英国1
英国文学1
Caedmon---he is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the father of English songs. His life story is vividly described in Bede’s The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. His first poem is The Hymn of Praise. He composed many other poems by using the biblical material.Alfred the Great---king of Wessex kingdom. He is another important figure in prose writing of Anglo-Saxon period. He was a well-known translator. He translated some important Latin works into English, among which, the most important is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This book records the main happenings of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is the best monument of the Old English prose. Beowulf---It is the oldest poem in the English language. It is the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. It consists of more than 3,000 lines. It had been passed form mouth to mouth for hundreds off years before it was written down in the 10th century or at the end of the 9th century. The main stories in the poem are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. Writing Features---1) It is not a Christian but a pagan poem, despite the Christian flavor given to it by the monastery scribe who wrote it down. It is the product of an advanced pagan civilization. The whole poem presents to us an all-round picture of the tribal society. The social conditions and customs can be clearly seen in the poem. It helps us a lot when we study the primitive society off Europe. So the poem has a great social significance. 2) The use of strong stresses and the predominance of consonants are notable in the poetical lines. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half is made to have two heavy stresses. 3) The use of alliteration is another notable feature of the poem. Three stressed syllables of each line are arranged in alliteration, which makes the whole line even more emphatic.4) A lot of metaphors and understatements are used in the poem.Romance----The romance was the prevailing literary form in the medieval period. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse and sometimes in prose, which described the life and adventures of a noble hero. Its essential features are the following: 1) It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality. 2) It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealises the virtues. 3) It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life. 4) It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady. 5) The central character of the romance is the knight who is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, or taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king. The romance, as a literary genre, prospered for about 300 years (1200-1500). It was written for the upper class, so it had little to do with the common people. Romance cycles: the matter of Britain, the matter of Rome, the matter of France. The master works of romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.The Norman conquest----In October 1066, the Duke of Normandy William the Great led the Norman army to attack England. The two armies met and fought at Hastings. Finally the English army was defeated. William and his men marched speedily into London and William became the king of England. Its consequences---William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. After the Norman conquest, chivalry was introduced into England. The knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in the literature of that period. English language was made a despised thing as the leading language used by the ruling class and a large number of French words entered the English language. Latin was used by the scholars and clergymen. Three languages existed in England then.William Langland ------his masterpiece is Piers Plowman. Artistic Features of the poem---1) It is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells the stories under the guise of having dreamed them. 2) The poem is an allegory that relates truth through symbolism. 3) The poet uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by corruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular. 4) The poem is written in alliteration. Social Significance of Piers Plowman----Piers Plowman, the hero of the story, is not a representative of the poor peasants. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, and he accepts the existing social relations. This is the limitation of the poem. In spite of that, Piers Plowman remains a classic in popular literature. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors. It was very popular in the 14th and 15th centuries. It played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the uprising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball. It gives us a realistic social picture of medieval England. Geoffrey Chaucer-------He is acclaimed not only as the father of English poetry but also as the father of English fiction. His literary career can be divided in to three periods. 1) The first period, about 30 years, including his youth and early manhood, is the period of French influence. In this period, he translated The Romaunt of the Rose, the most popular poem of Middle Ages, from French into English. 2) The second period, about 15 years, covers Chaucer’s active life as a diplomat and man of affairs. In this period, Italian influence seemed to be stronger than the French. The major works were adaptations from Italian writers in this period. His masterwork is Troilus and Criseyde. 3) The third period, covering his last 15 years, is generally known as the English period. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. In this great work, the author gives his reader a picture of English society in Middle Ages. Features of Chaucer’s writing-----Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His style is flexible. His prose is easy and informal. He uses mild satire when he deals with people’s foibles and weaknesses. He uses rhyming couplet, which he introduced from France, in writing his major poems. He is the first great writer to use the dialect of London in writing. The social significance of Canterbury Tales----- In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer draws a true-to-life picture of English feudal society of his day. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms man’s right to pursue happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As one of the forerunners of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirise the social evils of his day. They criticize the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, and the corruption of the church.Popular Ballads----popular ballads are originally dance songs. They are little stories in verse form, which can be sung or recited by the common people. The origin of the English and Scottish ballads is obscure. Usually they are anonymous, and are handed down orally for many generations. They are simple and crude in story and highly condensed and dramatic in presentation. In the 15th century, there were several kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. Popular ballads were found all over Europe in that period, but a particularly fertile soil was the border area between England and Scotland, for once many bloody battles were fought between the English and Scots there, such as Robin Hood.Morality play----It is an allegory in dramatic form. It is a dramatization of the battle between the forces of good and evil in the human soul. A well-known example is Everyman.Renaissance -------The original meaning of the word “renaissance” was the “rebirth’ of classical Greek and Latin literature. The term is commonly applied to the historical period which followed the Middle Ages. Renaissance period was thought to be in contrast with the Middle Ages, whichwas considered and inhibited by dogmatic theology. Renaissance was extolled as learned, civilized, broad-minded, progressive, enlightened and free-thinking. Italy is customarily taken as the starting place of Renaissance. Later, the movement spread northward to other European countries—to France, to Germany, to the Low Countries, and lastly to England. English Renaissance started in the late 15th century or the early 16th century. In Renaissance period, great achievements were made by painters, writers, sculptors, architects, scientists, philosophers and astronomers. The famous writers in this period are: Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio in Italy; Erasmus in the Netherlands; Montaigne, Rabelais and the poets of the Pleiad in France; Lope de Vega and Cervantes in Spain; Sir Thomas More, Thomas Wyatt, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakespeare and Francis Bacon in England.Sir Philip Sidney------He is known for three principal works. 1) Arcadia----It is a long prose-verse pastoral romance, written for the entertainment of Sidney’s sister. In this romance, the poet praises the delights of rural life and the love of the young people, and expresses his aspiration for a peaceful and happy life. 2) Astrophel and Stella-----This work is a collection of songs and sonnets. It consists of 108 sonnets and 11 songs. 3) An Apology for Poetry---It is one of the earliest English critical literary essays. It was written to answer a pamphlet called The School of Abuse, an attack on poetry and drama.University wits: a name given to a group of writers who flourished in London in the last 20 years or so of the 16th century. All of members of this group were oxford or Cambridge university graduates, the most notable of them were: Marlowe, Nash, Greene, Lyly, Lodge and Peele. They were famous for writing comedies and tragedies.Edmund Spenser: He is often referred to as “the poets’poet”because of his influence on later poets is considerable. He is generally acknowledged to be the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan age. Major work: The Shepherd’s Calendar pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month a year. The Shepherd in the poem represent the poet and his friends. It is Spenser’s first important poem, which consists of 12 eclogues and is written in different metres. All 12 eclogues, with the exception of the first and the last, are in dialogue form. The theme of love is the dominant one. And the more significant eclogues are those on the theme of religion. The poem demonstrates Spenser’s skilful mastery of a variety of meters and his innovative efforts also showed that the traditional form of pastoral could be adapted to a variety of subjects, moral or heroic. The Faerie Queen is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6. The work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. The plan of the whole poem is a stranger in distress appears, claiming help against a dragon or giant. A knight is assigned to each guest, and the 12 books were to describe the 12 adventures of 12 knights who stand for 12 different virtues, as Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism and Puritanism. For The Faerie Queen, Spenser originated a nine-line verse stanza. The verse has 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a 9th line of 6 iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c. This verse, the “Spenserian Stanze” is justly famous and has often been used since. (characteristics of Spenser’s poetry:1.a perfect melody. 2. a rare sense of beauty.3.a splendid imagination.4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness.5.a dedicated idealism. In addition to above, Spenser uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increase his rustic effect.) William Shakespeare The second period: he wrote four histories: RichardⅡ, Henry Ⅳ,par tⅠ＆Ⅱ,and Henryⅴ;6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night and The Merry Wives ofWindsor, and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar. It is a period of “great Comedies” and mature historical plays. The general spirit of this period is optimism. Meantime, there is sorrow, there is pathos and there is sin; the innocent may suffer, the guilty may go unpunished for a time, and even find good fortune; but virtue, nevertheless, shall have its reward and triumph in the end, and the wrong shall disappear before the force of good. In the historical plays of this period, different phases of English life are shown before us: kings and princes, statesmen and courtiers, the rich citizen life and the life of the tavern, and the adventures of rogues and cheats, as a whole, this period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.(great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth great comedies: As you like it, Twelfth night, A mid-summer night’s dream, Merchant of Venice ) Features of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Works--- 1) Shakespeare is a realist. He is one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age, reflecting the major contradictions of that time. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit. 2) In his plays, Shakespeare also clearly reflected the contradictions between the rich and the poor. He showed his sympathy to the poor people and disclosed the greed and cruelty of the upper class. 3) The story of Shakespeare’s plays often took place in other countries or in the past instead of in England or in his own age. 4) Shakespeare’s main characters are depicted in typical situations. They are typical characters. Their fundamental traits are revealed their conflicts with their surroundings, in their relations with they fellowmen. 5) Shakespeare’s dramatic form fits the content of his plays very well. His plays are not controlled by the rules of the classical unities of time, place and action. A plays covers several days or years. 6) In order to reproduce the manifold images of life, Shakespeare used peculiar combination in his drama: combination of majestic and funny, of poetic and prosaic, of tragic and comic. 7) Shakespeare was a great master of English language. The language of each of his characters fits his position in society and reveals the peculiarities of his character. He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer. 8) Shakespeare is also a great poet. He was skilled in many poetic forms. He could write songs, lyrics, sonnets, couplets, quatrains, and blank verse. Influence------ 1) He is a universal poet. His genius includes all the world of nature and of man. He has been given the highest praise by various scholars and critics all over the world. 2) Shakespeare’s plays have been so widely read and so carefully studied that all English writers of any importance cannot escape form Shakespeare’s influence, either directly or indirectly, either in thought, content, or in poetic form or language. Moreover, he has been known all the world and his works have been translated into many different languages and consequently exerted great influences upon many writers in many countries. 3) As a great artist, Shakespeare was more than the supreme representative of a great era. Ben Jonson’s famous observation that “he was not of an age, but for all time” has stood the test of more than three centuries.Restoration comedy: the kind of drama which prevailed between the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660 and early 18th century. It was chiefly concerned with presenting a society of elegance and stylishness. Its characters were gallants, ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops, rakes, social climbers and country bumpkins. Witty, urbane and sometimes licentious, it dealt with the intricacies of sexual and marital intrigue and also with adultery and cuckoldry. Wycherley’s The Country Wife and The Plain Dealer; and Congreve’s The Double Dealer and The Way of the World are example.Francis Bacon------ When Bacon published in 1597 his first collection of short Essays, he became the first English “essayist”. His “scientific” style introduced to England a form of writing that was easy to understand, precise in language and diversified in topics. Bacon wrote prose in an age of poetry, when men around him were composing songs, sonnets and plays in verse, his pioneering efforts made essay writing a popular form in England.Bacon’s works-----1) the philosophical works: The Advancement of Learning (In this work, it deals with the accomplishments of science up to his time.) The New Instrument (Bacon describes the method by which knowledge could be universalized,) 2) the literary works of Bacon are his essays. They are noted for their style and striking observations of life. They are the first true English prose classics. 3) the professional works: Essays (among these essays the famous pieces are Of Study, Of Travel, and Of Wisdom) Generally speaking, Bacon’s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness and forcefulness.。
英国简介 1 Britain Introduction
Population:
The mid-2005 population of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom is estimated as follows:
Stonehenge
Age estimated at 3100 BC Location Wiltshire, UK Type of stone Bluestone, Sarson, Welsh Sandstone Worship Lunar, Solar
Did you know...
Stonehenge was constructed in three phases. It has been estimated that the three phases of the construction required more than thirty million hours of labor. Speculation on the reason it was built range from human sacrifice to astronomy.
Anthem： the queen the king Flower:
The history of human habitation and settlement in Britain
Questions: 1.When did people begin to settle in Britain? Who were the earliest inhabitants? 2.What were the characteristics of the Neolithic peoples in Britain? 3.What is Stonehenge? 4.Who brought the skill of iron-working to Britain? 5.Where did the earliest written records of Britain’s inhabitants come from?
英国历史1
They left no written records and the only relic giving evidence of their existence were stone monuments, the biggest of which was Stonehenge （史前巨石群）.
0Early history（史前—43A.D.）
6. House of York 约克王朝1461~1485
7. House of Tudors(都铎王朝) 1485~1603
Religious reformation
8. The House of Stuart斯图亚特王朝 1603~1714
British Bourgeois Revolution
They were dark-haired and nomadic Stone Age (石器时 代)hunters, who raised themselves from savagery（原始状态， 野蛮人） onto the first step of the civilized life, taming（驯养） dogs, pigs, adopting the use of bronze and beginning farming.
Unit Two History—Lesson 3 A Brief History of the UK
Pushing into Scotland, The Romans built a gigantic wall, Hadrian's Wall, to control the frontier. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.
一、17世纪初的英国经济
17世纪初的英国革命的酝酿革命前的英国社会经济一、17世纪初的英国经济农业在17世纪革命之前，英国仍然是一个农业国，在整个国民经济中，农业占最大的比重。
全国人口中，大多数都居住在农村，他们的生活来源也依赖于农业。
各地区的居民基本上还过着自给自足的经济生活，其日常生活用品大多也是本地生产的。
一般的农村居民穿用兽皮、麻布或粗帆布制的简陋衣服，穿着打了平头钉的鞋子，用木制的盘子进餐，主要的食品是黑面包。
①与欧洲大陆一些国家不同，英国经济发展的一个显著的特点是，它的农业很早就与市场发生了联系。
早在13、14世纪时，英国的农村已成为佛兰德尔和佛罗伦萨发达的呢绒业的原料，即羊毛的供给者。
后来，英国本国的呢绒业也日趋发展，对羊毛的需求量不断增长，羊毛的价格也随之上升。
到了15世纪末，英国越来越多的贵族将原来的耕地改为牧场，饲养羊群，收剪羊毛投入市场以赢利，农村与市场的联系更为紧密。
当时英国人养羊业之盛，给人以深刻的印象。
16世纪末（1598年），一个到英国旅游的外国人对此写道：“英国的居民宁愿养羊而不愿耕种，将近1/3的土地被停止耕种而用于养羊。
在英国的土壤和气候条件下，养出来的羊的羊毛，其柔软和洁白程度超过任何别的国家。
”①到了17世纪初，英国全国人口中，虽然大多数人仍然住在农村，但农业生产已与市场有了紧密的联系。
农民已不再仅仅为了本地居民的消费而生产，而是越来越多地把农产品作为商品投入市场出卖。
许多农民成为商品生产者。
农业中商品生产的发展，从下面的例子中也可看出一斑：在17世纪初，为了便于把各地区的粮食运送到伦敦等中心城市去买卖，制造出了许多复杂的运送粮食的工具，这些工具供远至达拉姆及其它郡的农民使用。
②据1608年格罗斯特郡的人口职业调查，当时该郡的人口中只有1/2还直接从事农业生产，其余的人都从事其它职业，如丝织业、制革业和饮食加工业等。
③即使从事农业生产的人，在农闲时也从事手工业或其它行业，而手工业者也以部分时间从事农业劳动。
1英国(英文)
BritainChapter OneGeography. People and LanguageNew Words & Phrases.temperate 温带、和的precipitation 降雨量latitude 纬度immigrant 移民colony 殖民地diverse 多样化的Germanic 日尔曼语系的evolve 演变，发展Vikings 北欧海盗codify 编簨,系统化undocumented 无文件记载的subsequently 随后的barbarian 野蛮人division 部分，分界线husbandary 饲养业missionary 传教士monastery 修道院I.Geography1.full name: the United Kindom of Great Britain and Northen Lreland.2.Location: the U.K locates to the northwest of mainland Europe,an island countrysurrounded by sea,It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean.3.Area: 242.910 square kilometersposition: British Isles5.Political division: England, Scotland, Wales, Northen Island6.Mountain: Ben Nevis (本尼维斯)，1st 1343m7.River: Seven River (塞文河)，1st ,338km (in Wales)Thames River(in England), 2nd ,336kmke: Lough Neagh(内湖)，1st ,338km(in Northern Ireland)9.climate:a maritime climateplentiful preciperationfoggy,rainy, instablility10:Major Cities:1st :London,capital2nd :Birmingham(伯明翰)3rd :Leeds(利兹)II.People1.Race:the English 81.5%The Scottish 9.6%The Irish 1.9%The North Irish 7%2.Population: 60 million (a 2005 estimate)3.Religion: Christianitynguage: English is a member of the Indo-European family of language. It is in the Germanic group of this family.1.PeriodsOld English(5th -1150)The Angles,Saxons and Jutes drove the Celtic-speaking people out of what is now England into Scotland,Wales, and the Ireland in the 5th and 6th century, they used the language of northeastern regien of the Netherland—that is now called Old English.Middle English(1150-1550)In 1066, William, the Conqueror invaded and conquered England, they used French as the official language,so many French words came into English vocabulary. English day by day evolved into what is now referred to as Middle English.Modern English(1550-now)In 1467, The printing press was introduced by William Caxton,who brought standardization to English, the dialect of London became the standard. Spelling and grammar became fixed.2.Standard EnglishIt is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media.It is used as much in printed material and is normally taught in schools and to non –native speakers learning language. It is called Queen’s English or BBC English. At present, nearly a quarter of the world’s population use English. It has became a universal linguia francaChapter Two HistoryNew words and Phrasespious 虔诚的coronation 加冕feudalism 封建制度charter 宪章constitution 宪法provision 条款parliament 议会monarchy 君主制度Puritan 清教徒dominion 领土，统治权retake 收回originate 发源maritime 海上的，靠海的norm 准则dialect 方言，地方话Christianity 基督教the British Isles 不列颠群岛Guildhall 市政厅St.Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Indo-European family of language 印欧语系Northen Ireland 北爱尔兰I.The Origin of the Nation (55BC-1066AC)国家的起源史前史：巨石阵：In 2500BC，TheBeaker folk(比克人) invaded the British islands,they built the Stonshenge in 1800BC-1400BC。
英国购物宝典1
购物宝典一英国的购物文化1、伦敦是一个购物天堂：从昂贵的奢侈品到经济实惠的大众化商品，从高科技计算机产品到手工艺品，都可以在这里找到。
伦敦有许多自成一格的购物区，有些地区专门是某项商品的集散地，有些地区则是五花八门，吃的喝的穿的用的全都有卖。
伦敦既有为英国皇室提供服务的老牌折扣店，又有街头露天的跳蚤市场，能满足不同人的需求。
多数商店的营业时间为10：00到18：00，周四为深夜购物日，不少商店也会营业到晚上19：00或20：00，街头小商店周末也有许多依旧经营。
伦敦市内每年有两次大减价，夏季减价折扣约在30%-50%，时间是每年6月第四周到7月第二周内。
冬季减价折扣约在40%-60%，时间是从圣诞节至次年1月末。
2、英国当地品牌：威士忌：麦卡伦 MACALLAN、白马威士忌 white horse、百龄坛Ballantines、帝王威士忌dewars、家豪威士忌CARDHU、芝华士 Chivas服装：Jesire、宾奴 BALENOclassic、博斯绅威 BOSSsunwen、金狐狸 Wolsey、袋鼠 KANGOL 、巴宝莉Burberry、英国保罗 POLOMEISDO、（“英伦风”有两大标志性图案，一是Burberry的格子，一是Paul Smith的彩虹条纹）、茵宝 UMBRO （足球服装）美声 MISSION（音响）、登禄普 Dunlop sport （网球用品）、其乐 clarks（鞋）化妆品：美体小铺The Body Shop国内无专柜。
在英国购买TBS经常有买3件只付2件的促销活动；英国AA网天然护肤系列：国内无专柜，有代理。
可是据说代理买来后是自行分装，会造成二次污染，还是直接从英国买更有保证；Boots 博姿：国内无专柜。
超过150年历史的英国美容及护肤药房品牌Boots，Boots有自己的化妆品品牌NO.7，是英国卖得最好的化妆品品牌之一；LUSH：国内有专柜，但是英国的LUSH选择更多，更有英国限量版产品。
英国历史(1)
• 美国好莱坞电影特效大师。 1946年4月7日生于美国弗 吉尼亚州，2008年6月15日 逝世于美国加州洛杉矶(多 发性骨髓瘤)
谢谢大家
第二次工业革命
• 背景信息 • （1）时间： • 19世纪70年代~20世纪初
• （2）条件： • ①政治前提：资本主义制度在世界范围内的确立 • ②资本：大机器生产下的资本积累和对殖民地的商品输出 和掠夺 • ③技术：自然科学突破性进展并迅速转化为技术 • ④市场：美德意日等开辟了统一的国内市场以及资本主义世 界市场的初步形成 • ⑤环境：相对稳定的国内国际环境
• 时间：19世纪70年代-20世纪初 • 地点：英格兰中部地区 • 第二次工业革命(Second Industrial Revolution）起于19世纪七十年代，主要标 志：电力的广泛应用（即电气时代) 1870年 以后，科学技术的发展突飞猛进，各种新技 术、新发明层出不穷，并被迅速应用于工业 生产，大大促进了经济的发展。这就是第二 次工业革命。当时，科学技术的突出发展主 要表现在四个方面，即电力的广泛应用、内 燃机和新交通工具的创制、新通讯手段的发 明和化学工业的建立。控制论创始人维纳提 出的概念是第二次工业革命典型特征为自动 化。 • 第二次工业革命以电力的广泛应用为显著特 点。从19世纪六七十年代开始，出现了一系 列电气发明。1866年德国人西门子 （Siemens）制成发电机，1870年比利时人 格拉姆（Gelam）发明电动机，电力开始用 于带动机器，成为补充和取代蒸汽动力的新 能源。电力工业和电器制造业迅速发展起来。 人类跨入了电气时代。
合 称 为 戏 剧 史 上 四 大 悲 剧 家
斯斯上诗， 及”占人欧 欧。有。洲 里他特他文 庇亦殊创艺 得跟的作复 斯 地了兴 古位大时 希，量期 腊被脍英 三喻炙国 大为人最 悲“口重 剧人的要 家类文的 埃文学作 斯学作家 库奥品， 罗林，杰 斯匹在出 。斯欧的 索山洲戏 福上文剧 克的学家 里宙史和
英美概况(英国篇1：英国的国土与人民 )
The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。
4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:
The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.
威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。
The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.
一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；
3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。
不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。
英国历代君王年表(1)
英国历代君王年表诺曼王朝House of Norman威廉一世King William I the Conqueror "征服王"威廉二世King William II Rufus "红毛王"亨利一世King Henry I Well-Educated, Beauclerc "儒雅王" 斯蒂芬(King Stephen) (布洛瓦王朝)安茹王朝House of Anjou亨利二世King Henry II Curtmantle "短斗篷王"理查一世King Richard I Coeur de Lion "狮心王"约翰King John Lackland "无地王"金雀花王朝House of Plantagenet亨利三世King Henry III)爱德华一世King Edward I Long Shank) "长脚王"爱德华二世King Edward II爱德华三世King Edward III理查二世King Richard II兰开斯特王朝House of Lancaster亨利四世King Henry IV亨利五世King Henry V亨利六世King Henry VI约克王朝House of York爱德华四世King Edward IV爱德华五世King Edward V理查三世King Richard III都铎王朝House of Tudor亨利七世King Henry VII亨利八世King Henry VIII爱德华六世King Edward VI简·格雷Lady Jane Grey玛丽一世Queen Mary I the Bloody "血腥玛丽"伊丽莎白一世Queen Elizabeth I斯图亚特王朝House of Stewart詹姆斯一世King James I查理一世King Charles I共和政府奥利弗·克伦威尔，护国公理查·克伦威尔，护国公斯图亚特王朝复辟House of Stewart查理二世King James II詹姆斯二世King James II威廉三世和玛丽二世King William III and Queen Mary II)安妮女王Queen Ann汉诺威王朝House of Hannover乔治一世King George I乔治二世King George II乔治三世King George III乔治四世King George IV威廉四世King William IV维多利亚女王Queen Victoria萨克森—科堡-哥达王朝House of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha爱德华七世King Edward VII乔治五世King George V温莎王朝The House of Windsor乔治五世King George V爱德华八世King Edward VIII乔治六世King George VI伊丽莎白二世Queen Elizabeth II在位时间与简介诺曼王朝House of Norman威廉一世（King William I 1027--1087 the Conqueror "征服王" ）在位时间：1066--1087简介：威廉一世(征服王)（法文:Guillaume le Conquérant; 英语：King William I The Co nqueror; 拉丁文：Willielmus Rex Anglorum，1028年9月-1087年9月9日）诺曼底公爵（1035年-1087年）、英格兰国王（1066年-1087年在位）。
英国概况知识点详细总结
英国概况知识点详细总结英国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland）是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的一个国家。
英国位于欧洲西部，东临北海，南隔英吉利海峡与法国相望，西临爱尔兰海，北隔北爱尔兰海与爱尔兰相邻。
英国是一个历史悠久、文化灿烂的国家，也是全球最重要的经济体之一，拥有着丰富的自然资源和多样的人文景观，是一个深受世界瞩目的国家。
地理位置英国位于欧洲的西部，总面积约为24.4万平方公里，辖地面积主要包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家。
英国的地理位置得天独厚，气候宜人，四季分明，是一个得天独厚的旅游胜地。
人口英国目前的人口约为6,600万人，其中英格兰是最为人口密集的地区，占全国总人口的85%左右。
伦敦是英国的首都和最大城市，也是英国人口最多的地区，其次是伯明翰、曼彻斯特和利物浦等城市。
政治英国的政治体系是君主立宪制，国家首脑是女王伊丽莎白二世，而政府首脑为首相。
议会制度是英国政治的核心，议会由上议院和下议院组成，分别负责制定和审议法律。
英国政治稳定，是欧洲政治体系的典范之一。
经济英国是全球四大经济体之一，是世界十大经济体之一。
英国的经济体系是充满活力的市场经济，金融、科技和服务业发达，是全球金融中心之一，也是全球最具竞争力的经济体之一。
英国以金融、制造业和服务业而闻名，其中金融业在全球金融市场占有绝对地位，对全球经济发展起着重要的推动作用。
语言英语是英国的官方语言，也是世界上最为通用的语言之一。
英国的文化产业发达，文学、音乐、电影、电视等领域都有着深远的影响力，英国文化也是世界文化的重要组成部分。
教育英国的教育系统是全球著名的教育体系之一，英国有着悠久的教育传统和丰富的教育资源。
英国的大学教育享誉世界，牛津大学、剑桥大学等世界著名大学都是英国的骄傲。
英国的中小学教育也非常发达，学生们可以在这里接受系统完备的教育，塑造自己的未来。
英国国家概况(一)(中英文版)
精心整理英国国家概况（一）（中英文版）第一章英国的国土与人民第一章Land and People4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest,most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh1.Geographical position of Britain:英国的地理位置：Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea inthe east.英国是一个岛国。
它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。
2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。
英国历史简介(1)
伊丽莎白一世
（英文：Elizabeth I，1533年9月7日－1603年 3月24日），名叫伊丽莎白· 都铎，是都铎王朝 最后一位君主，英格兰与爱尔兰的女王（1558 年11月17日－1603年3月24日在位），也是名 义上的法国女王。她是英王亨利八世和他的第二 任妻子安妮· 博林的女儿。 1558年11月，伊丽莎白的同父异母姐姐玛丽一 世去世，伊丽莎白继承王位。1559年1月15日， 伊丽莎白正式加冕成为英格兰的女王。
1.罗马时期 2.中古时期 ▪ 日耳曼入侵 ▪ 盎格鲁撒克逊 ▪ 丹麦入侵 ▪ 诺曼征服 ▪ 瓦特泰勒起义 ▪ 英法百年战争 3.王权时期 ▪ 资本原始积累 ▪ 专制王权和宗教改革 ▪ 征服威尔士 4.近代历史 ▪ 资本主义兴起和发展 ▪ 资产阶级革命 ▪ 工业革命
艾德礼
现代历史 战后重建
战后英国更加削弱，降为二等强国。1945 年7月工党在大选中获胜，C.R.艾德礼出任 首相，工党政府在1945～1948年间对英格 兰银行、煤矿、煤气、电力、电报、国内运 输、海外航空等部门实行国有化，以一定程 度的计划性指导战后经济的恢复和发展。 1947年，参与拟定并接受马歇尔计划，从 美国得到大量援助，经济逐步复苏。
工党执政
第二次世界大战后，英国工党迅速崛起，在 历次大选均取得佳绩，于1945－1951年， 1964－1970年及1974－1979年长期执政。 期间工党政府推动大力为公用事业和主要工 业进行了国有化，并设立了国民保健署，推 动免费医疗及教育，使英国逐渐走上福利国 家的道路。
经济腾飞
1979年英国大选，撒切尔夫人上 台后抨击福利制度所衍生的“不 劳而获”思想，颂扬传统的中产 阶级道德，鼓吹通过努力工作以 创造财富，而非追求财富的再分 配。
英国的皇宫(1)
英国白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）。
经典的世纪之吻就是在这里
白金汉宫(Buckingham Palace）是英国 的王宫。建造在威斯敏斯特城内，位于伦敦 詹姆士公园（St James’Park）的西边， 1703年为白金汉公爵所建而得名，最早称白 金汉屋，意思是“他人的家”。1837年，维 多利亚女王（1837-1901）在执政初期迁居于 此，并陆续进行了一些改、扩建，最终建成 了一座中心包有四方形内庭的恢宏之作，以 后便一直是伦敦的头号皇家寓所。在英国现 存的皇家住宅中，白金汉宫的历史最短。
王室大婚的时候，喜欢在这里合影。
王座室外面宽阔狭长的走廊，既是贯通楼上房 间的通道，亦是用于展示皇家收藏的画廊。这 些画作据称都是霍尔班、伦勃朗、鲁本斯等大 师的上乘之作。由于认为自然光线是欣赏画作 的必备条件，画廊的天花板被设计成三个纵向 的区间，其间安装了玻璃屋顶，使画廊更显得 宽大敞亮。画廊不仅是欣赏艺术品的场所，也 是皇宫的主要接待厅之一，可以召开数百位客 人的接见会。这里还有女王会见各国元首的照 片。
不过，这帽 子都盖住眼 睛了，好想 为这些兵哥 哥整理一下。
只有在一些特别的日子，才能在白金汉宫门前看到女王， 比如她的官方生日。按照王室的规定，女王的官方生日在 六月的某个周六。生日当天上午，王家卫兵在白金汉宫门 前的林荫大道五步一岗列开，居民、游客则拥挤在大道两 旁等候女王的车队经过。10点钟，先是步兵、骑兵、乐 队方阵开道，然后王室成员依次通过。一般成员是坐汽车， 主要成员才有资格坐马车。女王的马车最后出来，街头民 众的欢呼声自然也最热烈，“queen，queen（女王，女 王）”的叫喊声此起彼伏，场面十分热烈。
每年11月，女王都会召开接见会，款待各 国外交使节。有代表172个国家的1300名 宾客列席。
英国概况知识点总结中文
英国概况知识点总结中文英国位于欧洲西部，包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家。
英国的总面积为242,495平方公里，是欧洲第三大岛国，也是欧洲面积第八大的国家。
英国的地形复杂多样，包括丘陵、山地、平原等地貌，其最高峰为苏格兰的本·尼维斯山，海拔1344米。
2. 英国政治概况英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首为女王伊丽莎白二世。
英国议会制度是英国政治的核心，由国会上下两院组成。
国会下院是英国的议会主体，上院为贵族院。
英国政治体系稳定，政治民主发达，是世界上最古老的民主国家之一。
3. 英国经济概况英国是世界上经济实力强大的国家之一。
其国内生产总值（GDP）连续多年位居世界前十位。
英国的经济以服务业为主，金融、保险、房地产等行业发达。
此外，制造业和农业也在英国经济中占有一定比重。
英国是G7成员国之一，其在国际经济和政治中有一定影响力。
4. 英国文化概况英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，其文化传统深远。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧等领域产生了许多世界级的经典作品，如莎士比亚的剧作、毛姆的小说、披头士乐队的音乐等。
此外，英国的博物馆、艺术馆、音乐厅等也为世界各国人民提供了丰富的文化享受。
5. 英国教育概况英国拥有悠久的教育传统和世界一流的教育资源。
英国的大学和学术研究一直处于世界领先水平，牛津大学、剑桥大学等高校享有盛名。
英国的中小学教育也十分重视，学校设施完善，师资力量雄厚，教育质量较高。
6. 英国社会概况英国是一个多元文化、宽容开放的社会。
英国社会中各种族裔、宗教、文化在这里和谐共存。
同时，英国社会保障体系完善，医疗、养老等方面的福利较为健全。
英国政府也十分重视社会公平和福利保障，致力于缩小社会贫富差距。
7. 英国历史概况英国具有悠久而丰富的历史，其历史上经历了诸多重要事件和变革。
自罗马时代以来，英国就开始形成其特有的文化和国家体系。
中世纪的英格兰王国和苏格兰王国在历史发展中合并，形成了今天的英国。
英国简史(1)
必须经过贵族、
大臣等纳税者的同
意
。
”
“
对自由人的处罚，必须根据法律进行。
”
自由大宪章起了限制王权作用，是今天民主政治的基石，是保护国民自由和权利的法律
基础。并为议会制产生奠定基础。
议会产生
（
1265
年）
大宪章后，纳税人的代表（贵族、领主、农场主、富有商人等）拥有一定的权利。
亨利三世即位后，拉拢法国、教皇，制约贵族、大臣。后亨利三世的妹夫西门孟德福发动
战争结束后开始了都铎王朝。
２．兰开斯特王朝（
1399
—
1464
年）和约克王朝（
1461
—
1485
年）
金雀花王朝最后一位国王理查二世被他的堂弟策动宫廷政变废黜秘裁。
新上台的亨利
四世是兰开斯特公爵之子，王朝因此而得名。这个王朝历亨利四、五、六三世，被约克公爵
的后裔推翻。
这两个家族本是同根，
兰开斯特家族以红玫瑰为徽号，
21
年。王位先后传给他的两个儿子威廉二世和亨利一世。
如此历经三王之后
“
绝嗣断统
”
，
也就是说这个家庭继绝了男性继承人。
然而出自女系的继承
人还有两系。
先是威廉一世的外孙斯蒂芬登上王位。
另一系不答应，
结果爆发了一场夺位战。
双方打得精疲力竭，议定斯蒂芬死后，由另一系继位。
诺曼人是维京人的一支，不是法国人，但深受法国文化的影响，并接受法国的统治。
原为苏格兰国王，
因伊丽莎白一世女王
死后无嗣，得以到伦敦继承大统。此王朝
1649
年被国会军推翻，查理一世被处死。国会军
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英国：屋顶栽花种稻
公用照明灯自动断电 来自英国的詹姆斯喜欢绿色，看着扬州大学的草坪很是赞赏。
不过他对中国的草坪提出了不同的看法。
英国人从郊外运来土壤，在楼顶制造雨水贮存系统，在楼顶上养花种草，还可以种植水稻，供周围居民食用，听到许多青蛙在“空中花园”中惬意地歌唱。
在英国，城市里彻夜灯光照明现象少见。
大多数店铺橱窗的灯在打烊后就全部关闭，有些店铺还采用了定时关灯装置住宅和公寓楼内，楼道里的公用灯也大多采用自动断电装置。
为了节能，就连首相府所在的唐宁街也换上了节能灯。
地球上的淡水
地球上的水储量很充足，有着三分陆地七分水之说，那为什么还要再三强调“节约每一滴生活用水”“不要让眼泪成为最后一滴水呢”？有必要么？
有，当然有。
所
谓的“三分陆地
七分水”，是包
含了海洋水、冰
川水、地下水、
湖泊水、河流水
等许多水体。
海洋水占了地球总水量的96。
53%，因为是咸的，所以不适合饮用及生活用水，我们所利用的只不过是淡水资源而已。
所以真正能被我们所利用的淡水资源是微乎其微的，也难怪党中央号召我们节约用水了。
就拿黄河来说吧！它本来不叫黄河的，叫大河，与长江一样是我们的母亲河。
由于黄土高坡上树木的砍伐，导致其水土流失，从唐朝起就开始变黄，到了我们现在就是“一碗黄河水半碗沙”了。