. Do you have any special interests other than your job?2. What are your hobbies?3. What other interests do you have?4. What kind of recreations do you most enjoy?Answers:，novel ，detective ，fiction ，non-fiction ，biography) I like dancing.5. What do you like to do in your spare time?6. What do you do when you are not working?7. How do you spend your free time?8. How do you entertain yourself after work?Answer:9. What’s your marital status?10. Could you tell me something about your family?11. Do you spend much time staying with your family? Answers:Working Experience(关于工作经验方面问题)Q：What is important to you in a job?AQ：Please tell me your present job.Aa garmentthe quality of products. comparativelyspeaking，quality control is rather simple. Although I do my job well，I am looking for a new job which is more challenging.Q：Your resume says you have had some experience working in a foreign representative office in Shanghai，may I ask why you left?A，I left there two years ago because the work they gave me was rather dull. I found another job which is more interesting.Q：What kind of jobs have you had?A，then I transferred to a joint venture as a sales manager. So I am familiar with the textile market in China.Q：What qualifications do you have that make you feel you will be successful in your field?AMarketing Training Program with satisfactory results.Q：What have you learned from the jobs you have had?AQ：What’s you major weak point?Ain an International Business Training Center.或者：Q：What are you greatest weaknesses?A：Identify one or two，such as the following:" I tend to drive myself too hard"，" I expect others to perform beyond their capacities"，" I like to see a job done quickly，and I'm critical if it isn't." Note these weaknesses could also be regarded as desirable qualities. The trick with this question is to describe a weakness so that it could also beconsidered a virtue.Q：What are your greatest strengths?A，and how business is done here. Secondly，I speak English fluently. I have no difficulty with language. And，I am a hard worker when I have something challenging to do.Q：Please tell me about your working experience.Aassistant engineer in the×××the Sale Department of that company.Q：Where do you want to be five years from now?A’d like to be my own boss.)Q：What is your career objective?A：I want to apply my experience and education to a position in personnel administration in a Sino-America joint venture.or:Q：Would you talk about some of your achievements at work?orQ：Can you tell me something about your achievements?A其她某些关于工作方面问题及答案：1. What do you do?2. What kind of work are you doing now?3. How long did you work there?4. Where have you worked in the past?5. What kind of work were you doing at your previous employer’s?6. What did your work consist of exactly?7. What work were your responsible for at your previous employer’s?8. What did you most like (dislike) about your previous job?9. What were your responsibilities as a ..?Answers:Educational Background (关于教诲背景方面问题)Q：what is your major?AQ：What are your major and minor subjects?A：My major subject is Physics and my minor subject is Practical Mathematics.Q：What subject did you major in at university?AQ：Which university did you graduate from?AQ：When did you graduate from university?AQ：Have you received any degrees?A：Yes. First，I received my Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature，and then an MBA degree.Q：What course did you like best?A：Project Management. I was very interested in this course when I was a student. And I think it's very useful for my present work.Q：How did you get on with your studies in college?A:I did well in college. I was one of the top students in the class.Q：Do you feel that you have received a good general training?A；Yes其她某些关于教诲背景方面提问方式及答案：1. What’s your educational background?2. What degrees do you have?3. What about your education?4. Now tell me something about your professional education?5. What university did you graduate from?6. What’s your specialty?7. What research have you even done?8. What are your major subject and minor subjects?9. How many languages can you speak?10. What foreign languages can you speak?11. Can you speak，write，and read English fluently?12. Can you manage English conversations?13. How is your English proficiency?Answers:其她方面问题：Q：Why should we accept you?A’ve received very good academic training I’ve obtained good job skillsI’m very enthusiastic about my MBA study.Q：What would you do if....?A：This question is designed to test your response. For example："What would you do if your computer broke down during an audit?" Your answer there isn't nearly so important as your approach to the problem. And a calm approach is best. Start by saying，"One thing I might do is ..." Then give several alternative choices.Q：What do you think is more important in getting a job，education background or experience?A：Most job advertisements say that experience is needed or preferred，that is to say，those with experience are more likely to be hired.Q：What qualities are needed to get a promotion in a company?A：If an employee is hard-working and loyal/well-experienced in his job，creative and innovative/quick at decision-making，he is likely to be promoted.Q：What qualities are the basic requirements for leading positions at all levels in a company?A：In my view，a business leader should be able to build up appropriate and effective interpersonal relationship with his/her employees and clients.Q：Why do some honest and loyal employees remain unprompted after many years of hard work?A：The position of a leader asks for more than honesty，loyalty and industry.Q：Do you think English is quite important in MBA study?A：Having an excellent command of English in speaking，reading，listening，and writing is critical to a MBA student as long as he wants to become an internationalized entrepreneur and doesn’t want to miss the huge potential of business opportunities in the cooperation with any company from English-speaking countries.And since MBA projects have been far more developed in US and European countries than in China，an English proficiency will definitely be of a great help to the understanding and learning of advanced theories and practices in business administration.Q：Do you know something about the development of China’s MBA projects?Can you give any suggestions on the room for improvement of China’s MBA projects?A：China began to participate in MBA programs since the early 1980s’mainly through cooperation with US and European business schools. And from 1990s’，China began to establish the degree of MBA projects.。
外刊经贸知识选读全部课文翻译
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录）Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links--巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。
20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。
1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。
三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。
20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。
中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。
―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。
The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇）在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。
1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。
1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。
美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。
译林版高中英语选择性必修第二册课后习题 UNIT 2 Sports culture 分层跟踪检测三
分层跟踪检测(三)Eent&FurtherstudyA级必备知识基础练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1. we have stressed many times,“serve the people” is our first policy.2.Idioms usually cannot be translated (literal) to another language.3.My legs just weren’t made (run) like his.4. (concentration) your energy on English,and you will master the language.5.The city of Rome has just passed a new law to prevent (cruel) to animals,which many people say can measure the civilization of a city.6.An argument is a discussion or debate in which a number of people put forward different or (oppose) opinions.7.The meeting (attend) by over five thousand people welcomed the great hero.8.Parents shouldn’t keep scolding their child for his (intentional) mistakes.9.We should strictly and voluntarily follow traffic rules,stopping at the red light rather than (complain) about traffic jams.Ⅱ.短语填空1.If you said five million you’dbe .2.After running two miles of the marathon,Andy and Jessica decided to .3.Don’t bother to meet me at the station.I’m sure I’ll be able to your house.4.We were never able to regain our lead after Thomaslate in the second half.5.We’re never going to get the book design finished in time if the publisher keeps every couple of months like this!6.He was kind and I didn’t think he wouldhit .7.The American couple the high cost of visiting Europe.8.Dora,I know you’re shy,but you worked hard on this project.I’d hate to see you yourself.Ⅲ.单句写作1.这部根据彼得·本奇利的小说改编的电影于1975年上映。
2013年我国纺织工业运行情况分析及展望
2013年我国纺织工业运行情况分析及展望2013年我国纺织工业运行情况分析及展望2013年，我国纺织工业经济运行态势总体保持平稳。
2014年内，受到国内外棉花价差较大、国际市场竞争环境日趋激烈、生产成本上涨等影响因素存在，纺织行业发展压力仍然较大。
一、2013年纺织行业经济运行情况（一）行业生产：生产总量增长，增速继续放缓2013年，我国纺织行业生产增速继续呈现趋缓走势。
据国家统计局数据，2013年，我国纺织全行业工业增加值同比增长8.3%。
其中纺织业同比增长8.7%，服装业同比增长7.2%，化纤业同比增长10.3%。
从主要大类产品产量增速来看普遍较上年同期有所下降，2013年内生产增速也有所趋缓，且呈现个位数增长态势。
据国家统计局数据，2013年，规模以上纺织企业化纤、布、服装产量分别达到4121.94万吨、683.45亿米和271.01亿件，同比分别增长7.9%、4.55%和1.27%。
国内外棉花价差过大以及市场需求增长缓慢是造成我国纺织行业在2013年生产增速较上年有明显放缓的主要原因。
（二）产品出口：出口规模扩大，增速较上年回升较快据我国海关数据显示，2013年，我国纺织品服装出口总额为2920.75亿美元，同比增长11.24%，增速较上年提升7.92个百分点。
其中，纺织品出口1138.51亿美元，同比增长11.17%，增速较上年提升9.68个百分点；服装出口1782.24亿美元，同比增长11.28%，增速较上年提升6.75个百分点。
从出口市场的结构来看，2013年内，对传统三大重点市场（美国、欧盟、日本）出口份额有所下降，而对东盟地区的纺织品服装出口增长速度较快。
2013年，东盟已经成为我国纺织品服装出口的第三大市场。
据我国海关数据，2013年，我国纺织品服装对东盟出口额347.05亿美元，同比增长28.38%。
（三）行业投资：投资总额增长平稳，新开工项目保持正增长2013年，我国纺织行业500万元以上项目固定资产投资新开工项目数为13718个，同比增长5.86%，增速高于上年11.37个百分点，表明行业信心恢复较快；行业固定资产投资实际完成额为9140.29亿元，同比增长17.29%，增速较上年加快2.67个百分点。
我国纺织产品开发及应用的新动向——基于对2020年国内三大纺织展会的调研分析
纺织产业是我国民生工业，也是出口创汇的重要产业之一。
2020年初，受疫情影响，我国纺织产业受到严重冲击；但从第 2 季度以来，国内疫情得到快速控制，工厂迅速恢复生产。
为及时了解我国纺织产品开发的最我国纺织产品开发及应用的新动向—— 基于对2020年国内三大纺织展会的调研分析文 | 潘志连 程四新 陈顺明 章友鹤作者简介：潘志连，1967年生，工程师，长期从事纺织相关生产技术与产品研发工作。
作者单位：潘志连，湖州威达纺织集团公司；程四新，百隆东方股份有限公司；陈顺明，兰溪天马纺织有限公司；章友鹤，浙江省纺织工程学会。
摘要：文章分析了2020年国内举办的三大纺织新产品展览会展示的产品特点，并对展出的五大类新型纤维原料的品种、性能及其应用领域作了初步分析，主要包括：（1）国产莱赛尔的性能已达到同类进口产品的水平，产量及市场应用范围不断扩大；（2）与常规纤维素纤维相比，纤维素纤维新品种具有多种优良性能，是取代常规纤维素纤维，实现产品升级的最佳选择；（3）包括禾素纤维在内的多种抗菌、抗病毒功能纤维越来越受到市场与消费者的关注，应用于纺织服装上具有增强免疫的作用；（4）多种弹性纤维的开发及应用，能满足人们对穿着服饰伸缩自如、穿着得体、保型美观的需求；（5）天然棉纤维的改良与改性，能够克服棉纤维弹性回复性能及抗折皱性能不够理想的缺陷，使其性能更完善，应用领域进一步拓展。
关键词：纺织产品开发；新型纤维应用；性能特点；用途拓展中图分类号：TS106 文献标志码：ANew Trends of China’s Textiles Development and Application— Based on the Survey and Analysis of the Three MajorDomestic Textile Exhibitions in 2020Abstract: This paper analyzes the product characteristics of the three major textile exhibitions held in China in 2020, and makes a preliminary analysis on the varieties, properties, and application fields of the five major types of new fiber raw materials on display. Research results are as follows. Firstly, the performance of domestic Lyocell has reached the same level of similar imported products, with increasing output and market application. Secondly, compared with conventional cellulose fibers, new type cellulose fibers have various excellent properties, which is the best choice to replace conventional ones and achieve product upgrading. Thirdly, diversified antibacterial and antiviral functional fibers like BIOSERICA fiber have attracted ever more attention from the market and consumers, and they have the effect of enhancing immunity when used in textiles and clothing. Fourthly, the development and application of a variety of elastic fibers can meet people ’s needs for fitted, decent, and shape-preserving apparel. Fifthly, the improvement and modification of natural cotton fibers can overcome the defect of weak elastic recovery and crease-resist effect of cotton fibers, empowering better performance and expanded application field.Key words: textiles development; new fiber application; performance characteristics; expanded application新动向，笔者在2020年先后参观了首届大湾区国际纺织面料及辅料博览会，第30届中国新型纤维、纱线面对面洽谈会以及2020年中国纺联秋季联展，并与部分参展企业进行交流。
中国制造英语简介
中国制造英语简介China's Manufacturing: An English IntroductionChina's manufacturing sector has been a driving force behind the country's remarkable economic growth over the past few decades. As the world's second-largest economy, China has emerged as a global leader in a wide range of industries, from electronics and automobiles to textiles and machinery. This comprehensive English introduction will explore the key aspects of China's manufacturing prowess, shedding light on its history, current state, and future prospects.The Rise of China's Manufacturing DominanceChina's transformation into a manufacturing powerhouse can be traced back to the economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. The country's transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-based system paved the way for the rapid industrialization and integration of China into the global supply chain. The establishment of special economic zones, such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou, provided favorable conditions for foreign investment and the development of export-oriented industries.Over the years, China has leveraged its vast labor force, strategic geographic location, and government policies to create a thriving manufacturing ecosystem. The country's large and relatively low-cost workforce has been a significant advantage, enabling manufacturers to maintain competitive labor costs. Additionally, the government's investment in infrastructure, including transportation networks and industrial parks, has facilitated the efficient movement of goods and materials.The Diversity of China's Manufacturing SectorsChina's manufacturing prowess is not limited to a single industry but rather spans a diverse range of sectors. The country has become a global leader in the production of consumer electronics, with companies like Huawei, Xiaomi, and OPPO dominating the smartphone market. The automotive industry has also experienced remarkable growth, with both domestic and international automakers establishing manufacturing facilities in China to cater to the country's burgeoning demand for vehicles.Moreover, China has made significant strides in the production of machinery and equipment, including industrial robots, construction equipment, and renewable energy technologies. The country's textile and apparel industry remains a significant player in the global market, with Chinese manufacturers leveraging their expertise in textile production and cost-effective supply chains.The Role of Innovation and Technological AdvancementIn recent years, China has placed a strong emphasis on fostering innovation and technological advancement within its manufacturing sector. The government has implemented various initiatives, such as the "Made in China 2025" strategy, which aims to transform China into a global leader in high-tech industries, including advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, and new energy vehicles.Chinese manufacturers have responded to this push for innovation by investing heavily in research and development, as well as embracing cutting-edge technologies. The adoption of Industry 4.0 principles, such as the integration of automation, data analytics, and the Internet of Things, has enabled Chinese factories to enhance their efficiency, productivity, and product quality.Challenges and OpportunitiesWhile China's manufacturing dominance is undeniable, the sector also faces a range of challenges that must be addressed. These include environmental concerns, rising labor costs, and the need to move up the value chain by focusing on higher-value-added products and services.To overcome these challenges, Chinese manufacturers are increasingly emphasizing sustainability, investing in clean productionmethods, and exploring ways to automate and streamline their operations. Additionally, the government's push for innovation and the development of high-tech industries presents new opportunities for Chinese manufacturers to diversify their product portfolios and enhance their global competitiveness.The Future of China's ManufacturingAs China continues to evolve, its manufacturing sector is poised to play an even more pivotal role in the global economy. The country's commitment to technological advancement, coupled with its vast resources and strategic location, positions it as a formidable player in the manufacturing landscape of the 21st century.In the years to come, we can expect to see Chinese manufacturers further strengthen their presence in established industries while also making strides in emerging sectors, such as renewable energy, biotechnology, and advanced materials. The continued integration of cutting-edge technologies, the development of a highly skilled workforce, and the fostering of a conducive business environment will be crucial factors in shaping the future of China's manufacturing prowess.As the world's second-largest economy and a global manufacturing powerhouse, China's impact on the global industrial landscape is undeniable. This English introduction has highlighted the key aspectsof China's manufacturing sector, its remarkable rise, and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. By understanding the depth and breadth of China's manufacturing capabilities, businesses and individuals can better navigate the evolving global market and capitalize on the vast potential of this dynamic and ever-evolving industry.。
纺织轧余率的英文
纺织轧余率的英文Textile Shrinkage Rate: A Critical Factor in the Textile IndustryThe textile industry is a vast and complex sector that plays a crucial role in the global economy. One of the key factors that determines the quality and performance of textile products is the shrinkage rate, also known as the textile shrinkage rate. This metric measures the degree to which a fabric or textile material contracts or reduces in size after being subjected to various manufacturing processes, such as washing, drying, or finishing.Shrinkage is a natural phenomenon that occurs in textile materials due to the inherent properties of the fibers and the way they are woven or knitted together. Different types of fibers, such as cotton, wool, or synthetic materials, have varying degrees of susceptibility to shrinkage, and the manufacturing processes used can also influence the overall shrinkage rate.Understanding Textile Shrinkage RateThe textile shrinkage rate is typically expressed as a percentage,indicating the amount of reduction in the dimensions of a fabric or textile material. For example, a shrinkage rate of 5% means that a fabric that originally measured 100 inches in length will shrink to 95 inches after undergoing a specific process.Shrinkage can occur in both the length and width of a fabric, and it can have a significant impact on the final dimensions and fit of a garment or textile product. Excessive shrinkage can lead to issues such as garment distortion, poor fit, and reduced product quality, which can ultimately impact customer satisfaction and the overall success of a textile manufacturer.Factors Affecting Textile Shrinkage RateSeveral factors can influence the textile shrinkage rate, including:1. Fiber Type: Different types of fibers, such as cotton, wool, polyester, or blends, have varying degrees of susceptibility to shrinkage. Natural fibers like cotton and wool tend to have higher shrinkage rates compared to synthetic fibers like polyester.2. Fabric Construction: The way a fabric is woven, knitted, or constructed can also affect its shrinkage rate. Tightly woven or high-density fabrics may be more prone to shrinkage than loosely woven or low-density fabrics.3. Finishing Processes: The various finishing processes used in textile manufacturing, such as washing, drying, heat-setting, or chemical treatments, can significantly impact the shrinkage rate. Improper or excessive exposure to heat, moisture, or chemical agents can cause the fibers to contract and result in higher shrinkage.4. Garment Design and Cut: The design and cut of a garment can also influence its shrinkage rate. Garments with a more relaxed or oversized fit may be less affected by shrinkage compared to those with a more tailored or fitted design.Importance of Controlling Textile Shrinkage RateControlling the textile shrinkage rate is crucial for the textile industry for several reasons:1. Product Quality and Consistency: Maintaining a consistent and predictable shrinkage rate is essential for ensuring the quality and fit of textile products. Excessive or uncontrolled shrinkage can lead to garment distortion, poor fit, and customer dissatisfaction.2. Cost Efficiency: Effective management of the shrinkage rate can help textile manufacturers optimize their production processes and reduce material waste, leading to cost savings and improved profitability.3. Regulatory Compliance: Many countries and regions have established standards and regulations related to the acceptable levels of shrinkage for various textile products. Compliance with these regulations is essential for accessing global markets and maintaining a competitive edge.4. Customer Satisfaction: Consumers expect textile products to maintain their size and fit after washing or cleaning. Controlling the shrinkage rate helps meet these expectations and ensures customer satisfaction, which is crucial for the long-term success of a textile brand or manufacturer.Strategies for Controlling Textile Shrinkage RateTextile manufacturers employ various strategies to control and minimize the shrinkage rate of their products. Some of these strategies include:1. Fiber Selection: Carefully selecting the appropriate fiber type or fiber blends based on their inherent shrinkage characteristics can help mitigate the overall shrinkage rate of the final product.2. Fabric Construction Optimization: Optimizing the fabric construction, such as the weave or knit pattern, can help reduce the susceptibility to shrinkage during various manufacturing processes.3. Controlled Finishing Processes: Implementing stringent control measures during finishing processes, such as precise temperature and moisture management, can help minimize the shrinkage rate.4. Pre-Shrinking Techniques: Applying pre-shrinking techniques, such as sanforizing or compressive shrinkage, can help stabilize the fabric and reduce the risk of further shrinkage during subsequent processing or use.5. Quality Monitoring and Testing: Regularly monitoring and testing the shrinkage rate at various stages of the manufacturing process can help identify and address any issues promptly, ensuring consistent product quality.ConclusionThe textile shrinkage rate is a critical factor that must be carefully managed in the textile industry. By understanding the factors that influence shrinkage and implementing effective control strategies, textile manufacturers can ensure the production of high-quality, consistent, and customer-satisfying textile products. Effective management of the textile shrinkage rate not only benefits the industry but also contributes to the overall sustainability and competitiveness of the global textile market.。
staple用法
staple用法一、staple的基本用法1. 作名词- “Staple”作为名词时，最常见的意思是“主食；主要产品；订书钉”。
- Rice is a staple in many Asian countries. (大米是许多亚洲国家的主食。
)- Coffee is one of the staples of this region's economy. (咖啡是这个地区经济的主要产品之一。
)- I need some staples to fasten these papers together. (我需要一些订书钉把这些文件订在一起。
)2. 作动词- 当“staple”作动词时，有“用订书钉装订；把…分类”的意思。
- She stapled the report carefully. (她仔细地把报告订起来。
)- The librarian stapled the loose pages of the book. (图书管理员把那本书松散的书页订起来了。
)二、staple的固定搭配1. staple food- My mom always says that rice is the staple food in our family. (我妈妈总是说大米是我们家的主食。
)- In Italy, pasta is a staple food. (在意大利，面食是一种主食。
)2. staple diet- Vegetables should be part of your staple diet. (蔬菜应该是你日常饮食的一部分。
)- For some people, fish is a staple diet. (对一些人来说，鱼是主要的食物。
)3. staple gun- Dad used the staple gun to fix the loose fabric on the chair. (爸爸用订书机把椅子上松散的织物固定住。
近代中国对外贸易与经济的发展
Historical backgroundIn the middle 18th century, the British merchant began to sell the local cotton production to China, and then carried away a large amount of tea, raw silk, silk fabrics, hand-woven cloth, pottery and sugar from China. At that time, the amount of silver was average surplus between five hundred thousand and one million yearly in China. Even on the eve of the Opium War, the amount was high up to three million. Focus on trade issues, the British asked the Qing government to cancel the restrictions, and relax the limits of trade. However, on that moment the Emperor of Qing government refused the demands of the British, and insistedthe policy of national protection, which mean that the emperor did not agree to open the door of the trade. To some extent, this measure was helpful to prevent the invasion of capitalist. However, ‘the colonial system announced that making money is the ultimate and sole purpose of human’.The British colonists believed that this situation was extremely unfavorable for them, and then did everything possible to break the closed door of the Qing Dynasty. In order to change the disadvantage condition of Britain in the trade with China and break the plight of the trade deficit, the British began to dump a large number of opium to China. As lucrative trading Opium trade brought tremendous benefits for the Western bourgeois.The position of the British in the trade with China changed from trade deficit into a trade surplus gradually. Since the 1830s, more than half of the goods which came from Britainwere opium in China. Each year the number of White Silver which British plundered from China were reached to around hundreds millions. Evidently, the opium trade was not only the source of primitive accumulation of capital, but also was the constituent part of Chinese capitalist enterprise’s primitive accumulation of capital. Chinese compradors and merchants obtained huge profits from transportation and sale of opium.Theoretical analysisIt is commonly believed that since the opium trade, China changed from a long-term surplus country into a deficit country. But from another perspective the opium trade might be just one of a catalyst, rather than a main cause. Before the Opium War, even China was in the favorable position of the foreign trade surplus, but the exports were mainly tea, raw silk, porcelain and other primary products, while British export trading were textiles, metal products and cotton from India, and the textile technology of Britain was leading the worldat that time. The British textile was beautiful and cheap, which was the product with modern science and technology. Therefore it could be said that although China was in the favorable situation of trade surplus before the opium trade, it just a superficial phenomenon, and in fact the trade disadvantage and foreign trade crisis still existed. From a macro perspective, with the development of the British Industrial Revolution, the productivity of Britain had be enhanced further, and with the stimulation of commerce interests, the British goods had a greater profit and competitiveadvantage, so it was an irresistible trend that Britain became a strong trading nation.And the same time, Britain was in unfavorable position of the trade deficit, but the great ability of capital accumulation made the trading profits as much as possible to promote the development of advanced productive forces. Meanwhile the British merchants imported tea and other traditional supplies as a relatively cheap price from China, and then they sold the products as higher prices in the UK market, which could bring generous profits for British capitalist. Up to the date, the profits could exceed more than ten times of the cost.So, in fact the excessive profits which came from the tea and other merchandise trade had significant meaning to promote the capitalist primitive accumulation.While the first bud of capitalism appeared in dozens of silk, mining, metal fabrication industry and so on in China, but the proportion of the capitalism in industrial production was very small.It could be said that, although China was in the position of the trade surplus, the capitalist accumulation had not yet occurred, and the advantages of its trade surplus did not play an effective role. Chinese economy was still a feudal self-sufficient economy which was a combination of domestic production and handicraft.In such circumstance, China as a backward country was in the position of long-term foreign trade surplus, which may be a serious hazard from another side.Long-term trade deficit with China was greatly affected British foreign exchange reserves with China and primitive accumulation of capital;in the meantime, because of Chinese closed-door policy it was very difficult to open the Chinese market for British. One of the most important fundamental principles of international trade was the principleof reciprocity, so the long-term surplus inevitable damaged the benefits of other countries. In the early stage of international trade, the trading system was not fully developed, and the capitalist country needed a huge number of money because of rapidly development. In the era with characteristics of power politics, in order to be able reverser the trade unfavorable situation and to obtain greater benefits, Britain took the worst measure, smuggling opium.Through the opium trade, Britain reversed its adverse situation of trade deficit with China. In the early 20 years of 19th century, the amount of opium which the British imported into China annually was about average 4,000boxes. On 1830s the amount of opium increased rapidly, and up to 1839 year, the number changed into 40,000 boxes. As the quantity of opium imported from Britain increased sharply in China, from 1830s opium accounted above half of the total value of British trade with China. Up to the opium war, British trade with China changed from adverse trade balance into favorable balance of trade. After opium war Chinese import trade was expanded, and its main imports were opium and cotton textile products, while Chinese main exports were still tea and other agricultural products. It is commonly believed that, the import and export trade deficit for China was detrimental, however, it could be seen that with Chinese market gradually opening up, after 1870s the proportion of the opium trade gradually reduced, while the proportion of the normal commodity trade wasincreased. Normal commodity was impossible to rely on violence to carry out by force. The cost of import goods was cheaper than the same goods which were produced in the domestic, or some product could not be produced in the domestic, so to some extent, the import and export trade deficit was not bad for China, and it might bring more advantages than disadvantage for China. In the import trade, Chinese social-economic structures and ideology was impacted by Western industrial products, production technology, managerial knowledge, and political thought, and no other alien invasion could match this one on Chinese history. To some extent, theopium war promoted Chinese economic progress.Economic exchanges with foreign countries, especially the foreign trade provided chances to compare with countries and the modes of production, and provided a powerful mean to strive for becoming modern country in China.。
中国-东盟自由贸易区纺织品降税情况分析
中国－东盟自由贸易区纺织品降税情况分析据《国际商报》报道，纺织和服装业是中国进出口贸易中最具竞争力的行业之一。
2004年，中国纺织品和服装出口数额达992.9亿美元，占中国对外出口总额的16.7%（约占出口总额的1/6），同比增长35.4%。
纺织品和服装是中国外贸顺差最主要的来源之一，纺织品的贸易状况直接影响到中国的整体贸易。
2004年11月29日，中国－东盟自由贸易区在老挝首都万象签署《货物贸易协议》。
根据该协议，中国与东盟10国从2005年7月开始全面削减关税，截至2010年，中国与东盟老成员绝大多数产品的关税将降至零，东盟新成员可享受5年的过渡期，即至2015年绝大多数产品的关税将降至零。
纺织品和服装是中国特别有出口优势的传统产品，在自由贸易区降税过程中能够获得多大利益，是研究中国－东盟自由贸易区应该重点考虑的问题。
一、中国与东盟纺织品贸易概况在纺织和服装领域，中国从东盟进口最多的产品为棉纱、化学纤维长丝、化学纤维短纤等纺织原料和中间产品。
2004年，中国从东盟进口纺织品达7.43亿美元，其中进口最多的是化学纤维短纤纤维、纱线（税则第55章），进口额达2.38亿美元，占纺织品和服装进口总额的32.1%；其次是棉纱、棉线及棉制品（税则第52章），进口额达2.04亿美元，占纺织品和服装进口总额的27.4%；第三是化学纤维长丝纤维、纱线（税则第54章），进口额1.83亿美元，占纺织品和服装进口总额的24.7%。
仅以上3种产品就占纺织品进口总额的84.2%，这说明，东盟国家在原材料和中间产品的生产方面具有一定的成本优势。
从进口的具体产品来看，聚酯短纤、粘胶短纤、混纺纱线等是短纤类进口较多的产品，细纱线（细度不超过50特的，包括尼龙纱线、氨纶长丝单纱、聚酯纱线等）是长丝类进口较多的产品，细度在232分特以上的特精梳、特未精梳单纱是棉纱、棉线类进口的主要产品。
2004年，中国出口东盟的纺织品和服装达43.72亿美元，占中国对东盟出口总额的11.3%，是中国对东盟出口的主要产品之一。