The long process of historical development of mankind
British monarchy
British MonarchyMonarchy, also known as parliamentary monarchy, is a governmental form in which Parliament exercises the supreme power. Britain is a typical representative of this governmental form. Constitutional monarchy has had a history of more than 300 years and firstly established in Britain. It has been continuously perfecting itself nowadays. It differs from absolute monarchy in that an absolute monarch serves as the sole source of political power in the state is not legally bound by any constitution. Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentary system in which the Monarch may have strictly ceremonial duties or may have Reserve Powers, depending on the constitution, have a directly or indirectly elected prime minister who is the head of government exercises effective political power. Britain is the democratic cradle of western politics in world. Monarchy had been advancing while being constrained, that is to say, both the king nobility have certain rights obligations to maintain a balanced relationship.Britain, as the head of leading to develop capitalism, has suffered from a long tortuous history in order to create the very political structure, which serves for the survival development of capitalism. Constitutional monarchy has had a significant far-reaching influence on British society.Constitutional monarchy is a pretty important political structure in Britain. During its 300-year history of development, it has been generated an enormous impact in the political system of the European countries, expanding to the world. constitutional monarchy plays the bellwether in exploring the road of representative governmental system.Besides, British monarchy influences British culture a lot. The English Nation is a stable legalistic people. In the long course of historical development, they formed legal traditionthe idea of loyalty. This tradition was reserved during the process of development. Still now, among different classes in Britain, they all hold full respect to their majesty. In spite of monarch, as head of state, is a symbol of authority.British people owe much to the king for the boost of social economic development. In a sense, King is an idol of the whole nation for prote cting people’s freedom property. For example, Charles II was welcomed when he returned with a promise that “respecting Parliament”; on the contrary, feeling of relaxation filled the whole country after Cromwell’s death. The former one was under Parliament while the latter was not. That is why the English nation supports King. The establishment of parliamentary system is aiming to adapt to the capitalist socio-economic development the need for political democratization, likewise the reservation of monarchy was determined by considering the tradition the objective reality. Therefore, constitutional monarchy is the best choice made by bourgeois nobility under the historical and recent conditions.。
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。
段落翻译
原文：中餐桌上最神奇、最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子。
几千年来我们一直视筷子为一种最简单同时也是最有效的用餐工具。
关于筷子的用料，其种类各有不同，选择包括竹子、木材、玉石、象牙、塑料、金银等。
对于西方人来说，掌握用筷子的方法和技巧在开始时也许难度很大，但是只要有耐心，用心去练，不久便可以熟练地使用筷子享用中餐。
；译文：Eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. For thousands of years we have always regarded chopsticks as one of the simplest and most effective eating tools. Materials about chopsticks, the type is different, choose including bamboo, wood, jade, ivory, plastic, gold and silver, etc. For westerners, master the methods and skills in the beginning with chopsticks may be difficult, but so long as has the patience, practice, soon to enjoy Chinese food can skillfully use chopsticks.。
来自@有道词典原文：中国园林历史悠久，在世界园林历史上都很有名。
它同西亚、欧洲园林并称为世界三大园林系统。
中国丰富的植物及园林的发展，对世界园林文化、园林设计影响巨大，中国古典园林体现了人与自然和谐关系。
中国园林，从地域上可分为南北两大类，即北方皇家园林和南方的私家园林。
保护古迹的措施英语作文
保护古迹的措施英语作文英文回答：Protecting historical sites is crucial for preserving our cultural heritage and history. There are several measures that can be taken to ensure the preservation of these ancient monuments and structures.Firstly, it is important to implement strict regulations and laws to prevent any unauthorized construction or development near historical sites. For example, in my country, there are zoning laws in place that restrict any new buildings from being constructed within a certain radius of a historical site. This helps to maintain the integrity and authenticity of the site.Secondly, regular maintenance and conservation work should be carried out to prevent any further deterioration of the historical sites. This includes repairing any damage caused by natural disasters or human activities, as well asimplementing measures to prevent erosion and weathering. For instance, in the case of the Great Wall of China, regular inspections and maintenance work are conducted to ensure that the structure remains intact for future generations to appreciate.Furthermore, raising public awareness about the importance of preserving historical sites is essential. Educating the public about the significance of these sites can help garner support for conservation efforts. For example, organizing guided tours, workshops, and educational programs can help to engage the community and instill a sense of pride and responsibility in protecting their cultural heritage.In addition, involving local communities and stakeholders in the preservation process can also be beneficial. By working together with the people who live near these historical sites, it is possible to develop sustainable conservation strategies that take into account the needs and concerns of the local population. This can help to ensure that the preservation efforts are successfulin the long run.Overall, protecting historical sites requires a multi-faceted approach that involves a combination of legal measures, conservation efforts, public awareness campaigns, and community involvement. By taking these steps, we can ensure that our rich cultural heritage is preserved for future generations to enjoy.中文回答：保护古迹对于维护我们的文化遗产和历史至关重要。
历史内容英语知识点总结
历史内容英语知识点总结1. The Importance of Studying HistoryHistory is important because it allows us to understand where we come from, how we got to where we are, and where we might be headed in the future. By studying history, we can learn from the mistakes and successes of those who came before us, gain a deeper understanding of different cultures and societies, and develop a better sense of perspective and context. History also helps us to develop critical thinking, analytical, and research skills, as well as empathy and a greater appreciation for the complexities of the human experience.2. The Historical MethodThe historical method is the process by which historians research, analyze, and interpret the past. It involves the careful examination of primary sources (e.g. documents, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts) and secondary sources (e.g. scholarly books, articles, and documentaries), the consideration of different perspectives and biases, and the application of various historical theories and methodologies. The historical method also emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, logic, and evidence-based argumentation in constructing historical narratives and interpretations.3. Key Concepts in HistorySome key concepts that are important to understand in the study of history include causation (the relationship between cause and effect in historical events), continuity and change (the ways in which societies and cultures evolve over time while maintaining certain traditions and patterns), periodization (the division of history into distinct periods based on key turning points or trends), and historical significance (the evaluation of the importance and impact of certain events and individuals in history).4. Major Themes in World HistoryThere are several major themes that cut across different periods and cultures in world history. These include political and social structures (e.g. governments, laws, and class systems), economic systems and trade (e.g. agriculture, capitalism, and colonialism), religious and philosophical beliefs (e.g. monotheism, polytheism, and secularism), technological and scientific advancements (e.g. the Industrial Revolution, the Renaissance, and the Space Age), and cultural interactions and exchanges (e.g. imperialism, globalization, and migration).5. Prehistoric and Ancient HistoryPrehistoric history refers to the period before written records, while ancient history typically covers the development of early civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Important topics in this area include the origins of human civilization, the development of agriculture and urban centers, the rise of empires and city-states, theformation of early political and religious institutions, and the evolution of art, literature, and philosophy.6. Medieval and Early Modern HistoryThe medieval period (roughly from the 5th to the 15th centuries) saw the emergence of feudalism, the growth of Christianity and Islam, the spread of trade and commerce, and the construction of magnificent cathedrals and castles. The early modern period (from the 15th to the 18th centuries) witnessed the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Age of Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the rise of nation-states. Key topics in this era include the Black Death, the Crusades, the Protestant Reformation, the Age of Discovery, and the Enlightenment.7. Modern HistoryModern history encompasses the period from the late 18th century to the present day. This era is marked by the Industrial Revolution, the spread of democratic ideals, the rise of imperialism and global conflicts, and the development of new technologies and ideologies. Important events and movements in modern history include the French Revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Cold War, decolonization, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Information Age.8. HistoriographyHistoriography is the study of the methods, interpretations, and controversies in the writing of history. It involves examining the works of different historians and the ways in which historical narratives have been constructed and revised over time. Historiography also explores the impact of new discoveries, perspectives, and technologies on our understanding of the past, as well as the ethical and political dimensions of historical scholarship.9. Comparative HistoryComparative history involves the study of different societies and cultures in order to identify common patterns, differences, and connections. By comparing and contrasting historical developments across various regions and time periods, historians can gain a more nuanced understanding of the diversity and complexity of human history. Comparative history also contributes to the development of cross-cultural understanding, global perspectives, and interdisciplinary approaches to historical research.10. The Role of Memory and CommemorationThe ways in which societies remember and commemorate historical events and figures have a significant impact on collective identity, national narratives, and public consciousness. Memory and commemoration can be expressed through memorials, museums, holidays, ceremonies, literature, and popular culture. These forms ofremembrance often reflect the values, aspirations, and struggles of different communities, and can also be sources of contention and debate.In conclusion, history is a rich and multifaceted field of study that offers insights into the human experience from various angles. By understanding the importance of studying history, familiarizing oneself with the historical method, grasping key concepts and themes, and exploring different periods and approaches to history, one can develop a comprehensive and informed perspective on the past. Ultimately, the study of history contributes to the development of critical thinking, empathy, and a deeper appreciation for the complexities of the human experience.。
大历史观 英语
大历史观英语In the study of history, it is important to develop a comprehensive understanding of the past. This can be achieved through the application of a broad historical perspective, referred to as "大历史观" in Chinese. In this document, wewill explore the concept of "大历史观" and its significancein understanding global history."大历史观" emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of different historical events, civilizations, and societies. It encourages us to look beyond isolated incidents and recognize the larger patterns and trends that shape human history. By adopting this perspective, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and richness of the world's diverse cultures and traditions.One of the key principles of "大历史观" is therecognition of the long-term continuity and evolution of civilizations. Instead of viewing history as a series of isolated time periods, "大历史观" encourages us to trace the development of civilizations over centuries and millennia.This helps us understand how different societies have influenced and shaped one another through cultural exchanges, trade, and conflicts.Furthermore, "大历史观" emphasizes the importance of considering multiple perspectives when studying history. It encourages us to explore narratives from different cultures and regions, as well as those of marginalized groups. Bydoing so, we gain a more balanced and nuanced understandingof historical events, avoiding the pitfalls of a biased orone-sided interpretation.In applying "大历史观" to the study of global history, we can identify common themes and shared experiences across different civilizations. For example, the rise and fall of empires, the development of religious and philosophical traditions, and the impact of technological advancements have all shaped the course of human history. By studying these universal themes, we can better understand the forces that have shaped the world we live in today.Moreover, "大历史观" encourages us to explore the interactions and exchanges between different regions of the world. It highlights the importance of cross-cultural encounters and the exchange of ideas, technologies, and goods. Through these interactions, societies have learned from one another, contributing to the development of new technologies, artistic styles, and social systems.In conclusion, the concept of "大历史观" offers us a comprehensive and interconnected view of global history. By adopting this perspective, we gain a deeper understanding of the complexity and diversity of human civilizations. It reminds us to consider multiple perspectives, trace the long-term development of societies, and recognize the shared experiences that shape our world. Through the application of "大历史观," we can enrich our study of history and gain valuable insights into the past.。
雅思阅读历史与发展类1
历史与发展类1.The Development of MuseumsReading Passage 3 has six paragraphs,A—F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B—E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number,i—vii,in boxes 27—30 on your answer sheet.【A】The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free. As one writer observes: ‘Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles, public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seems ipso facto real’. Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look — and some still do — much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of the scientific researcher.【B】Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London. In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in other parts of the world. No one can predict where the process will end. On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticized as an intolerable vulgarization, but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion.【C】In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted ‘theming’ as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert environments in Burgers’ Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century.【D】Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to invent stories and recreate historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place. However, exhibits must be both based on artefactsand facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.【E】It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more ‘real’, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors. There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts.【F】Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people. The same applies to the furnishing and other contents of the premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.•27Paragraph B•28Paragraph C•29Paragraph D•30Paragraph E2.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itReading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs,A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter,A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.【A】According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth;and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.【B】Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.【C】Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year.Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.【D】In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clockswas a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.【E】The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.【F】The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.【G】To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.【H】Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using3.MAKING EVERY DROP COUNTReading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,A-H.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-H from the list of headings below.Write the correct number,i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.【A】The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.【B】During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40 % of the world’s food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.【C】Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems.【D】The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health.Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes — often with little warning or compensation — to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20 % of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers* are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.【E】At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority — ensuring ‘some for all,’ instead of ‘more for some’. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted, and it comes with strong opposition from some established water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.【F】Fortunately— and unexpectedly — the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. As a result, the pressure to build new water infrastructures has diminished over the past two decades. Although population, industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.【G】What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons* ofwater to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) — almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20 % from their peak in 1980.【H】On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.*underground stores of water*1 gallon: 4.546 litres•14Paragraph A•15Paragraph C•16Paragraph D•17Paragraph E•18Paragraph F•19Paragraph G•20Paragraph H4.Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs,A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter,A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.【A】The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.【B】So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.【C】One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’【D】Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.【E】One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the livesrecorded — at least in film fiction — have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery — the cars, the cities, the cowboys — became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.【F】And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.【G】The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.【H】Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.【I】Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television—as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories—early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.【J】And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again—that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.1 the location of the first cinema2 how cinema came to focus on stories3 the speed with which cinema has changed4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures5 the attraction of actors in films5.NumerationComplete each sentence with the correct ending A-G, below.Write the correct letter,A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.One of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one,two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean,Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachundtachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hundteontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects31 Expressing number differently according to class of item。
理想是成为一名历史老师英语范文
理想是成为一名历史老师英语范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Dream is to Become a History TeacherEver since I was a young child, I've been fascinated by stories of the past. I would sit for hours, completely enraptured as my grandparents regaled me with tales of their youth growing up during World War II. The way their eyes would light up as they vividly described ration lines, air raid sirens, and the sheer jubilation of V-E Day captivated me in a way that no storybook ever could. History wasn't just dry names and dates to memorize - it was a living, breathing thing full of real human experiences and profound lessons to learn.As I grew older, my passion for history only intensified. I devoured every book on ancient civilizations, medieval monarchs, and modern revolutions that I could get my hands on. While my friends zoned out during boring lectures on the Renaissance, I was frantically scribbling notes, desperate to soak in every detail. To me, history class was like being transported through a time machine to eras long past. I loved piecing together the vestigesof evidence like a forensic detective, trying to construct a picture of what life was truly like for the people who came before us.What ultimately made me decide to pursue a career as a history teacher, however, was the realization of how powerful an understanding of the past can be in shaping the present and future. The famous words of George Santayana echoed in my mind: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." My heart broke as I learned about the incomprehensible horrors of the Holocaust and how the winds of hatred, discrimination, and antisemitism were allowed to sweep across Europe unchecked. I felt immense sorrow over the brutal legacy of slavery, segregation, and systemic racism that has left deep scars across America. And I was shaken by the catastrophic human toll of conflicts like the Crusades, Mongol Conquests, and the World Wars that ravaged entire generations.At the same time, studying history filled me with hope and inspiration. I marveled at the courage of leaders like Harriet Tubman, Susan B. Anthony, and Martin Luther King Jr. who fought tirelessly against injustice. I was awed by the groundbreaking accomplishments of pioneers like the Wright Brothers, Marie Curie, and Alan Turing who expanded the frontiers of human knowledge and innovation. And I washumbled by the resilience of the human spirit embodied by people who endured unimaginable hardship like Holocaust survivors, Civil War soldiers, and locals who rebuilt their lives after natural disasters.To me, the role of a history teacher is so much more than just lec篇2My Aspiration to Become a History TeacherAs far back as I can remember, I've been fascinated by stories of the past – the triumphs and tragedies, the legendary figures and ordinary people who shaped the course of history. When I was a child, my parents would read to me from picture books filled with vivid illustrations and tales of ancient civilizations, great explorers, and pivotal moments that changed the world forever. Those nights spent being whisked away to other eras sparked an insatiable curiosity about history that has only grown stronger over time.In school, history was always my favorite subject. While some of my classmates would groan when it was time for a lesson on the French Revolution or the American Civil War, I was enthralled. I loved piecing together the puzzle of how eventsunfolded, understanding the motivations and contexts that drove historical figures to action. To me, the past wasn't just a collection of names and dates to memorize, but a rich tapestry woven with stories of human resilience, innovation, and the never-ending quest to understand our place in this world.As I've progressed through my educational journey, my passion for history has evolved from a casual interest to a profound calling. I've come to realize that the role of a history teacher goes far beyond merely reciting facts and figures from a textbook. It is a sacred responsibility to kindle the same sense of wonder and intellectual curiosity in young minds that was first ignited in me as a child.A truly great history teacher has the power to bring the past to life, to transport students across oceans and centuries with the vivid storytelling and attention to detail of a master novelist. They can take a pivotal moment like the storming of the Bastille or the signing of the Magna Carta and weave it into a rich, multifaceted narrative that explores not just the chronology of events, but the social, political, and cultural undercurrents that gave rise to such watershed moments.Moreover, a skilled history teacher can impart invaluable lessons that transcend any single era or civilization. By studyingthe triumphs and failures of those who came before us, we can gain a deeper understanding of the human experience – our capacity for greatness and our propensity for folly. We can learn from the mistakes of the past to build a better, more just, and more enlightened future.This is perhaps the most noble and vital aspect of being a history teacher: instilling in young people a sense of perspective, empathy, and critical thinking skills that will serve them well no matter what path they choose in life. By grappling with the complexities of historical events and the myriad perspectives involved, students develop the ability to see issues from multiple angles, to question long-held assumptions, and to think for themselves.In an increasingly polarized world, where social media algorithms and echo chambers threaten to lock us into narrow ideological silos, the lessons of history have never been more essential. A deep understanding of how civilizations have risen and fallen, how ideologies have taken root and been upended, can inoculate young minds against the dangers of dogmatism and intellectual stagnation.To be an effective history teacher is to be a storyteller, a guide, a critical thinker, and a lifelong learner all rolled into one.It requires a passion for continuous learning and a willingness to constantly reevaluate one's understanding of the past as new evidence and interpretations come to light. It demands a commitment to objectivity, to presenting multiple sides of every story, and to empowering students to draw their own conclusions.This is the calling that stirs my soul – to stand at the front of a classroom and share the incredible, complex, and endlessly fascinating stories of our collective human journey. To kindle that same sense of wonder and intellectual curiosity in a new generation of young minds that was first ignited in me all those years ago. To equip them not just with a mastery of historical facts, but with the critical thinking skills, empathy, and nuanced perspective to navigate the challenges of our modern world.Some may argue that in an era of rapidly advancing technology and an ever-increasing focus on STEM fields, the study of history is becoming increasingly irrelevant. I could not disagree more vehemently. It is precisely because we live in such a time of rapid change and unprecedented challenges that a deep understanding of our past is more crucial than ever before.After all, those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.For me, pursuing a career as a history teacher is about more than just imparting knowledge or securing a stable profession. It is a higher calling, a sacred duty to keep the stories of our shared human experience alive and to pass on the lessons of the past to future generations. It is a chance to play a small but vital role in shaping the minds of young people, helping them to become critical thinkers, empathetic global citizens, and well-rounded individuals prepared to tackle the complexities of the 21st century.I know that the path ahead will not be an easy one. Teaching, like any truly worthwhile endeavor, will demand countless hours of preparation, a lifelong commitment to learning, and the resilience to overcome inevitable challenges and setbacks. But when I envision myself standing before a classroom of eager young minds, their eyes alight with curiosity as I regale them with the tales of ancient heroes and long-forgotten civilizations, I know that it will all be worth it.For in those moments, I will not simply be imparting facts and dates, but carrying on a tradition as old as humanity itself –the sharing of stories that reveal fundamental truths about who we are, where we've come from, and what we're capable of achieving. And in doing so, I will be helping to shape the mindsof the leaders, innovators, and visionaries who will one day write the next chapter in the great, unfolding story of human existence.篇3My Dream of Becoming a History TeacherAs long as I can remember, I've been captivated by the stories of the past. Growing up, I devoured books on ancient civilizations, pivotal wars, and groundbreaking scientific discoveries. History wasn't just a collection of dry facts and dates to me—it was a grand tapestry woven with the threads of human struggle, triumph, and everything in between.I think that's why I've always gravitated towards history class. While my friends would groan about having to memorize names, places, and events, I found myself eagerly drinking in every detail.I was that overeager student with my hand perpetually raised, ready to share an anecdote or obscure fact I had picked up in my spare time.To me, history is endlessly fascinating because it's the story of us—of humanity's collective journey across eons and continents. It's an exploration of how civilizations have risen and fallen, how cultures have clashed and intermingled, and how theworld we live in today was shaped by the actions and decisions of countless individuals who came before us.More than that, though, history is a discipline that teaches invaluable critical thinking and analytical skills. It trains us to look at events from multiple perspectives, to question established narratives, and to draw connections between seemingly disparate occurrences. These are abilities that extend far beyond the classroom, equipping students to navigate the complexities and nuances of the modern world.That's why, for as long as I can remember, I've dreamed of becoming a history teacher. I want to be the one who sparks that sense of wonder and curiosity about the past in young minds. I want to be the guide who helps students understand not just what happened, but why it happened and how it shaped the world we live in today.As a history teacher, I envision my classroom as a vibrant, interactive space where the past truly comes alive. Instead of dryly reciting names and dates from a textbook, I would strive to make history tangible and engaging. We'd re-enact famous battles and debates, using props and costumes to transport students to distant eras. We'd analyze primary。
tpo54三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
托福阅读tpo54全套解析阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (4)题目 (5)答案 (9)背景知识 (10)阅读-2 (10)原文 (10)译文 (12)题目 (13)答案 (18)背景知识 (20)阅读-3 (25)原文 (26)译文 (27)题目 (28)答案 (33)背景知识 (35)阅读-1原文The Commercialization of Lumber①In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is durable and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.②By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timber shortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pine forests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a commodity, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees. In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturingcompanies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.③The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the British-invented band saw, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by allowing for the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.④For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumber in the summer. If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitate travel. The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads.⑤But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponder ways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the remoteness of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.⑥Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumber companies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.译文木材的商业化①在19世纪的美国，几乎所有建筑材料都含有木材。
对中国在经济中的作用的诠释 英语论文
New Understanding on the Role of Government in Economy IntroductionIn the socialist market economic system, market which is a invisible hand plays a fundamental role in economy, while the government acts as a visible hand whose macroeconomic control is also essential to the economic development. But there’s government offside and the government sometimes intervenes the market too much, which is harmful to the economic development. So it should play its role in economy appropriately.I. The Importance of Government in EconomyThe government plays an important part in the economic development. In order to make the economy develops normally and stably, it not only has to deal with the relation between the government and the market well but also needs the government intervention.1.1 The relation between the government and the marketNowadays, our country implements the system of market economy. Just relying on the market or the power of the government is unlikely to achieve healthy and stable economic development. Therefore, it’s necessary to deal with the relation between the government and the market correctly.On the one hand, market mechanism can fully arouse the enthusiasm of factors of production and improve the efficiency of the allocation of resources, but there are also defects of the market. So the economy can not develop without government intervention under the condition of market economy. On the other hand, the government also have defects. For example, if the government role expanses more than the limit, it will destroy the market mechanism, limit the rational flow of resources, weaken the effective utilization of resources and hinder the economic development. Maybe government workers make wrong decisions or perform tasks wrongly. So the market mechanism is necessary as well.All in all, the allocation of resources should be based on fully playing the role of the market mechanism. It can’t excessively emphasize the government intervention without the market mechanism or implement anarchy.1.2 The Government Intervention in EconomyGovernment intervention is to adjust and control the overall social economy inorder to promote the market development and standardize the market operation. It mainly uses economic policy, economic statue, planning guidance and necessary administrative management to play a role of regulation for the effective operation of market economy.In order to overcome market failure and make up the defects of market mechanism, the government intervenes in and regulates the market as follow: limiting the monopoly and opposes the unfair competition; providing public goods and service; establishing and improving the market economic system; correcting asymmetry market information and adjusting income distribution; maintaining social justice smoothing economic fluctuation and maintaining macroeconomic stability.In conclusion, the government uses adjusting and regulating mechanism to achieve the optimal allocation of resources and provide a benign macro environment for the micro economic operation, making the market economy get normal operation and balanced development.II. The Role of Government in EconomyThe government exerts a macro-economic control in the economy, but excessive government intervention will cause adverse effects. Therefore, it’s necessary to define the boundary between the government and the market and produce the role of the government appropriately.2.1 The Government Offside in EconomyAt present, many problems in our country is caused by the government offside. The government did a lot of things that are beyond the scope of its functions, violate the rules of market economy and hamper playing the role of the market value rule. It leads to lots of problems intensified and the social contradictions continuing to deepen. Take the prices of housing problem as an example. It has always been the hot issue discussed by the government and the society in recent years, which is also the difficult problem related to people’s vital interest. Housing prices have been rising for a few years, and the government begin to introduce various policies in an attempt to stabilize the housing prices and maintain the social order. However, it seems to have an bad effect. The housing prices still keep rising and even become worse.Now our country adopts the system of market economy. No matter how many restrictions there are, the foothold is the market economy. The reason why our country chooses the market economy and recognize the role that the market plays in the economy in the process of historical development is that the market economy is superior than the planned economy system implemented before. So it’s necessary to play the basic role of market in the economy development. But this is not to say that the government should completely resign. It should play its role properly.2.2 The Proper Role of Government in EconomyThe intervention of the government is necessary. And it is very important to make a clear definition between the government and the market and play the role of the government in the economy appropriately, which is good for the economic development.In order to better play the role of the government, It should solve the government offside and its absence. The government should invent more manpower, material resources and financial resources to the fields where the market is vacant. Specifically speaking, in the process of economic operation, the government should give more way to the market, returning some signals related to the allocation of resources to the market and letting the market automatically adjust the direction in which the resources go through the price mechanism. And the government itself needs to further work in the fields that companies are reluctant to tread, such as infrastructure construction and social welfare projects. In addition, the government should take measures to prevent or control the vicious development of economy.ConclusionIn short, our country should fully trust the market and play its fundamental role in the economic development. The government should grasp the direction of the whole national economic development. It needs to just step in some areas where the market fail, while the concrete economic operation should be passed on to the market to automatically adjust. As long as the government and the market do their own parts, the economy will develop healthily and achieve the win-win situation of quality and speed.。
读史使人明智英语作文
读史使人明智英语作文Reading History Makes People WiseThe study of history has long been regarded as a crucial aspect of human education and development. By delving into the annals of the past, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the world around them, the forces that have shaped civilizations, and the lessons that can be applied to the present and the future. Through the examination of historical events, individuals can cultivate a sense of wisdom that extends far beyond the confines of their own experiences.One of the primary benefits of reading history is the ability to gain perspective on the human condition. Throughout the ages, individuals and societies have faced a myriad of challenges, triumphs, and tragedies. By studying these events, one can gain a greater appreciation for the complexities and nuances of the human experience. This knowledge can serve as a valuable foundation for navigating the challenges and uncertainties of the present day.Moreover, the study of history can provide valuable insights into the dynamics of power, politics, and social change. By understanding themotivations, decisions, and consequences that have shaped the course of history, individuals can develop a more nuanced understanding of the forces that drive human behavior and societal transformation. This knowledge can be particularly useful in fields such as policymaking, diplomacy, and social advocacy, where a deep understanding of historical precedents can inform effective strategies for addressing contemporary issues.In addition to its practical applications, reading history can also cultivate a sense of intellectual curiosity and critical thinking. As individuals delve into the complexities of historical narratives, they are often challenged to question their own assumptions, consider alternative perspectives, and engage in rigorous analysis. This process can foster the development of essential skills such as research, analysis, and effective communication, which are valuable in a wide range of academic and professional pursuits.Furthermore, the study of history can also have a profound impact on an individual's personal development. By understanding the experiences and perspectives of individuals and cultures from different eras, readers can develop a greater sense of empathy, cultural awareness, and appreciation for diversity. This can lead to a more nuanced understanding of the human experience and a greater respect for the complexities of the world around them.One of the key aspects of reading history that contributes to the development of wisdom is the ability to recognize patterns and trends over time. By examining the cyclical nature of historical events, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the underlying factors that drive social, political, and economic change. This knowledge can be particularly valuable in anticipating and addressing emerging challenges, as well as in developing more effective strategies for navigating the complexities of the modern world.Moreover, the study of history can also foster a sense of humility and perspective. By recognizing the vast scope of human history and the profound impact that events and decisions can have on the course of civilization, individuals can develop a more nuanced understanding of their own place in the grand scheme of things. This can lead to a greater appreciation for the complexities of the human experience and a more measured approach to problem-solving and decision-making.In conclusion, the act of reading history can be a powerful tool for the development of wisdom. By gaining a deeper understanding of the past, individuals can cultivate a more nuanced perspective on the present and a more informed vision for the future. Whether in the realm of academia, policymaking, or personal development, the study of history can serve as a valuable resource for those seeking tonavigate the complexities of the modern world with greater insight and understanding.。
中国文化概论名词解释（InterpretationofChineseculture）
中国文化概论名词解释（Interpretation of Chinese culture）An explanation of the introduction to Chinese culture in 20112011-5-19 17:42 Sina Education [big and small] [I want error correction]1, broad sense culture: culture is the sum of material and spiritual existence that human beings created and lived together in the long historical development. Generalized culture is associated with human and human creation, is based on the concept of human centered; generalized culture is a historical concept, it covers the whole process of human history, is a comprehensive concept of inheritance and development; the extension of generalized culture covers material creation and creative spirit of all.2, the narrow sense of culture: the narrow sense of culture also called human culture, is a social collective (national or class) in the long history of the development of the accumulation of condensed natural heritage shared the humanistic spirit and the material manifestation of the overall system. The narrow sense of culture not only with the artificial center, but also to people's spiritual activities as the center, even if the world is to observe the materialization, the humanistic spirit as the core; is not the special cultural spiritual activities concerned, but by the accumulation of condensed historical heritage shared, system of humanistic spirit; special cultural concern not only is common to all mankind, but also pay more attention to the characteristics of different ethnic groups, and humanistic spirit.3, cultural products: broad sense of cultural products refers to all created by mankind, visible products to the society, including both material products and spiritual products. Refers to spiritual products of cultural products in the narrow sense, it is a product of the classics written or oral tradition became the language form of pure ideas.4, cultural connotation: we put some not belong to the narrow sense of culture in the human nature of things, called the cultural connotation of things.5, cultural phenomenon: refers to the development of human culture in the process of showing some kind of external state and connection.6, cultural phenomenon: when a phenomenon in the same form appears repeatedly, which has regularity, become a historical period, a national (regional or national) with typical signs and culture in the development of things, the phenomenon known as a cultural phenomenon. Cultural events are often the synthesis of ideas, ideas and their materialized forms. They have not only external features but also conceptual features. Cultural phenomena are the product of people's perception of phenomena and their rise to rational generalizations.7, the concept of culture: a period of a class or an industry group held on cultural issues in attitudes and perceptions, or performance in a cultural phenomenon in ideology, such as values, aesthetic values and so on, known as the cultural concept.8, culture: a cultural concept and related culture, at a certain time in a certain context, the widespread impact on society, for the majority of people agree with and has become a trend, called cultural trend.9, cultural policy: refers to certain times, certain social conditions, administrative institutions of cultural issues promulgated by the relevant provisions and Countermeasures principle.10, ethnic culture: different ethnic groups have their own culture is different from other ethnic groups, cultural differences and characteristics is one of the symbols of ethnic division. Because of the characteristics of historical conditions and cultural development of its structure, function and other aspects of the different cultures in the development, in this historical period or that, relatively speaking, more prosperous and developed, popular; there are prosperous and developed, the degree of popularity slightly less. However, each nation's culture will not lose its distinctive national characteristics. Regional features. As each ethnic culture is unique, as a value, they are all equal.11, country culture: country culture is the social basis of the country's division of culture, and the culture of multi-ethnic countries is the culture of the national community in a unified country. Country culture is based on a particular country's history and national conditions. China culture also known as Chinese culture, Chinese culture, Chinese culture, it belongs to the national culture.12, Chinese traditional culture: refers to the Chinese culture as the source, China's ethnic groups to create a common, long-term historical development of the accumulation of culture.13, the traditional culture: every nation, every national culture, is different according to different conditions, and the stability of the cultural tradition and continuity throughout the nation and the state of each historical stage of culture core spirit.14, the concept of the world: split and unity is the two major phenomenon in Chinese history, unity is always dominated by the pursuit of tendencies. From the Shang Dynasty in the beginning, has been in the distance, take a different political strategy on the people of the world; the Western Zhou Dynasty, "the world" concept has been very clear. After the dynasties of the wasteland, all the four ethnic groups in the remote "to" honor.An important function of the concept of "world" is to seek unity, and to pursue unity is always the keynote of political ideas, and also the basic tendency of history. We are the world's universal consciousness, is the concept of lasting power Chinese, expansion of the development of the Chinese nation, has played an important role.15, the Neolithic Age: about 10 thousand years ago, the human race into the Neolithic age. The most important features of the Neolithic age are the emergence of primitive agriculture, the manufacture and polishing of pottery, the widespread use of stone tools, the emergence of villages, and the formation ofclan systems.16, the three is the "China" is Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns legends of ancient times." San Juan "character extremely uncertain, but in common they are cultural inventor." The figure is "certainty equivalent. According to historical records. Wudi "records, the word line is Huang Di Zhuanxu, Gao Xin, Yao, shun. The study proved by archaeological excavations and human culture, the legend is not entirely after it reflects some kind of a gross fabrication, the truth of history.17, a hundred schools of thought contend: 1. schools of thought contend across the spring and autumn and Warring States period, but there are also changes before and after. Thinkers of the spring and Autumn period were more like scholars and teachers, who thought calmly, or recruited disciples. During the Warring States period and thinkers more like disputer, their ideological foundation in general in the spring and Autumn period by the creation of their predecessors, as is in dispute between school, defend and develop the school claims.Therefore, most of the earlier works are quotations about the ideas of teachers or founders, and later on they are mostly arguments. The selection and the interaction of 2. times and all classes of authors. Various schools are constantly adjusting and deepening their theory, and strive to adapt to the requirements of society. Schools and schools also constantly absorb and influence each other in contending with each other.18, the famous sentence: also known as masters, is the founderof the spring and Autumn period Zheng Guo Deng, representative of the Warring States period, Gongsun Long, Hui Shi, some theory of Mohist school later and Chuang-tzu, and the school also has a close relationship. Deng was designed to help people with non litigation, as is to is wrong, how to Gongsun Long and Hui Shi were to win, is the so-called "off white" and "different contract dispute, relates to the concept of things and the actual (i.e.," name "and" real ") relationship problem there is a strong speculative color. The theory of this school disappeared with the end of the Warring States period. With the input of modern western philosophy, people realized its value again.19, the western regions: narrow sense of western regions refers to the Xinjiang region, the northern and southern Tianshan Mountains, when the size of 36 countries, civilized standards are quite high. The broad western regions also include central Asia, India, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.20, the election system is a kind of bottom-up selection of official personnel system. There are many subjects, including literature, scholar, Xiaolian three good and able men promoted by selection is the most significant.21, Yongjia chaos: eight chaos, melee kings to the Wuhuan and Xianbei nobles in the river north and south, then become the Xiongnu Xianbei world. Shinnaga Kaji (308 years), the yuan in Shanxi aristocratic Liu Pingyang emperor, Han dynasty. Yongjia five years (311 years) Luoyang, Liu Yuan's army captured prisoners, the Jin Dynasty emperor, known as the "Yongjia rebellion".22, the six provinces for the Sui Dynasty in the central provinces of the implementation of six part. Three: Zhongshusheng (SUI said the history of the province), subglottic Province, Shangshu province. The Secretariat is responsible for drafting the edict, decision-making mechanism; Province under control for the sealing and refuting review mechanism, Shangshu province; responsible for the implementation of policies, administrative institutions; Shangshu province has six departments, namely the Ministry of personnel, Ministry (the Ministry of rites, Sui Chengmin), Hyobu, Xingbu, industry, the department chief said the book is. The chief executive of the three provinces discussed the State Administration and held the post of prime minister. It is not necessary, but not only necessary, but also very important in the eyes of the Yellow emperor.23, a whip: Wanli of the Ming Dynasty had to Zhang Juzheng presided over the tax reform, increase the national income, reduce the burden on the people, that is "a whip". That is to the two tax, land tax is the content. Labor and other miscellaneous taxes a synthesis of a multitude of names; according to the uniform field collection quantity, but also simplify the collection procedure.24, tandingrumu: a whip in the Qing Dynasty and then into "tandingrumu" - "Ding Ding" refers to silver, or poll tax, tandingrumu in Kangxi's fifty year population amount of silver as the standard, the small silver Tandao family accounted for field to levy taxes, the actual is the abolition of the poll tax. Since Kangxi's population born fifty years later does notpay taxes, to some extent, it also stimulated the growth of the population. The reform of tax system is beneficial to the development of economy. The social development of Ming and Qing Dynasty, especially after the middle of Qing Dynasty, is benefit from the reform of Kangxi and Yong Zheng. But whether it is a whip or tandingrumu, is nothing but the continuation of the two tax law,The purpose is just increase government revenue in the State Revenue increasingly exhausted, yet the connotation of political ideas from the physiocratism category25, the school of Qianjia Dynasty: tell people not just empty talks, also should be learned to use, so the textual criticism gradually flourished, scholars of traditional Confucian literature textual research, collation, compilation, identification and annotation work, organize a large number of literature, this work in Qianlong and Jiaqing special flourishing, so called Qian Jia school.。
历史发展的客观规律英文
历史发展的客观规律英文英文回答：The objective laws of historical development are the inherent, necessary, and universal patterns that govern the evolution of human society. These laws are not imposed from above but emerge from the material conditions and social relations that shape human activity. The most fundamental law of historical development is the law of class struggle, which holds that the conflict between different classes is the driving force of social change. Other key laws include the law of uneven and combined development, which states that different societies develop at different rates and in different ways; the law of the development of the productive forces, which holds that the growth of technology and productive capacity is essential for social progress; and the law of the transition from one social formation to another, which states that social systems undergo qualitative changes over time.The recognition of these objective laws allows us to understand the past and anticipate the future. Byidentifying the underlying forces that shape historical development, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the complexity of human affairs and make more informeddecisions about how to navigate the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.中文回答：历史发展的客观规律是指支配人类社会演进的内在、必然和普遍的规律。
中学历史教学的英文
中学历史教学的英文The Importance of History Education in Secondary SchoolsHistory is a fundamental subject that plays a crucial role in shaping the understanding and perspective of students in secondary schools. It not only provides a comprehensive understanding of the past but also equips students with the necessary skills to navigate the complexities of the present and prepare them for the challenges of the future. In this essay, we will explore the significance of history education in secondary schools and why it should be a core component of the curriculum.Firstly, history education fosters a deeper understanding of the human experience. By studying the events, cultures, and civilizations of the past, students gain a comprehensive perspective on the human condition. They learn about the triumphs and struggles of humanity, the evolution of societies, and the complex interplay of political, social, and economic forces that have shaped the world we live in today. This knowledge not only satisfies students' natural curiosity about the past but also helps them develop a more nuanced understanding of the present.Secondly, history education cultivates critical thinking skills. The study of history requires students to analyze and interpret a wide range of primary and secondary sources, evaluate the reliability and bias of information, and draw logical conclusions. These skills are not only essential for success in history but are also transferable to other academic disciplines and real-world problem-solving. By engaging in the process of historical inquiry, students learn to question assumptions, challenge dominant narratives, and think critically about the world around them.Moreover, history education fosters a sense of cultural awareness and global citizenship. By exploring the diverse histories and experiences of different societies and civilizations, students develop a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity and the interconnectedness of the global community. This understanding encourages students to be more empathetic, tolerant, and respectful of different perspectives and backgrounds, which is crucial in an increasingly globalized world.In addition, history education plays a vital role in shaping national and personal identity. By studying the history of their own country or region, students develop a stronger sense of belonging and a deeper understanding of their cultural heritage. This knowledge can instill a sense of pride and patriotism, while also encouraging students to reflect on their own place in the larger historical narrative and theirresponsibility as citizens.Furthermore, history education can provide valuable insights into contemporary issues and challenges. By examining the root causes and historical precedents of current events, students can better understand the complexities of the present and develop more informed and nuanced perspectives on complex social, political, and economic problems. This knowledge can empower students to become active and engaged citizens, capable of participating in the democratic process and contributing to the betterment of their communities.Finally, history education can inspire and motivate students to pursue further learning and personal growth. The stories and narratives of the past can be captivating and inspiring, igniting students' curiosity and fostering a lifelong love of learning. By engaging with the rich tapestry of human history, students can develop a deeper appreciation for the resilience, creativity, and ingenuity of the human spirit, which can serve as a source of inspiration and motivation throughout their lives.In conclusion, history education in secondary schools is essential for developing well-rounded, critical-thinking, and globally-minded citizens. By providing students with a comprehensive understanding of the past, cultivating essential skills, fostering cultural awareness,and inspiring personal growth, history education plays a vital role in preparing students for the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. Therefore, it is crucial that history education remains a core component of the secondary school curriculum, empowering students to become active and engaged members of their communities and the world at large.。
多元展现历史新传承的英语作文
The concept of history is not merely a collection of past events,but a dynamic and evolving narrative that is continually reinterpreted and retold through various lenses.The new transmission of history,therefore,is a multifaceted endeavor that seeks to present a more inclusive,comprehensive,and accurate account of our collective past.This approach to history recognizes the importance of diverse perspectives and the need to challenge traditional narratives that may be biased or incomplete.Inclusive NarrativesOne of the key aspects of the new transmission of history is the inclusion of marginalized voices and perspectives that have often been overlooked or silenced in traditional historical accounts.This involves not only acknowledging the contributions and experiences of different ethnic,racial,and social groups but also actively seeking out and incorporating their stories into the broader historical narrative.By doing so,we can gain a more nuanced understanding of the past and appreciate the complexity of human experiences across different cultures and societies.Technological AdvancementsThe advent of digital technology has revolutionized the way we access,analyze,and disseminate historical information.The internet,social media,and various digital platforms have made it easier than ever to share historical content and engage with a global audience.This has opened up new opportunities for collaborative projects,such as online archives and digital exhibitions,which can bring together diverse sources and interpretations of history from around the world.Interdisciplinary ApproachesThe new transmission of history also benefits from an interdisciplinary approach,which combines insights from various fields such as anthropology,sociology,psychology,and economics.This holistic perspective allows for a more indepth analysis of historical events and trends,taking into account the social,cultural,and economic contexts in which they occurred.By integrating knowledge from different disciplines,we can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the past and its impact on the present. Cultural RelevanceHistory should not be seen as a static subject confined to the past it is a living,breathing entity that continues to influence our present and future.The new transmission of history emphasizes the cultural relevance of historical knowledge,encouraging people to engagewith history in ways that are meaningful to their own lives.This can involve exploring the historical roots of current social issues,examining the legacy of past events on contemporary society,or drawing inspiration from historical figures and movements.Educational ReformsReforming educational curricula to reflect the new transmission of history is crucial.This involves not only updating the content of history lessons to include a wider range of perspectives but also adopting pedagogical approaches that encourage critical thinking, empathy,and a sense of global citizenship.By fostering these skills in students,we can help them become more informed and responsible citizens who are capable of engaging with the complexities of the world around them.Public EngagementFinally,the new transmission of history requires active public engagement.This can take many forms,from communitybased projects that explore local history to national initiatives that promote historical literacy and awareness.By involving the public in the process of historical inquiry and interpretation,we can create a more inclusive and dynamic dialogue about the past and its significance for our lives today.In conclusion,the new transmission of history is a vital and ongoing process that seeks to broaden our understanding of the past and its relevance to the present.By embracing diversity,leveraging technology,adopting interdisciplinary approaches,emphasizing cultural relevance,reforming education,and engaging the public,we can ensure that history continues to be a vibrant and meaningful part of our collective experience.。
中国古典文献学英语
中国古典文献学英语Chinese Classical Philology: An Introduction to EnglishStep 1: Definition and ScopeChinese classical philology refers to theinterdisciplinary study of traditional Chinese texts,including their language, history, literature, philosophy, religion, and culture. It involves the acquisition of various skills, such as reading, interpreting, translating, commenting, annotating, collating, editing, and comparing textual sources. The scope of Chinese classical philology encompasses the major genres of Chinese literature, such as poetry, prose, history, philosophy, and religion, from the earliest times to the modern era. It also covers a wide range of fields, such as paleography, epigraphy, archaeology, linguistics, bibliography, and digital humanities.Step 2: Historical DevelopmentsChinese classical philology has a long history of development, dating back to the early periods of Chinese civilization. The study of ancient scripts, inscriptions, and manuscripts was a crucial part of the feudal education system, which aimed to cultivate the moral virtues and intellectual abilities of the elites. The emergence of Confucianism as the dominant ideology in the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) further promoted the study of the classics, especially the Five Classics and the Four Books. The Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) witnessed a revival of the Confucian tradition, which led to the rise of neo-Confucianism and the establishment of the academic discipline of classical studies. The Ming (1368-1644CE) and Qing (1644-1911 CE) dynasties saw the emergence ofnew schools of philology, such as textual criticism, manuscriptology, bibliography, and epigraphy, which laid the foundation for the modern study of Chinese literature.Step 3: Key Concepts and MethodsChinese classical philology involves the use of various key concepts and methods, which are essential for the interpretation and analysis of traditional Chinese texts. These include the following:- Textual criticism: the systematic examination of the verbal and written sources of a text, in order to establishits authenticity, accuracy, and meaning.- Hermeneutics: the art of interpreting and explaining a text, based on its historical, literary, cultural, andphilosophical context.- Bibliography: the study of the history, production, transmission, and reception of books, including their formats, editions, collations, and catalogues.- Paleography: the study of ancient scripts, including their structure, evolution, and variations, in order to decipherand read inscriptions, manuscripts, and printings.- Philology: the study of language, literature, and culture, based on textual sources, including their morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.- Digital humanities: the application of computational and digital tools and methods, such as text mining, network analysis, and visualization, to the study of classical texts.Step 4: Significance and ChallengesChinese classical philology is an important field of study, which contributes to the understanding andappreciation of Chinese culture and civilization. It providesvaluable insights into the intellectual traditions, moral values, artistic achievements, and historical changes of China, which have a profound impact on the world. However, the study of Chinese classical literature also faces various challenges, such as the scarcity and fragility of textual sources, the complexity and diversity of the language and culture, the lack of interdisciplinary cooperation and exchange, and the limited accessibility and availability of scholarly resources. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the collaboration and communication among scholars from different fields and regions, to promote the use of innovative and interdisciplinary approaches, and to develop new technologies and platforms for disseminating and sharing knowledge and resources.。
熟虑高瞻拓新颜的英语作文
In the realm of English composition,crafting an essay that embodies the spirit of thoughtful consideration and visionary expansion requires a delicate balance of reflection and innovation.Here are several elements to consider when writing such an essay:1.Introduction:Begin with a compelling introduction that captures the readers attention. Set the stage for the themes of contemplation and foresight that will be explored in the essay.2.Thematic Development:Develop your themes by discussing the importance of careful thought and longterm vision in various aspects of life,such as personal growth,career development,or societal progress.3.Historical Examples:Provide historical examples of individuals or events that demonstrate the impact of thoughtful planning and visionary thinking.This could include inventors,leaders,or social movements.4.Contemplation:Delve into the process of contemplation,discussing how it allows for a deeper understanding of issues and the development of wellinformed decisions.5.Visionary Thinking:Explore the concept of visionary thinking,explaining how it can lead to groundbreaking ideas and transformative change.6.Challenges and Overcoming Obstacles:Address the challenges that come with being a visionary,such as resistance to new ideas or the difficulty of implementing longterm plans.7.Personal Reflection:Include personal reflections or anecdotes that illustrate your own experiences with thoughtful consideration and visionary thinking.8.Practical Applications:Discuss practical applications of these concepts in various fields,such as technology,education,or environmental conservation.9.Conclusion:Conclude the essay by summarizing the key points and emphasizing the importance of combining contemplation with visionary thinking for a brighter future. 10.Call to Action:End with a call to action,encouraging readers to embrace the spirit of thoughtful consideration and visionary expansion in their own lives.Here is a brief example of how such an essay might begin:In an everchanging world,the ability to pause and reflect while simultaneously looking towards the horizon is a skill that sets apart the leaders from the followers.This essay explores the synergy between contemplation and visionary thinking,two forces that when combined,can lead to transformative outcomes.From the quiet moments of introspection that led to the invention of the light bulb to the bold strides of leaders who envisioned a world free from racial discrimination,history is replete with examples of individuals who have shaped our present and future through their thoughtful and forwardlooking perspectives.Remember to maintain a clear and coherent structure throughout your essay,using evidence and examples to support your arguments and engage the reader in your exploration of these profound concepts.。
大学生学习人文学科的原因英文作文
大学生学习人文学科的原因英文作文University students today are often encouraged to pursue degrees in the sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. These subjects are seen as more practical and lucrative, leading to well-paying jobs in growing industries. However, the value of studying the humanities should not be overlooked. There are several compelling reasons why university students should dedicate time to the study of human culture, history, philosophy, and the arts.Firstly the humanities provide students with essential critical thinking and communication skills. Courses in subjects like literature, history, and philosophy teach students how to analyze complex information, formulate persuasive arguments, and express their ideas effectively. These abilities are highly sought after by employers in a wide range of industries. In an era of rapid technological change, the ability to think creatively and communicate clearly are becoming increasingly important. Studying the humanities equips students with the versatile skillset needed to thrive in the modern workforce.Additionally the humanities foster a deeper understanding of thehuman experience. By engaging with the intellectual and creative works of diverse cultures and civilizations, students gain insight into the thoughts, beliefs, and lived realities of people throughout history. This cultivates empathy, cultural awareness, and a more nuanced worldview. In an increasingly globalized world, these qualities are invaluable. Studying the humanities helps students develop into well-rounded, socially conscious individuals who are able to navigate complex social and ethical issues.Furthermore the humanities encourage students to grapple withlife's big questions. Courses in philosophy, religion, and the arts prompt students to ponder the meaning of human existence, the nature of morality, and the human condition. While there may be no definitive answers to these profound queries, the process of exploring them can be deeply rewarding and transformative. Engaging with the humanities allows students to develop their own frameworks for understanding the world and their place in it. This introspective learning experience can provide a vital counterbalance to the more pragmatic and career-focused elements of a university education.Critics of the humanities may argue that degrees in these fields do not lead directly to lucrative job prospects in the same way that STEM degrees do. However this view overlooks the long-term value that the humanities can provide. While a degree in history orphilosophy may not guarantee a high-paying job immediately after graduation, the critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills cultivated through such studies are invaluable assets that can serve students well throughout their careers. Many successful leaders and innovators in diverse fields have backgrounds in the humanities.Additionally the humanities play a crucial role in preserving and advancing human civilization. The creative works, philosophical treatises, and historical records produced through humanistic study are the foundations upon which our societies are built. By studying these legacies, students gain a deeper appreciation for the richness and complexity of the human experience. This knowledge can inspire them to become engaged citizens who contribute to the ongoing progress of our world.In conclusion there are compelling reasons why university students should prioritize the study of the humanities alongside their pursuit of technical and scientific knowledge. The humanities cultivate essential skills, foster empathy and cultural awareness, encourage introspection, and preserve the foundations of human civilization. While the financial rewards of humanities degrees may not be as immediate as those of STEM fields, the long-term benefits are no less valuable. University students who dedicate themselves to humanistic inquiry will emerge as well-rounded, socially consciousindividuals poised to make meaningful contributions to our ever-evolving world.。
除夕英语介绍
除夕英语介绍【篇一：中国传统节日的英文介绍和讨论】中国传统节日的英文介绍和讨论i 中国主要传统节日的英文翻译元旦(1月1日)new years day春节(农历一月一日)the spring festival元宵节(农历一月十五日)the lantern festival清明节(4月5日)ching ming festival; tomb-sweeping festival端午节(农历五月初五)the dragon boat festival中秋节(农历八月十五)mid-autumn (moon) festival重阳节(农历九月九日)double-ninth day除夕(农历十二月三十日)new years eveii 新年习俗英译过年 celebrate the spring festival春联 spring festival couplets 剪纸 paper-cuts 年画 new year paintings买年货 do shopping for the spring festival ; do spring festival shopping 敬酒 propose a toast 灯笼 lantern烟花 fireworks爆竹 firecrackers (people scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.) 红包 red packets 舞龙 dragon dance (to expect good weather and good harvests)舞狮 lion dance (the lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)拜年 pay new years call; give new years greetings; pay new years visit去晦气 get rid of the ill- fortune 祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to ones ancestors压岁钱 gift money; money given to children as a lunar new year gift 旧岁 bid farewell to the old year扫房 spring cleaning; general house-cleaning年糕nian-gao; rise cake; new year cake团圆饭 family reunion dinner 年夜饭 the dinner on new years eve饺子jiaozi -; chinese meat ravioli ,dumplingsiii xinhua news agaency report2007-11-07beijing, nov. 7 (xinhua) -- china may increase the number of legal holidays and include some traditional festivals, such asthe tomb-sweeping day, the dragon boat festival and the mid-autumn festival, as part of the countrys legal holidays, sources said.the chinese government has formed a preliminary plan on the new legal holiday arrangement and the plan will be released in the near future. after that public opinion will be sought on the internet.as an ancient country with a civilized history of more than5,000 years, some traditional festivals represent part of the chinese nations cultural heritage. however, current legal holiday arrangement only includes the spring festival.caijiming, professor with tsinghua university and member of the chinese peoples political consultative conference (cppcc), said that traditional festivals as legal holiday would help reserve the folk customs.the nations traditional culture will find its way to develop, cai said.fengjicai, a renowned chinese writer who upholds folk customs, said the cultural meaning of chinese traditional festivalsshould be restored and emphasized, especially with increasing globalization.chinese people currently have ten days of legal holiday. nine days are for may day, the national day and the spring festival, with three days for each, and one day for new years day.however, the weekends on one side of the first three holidays are designated as two working days, and people enjoy two days off on the working days, which makes the holiday a consecutive seven days. millions of chinese travel during the holidays, so earning them the name golden weeks.regarded as one of the most important days on the chinese calendar, the tomb-sweeping day, or qingming festival, which usually occurs on april 4 or 5 each year, was established by a chinese emperor in memory of a loyal official who sacrificed himself to save the emperors life more than 2,500 years ago.the day gradually became a traditional occasion for paying homage to ancestors and departed family members.the dragon boat festival has been celebrated for thousands of years to commemorate qu yuan, a great chinese patriotic poet, who lived in the state of chu during the warring states period (475 b.c. to 221 b.c.). he drowned himself in the miluo river intodays hunan province in 278 b.c., on fifth day of the fifth month of the chinese lunar calendar, hoping his death would alert the king to revitalize the kingdom.the tradition arose that on the day of his death dragon boat races would be held and people should eat zongzi, glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves.the mid-autumn festival, which falls on the 15th day of the eighth month on the lunar calendar, is considered an occasion for reunion of family members and loved ones. on the occasion, they would eat moon cakes, light lanterns while enjoying the full moon - an auspicious symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.the festival was flavored by the legend of change, a lonely fairy on the moon. according to the legend, she was the beautiful wife of hou yi, a hero who shot down nine suns scorching the earth but was slain by his apprentice fengmeng. threatened by the murderer, change drank an elixir and flew to the moon.china introduced the golden week holidays in 1999, in a bid to boost domestic consumption.it was reported that tourism revenue has increased from 14.1 billion yuan (1.76 billion u.s. dollars) during the national day holiday in 1999 to 64.2 billion yuan during the golden week this october.statistics also showed that the year 2001 alone saw tourist numbers reach 780 million, much higher than the figure of 240 million in 1989. while chinas outbound tourists rose to 12.13 million in 2001, a big jump from 3 million in the early 1990s.but after several years experience, complaints about overcrowding, poor service, a scarcity of hotel rooms, and damage to scenic spots, especially historic sites, during the golden week holidays have spurred debate over the merits of the week-long holiday concept.last year, caijiming proposed shortening the national day and may day holidays from three days to one day and distributing the days to celebrate fourtraditional festivals - the dragon boat festival, mid-autumn day, tomb-sweeping day, and new years eve.other chinese scholars have also reiterated their belief that the important traditional chinese festivals should be made public holidays.the current holiday system does not accord with the long-standing customs of chinese people, said liu quili, president of the chinese folklore society.huang tao, an associate professor of the peoples university of china, said the most effective measures to protect cultural festivals were to make the traditional festivals legal holidays to enable more people to understand the importance of tradition. iv 中国传统节日的整体介绍traditional chinese festivalsboasting rich cultural meaning and a long history, traditional chinese festivals compose an important and brilliant part of chinese culture.the formation of traditional festivals is a long process of historical and cultural accumulation in a nation or a state. festival customs passed down to today still show signs of ethnic group struggles. festival activities always reflect primitive sacrifice, superstitious taboo and earthly life, peoples spirit and religious influence. sometimes historical figures become the focus of a festival, showing peoples commemoration for them and endowing some historical sense to it.moreover, traditional chinese festivals were often connected with ancient astronomy, calendars and mathematics. jieqi, or the 24 seasonal division points, is a key factor in forming traditional festivals. according to the traditional chinese【篇二：用流利英语介绍中国文化】用流利英文介绍中国传统1. 元宵节： lantern festival2. 刺绣：embroidery3. 重阳节：double-ninth festival4. 清明节：tomb sweeping day5. 剪纸：paper cutting6. 书法：calligraphy7. 对联：(spring festival) couplets8. 象形文字：pictograms/pictographic characters9. 人才流动：brain drain/brain flow10.四合院：siheyuan/quadrangle11.战国：warring states12.风水：fengshui/geomantic omen13.铁饭碗：iron bowl14.函授部：the correspondence department15.集体舞：group dance16.黄土高原：loess plateau17.红白喜事：weddings and funerals18.中秋节：mid-autumn day19.结婚证：marriage certificate20.儒家文化：confucian culture21.附属学校：affiliated school23.武打片：chinese swordplay movie24.元宵：tangyuan/sweet rice dumpling (soup)25.一国两制：one country, two systems26.火锅：hot pot27.四人帮：gang of four28.《诗经》：the book of songs29.素质教育：essential-qualities-oriented education30.《史记》：historical records/records of the grand historian31.大跃进：great leap forward (movement)32.《西游记》：the journey to the west33.除夕：chinese new year’s eve/eve of the spring festival34.针灸：acupuncture35.唐三彩：tri-color pottery of the tang dynasty/ the tang tri-colored pottery36.中国特色的社会主义：chinese-charactered socialist/socialist with chinese characteristics37.偏旁：radical38.孟子：mencius39.亭/阁： pavilion/ attic40.大中型国有企业：large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises41.火药：gunpowder42.农历：lunar calendar44.物质精神文明建设：the construction of material civilization and spiritual civilization45.京剧：beijing opera/peking opera46.秦腔：crying of qin people/qin opera47.太极拳：tai chi48.独生子女证：the certificate of one-child49.天坛：altar ofheaven in beijing50.小吃摊：snack bar/snack stand51.红双喜：double happiness52.政治辅导员：political counselor/school counselor53.春卷：spring roll(s)54.莲藕：lotus root55.追星族：star struck56.故宫博物院：the palace museum57.相声：cross-talk/comic dialogue58.下岗：lay off/laid off59.北京烤鸭：beijing roast duck60.高等自学考试：self-taught examination of higher education61.烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker62.敦煌莫高窟：mogao caves63.电视小品：tv sketch/tv skit64.香港澳门同胞：compatriots from hong kong and macao65.文化大革命：cultural revolution66.长江中下游地区：the mid-low reaches of yangtze river67.门当户对：perfect match/exact match68.《水浒》：water margin/outlaws of the marsh69.中外合资企业：joint ventures70.文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）：the four treasure of the study brush, inkstick, paper, and inkstone71.兵马俑：cotta warriors/ terracotta army【篇三：除夕之夜】new years evethat night, the sky bright and colorful dazzling fireworks, a riot of colours, shone in the sky, breaking the firecrackers on newyears eve. the fireworks are dazzling, too busy to attend to all, showing a scene bursting with happiness.until finally the dinner on new years eve, we all sat at the table, looked at a plate of delicious, delicious food on the table, everyone good eating delicious food, feel particularly comfortable.i wolfed down the food it straight into his mouth, in spite of a lady. mother to drink and wine on the table, i stared at the grape wine, could not help but forget the cup. try a bite, gu suddenly drank, i shouted: ah! really hard! you see me like this, can not help but laugh.the dinner on new years eve footsteps hurried away, what to do next? yes! is fireworks. my brother and sister with a riot of colours of fireworks, came to the door of the venue, lit the fireworks, fireworks and rocket like red sky, blooming sparks riotous with colour: ah! so beautiful. i cross your arms to the colorful fireworks making vows: in the new year, i will work hard, strive for further improvement. open your eyes, lookingat the sky.you come, we set off firecrackers . with brother cries, i and my brother and sister, playing awfully.the bell rang and twelve passed。
德国古典哲学的求索
德国古典哲学的求索the exploration of the German classical philosophy虽然德国启蒙运动的开展是在英法等国之后进行的，当德国开始进行时，英国的启蒙运动己经结束了，法国也已经到了后期，但是，康德的启蒙思想并不落后。
康德关于历史的主要著作比孔多塞的《人类精神进步史表及其纲要》还要早十年。
有人说，康德既是启蒙运动的完成者，又是启蒙运动的征服者。
康德的历史哲学，既代表着启蒙运动的高峰，又开启了以后几个世代的哲学思维方式的变化。
他对法国大革命的基本原则:自由、平等、博爱以及启蒙运动的理想:理性、幸福、和平都有着康德式的论述。
The German enlightenment is conducted after many countries such as Britain and France. Although when Germany began, the British enlightenment has ended and France was also going to end. However, Kant's thoughts of enlightenment are not backward. The publishing of Kant’s major works on history is ten years earlier than Condorcet’s the development of the human spirit table and its outline. Some people think that Kant is not only the accomplisher of the enlightenment, but also the conqueror of the enlightenment. Kant's philosophy of history not only represents the peak of the enlightenment but also guide the change of mode of philosophical thinking several generations later. All of his basic principles of the French revolution: freedom, equality, fraternity and ideal of the enlightenment: rational, happiness, peace were stated in the way of Kant.康德同伏尔泰、杜尔哥、孔多塞等启蒙思想家在一些基本的观点上是一致的，那就是他们都把人类历史的发展看作是人类理性与自由的进步的过程，而且最终理性会引导人类走向至善。
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The long process of historical development of mankind, animals and human maintained close contact and human survival, development has a profound impact. Often with the animals for sustenance and express their feelings, animal vocabulary gradually gained symbolic meaning: a symbol of wisdom (sagacity) such as the elephant (elephant) and boring(ponderousness); an indolent pursuit of pleasure can be called butterfly; describe a person quiet You can use oyster. Beaver (beaver) too much buying power of people to do things to please the boss. Beaver is mainly produced in NorthAmerica,activists, eager beaver (hard beaver), commonly used to refer to "rush to madsomething particularly hard, but a little impatient, slightly derogatory. According to statistics, the common animal vocabulary 649 has a symbolic meaning in English 258, the vast majority is closely related to human life such as birds, beasts, insects and marine fish. vocabulary is the carrier of culture, the animal image of the accumulation of a specific ethnic group psychological load with the feelings of the people to form a rich and unique animals of various ethnic groups cultural connotations, reflecting each nation's social and cultural. this article is to analyze the symbolic meaning of the English animal vocabulary and symbolic production of the Origin of the cultural aspects.Animals are the ancient and eternal friend, animal vocabulary constitutes an important material of the English language, and long for thousands of years, people in contact with the animals, on their long-term domestication, use and observation, creating a rich vocabulary and image analogy; they are not only simple, rigid refers to an animal and take care of the human environment is, in order to refer to a certain animal characteristics, the typical characteristics of an animal origin of the description of the quality characteristics of the person concerned, favor or fear, meaning deep, so that expression more appropriate to describe vivid, distinct human. Such as a life timid timid timid called "the rabbit" to describe a brutal nature, greed can be used "wolf"; a man craned his neck like a crane to crane "as Scoop said sideways like the crab walk is generally called to crab "; ass donkey (likened to a fool, a fool); bear (than for the rude, clumsy person); bee by bee (busy); pig, pig, the average person (referring to the dirty greedy person); a cold fish cold fish (compared to unfriendly, there is no love and passion); weasel (likened to the others is unjust, or play dirty tricks of the people).Such as: (1) black sheep, this people do things unacceptable and contrary to tradition. (Black sheep)(2) fat cats, refers to a very successful, very rich man. (Fat cat)(3) crab, compared to the irascible, bad-tempered people. (Crab) Additionally, animal vocabulary into the English proverb, such as The early bird gets, the worm (the early bird catches the worm) Every dog has his day (the mortals all proud of), New-born calves make little of tigers (fearless), all meaning are good, funny meaningful, strong cultural color animal expressions vivid and easy to understand.Animal body characteristics of different people in the process of long-term contact with animals found that some things in life with some appearance of the animal body and local features are surprisingly similar, so people will use the name of the animal to call that thing. Such as: ferret ferrets, electromagnetic detection aircraft, the rabbit, rabbits, smuggled goods, bug, duck soup of duck soup, are particularly vulnerable to, effortlessly thing, kangaroo court kangaroo court, non-formal court, the white elephant white elephant large useless things. Sometimes, people also used the animal an appearance characteristic of the site to refer to something, such as: combat with bunkers, foxholes, English foxhole, said the goose the bump goose bumps, wild goose chase to chase the geese. Ant symbol of frugality (frugality) and predictable (prevision). Additionally, animal vocabulary with idioms that the characteristics of people or things, such as: as blind as a bat, beetle is or the owl blind as bats, beetles, or owl; a white cat, as deaf as deaf as white; as merry as a cricket as happy as crickets as poor as a church mouse poor as church mice; as strong as a horse strong as a cow; as (Malacca) as hen's teeth rare as hen's teeth; as dark as a wolf's mouth black as a wolf mouth.Animal Words often nouns verbs, the typical action of some kind of animal to accurately describe the characteristics of human behavior, very vivid. Such as: to buffalo, (put bison array to confuse the hot people, to frighten people); ducking duck potential (floating dive to escape); Cat and dog life. Bickering life. Similarly, animal vocabulary with idioms that the actions of the person or thing, to bell, the cat, the cat Department on the bell to take the adventure; to the get one's goat to steal someone's goat, harassment, breach of, against or irritate a person; to rain cats and dogs downpour; as fast as a hare action such as rabbits.Animal words reflected the rich and unique cultural traditions of theEnglish-speaking countries and warmth of psychology, so that we can see a large, appreciate the charm of the English language, with vocabulary learning culture。