定语,状语,名词性从句

定语从句学习目标：掌握并熟练运用定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的关系代词有who/whom/whose/which/that/as 和关系副where/when/why/as。

关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担当句子成分。

关系代词：that：指代人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语which：指代物或句子，在从句中作主语或宾语who：指代人，在从句中作主语或宾语whom：指代人，在从句中作宾语whose：指代人或物，在从句中只能作定语,后加名词。

as：指代句子，用于非限制性定语从句，偶尔指代人或物（主要与the same 或such连用），as在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语；关系副词：when 指代时间，where指代地点，why指代原因，它们只能在从句中作状语。

why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)1)This is the man___________________ helped me.2)The doctor __________________________ you are looking for is in the nextroom.3)Do you know the man ____________ name is Jack?4) This is the scientist ______________ inventions are well-known.5) The building ___________________stands near the garden is our school.6) This is the dictionary ____________________I nee d..7) He still lives in the room _____________ window faces to the south.8) Can you tell me the office ____________________ he works?9) This is the house ____________________ we once lived.定语从句使用要点：1、关系代词和关系副词的选用：一是找准先行词，二是看关系词代表什么（人、物或句子等），三是看关系词在定语从句中的语法功能（作主语、宾语或状语），或者说是用关系代词，还是用关系副词完全取决于从句的谓语动词。

及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

2.关系代词that 和which的选用：通常只能用that的情况：1)先行词是all, much, anything ,something ,nothing ,everything ,little ,none 等不定代词。

2)先行词被形容词最高级以及序数词，the last , any , the only ,few , much ,no ,some ,the very 等词修饰。

3)先行词既有人又有物，关系代词应该用that 。

4)that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句。

1)It almost seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all ____________ he knew in this lesson .2)The first thing ______________ we should do is work out a plan.3)The boy and the dog ____________are in the picture are very lovely .4)This is no longer the place ____________ it used to be .3.whose 的用法：用来指人或物（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同th e＋n.＋of which互换）1)They rushed over to help the man _____________ car had broken down .2)Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase ,_______________________(=whose price ) was very reasonable.4．关系代词as 和which 引导的定语从句的区别1）as和which 都可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。

如:He married her ,as /which was natural .2)as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后。

which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。

另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。

3) 当先行词被such，the same 修饰时，关系词常用as 。

.注意：当先行词被the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。

4）as 引导的非限定性从句的常见结构：As we all know, As is known to all, As is said above , As is already mentioned above , As is often the case , As is reported in the newspaper… The elephant’s nose is like a snake ,as anybody can see .1）__________ is known to all ,China is a developing country.2) He is from the south , ______________ we can know from his accent .3)Tom was late for school again and again , ____________ made his teacher very angry .4) I’ve never heard such stories_________ he tells .5) This is the same dictionary __________I lost last week.6) She wore the same dress__________ she wore at Mary’s wedding .她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。

7)She wore the same dress __________ her younger sister wore .她穿着跟妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。

5.带介词的定语从句：介词+关系代词时，关系代词只能用which/whom，不能用that/who。

1）介词+which/whom。

2) the+名词+of+ which/whom =of +which /whom+ the+名词。

3)名词、代词+of +which /whom。

4)from /to +where ,这种句子较少。

1）He is a good example from ___________ we learned a lot.2）I found a book , the cover of _____________ was new .3）The old man has two daughters ,both of ___________ are nurses .4）His head appeared out of the window , from where he could see the street . (from where = from out of the window)6. 关系副词引导的定语从句：关系副词指代的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。

关系副词when，where, why 的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。

1）This is the reason ________/__________ why he was late.2) Beijing is the place _________/__________ I was born.7. 分割式定语从句：定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，使先行词与定语从句隔离。

1）This is the article written by him __________ I spoke to you about.2）He was the only person in this country ____________ was invited .8. 限制性和非限制性定语从句：1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。

限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。

a)This is the house which we bought last month .（限制性）b)The house ,which we bought last month ,is very nice .(非限制性)2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。

a)He seems not to have grasped what I meant ,which greatly upsets me .b)Liquid water changes to vapor ,which is called evaporation .注意：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

9. 定语从句的主谓一致：1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。

如：The boy who is standing at the door is my son.2)“one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。

如：This is one of the best books that ___________ ever been written on the subject.(have/has)3)在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。