the_Translation_of_Documentation
X20系统用户手册说明书
2024年理工英语四机考题库
2024年理工英语四机考题库In the realm of engineering and technology, proficiency in English is not merely a tool for communication but also a bridge to accessing cutting-edge research and innovation. The 2024 Engineering English Level 4 examination is designed to assess the ability of students to comprehend and utilize technical English in a practical context. This test is a crucial benchmark for students aspiring to excel in the global engineering arena.Understanding technical documentation is a fundamental skill tested in this examination. Students must be adept at interpreting complex instructions, specifications, and descriptions found in technical manuals, research papers, and reports. For instance, a question might present a scenario where one is required to configure a network router based on a given set of technical guidelines. The student's task would be to extract the pertinent information and apply it correctly to achieve the desired outcome.Another key aspect of the examination is the translation of technical terms and concepts. It is not uncommon for engineers to encounter manuals or documentation in English that must be understood and possibly translated into their native language. Therefore, the test may include passages that require translation, ensuring that the student not only understands the material but can also convey the information accurately in another language.Moreover, the ability to write clear and concise technical reports is essential. The exam could ask students to describe the process of designing a simple circuit, requiring them to explain the function of each component and the rationale behind their design choices. This exercise tests the student's ability to communicate complex ideas in a structured and coherent manner.In addition to these skills, the examination evaluates the student's capacity to engage in technical discussions. This might involve explaining a concept to a peer or debating the merits of a particular engineering solution. Such questions test the student's command of English in a live, interactive setting, where clarity and precision are paramount.Lastly, the test may include listening comprehension sections, where students listen to lectures or presentations and answer questions based on the content. This component assesses the ability to follow and understand spoken English in an academic or professional context.To excel in the 2024 Engineering English Level 4 examination, students must cultivate a strong foundation in technical vocabulary, an understanding of complex grammatical structures, and the ability to articulate ideas with clarity and precision. By mastering these skills, students will not only be prepared for the examination but also equipped to thrive in the international engineering community. 。
项目可行性报告书英文翻译
Project Feasibility Report Translation: A Comprehensive OverviewIn the realm of business and project management, the significance of a well-articulated project feasibility report cannot be overstated. It serves as a guiding document that outlines the viability, challenges, and potential outcomes of a proposed project. In this article, we delve into the nuances of translating a project feasibility report from Chinese to English, shedding light on the crucial aspects that must be considered for an accurate and effective translation. IntroductionThe first section of a project feasibility report typically introduces the project, providing a brief overview of its objectives, scope, and significance. When translating this section, it is imperative to maintain clarity and conciseness. Each element of the project's introduction should be faithfully translated to ensure that the English version effectively conveys the purpose and importance of the proposed venture.Executive SummaryA critical component of any feasibility report is the executive summary, which encapsulates the key findings and recommendations. In the translation process, special attention must be givento preserving the essence of the summary. Translators should aim to retain the succinct nature of the Chinese version while ensuring that the translated text accurately reflects the main points, enabling English-speaking stakeholders to grasp the project's core aspects swiftly.Market AnalysisOne of the pivotal sections of a feasibility report is the market analysis. This segment assesses the external factors that could impact the project's success, including market trends, competition, and potential risks. During translation, it is essential to capture the nuances of the Chinese market analysis accurately. Translators must convey the intricacies of market dynamics, ensuring that the English version provides a comprehensive understanding of the market landscape.Technical FeasibilityTechnical feasibility evaluates the project's practicality from a technological standpoint. This section explores whether the proposed project can be implemented using existing technology. When translating technical details, precision is paramount. Translators should be well-versed in the technical terminology relevant to the project, ensuring an accurate portrayal of the technical feasibility in the English rendition.Financial AnalysisThe financial analysis section scrutinizes the economic aspects of the project, encompassing cost estimates, revenue projections, and return on investment. Precision and attention to detail are crucial during the translation of financial data. Translators must accurately convert numerical values and financial terms to maintain the integrity of the report's financial analysis.Risk AssessmentIdentifying and mitigating risks is a fundamental aspect of project management. The risk assessment section outlines potential challenges and proposes strategies to address them. Translators should carefully convey the nuanced nature of risks and mitigation measures, ensuring that the English version reflects the same level of detail as the original Chinese text. ConclusionIn conclusion, the translation of a project feasibility report requires a meticulous approach to preserve the accuracy, clarity, and depth of the original document. Each section, from the introduction to the risk assessment, demands careful consideration to produce an English version that serves its purpose effectively. As businesses continue to engage in global ventures, the skillful translation of project documentation becomes increasingly vital for successful cross-cultural communication and collaboration.。
文献的引用于格式解读
黑龙江:黑龙江人民出版社。引用格式 用第几章第几页表示， 比如第3章在书的第98页: Ch3，P98
当引文多于50个字, 诗2行以上的内容, 另起一 行, 左边缩进8个字符, 而且不需要引号(很多时 候要求小一个字号)。例如：
In most fields, paraphrasing (summarizing or changing the original words to your own words) is preferred above direct quotations. Paraphrase others’ words whenever possible unless there is a specific reason to use a direct quote.
当我们要在一个学术期刊杂志上发表文章 时, 应该参考那个期刊上已经发表的论文,仔细研究 参考引用的格式,因为通常每个期刊都有自己特 定的文献参考引用格式。
中国国内期刊的文献引用标准也很多，有的严 格参考国外（美国）的标准，有的在参考国外文 献引用标准的基础上规定自己的格式。英文期刊 的参考文献格式也不尽相同。毕业论文写作参看 教务处毕业论文平台样本格式。
直接引述或间接引述Quote or Paraphrase?
当提及或利用他人资料时，我们可以直接引述 (quote),也可以用自己的话重新表达这些信息 (paraphrase), 到底什么时候应该直接引述，什么时 候应该间接引述，虽然没有严格的规定，但是可以 依照下面的几个规律帮助做出更恰当的决定：
如何断定是不是common knowledge?
技术文档翻译
技术文档翻译Technology Document TranslationWith the rapid development of technology, more and more companies are expanding their business scope internationally. To effectively communicate with clients from different countries, technical document translation has become an essential task.Technical document translation refers to the translation of technical materials, such as user manuals, product specifications, and software documentation, into different languages. It requires not only language proficiency, but also extensive knowledge in the specific field of technology.The first step in technical document translation is to understand the content and purpose of the document. Translators need to have a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter in order to accurately convey the information in another language. They should also pay attention to technological jargon and ensure that the translation is easily understood by the target audience.After understanding the content, translators will begin the translation process. They will need to take into account the linguistic and cultural differences between the source and target languages. Certain phrases or idioms may not have direct equivalent in the target language, and translators need to find appropriate expressions that convey the same meaning. They should also be mindful of context and ensure that the translation is accurate and coherent.In addition to linguistic accuracy, technical document translation also requires consistency. Translators should follow established terminology and style guidelines to maintain consistency throughout the document. This is particularly important for companies that have different product lines or multiple language versions of the same document. Consistent terminology helps to establish a professional image and enhances the user experience.Another challenge in technical document translation is keeping up with the constantly evolving technology. As new technologies emerge, translators need to familiarize themselves with the latest terminologies and concepts in order to provide accurate translations. They may need to research and consult with experts to ensure that the translation is up-to-date and reflects the current industry standards.To ensure the quality of technical document translation, it is crucial to have a review and proofreading process. A second set of eyes can catch errors or inconsistencies that may have been overlooked during the translation process. In some cases, it may be necessary to consult subject matter experts or engineers to verify the accuracy of the translation.In conclusion, technical document translation plays a vital role in global business communication. It requires not only language proficiency, but also extensive knowledge in the specific field of technology. Translators need to carefully understand the content, pay attention to linguistic and cultural differences, and maintain consistency and accuracy throughout the translation process. Bydoing so, they can effectively bridge the communication gap and help companies expand their business internationally.。
翻译api
翻译apiTranslation API (Application Programming Interface) is a tool that enables the automatic translation of texts or documents from one language to another. It allows developers to integrate translation services into their applications or websites, making it easier to reach a global audience.Translation APIs use machine learning algorithms and natural language processing techniques to analyze and understand the input text, and then generate accurate translations in the desired target language. These APIs can handle a wide range of languages, allowing users to translate content between different language pairs.The process of using a translation API involves sending a request with the source text and specifying the target language. The API then processes the request, performs the translation, and returns the translated text. This process usually happens in real time, providing instantaneous translations.Translation APIs offer various features and functionalities to enhance the translation process. They can handle multiple translation requests simultaneously, making them suitable for large-scale translation projects. Some APIs also provide options to customize translations, such as preserving specific terminologies or adjusting the tone or style of the translation.Translation APIs are commonly used in a variety of applications and industries. For example, e-commerce platforms can use translation APIs to provide product descriptions and user reviewsin multiple languages, thereby facilitating international sales.Travel and hospitality industries can use translation APIs to translate hotel descriptions, travel guides, and booking information for foreign travelers. Additionally, news organizations can utilize translation APIs to translate articles and news updates for their global readership.Developers can integrate translation APIs into their applications using software development kits (SDKs) or by directly making HTTP requests to the API's endpoints. API documentation provides detailed information on how to make requests, handle responses, and implement error handling.Translation APIs utilize secure connections and follow industry standards to ensure the privacy and security of user data. They usually require an API key or authentication credentials to access the service, allowing developers to track and manage their usage. In conclusion, translation APIs are powerful tools that enable the seamless translation of texts or documents from one language to another. They provide developers with the means to offer multilingual functionalities in their applications, making communication across different languages more accessible and efficient. With the advancements in machine learning and natural language processing, translation APIs continue to improve in accuracy and speed, offering users a reliable solution for their translation needs.。
护理研修班英语翻译试题
护理研修班英语翻译试题Nursing Training Course Translation TestSection 1: Multiple Choice QuestionsInstructions: Choose the best answer for each question.1. The term "nursing" can be defined as:a) A medical profession focused on patient care and treatment.b) The scientific study of the human body and its functions.c) A set of principles and practices aimed at promoting health and wellbeing.d) All of the above.2. The primary role of a nurse is to:a) Administer medication to patients.b) Create treatment plans for patients.c) Provide emotional support and care to patients.d) Conduct research on healthcare practices.3. What is the purpose of continuing nursing education?a) To maintain professional licensure.b) To stay updated on new medical advancements and practices.c) To enhance patient care and outcomes.d) All of the above.4. Which of the following is NOT a common type of nursing specialization?a) Pediatric nursing.b) Geriatric nursing.c) Obstetric nursing.d) Veterinary nursing.5. The acronym "CPR" stands for:a) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.b) Critical patient response.c) Centrally prescribed recovery.d) Comprehensive patient rehabilitation.6. Which healthcare setting would you find a nurse primarily working in?a) Hospital.b) Daycare center.c) Supermarket.d) Movie theater.7. A nursing diagnosis is:a) The identification of a patient's health problem bya nurse.b) The process of performing medical tests on a patient.c) The creation of a treatment plan for a patient.d) The evaluation of a patient's response to treatment.8. The abbreviation "RN" stands for:a) Registered nurse.b) Relaxed nurse.c) Responsive nurse.d) Research nurse.Section 2: Open QuestionsInstructions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences.1. Define primary healthcare and explain its importance in nursing.2. Describe the role of a nurse in educating patients about their health conditions.3. Discuss the significance of documentation in nursing practice.4. Explain the concept of evidence-based practice and its relevance to nursing.5. Describe the ethical responsibilities of a nurse in providing patient care.Section 3: TranslationsInstructions: Translate the following sentences fromEnglish to your native language.1. Can you please take the patient's temperature?2. Ensure that the wound is clean and covered with a sterile dressing.3. It is important to assess the patient's vital signs regularly.4. Administer the medication as prescribed by the doctor.5. Provide emotional support and reassurance to the patient and their family.Note: The translation for this section will vary depending on the student's native language.。
翻译专业中英文对照外文翻译文献
翻译专业中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Translation EquivalenceDespite the fact that the world is becoming a global village, translation remains a major way for languages and cultures to interact and influence each other. And name translation, especially government name translation, occupies a quite significant place in international exchange.Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated. Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations. Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers havesought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localizationIt is generally accepted that translation, not as a separate entity, blooms into flower under such circumstances like culture, societal functions, politics and power relations. Nowadays, the field of translation studies is immersed with abundantly diversified translation standards, with no exception that some of them are presented by renowned figures and are rather authoritative. In the translation practice, however, how should we select the so-called translation standards to serve as our guidelines in the translation process and how should we adopt the translation standards to evaluate a translation product?In the macro - context of flourish of linguistic theories, theorists in the translation circle, keep to the golden law of the principle of equivalence. The theory of Translation Equivalence is the central issue in western translation theories. And the presentation of this theory gives great impetus to the development and improvement of translation theory. It‟s not difficult for us to discover that it is the theory of Translation Equivalence that serves as guidelines in government name translation in China. Name translation, as defined, is the replacement of the name in the source language by an equivalent name or other words in the target language. Translating Chinese government names into English, similarly, is replacing the Chinese government name with an equivalentin English.Metaphorically speaking, translation is often described as a moving trajectory going from A to B along a path or a container to carry something across from A to B. This view is commonly held by both translation practitioners and theorists in the West. In this view, they do not expect that this trajectory or something will change its identity as it moves or as it is carried. In China, to translate is also understood by many people normally as “to translate the whole text sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, without any omission, addition, or other changes. In both views, the source text and the target text must be “the same”. This helps explain the etymological source for the term “translation equivalence”. It is in essence a word which describes the relationship between the ST and the TT.Equivalence means the state or fact or property of being equivalent. It is widely used in several scientific fields such as chemistry and mathematics. Therefore, it comes to have a strong scientific meaning that is rather absolute and concise. Influenced by this, translation equivalence also comes to have an absolute denotation though it was first applied in translation study as a general word. From a linguistic point of view, it can be divided into three sub-types, i.e., formal equivalence, semantic equivalence, and pragmatic equivalence. In actual translation, it frequently happens that they cannot be obtained at the same time, thus forming a kind of relative translation equivalence in terms of quality. In terms of quantity, sometimes the ST and TT are not equivalent too. Absolutetranslation equivalence both in quality and quantity, even though obtainable, is limited to a few cases.The following is a brief discussion of translation equivalence study conducted by three influential western scholars, Eugene Nida, Andrew Chesterman and Peter Newmark. It‟s expected that their studies can instruct GNT study in China and provide translators with insightful methods.Nida‟s definition of translation is: “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” It is a replacement of textual material in one language〔SL〕by equivalent textual material in another language（TL）. The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity. In a sense, this is just another way of emphasizing the reproducing of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance. The message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original. Translation equivalence is an empirical phenomenon discovered by comparing SL and TL texts and it‟s a useful operational concept like the term “unit of translation”.Nida argues that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, whereas dynamic equivalence is based upon “the principle of equivalent effect”.Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a ST word or phrase. Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. Therefore, formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equivalents might at times have serious implications in the TT since the translation will not be easily understood by the target readership. According to Nida and Taber, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard.Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect” where the relat ionship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. The message has to be modified to the receptor‟s linguistic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida. He defines the goal of dynamic equivalence as seeking the closest natural equivalent to the SL message. This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness; the TL should not show interference from the SL, and the …foreignness …of the ST setting is minimized.Nida is in favor of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a moreeffective translation procedure. Thus, the product of the translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in Nida and Taber's edition is it clearly stated that dynamic equivalence in translation is far more than mere correct communication of information.As Andrew Chesterman points out in his recent book Memes of Translation, equivalence is one of the five element of translation theory, standing shoulder to shoulder with source-target, untranslatability, free-vs-literal, All-writing-is-translating in importance. Pragmatically speaking, observed Chesterman, “the only true examples of equivalence (i.e., absolute equivalence) are those in which an ST item X is invariably translated into a given TL as Y, and vice versa. Typical examples would be words denoting numbers (with the exception of contexts in which they have culture-bound connotations, such as “magic” or “unlucky”), certain technical terms (oxygen, molecule) and the like. From this point of view, the only true test of equivalence would be invariable back-translation. This, of course, is unlikely to occur except in the case of a small set of lexical items, or perhaps simple isolated syntactic structure”.Peter Newmark. Departing from Nida‟s rece ptor-oriented line, Newmark argues that the success of equivalent effect is “illusory “and that the conflict of loyalties and the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. He suggests narrowing the gap by replacing the old terms with those of semanticand communicative translation. The former attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meani ng of the original, while the latter “attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.” Newmark‟s description of communicative translation resembles Nida‟s dynamic equivalence in the effect it is trying to create on the TT reader, while semantic translation has similarities to Nida‟s formal equivalence.Meanwhile, Newmark points out that only by combining both semantic and communicative translation can we achieve the goal of keeping the …spirit‟ of the original. Semantic translation requires the translator retain the aesthetic value of the original, trying his best to keep the linguistic feature and characteristic style of the author. According to semantic translation, the translator should always retain the semantic and syntactic structures of the original. Deletion and abridgement lead to distortion of the author‟s intention and his writing style.翻译对等尽管全世界正在渐渐成为一个地球村，但翻译仍然是语言和和文化之间的交流互动和相互影响的主要方式之一。
户口本翻译模板英文
户口本翻译模板英文A Template for Translating Household Registration Book。
Household Registration Book Translation。
Name: _________________________________。
Sex: _________________________________。
Date of Birth: _________________________________。
Place of Birth: _________________________________。
Nationality: _________________________________。
Marital Status: _________________________________。
Occupation: _________________________________。
Residence: _________________________________。
This is to certify that the above-mentioned information is true and accurate.户口本翻译模板英文。
户口本翻译。
姓名，_____________________________。
性别，_____________________________。
出生日期，_____________________________。
出生地，_____________________________。
国籍，_____________________________。
婚姻状况，_____________________________。
职业，_____________________________。
居住地，_____________________________。
Allen Bradley SLC MicroLogix Imprint 2 通信用户手册说明书
CommunicationAllen Bradley SLC / MicroLogixImprint2 Communication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix 11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN Manufacturer Eaton Automation AG Spinnereistrasse 8-14 CH-9008 St. Gallen Switzerland Support Region North America Eaton Corporation Electrical Sector 1111 Superior Ave. Cleveland, OH 44114 United States 877-ETN-CARE (877-386-2273) Other regions Please contact your supplier or send an E-Mail to: a ******************* Original instructions The German version of this document is the original instructions Editor Manfred Hüppi Brand and product names All brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of the owner concerned. Copyright © Eaton Automation AG, CH-9008 St. Gallen All rights reserved, also for the translation. None of this document may be reproduced or processed, duplicated or distributed by electronic systems in any form (print, photocopy, microfilm or any other process) without the written permission of Eaton Automation AG, St. Gallen. Subject to modifications.ImprintCommunication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix 11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 3Imprint1 General ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Aim and purpose of this document ...................................................................................... 5 1.2 Comments about this user manual ..................................................................................... 5 1.3Additional documentation .................................................................................................... 5 2 Communication overview ................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Serial communication operating principle ........................................................................... 7 2.2 Ethernet communication operating principle ....................................................................... 8 2.3 Supported systems ............................................................................................................. 9 2.3.1 Client ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Server .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.4 Communication parameters (serial communication) ......................................................... 10 2.5 Supported data .................................................................................................................. 11 2.5.1 Addresses ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.5.2 Timer ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.5.3Counter ............................................................................................................................. 13 3Hardware .......................................................................................................................... 15 4 Software ........................................................................................................................... 17 4.1 GALILEO ........................................................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 Configuring communication in GALILEO – serial interface ............................................... 17 4.1.2 Configuring communication in GALILEO – Ethernet interface .......................................... 18 4.1.3 Addressing variables in GALILEO ..................................................................................... 19 4.2 THC ................................................................................................................................... 20 4.2.1Configuration ..................................................................................................................... 20 5 Error messages (21)1 General4Communication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 1 General1General1.1Aim and purpose of this documentThis user manual contains information required for connecting the automation components of EatonAutomation to SLC and MicroLogix from Allen Bradley.This user manual describes the installation and configuration. The operating system and applicationsoftware are not described.1.2Comments about this user manualPlease send any comments, recommendations or suggestions relating to this user manual to********************.1.3Additional documentationFurther documents may be helpful in addition to this user manual.The following documentation can be obtained from our website ():[1]MN05010007ZSystem Description Windows CECommunication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 51 General6Communication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 2 Communication overviewCommunication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix 11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 72Communication overview 2.1 Serial communication operating principleThe communication uses the DF1 protocol via the RS232 interface. Communication is implemented from a panel or a PC with exactly one «Controller» per RS232.Fig. 1 Serial communication operating principle2 Communication overview8 Communication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix 11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 2.2Ethernet communication operating principle The communication uses the DF1 protocol via the Ethernet interface. Communication is implemented from a panel or a PC with exactly one «Controller» per Ethernet.Fig. 2 Ethernet communication operating principle2 Communication overview2.3Supported systems2.3.1ClientThe following devices are suitable for communication with Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix:⏹PC with GALILEO Open and RS232 interface⏹MICRO PANEL XV Series with RS232 interface⏹MICRO PANEL M Series with RS232 interfaceThe term «Client» in the following documentation stands for these devices and the software runningon them.2.3.2ServerThe following «Controllers» are supported:⏹SLC 5/03 (RS232 interface)⏹SLC 5/04 (RS232 interface)⏹SLC 5/05 (RS232 interface)⏹MicroLogix (RS232 interface and Ethernet interface)The term «Controller» in the following documentation stands for these devices.Communication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 92 Communication overview2.4Communication parameters (serial communication)The baud rate settings for «Client» and «Controller» must be identical.The «Client» uses node address 0.Configure the DF1 interface of the «Controller»:⏹Node address: 1⏹System Mode⏹DF1 Full Duplex⏹8 Data Bits, Even Parity, 1 Stop Bit⏹No Handshaking⏹BCC or CRC Error Detection⏹1000 ms ACK Timeout⏹ 3 NAK Retries⏹ 3 ENQ Retries10Communication Allen Bradley SLC / MicroLogix11/2013 MN04802105Z-EN 2 Communication overview2.5Supported data2.5.1AddressesDescription Address rangeB-File B0:0 … B255:255N-File N0:0 … N255:255F-File F0:0 … F255:255Tab. 1Supported addressesIn addition to the files listed above, there are also supported timer and counter queries for theEthernet communication.The available address ranges are:Description Address rangeT-File T0:0 … T255:255C-File C0:0 … C255:255Tab. 2Supported addresses2.5.2TimerThe Timer consists of three Word Datablocks.Word Bit0 … 12 13 14 15DN TT EN0 Internal useonly1 Preset value2 Accumulated valueTab. 3DN = Timer Date BitTT = Timer Timing BitEN = Timer Enable Bit2 Communication overviewTo access the entire data block on the HMI, it is necessary to make a Word Array with 3 elements.Fig. 3Timer ArrayThe start address of the data block is specified as usual.Fig. 4Setting address2 Communication overview2.5.3CounterThe Counter consists of three Word Datablocks.Word Bit0 … 8 11 12 13 14 15UN OV DN CD CU0 Notused1 Preset value2 Accumulated valueTab. 4UN = Count Underflow BitOV = Count Overflow BitDN = Count Done BitCD = Count Down Enable BitCU = Count Up Enable BitPerform the same steps as described under 2.4.2 Timer, to create Counter tags.2 Communication overview3 Hardware3HardwareBoth «Client» and also «Controller» are provided with an RS232 interface via which they can beconnected. With the MicroLogix Controller there is also the possibility of a connection via Ethernet.Information on mounting, wiring and commissioning is provided in the operating instructions of therespective devices.3 Hardware4 Software4Software4.1GALILEOThe GALILEO visualization software supports several parallel communication channels. A«Controller» is assigned one serial interface exclusively. However, it is possible to configure severalcommunication channels to the same «Controller» (the same serial interface).4.1.1Configuring communication in GALILEO – serial interfaceChoose «A. Bradley – SLC 5/03 – MicroLogix – DF1» and set the communication parameters.1)Configuring communication in GALILEOCommunication parameter CommentBaud rate The baud rate settings for «Client» and «Controller» must beidentical.Status Refresh Read the Online Help of your GALILEO version.Tab. 5Communication parameters4 Software4.1.2Configuring communication in GALILEO – Ethernet interfaceChoose «A. Bradley – MicroLogix – EtherNet/IP» and set the communication parameters.2)Configuring communication in GALILEO – Ethernet interfaceCommunication parameter CommentIP Address or Hostname IP Address or HostnameExample: 192.168.1.1Tab. 6Communication parameters4 Software4.1.3Addressing variables in GALILEOThe chapter 2.5 describes which variables of the «Controllers» you can access. GALILEO supportsthe following address forms and data types:GALILEO ControllerB%d:%dVariables on the controller.N%d:%dF%d:%dTab. 7Address forms in GALILEOGALILEO ControllerBit / Error B, NByte B, NWord B, Ndword not supportedFloat FString not supportedStructure B, NSystem B, NTab. 8Data types in GALILEO4 Software4.2THCA THC component (THC = Tag Handle Container) is used on the «Client» for the communication tothe server. As a GALILEO user, you do not have anything to do directly with the THC component.However, you need the following information when using, for example, the ThcSymbolicClient libraryin XSoft-CoDeSys or MXpro.4.2.1ConfigurationConfiguration parameter ValueComponent MicroPanel.AB.SLC.dllProgId MicroInnovation. AB.SLC.TagServerTab. 9THC configuration parameterCommunication parameter Data type CommentLocalSerialPort String Serial interface used by the cliente.g. COM1BaudRate Unsigned32 Baud rate of the serial interface of the cliente.g. 19200Tab. 10THC communication parameter5Error messages3)Error message5.1Local STS Error CodesThe local STS error code nibble contains errors found by the local node. Error codes (in hex) that youmay find in the local error code nibble include.Code Explanation00 Success – no error01 DST node is out of buffer space02 Cannot guarantee delivery: link layer(The remote node specified does not ACK command.)03 Duplicate token holder detected04 Local port is disconnected05 Application layer timed out waiting for a response06 Duplicate not detected07 Station is offline08 Hardware faultTab. 11Local STS Error CodesLocal STS codes 09 through 0F (hex) are not used.5.2Remote STS Error CodesThe remote STS error code nibble contains errors found by the remote node receiving the command.Error codes (in hex) that you may find in the remote error code nibble of the STS byte include.Code Explanation00 Success – no error10 Illegal command or format20 Host has a problem and will not communicate30 Remote node host is missing, disconnected or shutdown40 Host could not complete function due to hardware fault50 Addressing problem or memory protect rungs60 Function not allowed due to command protectionselection70 Processor is in Program mode80 Compatibility mode file missing or communicationzone problem90 Remote node cannot buffer commandA0 Wait ACK (1775-KA buffer full)B0 Remote node problem due to downloadC0 Wait ACK (1775-KA buffer full)D0 Not usedE0 Not usedF0 Error code in the EXT STS byte (see Tab. 13)Tab. 12Remote STS Error Codes5.2.1EXT STS byteYou have an EXT STS byte if your STS code is F0 (hex).EXT STS Codes for CMD ofHex Code Explanation0 Not used1 A file has an illegal value2 Less levels specified in address than minimum for anyaddress3 More levels specified in address than system supports4 Symbol not found5 Symbol is of improper format6 Address doesn’t point to something usable7 File is wrong size8 Cannot complete request, situation has changed sincethe start of the command9 Data or file is too largeA Transaction size plus word address is too largeB Access denied, improper privilegeC Condition cannot be generated – resource is notavailableD Condition already exists – resource is alreadyavailableE Command cannot be executedF Histogram overflow10 No access11 Illegal data type12 Invalid parameter or invalid data13 Address reference exists to deleted area14 Command execution failure for unknown reason;possible PLC-3 histogram overflow15 Data conversion error16 Scanner not able to communicate with 1771 rackadapter17 Type mismatch18 1771 module response was not valid19 Duplicated label22 *Remote rack fault23 *Timeout24 *Unknown error1A File is open; another node owns it1B Another node is the program owner 1C Reserved1D Reserved1E Data table element protection violation 1F Temporary internal problemTab. 13Remote STS Error Codes*These codes are for passthru from a DH+ link to a remote I/O link.。
Lexium LXM62操作手册_201311
(Translation of the original German Operating Manual)
Lexium LXM62
11.2013
EIO0000001349.01
Imprint
The information provided in this documentation contains general descriptions and/or technical characteristics of the performance of the products contained herein. This documentation is not intended as a substitute for and is not to be used for determining suitability or reliability of these products for specific user applications. It is the duty of any such user or integrator to perform the appropriate and complete risk analysis, evaluation and testing of the products with respect to the relevant specific application or use thereof. Neither Schneider Electric nor any of its affiliated or subsidiary com‐ panies are responsible or liable for a misuse of the information contained herein. If you have any suggestions for improvements or amendments or have found errors in this publication, please notify us. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without express written permission of Schneid‐ er Electric. All pertinent state, regional, and local safety regulations must be observed when in‐ stalling and using this product. For reasons of safety and to help ensure compliance with documented system data, only the manufacturer should perform repairs to com‐ ponents. When devices are used for applications with technical safety requirements, the rele‐ vant instructions must be followed. Failure to use Schneider Electric software or approved software with our hardware products may result in injury, harm, or improper operating results. Failure to observe this information can result in injury or equipment damage. © 2013 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved.
英语整理文献阅读
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation1. Definition of Literature:a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.2. Classification of Literature1) Textbooks教科书2) Monographs专著，专论3) Papers论文A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc.4) Encyclopedias百科全书5) Periodicals期刊，杂志6) Special Documentation特殊文档3. Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically, literature is a kind of formal writing. Compared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language, a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions. Since the functions of scientific literature are to reveal creative research achievements, facilitate professional information retrieval, and help improve the development of science and technology, it deals objectively with the study of facts or problems; analyses on literature are based on relevant data, not on personal feelings, and discussions or conclusions are made on the basis of specific experiments or investigations.Syntactically, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Frequently used are indicative sentences, imperative sentences, complex sentences, and “It be + adj. (participle) + that ...” sentence patterns, etc.Morphologically, scientific literature is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. There are more compound words, Latin and Greek words, contracted words, noun clusters and so on in scientific literature than in other informational writing.Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. for the sake of accuracy, brevity, and clarity.Different literatures may have different linguistic features although they do have similar characteristics in common. The linguistic features of an individual literature will be discussed together with the specific category of documentation in the corresponding Unit of this textbook. To learn the linguistic features of various literatures will be beneficial not only to documentation reading but also to the translation and writing of such documentary works.4. Search for Relevant Literature1) Global Search2) Specific Search3) Processed SearchTranslation Skills (1): Translation in General and Translation of Special Literature2. Principles or Criteria of Translation☆☆☆How do you understand Mr. Yan’s three-word guide xin, da, ya? What’s your opinion on the principles or criteria of translation?答：Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation. By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationWhat are literal translation and free translation? And what principles should a translator abide by in applying them?答：Literal translation (直译) and free translation (意译) are two dynamic approaches in dealing with such awkward situations.The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech. There are quite a lot of examples of successful literal translation that have been adopted as idiomatic Chinese expressions. For example, crocodile‟s tears (鳄鱼的眼泪), armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿), chain reaction (连锁反应), gentlemen‟s agreement (君子协定), and so on. Similarly, some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation. For example, 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country, two systems ), and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible for the translator to do literal translation. For example:Adam‟s Apple 喉结at sixes and sevens 乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱Don‟t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。
Unit1文献阅读与翻译第一章
Literal translation
The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.
In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication. In actual practice, we often alternate or combine these two approaches instead sticking to either.
档案室英文翻译
Archive Room English TranslationIntroduction to Archive Room English Translation下面是本店铺为大家精心编写的5篇《Archive Room English Translation》，供大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
《Archive Room English Translation》篇1Archive Room English Translation is a professional translation service provider specializing in archival documentation translation. Our team of translators is experienced in translating various types of archival materials, including historical documents, personal records, and government publications.With our expertise in archival translation, we are able to provide accurate and reliable translations of your archival materials. Our translators have a deep understanding of the cultural and historical context in which the materials were created, and they are able to convey the meaning and context of the original documents in the target language.In addition to our expertise in archival translation, we also pride ourselves on our commitment to customer service. We understand that archival translation can be a sensitive and time-sensitive matter, and we are committed to providing ourclients with prompt, reliable, and secure service.Archive Room English Translation offers a range of services, including document translation, audio transcription, and video subtitling. Whether you need to translate a single document or an entire archive, we have the skills and resources to get the job done.For more information about our services, please visit our website or contact us by email. We look forward to working with you to meet your archival translation needs.《Archive Room English Translation》篇2存档室英文翻译Archive Room English Translation《Archive Room English Translation》篇3存档室英文翻译The Archive Room is a space where historical records, documents, and other materials are stored and preserved for future reference. These archives are often maintained by organizations, governments, or other institutions to ensure the preservation of important information and to provide access to these materials for research purposes. The Archive Room is typically organized and maintained according to a specific setof guidelines and procedures to ensure the proper storage and retrieval of the materials.《Archive Room English Translation》篇4存档室英文翻译The Archive Room is a place where important documents, records, and files are stored for future reference. It is typically a secure and climate-controlled space designed to protect sensitive information from damage, theft, or loss. The Archive Room is typically located within an organization"s main office or off-site, and access is strictly controlled to ensure confidentiality and security.存档室是一个储存重要文件、记录和档案以供将来参考的地方。
vue中英文翻译
Getters can be understood as encapsulation of states, which can be used to calculate changes in states and return results.
Vue Chinese English translation
目录
IntroductionTranslation of Vue's Basic Concepts from Chinese to EnglishThe Chinese English translation of Vue's core conceptsTranslation of Vue Development Practice from Chinese to English
Mutations are the only way to modify the state, they must be executed synchronously, and an action type needs to be passed as a parameter.
State
Getters
Configure routing
Use parameters in routing to achieve dynamic routing matching and improve code reusability.
Use routing parameters
医药 翻译
医药翻译Medicine Translation-700 wordsMedical translation is the translation of documents related to the field of medicine, including clinical research, patient records, medical equipment manuals, pharmaceutical documents, and academic articles.Medical translation requires accuracy, precision, and extensive knowledge of medical terminology. Translators working in this field must have a deep understanding of medical concepts, diseases, and treatments. They must also keep up with the latest developments in medical research and technology.Pharmaceutical translations are a subset of medical translations that focus on the translation of documents related to pharmaceutical products, drug development, and regulatory affairs. This includes translating drug labels and packaging, clinical trial documents, and documents for regulatory submissions.In addition to medical and pharmaceutical translations, there is also a need for translations of medical device documentation. This includes the translation of instruction manuals for medical devices, software interfaces, and patient information leaflets.Translators working in the medical field must be familiar with the specific terminology used in different languages. They must also be aware of cultural differences that may affect the translation of certain terms or concepts.The use of machine translation in the medical field is increasing, but human translation is still essential for ensuring accuracy and quality. Machine translation can be used as a tool to aid human translators, but it should not replace them entirely.Medical translation is a specialized field that requires translators to have both linguistic and medical knowledge. Translators working in this field must have a strong command of both the source and target languages and be able to accurately convey complex medical concepts.In conclusion, medical translation is an important field that plays a vital role in global healthcare. It ensures that medical information is accessible to people around the world and helps to bridge language barriers in the healthcare industry. Translators working in this field must have a deep understanding of medical terminology, be up-to-date on the latest medical research, and be able to accurately convey complex medical concepts.。
法律委托书英文版
法律委托书英文版**The Importance of Legal Power of Attorney in English and Its Application in Chinese and English Contexts**In the globalized world of today, the need for legal documents that are internationally recognized and accepted is paramount. Among these documents, the Legal Power of Attorney (hereinafter referred to as LPA) holds a significant position, especially when it comes to cross-border transactions and representations. The LPA is a legal instrument that authorizes one party (the principal) to act on behalf of another party (the agent) in legal matters.Its importance lies in the fact that it establishes a clear and binding relationship between the principal and the agent, outlining the powers and limitations of the agent's representation.When it comes to the LPA in English, its significanceis further emphasized. English, being the lingua franca of the global business community, ensures that the LPA is understood and accepted by a wide range of international parties. The use of English in legal documentation not only facilitates ease of communication but also ensures thatthere are no misunderstandings or misinterpretations due to language barriers.Moreover, the LPA in English adheres to strict legaland grammatical standards. This ensures that the documentis legally binding and enforceable in various jurisdictions, as it meets the requirements of clarity, precision, and correctness. The use of professional legal terminology and the adherence to proper grammatical structure are crucialin ensuring that the LPA is effective and reliable.In the Chinese context, the LPA also plays a crucial role, especially in the context of cross-bordertransactions and representations. China's rapid economic growth and increasing globalization have made it necessary for legal documents, including the LPA, to beinternationally recognized and accepted. The LPA in Chinese, therefore, serves as a bridge between the Chinese legal system and the global legal community.It is worth noting that the LPA in Chinese must also adhere to strict legal and grammatical standards. Just like the LPA in English, it must be clear, precise, and correctto ensure its legal bindingness and enforceability. The useof professional legal terminology and the adherence to proper grammatical structure are equally important in the Chinese LPA.The translation of the LPA from English to Chinese, or vice versa, is a delicate process that requires the expertise of legal translators. Legal translators must have a thorough understanding of both languages and the legal systems of the respective countries. They must ensure that the translation is not only accurate but also preserves the legal intent and effects of the original document.In conclusion, the Legal Power of Attorney, whether in English or Chinese, is a crucial legal instrument that facilitates cross-border transactions and representations. Its importance lies in the fact that it establishes a clear and binding relationship between the principal and the agent, outlining the powers and limitations of the agent's representation. The use of English in legal documentation ensures international recognition and acceptance, while strict adherence to legal and grammatical standards ensures its legal bindingness and enforceability. The translation of the LPA between English and Chinese requires theexpertise of legal translators to preserve the legal intent and effects of the original document.。
英文翻译作品出版协议
英文翻译作品出版协议英文翻译作品出版协议Agreement for the Publication of English Translation WorksThis Agreement (the "Agreement") between_____________________________ (hereinafter referred to as the "Translating Party"), located at_____________________________ and_____________________________ (hereinafter referred to as the "Publishing Party"), located at _____________________________, is entered into on this __________ day of __________, 20__.1. Basic InformationTranslating Party:Name:Legal Representative:Address:Phone:Email:Publishing Party:Name:Legal Representative:Address:Phone:Email:2. Identity of PartiesThe Translating Party is the owner and copyright holder of the English translation works (the "Works"). The Publishing Party is authorized to publish and distribute the Works in China.3. Rights and Obligations3.1 The Translating Party is responsible for providing ahigh-quality English translation of the original works within the agreed-upon time frame.3.2 The Publishing Party has the exclusive right to publish, distribute, and promote the Works within the territory of China, and is responsible for completing all registration, publishing, production, and distribution formalities in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.3.3 The Publishing Party shall obtain the necessary authorization and documentation for the legal publication of the Works in China and shall bear any liability arising from the publication of the Works.3.4 The Publishing Party shall be responsible for all costs associated with the production, printing, distribution, and sales of the Works.4. Performance and Term4.1 The Translating Party shall deliver the completed Works to the Publishing Party no later than __________ days from the date of signing this Agreement.4.2 The Publishing Party shall complete all registration and publication formalities within __________ days from the date of receipt of the completed Works.4.3 The term of this Agreement shall be __________ years from the date of publication of the Works.5. Breach of Contract5.1 In the event of a breach of contract by either Party, the non-breaching Party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement and seek compensation for damages.5.2 The breaching Party shall be liable for any and all damages arising from the breach of contract, including but not limited to, loss of reputation, loss of profits, and legal fees.6. Compliance with Relevant Laws and Regulations6.1 Both Parties shall comply with all relevant laws and regulations in China concerning the publication of the Works.6.2 The Translating Party warrants that the Works do not contain any information that violates Chinese laws and regulations, including but not limited to, any content that infringes upon the reputation or national security of China.7. Other Provisions7.1 This Agreement is binding and enforceable in accordance with the laws of China.7.2 This Agreement supersedes all prior agreements, representations, and understandings between the Parties.7.3 Any modification or amendment to this Agreement must be in writing and signed by both Parties.8. Legal Effectiveness and Executability8.1 The Parties acknowledge that they have read, understood, and agreed to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.8.2 This Agreement is drafted in both Chinese and English. In case of any inconsistency or discrepancy between the two versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.8.3 This Agreement shall be executed in duplicates, with each Party retaining one copy.Translating Party:Signature: _____________________________Print Name: _____________________________Date: _____________________________Publishing Party:Signature: _____________________________Print Name: _____________________________Date: _____________________________。
英语作文让外教老师帮自己宣传农产品
英语作文让外教老师帮自己宣传农产品Promoting Agricultural Products with the Help of Foreign English TeachersIn recent years, there has been a growing trend towards promoting agricultural products using innovative methods. One such method is to utilize the expertise of foreign English teachers to help promote and market these products to a wider audience. By leveraging the language skills and cultural insights of these teachers, farmers and producers can effectively showcase their products to potential buyers both locally and internationally.One of the key advantages of using foreign English teachers for this purpose is their ability to communicate effectively in English. English is widely spoken around the world and is often the language of choice for international trade and business. By working with English teachers who are native speakers or fluent in the language, farmers and producers can create marketing materials, presentations, and advertisements that will resonate with English-speaking audiences.Furthermore, foreign English teachers can provide valuable insights into the cultural preferences and expectations of consumers in English-speaking countries. They can help farmersand producers tailor their marketing strategies to appeal to these audiences, ensuring that their products are presented in a way that is both compelling and culturally appropriate.Additionally, foreign English teachers can help farmers and producers navigate the complexities of international trade and export regulations. They can assist with the translation of documents, the preparation of export documentation, and the communication with foreign buyers, ensuring that the process of exporting agricultural products runs smoothly and efficiently.Overall, the collaboration between farmers and producers and foreign English teachers has the potential to significantly enhance the promotion and marketing of agricultural products. By leveraging the language skills, cultural insights, and expertise of these teachers, farmers and producers can effectively showcase their products to a global audience and capitalize on new opportunities for growth and expansion.。
效果 翻译
效果翻译Effect translation effect.Translation plays a crucial role in bridging the language and cultural gaps between different countries and communities. Its impact is far-reaching in various aspects, such as business, education, technology, and diplomacy. In this article, we will explore the different effects of translation and how it contributes to global communication and understanding.One major effect of translation is its contribution to international business. With the globalization of markets, companies are expanding their operations worldwide, entering new markets, and seeking customers from different linguistic backgrounds. In order to successfully penetrate these markets, accurate and culturally sensitive translation is necessary. Translation helps businesses communicate their message effectively, adapt their products or services to local customs and preferences, and build trust with customers in foreign markets. It allows businesses to establish a strong presence in new territories and increase their potential customer base, leading to increased revenue and growth. Education is another field where translation has a significant effect. In today's globalized world, students and academics from different countries often exchange ideas, collaborate on research projects, and study abroad. Translation enables the sharing of knowledge and academic materials across different languages, allowing students and scholars to access learning resources and research findings from around the world. It also facilitates the dissemination of educational content, such as textbooks, online courses, and academic journals, to learners in different linguistic communities.As a result, translation contributes to the advancement of education and promotes cross-cultural understanding.Translation also plays a vital role in the field of technology. In the digital age, technology is evolving rapidly, and new innovations are being developed constantly. However, language barriers can hinder the global adoption and use of these technologies. Translation helps bridge this gap by providing localized versions of software, applications, and websites, making them accessible to users from different language backgrounds. It allows technology companies to expand their user base, reach new markets, and ensure a smooth user experience for non-English speakers. The effect of translation in technology is not only limited to user interface, but also extends to the translation of technical documentation, user manuals, and customer support materials. All these efforts contribute to the successful implementation and adoption of new technologies worldwide.Furthermore, translation has a significant impact on diplomacy and international relations. In diplomatic negotiations and interactions between countries, effective communication is crucial. Translation enables diplomats and officials to understand and convey their messages accurately, eliminating misunderstandings and facilitating constructive dialogue. It helps foster diplomatic relations, build alliances, and promote cultural exchange between nations. Translation also plays a role in facilitating international cooperation in areas such as science, medicine, and environmental protection, where sharing of knowledge and expertise across language barriers is essential.In conclusion, translation has a wide range of effects that contribute to global communication and understanding. Whether it is in the business, education, technology, or diplomatic fields, translation helps bridge language gaps, promote cross-cultural exchange, and open doors to opportunities. It allows individuals and organizations to connect, collaborate, and thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.。
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The Translation of Contracts and Agreements
Contracts and agreements generally fall into three parts in content. Preamble （序言）， Main Clauses（主条款） Concluding Clauses（最后条款）．
e.g. Neither party shall terminate this contract without reasonable cause prior to the agreed date of expiration.
双方均不得无故提前终止合同。
The following are some more examples:
e.g. Reference is made to our application No. 38658197 file 31 May 1997. 请参阅我们在1997年5月31日登记的申请书，其 申请号为38658197。
e.g. This invention relates to methods for audio signal amplification and to audio amplifier circuitry and power supplies therefore. 本发明介绍的是音频信号放大的方法、音频放大 电路及其电源。
• Translation of advertisements
Advertisements can be classified into a great variety of forms , such as press advertisement , TV advertisement , radio advertisement , outdoor and transport advertisement , direct mail advertisement , etc.
有一些经典翻译体现了"文字翻译"和"文化翻译"的完美结 合：
Coca-Cola可口可乐
评：译得绝妙，既利用了谐音，又把喝过这种饮料后痛快淋漓的 感觉充分反映出来，同时又接近中国文化中“可乐”一词给人 们的美好联想。这些都赋予了商品积极正面的信息，无怪乎 可口可乐如此广受欢迎。同样还有的是Pepsi Cola 百事可乐。
The features of advertisements are simple form , vivid language , terse syntax and implicative context.
Make yourself heard. (Ericsson爱立信) 理解就是沟通。 A diamond lasts forever. (De Bierres第比尔斯） 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传。 Anything is possible. (LiNing李宁) 一切皆有可能.
Words frequently used in contracts and agreements include: product (产品） exclusive territory （独占地区） licensed product （许可产品） trademark （商标） know-how （专有技术） industrial property right （工业产权） technical documentation （技术资料）, etc.
Besides, some specific contracts and agreements contain some special phrases such as Governing Law（准据法）。 Sole Contract（唯一合同）， No Agency (无代理权), etc.
The form of contracts and agreements is usually fixed. When we translate them into Chinese, we must see to it that the Chinese version conforms to the English original form. Besides, the modal word “shall” , when used in legal documents, no longer possesses the ordinary meaning of future tense used in the first persons, but “a command or what must be done, “ or “the responsibility and obligation that should be undertaken” .
Maxwell 麦斯威尔 Good to the last drop .滴滴香浓，意犹未尽
评：译文在效果上将原文发挥得很好，有采用四字结构，既工整， 韵律也较齐。
Sometimes, a trademark happens to coincide with the name of the company, or its product. In this case, we should make a clear distinction between them before putting them into Chinese.
the Translation of Documents
文件翻译主要包括：
广告文案类、财经类、商贸类、城市建筑类、 法律类、科技类、社会文学类、生化类、理工 类、学术类、证书、证件及证明类，具体有企 业简介翻译、产品说明翻译、合同翻译、讲稿 翻译、名片翻译、简历翻译、报表翻译、证件 翻译、专业文档翻译、网站翻译、译文审校 、 讲稿翻译、邮件翻译、影音cientific and Technical Document