Manufacturing_IT_Systems_Presentation_-_Borchelt

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OverviewThe National Instruments Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS) is a LabVIEW-based design and prototyping environment or university science and engineering laboratories.NI ELVIS consists o f LabVIEW-based virtual instruments,a multifunction data acquisition device and a custom-designed benchtop workstation and prototyping board.This combination provides a ready-to-use suite of instruments found in all educational laboratories.Because it is based on LabVIEW and provides complete data acquisition and prototyping capabilities,the system is ideal for academic coursework from lower-division classes to advanced project-based curriculum.Applications•Circuit design and analysis for learning analog and digital electronics•Measurements in mechanical,electrical,biomedical, and physics laboratories•Teaching data acquisition and signal conditioning •Live demonstration of concepts in a lecture hall •Communications and control applications for Electrical and 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Analyzer • Power SupplyInstrumentationCircuit DesignSignal ProcessingCommunicationControlsMechatronics Prototyping Board WorkstationLabVIEW ApplicationNI Data Acquisition BoardCurriculum ApplicationsNI Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS)AnalyzersOscilloscopeTwo channelsData storage, cursors, auto scalingMax input bandwidth.......................................50 kHz 1Max sampling rate...........................................500 kHz / channel 1Range................................................................±10 VInput resolution................................................12 or 16 bits1Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Bode AnalyzerFrequency and phase plotsFrequency range and step controlLogarithmic or linear frequency spacing Data storage, cursors, auto scalingFrequency range............................................... 5 Hz to 35 kHz 11Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Dynamic Signal AnalyzerInput range.......................................................±10 VInput resolution................................................12 or 16 bitsImpedance AnalyzerMeasurement frequency range........................ 5 Hz to 35 kHz2-Wire Current Voltage AnalyzerVoltage range...................................................±10 V Current range...................................................±10 mA3-Wire Current Voltage AnalyzerNPN BJT transistor onlyData storage, cursors, auto scalingMaximum Collector Voltage.............................10 V Minimum base increment................................15 µADigital MultimeterResistanceAccuracy...........................................................1%Range................................................................ 5 Ωto 3 M ΩDC VoltageAccuracy...........................................................0.3%Range................................................................±20 V Input impedance...............................................1M ΩAC VoltageAccuracy...........................................................0.3%Range................................................................±14 V mrsCurrentDC accuracy......................................................0.25% ±3 mA 1AC accuracy......................................................0.25% ±3 mA 1Range................................................................±250 mA Shunt resistance..............................................0.5 ΩMaximum common mode voltage....................±20 V Common mode rejection..................................70 dB1Proper null correction at the common mode voltage can reduce ±3 mA error to 200 µA noise.CapacitanceAccuracy...........................................................2%Range................................................................50 pF to 500 µF Test voltage range............................................1V ppContinuityResistance threshold........................................15 ΩmaxInductanceAccuracy...........................................................1%Range................................................................100 µH to 100 mH Test frequency..................................................950 Hz Test frequency voltage.....................................1 V ppDigital I/ODigital input resolution....................................8 bits Digital output resolution..................................8 bits Digital addressing............................................ 4 bitsSourceFunction GeneratorManual or software controlSine, triangle, square waveforms Frequency sweep TTL sync pulse out AM, FM modulationFrequency range............................................... 5 Hz to 250 kHz Frequency accuracy..........................................3%Output amplitude.............................................±2.5 V Software amplitude resolution........................8 bits Offset range.....................................................±5 V AM voltage.......................................................10 V max Amplitude modulation......................................Up to 100%FM Voltage.......................................................10 V max Amplitude flatnessTo 50 kHz...................................................0.5 dB To 250 kHz.................................................3 dBArbitrary Waveform GeneratorTwo channelsOne-shot or continuous generation Waveform editorAmplitude.........................................................±10 VFrequency range...............................................DC to 100 kHz 1Output drive current.........................................25 mA max Output impedance.. (1)Slew rate..........................................................1.5 V/µs1Specification depends on Data Acquisition device functionality.Power Supplies±15 V SupplyOutput current...........................................Fused at 500 mA Ripple and noise........................................1%Line regulation...........................................0.5% max 5 V SupplyOutput current...........................................Fused at 2 A Ripple and noise........................................1%Line regulation...........................................0.5% maxVariable power supplies 0 to +12 V and -12 VRipple and noise........................................0.25% Software resolution...................................7 bitsCurrent limiting..........................................0.5 V at 130 mA, 5 V at 275 mA, 12 V at 450 mASpecificationsIntegrated Tools for University Laboratories2National Instruments •Tel: (800) 433-3488•***********•For Desktop ComputersNI ELVIS/PCI-6251 Bundle ........................................778748-02Qty 1-4:$1995 each Qty 5+:$1495 each For Laptop ComputersNI ELVIS/DAQCard-6062E Bundle ............................779064-01Qty 1-4:$2260 each Qty 5+:$1695 eachIncludes NI ELVIS workstation,DAQ device,cable,and LabVIEW drivers.For individual unit pricing please visit /academic .BUY NOW!For complete product specifications,pricing,and accessoryinformation,call (800) 813-3693 (U.S.only) or go to /academic .Ordering InformationNI Services and Supportapplication lif e cycle – f rom planningand development through deploymentand ongoing maintenance.We of erservices and service levels to meetcustomer requirements in research,design,validation,and manuVisit /services.Training and CertificationNI training is the fastest,most certain route to productivity with our products.NI training can shorten your learning curve,save development time,and reduce maintenance costs over the application lif e cycle.We schedule instructor-led courses in cities worldwide,or we can hold a course at your facility.We also offer a prof essional certif ication program that identif ies individuals who have high levels of skill and knowledge on using NI products. 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digital_manufacturing

Digital manufacturing:history,perspectives,and outlookG Chryssolouris,D Mavrikios,N Papakostas,D Mourtzis*,G Michalos,and K GeorgouliasDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics,University of Patras,Patras,GreeceThe manuscript was received on23May2008and was accepted after revision for publication on20June2008. DOI:10.1243/09544054JEM1241Abstract:Digital manufacturing has been considered,over the last decade,as a highly promis-ing set of technologies for reducing product development times and cost as well as for addres-sing the need for customization,increased product quality,and faster response to the market.This paper describes the evolution of information technology systems in manufacturing,outlin-ing their characteristics and the challenges to be addressed in the future.Together with the digi-tal manufacturing and factory concepts,the technologies considered in this paper include computer-aided design,engineering,process planning and manufacturing,product data and life-cycle management,simulation and virtual reality,automation,process control,shopfloorscheduling,decision support,decision making,manufacturing resource planning,enterpriseresource planning,logistics,supply chain management,and e-commerce systems.These tech-nologies are discussed in the context of the digital factory and manufacturing concepts.Keywords:information technology,computer-integrated manufacturing,computer-aided design,computer-aided engineering,computer-aided manufacturing1INTRODUCTIONThe need for reduced development time together with the growing demand for more customer-oriented product variants have led to the next generation of information technology(IT)systems in manufactur-ing.Manufacturing organizations strive to integrate their business functions and departments with new systems in an enterprise database,following a unified enterprise view[1].These systems are based on the digital factory/manufacturing concept,according to which production data management systems and simulation technologies are jointly used for optimiz-ing manufacturing before starting the production and supporting the ramp-up phases[2].Digital manu-facturing would allow for,first,the shortening of development time and cost,second,the integration of knowledge coming from different manufacturing processes and departments,third,the decentralized manufacturing of the increasing variety of parts and products in numerous production sites,and,fourth, the focusing of manufacturing organizations on their core competences,working efficiently with other com-panies and suppliers,on the basis of effective IT-based cooperative engineering.The evolution of IT in manufacturing is described in the next section.Recent developments and the digital manufacturing concept are then discussed, followed by the conclusions regarding the pers-pectives and the outlook of digital manufacturing in the future.2IT IN MANUFACTURINGOver the past few decades,the extensive use of IT in manufacturing has allowed these technologies to reach the stage of maturity.The benefits of the new tools have been thoroughly examined and their effi-ciency in many applications has been proven.Their application ranges from simple machining applica-tions,to manufacturing planning and control sup-port.From the early years of the introduction of numerical control and all the way to machining centres,manufacturing cells,and flexible systems, costs and increased power have been the main advantages of IT[3].An example of the introduction of IT,in the manufacturing world,is the concept of*Corresponding author:Department of Mechanical Engineer-ing,and Aeronautics,University of Patras,University Campus,Rio Patras26500,Greece.email:mourtzis@lms.mech.upatras.grSPECIAL ISSUE PAPER451computer-integrated manufacturing(CIM).This con-cept was introduced in the late1980s,favouring the enhancement of performance,efficiency,operational flexibility,product quality,responsive behaviour to market differentiations,and time to market.How-ever,the full strategic advantage of information tech-nologies was poorly understood at that time and could not be exploited to its full extent[3].The inventory control and material requirements planning(MRP)systems were introduced in the 1960s and1970s respectively.Such systems were further enhanced with the integration of tools cap-able of providing capacity and sales planning func-tionalities together with scheduling capabilities and forecasting tools.The result was the introduction of the closed-loop-MRP[4].Nevertheless,the advances in microprocessor technology,the advent of the internet era,the standardization of software inter-faces,the wide acceptance of formal techniques for software design and development,and the maturity of certain software products(relational database management systems and computer-aided design (CAD)systems,for instance)paved the way for facil-itating the integration among diverse software appli-cations[1].The evolution of information systems over the last decade has played a crucial role in the adoption of new information technologies in the environment of manufacturing systems[5].2.1Computer-aided technologiesCAD is considered among the technologies that have boosted productivity,allowing faster time to market for the product and dramatically reducing the time required for product development.Although the first CAD applications were inherently difficult to use owing to the text-based input systems and the extre-mely slow computational equipment,their succes-sors have become more than necessary in today’s manufacturing companies,regardless of their size. Affordable solutions,offering a modern photorea-listic graphical user interface,are nowadays avai-lable in the market.Functionalities of such systems integrate finite element analysis(FEA),kinematics analysis,dynamic analysis and full simulation of geometrical properties including texture and mech-anical properties of materials.The CAD systems have become indispensable to today’s manufacturing firms,because of their strong integration with advanced manufacturing techniques.CAD models are often considered sufficient for the production of the parts,since they can be used for generating the code required to drive the machines for the pro-duction of the part.Rapid prototyping is an example of such a technology.Process planning activities determine the neces-sary manufacturing processes and their sequence in order to produce a given part economically and com-petitively[1].Towards this direction,the computer-aided process planning(CAPP)systems have been used for the generation of consistent process plans and are considered as being essential components of the CIM environments[6].Denkena et al.[7]pro-posed a holistic component manufacturing process planning model,based on an integrated approach combining technological and business considera-tions in order to form the basis for developing improved decision support and knowledge manage-ment capabilities to enhance available CAPP solu-tions.Kim and Duffie[8]introduced a discrete dynamic model design and have analysed the control algorithms for closed-loop process planning control that improve response to disturbances,such as rush orders and periodic fluctuations in capacity.In their work,Azab and ElMaraghy[9]presented a novel semigenerative mathematical model for reconfigur-ing macrolevel process plans.In the same work,it is claimed that reconfigurable process planning is an important enabler of changeability for evolving products and systems.Finally,Ueda et al.[10]intro-duced a new simultaneous process planning and scheduling method of solving dilemmas posed by situations where a process plan and a production schedule conflict,using evolutionary artificial neural networks,based on emergent synthesis.Computer-aided engineering(CAE)systems are used to reduce the level of hardware prototyping during product development and to improve the understanding of the system[11].The CAE systems support a large number of engineering research fields, including fluid mechanics(computational fluid mechanics),dynamics(simulation of machines and mechanisms),mechanics of materials(FEA),thermo-dynamics,and robotics.For instance,Brinksmeier et al.[12]conducted an extensive survey on the advances in the simulation of grinding processes together with a series of models that can be imple-mented in simulation systems.Following the development of the CAD systems,the concept of computer-aided manufacturing(CAM) was born.The great step towards the implementation of CAM systems was the introduction of computer numerical control(CNC).Apart from the fact that this new technology has brought about a revolution in manufacturing systems by enabling mass produc-tion and greater flexibility[13],it has also enabled the direct link between the three-dimensional(3D) CAD model and its production.Newman and Nassehi [14]proposed a universal manufacturing platform for CNC machining,where the applications of various computer-aided systems(CAx)applications can seamlessly exchange information.The proposed plat-form is based on the standard STEP-NC.In addition, standardization of programming languages for these452G Chryssolouris,D Mavrikios,N Papakostas,D Mourtzis,G Michalos,and K Georgouliasmachines(G&M code and APT)leads solution devel-opers to integrate an automatic code generation in their applications.From that point on,CAD and CAM systems have been developed allowing for part design and production simulation.Engineers have the ability to visualize both the part and the produc-tion process,to verify the quality of the product and then physically to perform the manufacturing pro-cess with minimum error probability.Other systems,such as computer-aided quality[15] systems,have also started to emerge and to become part of the engineering workflow.Product data man-agement(PDM)and product life-cycle management (PLM)systems,on the other hand,allow for perform-ing a variety of data management tasks,including vaulting workflow,life-cycle,product structure,and view and change management.PDM systems are claimed to be able to integrate and manage all ap-plications,information,and processes that define a product,from design to manufacture to end-user sup-port.PDM systems are frequently used for controlling information,files,documents,and work processes and are required to design,build,support,distribute, and maintain products.Typical product-related infor-mation includes geometry,engineering drawings, project plans,part files,assembly diagrams,product specifications,numerical control machine-tool pro-grams,analysis results,correspondence,bill of mate-rial,and engineering change orders.PLM is an integrated information-driven approach to all aspects of a product’s life cycle from its design inception,through its manufacture,deployment,and maintenance to,finally,its removal from service and, its final disposal.Some of the benefits reported by the usage of PLM involve the reduced time to market, improved product quality,reduced prototyping costs, savings through the reuse of original data,features for product optimization,and reduced waste and sav-ings through the complete integration of engineering workflows.These systems are theoretically supposed to tie everything together,allowing engineering,man-ufacturing,marketing,and outside suppliers and channel partners to coordinate activities. Technically speaking,today’s PDM and PLM sys-tems mainly focus on the administration of computer files,without,however,having much access to the actual content of these files.Instead,the CAD sys-tems are used for developing product models, since geometry data constitute the major part of the product-defining characteristics[16].On the other hand,PLM systems often include a mature collabora-tive product design domain and aim at encompass-ing design and management of the manufacturing processes and digital manufacturing,the latter repre-senting a strategic and important milestone in the advancement of PLM.Digital manufacturing has arrived as a technology and discipline within PLM that provides a comprehensive approach for the development,implementation,and validation of all elements of the manufacturing process,which is foreseen by researchers and engineers to be one of the primary competitive differentiators for manufacturers.In today’s state of the art,the PDM and PLM solu-tions in one of the most complex industrial domains, the automotive industry,use concepts such as the generative template:a solution aiming to reduce design cycle time in several development processes by employing computer models to incorporate com-ponent and knowledge rules that reflect design prac-tice and past experience.In the templates,various elements included in product design are combined. The templates are then reused either by the same team,project,or company,or through the extended enterprise by way of exchanges between original equipment manufacturers(OEM)and suppliers. This components-based approach accelerates and simplifies the design.During the design of a new product or process,it is essential that all the knowledge and experience avail-able(either on the product or process design)gained through time can be accessed easily and rapidly.This can be achieved with the use of archetypes and tem-plates.A process archetype is a way of classifying standard solutions that do not need any further development so that they can be available whenever necessary,within a very short time.Archetypes can also include information on newly developed innova-tive processes that have been assessed for their effi-ciency in order for any implementation risks to be minimized in case the application of this process is under consideration.2.2Manufacturing controlManufacturers will base their future controller selec-tion on factors such as adherence to open industry standards,multi-control discipline functionality, technical feasibility,cost-effectiveness,ease of inte-gration,and maintainability.More importantly, embedded systems and small-footprint industrial-strength operating systems will gradually change the prevailing architecture,by merging robust hardware with open control.Integration of control systems with CAD and CAM and scheduling systems as well as real-time control,based on the distributed net-working between sensors and control devices[17] currently constitute key research topics.For instance, ElMaraghy et al.[18]developed a methodology of compensating for machining errors aimed at maxi-mizing conformance to tolerance specifications before the final cuts are made.New developments in the use of wireless tech-nologies on the shopfloor,such as radiofrequencyDigital manufacturing:history,perspectives,and outlook453identification(RFID),as a part of automated identifi-cation systems,involve retrieving the identity of objects and monitoring items moving through the manufacturing supply chain,which enable accurate and timely identification information[19].More recently,the installation of wireless technologies on the shopfloor such as RFID,global system for mobile communications(GSM),and802.11has been a new IT application area on the industrial shopfloor[20]. However,the integration of wireless IT technologies at an automotive shopfloor level is often prevented because of the demanding industrial requirements, namely immunity to interference,security,and high degree of availability.On the other hand,in the automotive assembly,IT is applicable to a series of processes such as pro-duction order control,production monitoring, sequence planning,vehicle identification,quality management,maintenance management,and mate-rial control[21].2.3SimulationComputer simulation has become one of the most widely used techniques in manufacturing systems design,enabling decision makers and engineers to investigate the complexity of their systems and the way that changes in the system’s configuration or in the operational policies may affect the performance of the system or organization[22].Simulation models are categorized into static, dynamic,continuous,discrete,deterministic,and stochastic.Since the late1980s,simulation software packages have been providing visualization capabil-ities,including animation and graphical user interac-tion puter simulation offers the great advantage of studying and statistically analysing what–if scenarios,thus reducing overall time and cost required for taking decisions,based on the sys-tem behaviour.Simulation systems are often inte-grated with other IT systems,such as CAx,FEA, production planning,and optimization systems. While factory digital mock-up(DMU)software allows manufacturing engineers to visualize the pro-duction process via a computer,which allows for an overview of the factory operations for a particular manufacturing job,the discrete event simulation (DES)helps engineers to focus closely on each indivi-dual operation.DES may help decision making in the early phases(conceptual design and prestudy)on evaluating and improving several aspects of the assembly process such as location and size of the inventory buffers,the evaluation of a change in pro-duct volume or mix,and throughput analysis[23]. An extension to simulation technology(the virtual reality(VR)technology)has enabled engineers to become immersed in virtual models and to interact with them.Activities supported by VR involve factory layout,planning,operation training,testing,and process control and validation[24,25].Other applications include the verification of human-related factors in assembly processes by employing desktop three-dimensional simulation techniques,replacing the human operator with an anthropometrical articulated representation of a human being,called a‘mannequin’[26].2.4Enterprise resource planning andoptimizationEnterprise resource planning(ERP)systems attempt to integrate all data and processes of an organization into a unified system.A typical ERP system will use multiple components of computer software and hard-ware to achieve the integration.A key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified database to store data for the various system modules.ERP has been associated with quite a broad spectrum of defi-nitions and applications over the last decades[27]. The manufacturing resources planning(MRP II) systems apart from incorporating the financial accounting and management systems have been further expanded to incorporate all resource plan-ning and business processes of the entire enterprise, including areas such as human resources,project management,product design,materials,and capa-city planning[4].The elimination of incorrect information and data redundancy,the standardization of business unit interfaces,the confrontation of global access and security issues[4],and the exact modelling of busi-ness processes,have all become part of the list of objectives to be fulfilled by an ERP rge implementation costs,high failure risks,tremendous demands on corporate time and resources[4],and complex and often painful business process adjust-ments are the main concerns pertaining to an ERP implementation.Considering the current trend in the manufacturing world for maximizing their com-munication and collaboration,the ERP system func-tionality has also been extended with supply chain management solutions[28].The ERP systems often incorporate optimization capabilities for cost and time savings virtually from every manufacturing process.Indicative examples involve cases from simple optimization problems, shopfloor scheduling,and production planning to today’s complex decision-making problems[29,30]. Monostori et al.[31]have proposed a scheduling sys-tem capable of real-time production control.This system receives feedback from the daily production through the integration of information coming from the process,quality,and production monitoring sub-systems.The system is able to monitor deviations454G Chryssolouris,D Mavrikios,N Papakostas,D Mourtzis,G Michalos,and K Georgouliasand problems of the manufacturing system and to suggest possible alternatives for handling them.A new generation of factory control algorithms has recently appeared in literature,known as‘agent based’.In Sauers’[32]work a software agent technol-ogy is discussed and proposed as the middleware between the different software application compo-nents on a shopfloor.Agents are a promising technol-ogy for industrial application because they are based upon distributed architecture;however,issues such as synchronization,interfacing agents,and data con-sistency among agents impose difficulties on their practical application[23].3RECENT DEVELOPMENTS3.1Academic researchRecent developments in digital manufacturing may be categorized into two major groups.The develop-ments of the first group have followed a bottom-up approach considering digital manufacturing,and extending its concepts,within a wider framework, e.g.the digital factory or enterprise.The devel-opments of the second group have followed a top-down approach considering the technologies in sup-port of individual aspects of digital manufacturing, e.g.e-collaboration and simulation.According to the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure,the digital factory includes models,methods,and tools for the sustainable support of factory planning and factory operations.It includes processes based on linked digital models connected with the product model[33].At a theoretical level,several researchers have contributed to the definition of the digital fac-tory vision and suggested how this vision could be implemented in reality(Fig.1)[34].Data and models integration has been a core research activity to sup-port implementation.The introduction of consistent data structures for improving the integration of digital product design and assembly planning and consequently supporting a continuous data exchange has been investigated in the literature[35].Similar activities have focused on the definition of semantic correlations between the models distributed as well as the associated databases and the introduction of appropriate modelling conventions[33].On top of these developments,a number of methodologies for computer-supported co-operative development engineering,within a digital factory framework, have been published.Some researchers further sug-gested software architectures for relationship man-agement and the secure exchange of data[36].The new concept of digital enterprise technology (DET)has also been recently introduced as the collection of systems and methods for the digital modelling of the global product developmentand Fig.1The vision of the digital factory[34]Digital manufacturing:history,perspectives,and outlook455realization process in the context of life-cycle management [37].As such,it embodies the tech-nological means of applying digital manufacturing to the distributed manufacturing enterprise.DET is implemented by a synthesis of technologies and the systems of five main technical areas,the DET ‘cornerstones’,corresponding to the design of product,process,factory,technologies for ensuring the conformance of the digital environment with the real one,and the design of the enterprise.On the basis of the DET framework,a new methodology has been suggested that focuses on developing novel methods and tools for aggregate modelling,knowl-edge management,and test on validation planning to ‘bridge’the gap that exists between conceptual product design and the organization of the corre-sponding manufacturing and business operations (Fig.2)[38].From a technological point of view,new frame-works for distributed digital manufacturing have appeared on the scene.Recent developments focus on a new generation of decentralized factory control algorithms known as ‘agent based’.A software agent,first,is a self-directed object,second,has its own value systems and a means of communicating with other such objects,and,third,continuously acts on its own initiative [39].A system of such agents,called a multi-agent system,consists of a group of identical or complementary agents that act together.Agent-based systems encompassing real-time and decen-tralized manufacturing decision-making capabilities have been reported [40].In such a system,each agent,as a software application instance,is respon-sible for monitoring a specific set of resources,namely machines,buffers,or labour that belong to aproduction system,and for generating local alterna-tives upon the occurrence of an event,such as a machine breakdown.Web-based multi-agent system frameworks have also been proposed to facilitate collaborative product development and production among geographically distributed functional agents using digitalized information (Fig.3)[41].The pro-posed system covers product design,manufactur-ability evaluation,process planning,scheduling,and real-time production monitoring.The advances in DMU simulation technologies during the 1990s were the key stone for the emergence of VR and human simulation in digital manufacturing.These advances have led to new fra-meworks that integrate product,process,resource,knowledge,and simulation models within the DMU environment [42].The VR technology has recently gained major inter-est and has been applied to several fields related to digital manufacturing research and development.Virtual manufacturing is one of the first fields that attracted researchers’interest.A number of VR-based environments have been demonstrated,providing desktop and/or immersive functionality for process analysis and training in such processes as machining,assembly,and welding [25,43].Virtual assembly simulation systems focusing on digital shipbuilding and marine industries,incorporating advanced simu-lation functionalities (crane operability,block erec-tion simulation in virtual dock,etc.)have also been introduced by Kim et al.[44].Human motion simula-tion for integrating human aspects in simulation environments has been another key field of interest (Fig.4).Several methodologies for modelling the motion of digital mannequins,on the basis of real human data,have been presented.Furthermore,ana-lysing the motion with respect to several ergonomic aspects,such as discomfort,have been reported [28,30,45].Collaborative design in digital environments is another emerging research and development field.The development of shared virtual environments has enabled dispersed actors to share and visualize data,to interact realistically,as well as to make deci-sions in the context of product and process design activities over the web [46].Research activities have been also launched for the definition and imple-mentation of VR-and augmented-reality-based col-laborative manufacturing environments,which are applicable to human-oriented production systems [47,48].3.2Industrial practices and activitiesIn industrial practice,digital manufacturing aims at a consistent and comprehensive use of digitalmethodsFig.2The DET cornerstones [38]456G Chryssolouris,D Mavrikios,N Papakostas,D Mourtzis,G Michalos,and K Georgouliasof planning and validation,from product develop-ment to production and facility planning.The Accessible Information Technology (AIT)Initiative and its offspring projects launched during the 1990s by the automotive and aerospace industry in Europe have been pioneering in driving digital manufacturing advances,aiming at increasing the competitiveness of industry through the use of advanced information technology in design and manufacturing [49].On that basis,the automotive industry still drives today a number of relevant devel-opments in digital manufacturing.In BMW,the three series at Leipzig has been BMW’s best launch ever,as they achieved 50per cent fewer faults per vehicle and have recorded farbetter process capability measures than in the past because of the use of the simulation of production processes at a very early stage of design [50].Similarly,General Motors has utilized a three-dimensional workcell simulation (iGRIP)provided by digital enterprise lean manufacturing interactive application (DELMIA),allowing the engineers to gen-erate three-dimensional simulations and to translate models created in other commercially available packages.During 2002,Opel utilized DELMIA for the simulation of the production process of its Vectra model allowing for a very fast production launch [51].Finally,computer-aided three-dimensional interac-tive application (CATIA)machining simulation tools have given manufacturing experts at Daimler a chance to test virtually the ‘choreography’for the production of parts,ensuring that the finished pro-duct will meet precise design expectations.At Volvo,DES has been used as a tool for continu-ous process verification in industrial system devel-opment [52].BMW and DaimlerChrysler are also among the users of similar applications [53].General Motors has used DES in several case studies and has demonstrated the ability of using simulation for opti-mizing resources and identifying constraints [54].Ford has also been using computer simulation,in some form or other,for designing and operating its engine manufacturing facilities since the mid-1980s.Case studies in advanced manufacturing engineering for a powertrain at DaimlerChrysler,have identified virtual modelling as an emerging technology for automotive process planners [55].Fig.4Human simulation in digital manufacturing envir-onments [29]Fig.3A web-based multi-agent system framework [41]Digital manufacturing:history,perspectives,and outlook 457。

Monolithic Microreactors Possessing Regular Mesopore Systems for the Succesful Performance

22
pore density
pore diameter AI 20
3
porous pore length
AI 2 0 3 non porous aluminiurn..-....-..:
Fig. 2 Scheme of the anodically formed oxide layer according to the proposed model by Keller et al. [4]
2 Development of a monolithic microreactor
The basic parts of the microreactor were aluminium foils, mechanically microstructured and compressed to a foil stack. This technique was developed by the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe [1,2]. The geometric surface area and the surface area to volume ratio of the stack of micro structured foils were to low for heterogeneously catalysed reactions in order to convert the reactands sufficiently. This has been shown in the partial oxidation of propene using microstructured copper foils [3]. As a consequence, microstructured aபைடு நூலகம்uminium foils were used in this study and the surface was modified resulting in a drastically increased surface area which should also be able to act as support for catalytically active components. For achieving this goal the anodic oxidation of the foils in aqueous oxalic acid was carried out using the experimental setup shown in Figure 1. During a relatively short anodization time

电子制造业NPI及常用英文词汇

电子制造业新产品导入NPI及常用英文词汇产品定义EVT,产品设计DVT,定型测试PVTEVTEngineerVerificationTest工程样品验证测试, DVTDesignVerificationTest设计样品验证测试,PVTProduction/Process/PilotVerificationTest生产验证测试;1产品确证历程：EVTEngineeringVerificationTest--->DVTDesignVerificationTest--->PVTProce ssVerificationTest;2EVTPoduct/EngineeringSpecificationcomplete由R&D完成,内容:一些重要的参数,重要特征DesignVerificationPlanB-test,Compatibility-test,EMI由技服部作初步之BOMR&D完成CostReviewPMP负责TestequipmentandToolingR&D和工程部门Testprocessdocumentedandreleased测试程序或测试文件Failureanalysisandcorrectiveactions针对不良点作设计上的改善3DVTDesignVerificationTestB-test,Compatibility-test,EMIcomplete概念1:可靠性测试:产品在既定的时间内,在特定的条件下完成特定功能和性能的机率概念2:B-test---Basictest 包括:FunctionTestSafetyTestEnvironmentTestMechanicalTest概念3:SafetyTest 主要有:Hit-Pot高压测试绝缘电阻测试CurrentLeakage电流测试接地测试概念4:MechanicalTest主要有VibrationTest振动试验DropTest落体试验概念5:Compatibilitytest---兼容性测试硬件与软件之兼容性硬件与硬件之兼容性概念6:EMITest---抗静电,电磁干扰AgencyCompliancescomplete安规承认测试,安规组负责DesignChangePhasedin设计变更切入MPI&TPI&QII等等制程文件试用的制作完毕BOM进一步修改FailureAnalysisandCorrectiveactions形成AVL----AcceptableVendorList4PVTFailureanalysis/correctiveaction Firstarticleinspectionreviewwithcustomeranddocumented制程安排好,各种制程文件修改并正式发行Operators/Inspectorstraning/certificationprogramC-Test----仅小变更,仅需做change-test变可.此测试可仅针对变更项做ORTTest OnGoingReliability Test---ongoingreliabilitytest连续测试2000小时PMP召开会议---作总结GOor STOP5机构件的3BApprovalTVR---ToolingVerificationReport对生产出来的产品做全尺寸测量Cpk Report ComplexProcessCapabilityindex制程能力报告TVR&Cpk由品保与工程部门共同完成FlowChart----流程图怎样安排制程PMP---ProcessManagementPlan制程安排,制程控制要点,设备,检验方法,检验频率等等FlowChart&PMP由IE制作FAPFinalAuditProgram要求图文并茂试模报告塑料成形条件,冲压成形条件各单件之图面及组件之装配图材质证明书ECN---EngineeringChangeNotice要求及时地切入工程变更工厂/设计产品测试：BVT是BuildVerificationTest,基本验证测试,对完成的代码进行编译和连接,产生一个构造,以检查程序的主要功能是否会像预期一样进行工作;EVT是EngineerVerificationTest,工程样品验证测试;DVT是DesignVerificationTest的简称,设计验证测试,是硬件生产中不可缺少的一个检测环节,包括模具测试、电子性能、外观测试等等;PVT全称为ProcessVerificationTest,意为小批量过程验证测试,硬件测试的一种,主要验证新机型的各功能实现状况并进行稳定性及可靠性测试;EngineeringVerificationTestingEVTIdentifyingdesignproblemsandsolvingthemasearlyinthedesigncycleaspossibl e,,productdesignandperformanceproblemsarenotdetecteduntillateintheprodu ctdevelopmentcycle—whenyou’:Itscostsapennytomakeachangeinengineering, adimeinproductionandadollarafteraproductisinthefield.InthePrototypingstage,EVT,oridentifyareasthatneedtobemodified.Percept’sprovenEVTtestingprocesshelpsclientstoquicklyidentifyandresolv edesignissuesearlyinthedesigncycle,improvingfutureproductperformancewhi lesavingtimeandmoney.EVT:Consistsofbasicfunctionaltests,parametricmeasurements,specificationveri ficationIsperformedonfirstengineeringprototypesEnsuresbasicunitperforma ncetodesigngoalsandspecificationsDVT/EVTDesignVerificationTestingDVTAfterprototyping,theproductismovedtothenextphaseofthedesigncycle:Percept’sthorough,objectiveDVTmethodologydeliversobjective,comprehensi vetestingtoverifyallproductspecifications,interfacestandards,OEMrequire ments,anddiagnosticcommands.DVTisanintensivetestingprogramconsistingoffiveareasoftesting: FunctionalTestingincludingusabilityPerformanceTestingClimaticTestingRel iabilityTestingComplianceTestingProcessorPilotVerificationTestPVT SubsetofDesignVerificationTestsDVTPerformedonpre-productionorproduction unitsVerifiesdesignhasbeencorrectlyimplementedintoproduction CVTCompatibilityVerificationTesting产品定义EVT、产品设计DVT,到定型测试PVT三大阶段是系统化产品研发流程;70&DVT：Design VerificationTest,是由开发样机阶段向生产样机阶段转换所必须的技术评审,DVT阶段：指从EVT评审通过后到DVT评审的阶段;包括模具测试、电子性能、外观测试等.重点是确认：1、是否符合产品定义要求,2、可否批量生产,由项目部输出评审报告;PVT：ProductionVerificationTest,是由生产样机阶段向量产阶段转换所必须的技术评审,PVT阶段：指从DVT评审通过后到PVT评审的阶段;主要验证新机型的各功能实现状况并进行稳定性及可靠性测试;重点是确认：能否量产,由项目部输出评审报告;======================================================================= ==========EVT:EngineeringVerificationTest工程验证测试产品开发初期的设计验证;设计者实现样品时做初期的测试验证,包括功能和安规测试,一般由RDResearch&Development对样品进行全面验证,因是样品,问题可能较多,测试可能会做N次;DVT:DesignVerificationTest设计验证测试解决样品在EVT阶段的问题后进行,对所有信号的电平和时序进行测试,完成安规测试,由RD和DQADesignQualiyAssurance验证;此时产品基本定型;DMT:DesignMaturityTest成熟度验证可与DVT同时进行,主要极限条件下测试产品的MTBFMeanTimeBetweenFailure;HALTHighAcceleratedLifeTest&HASSHighAccelera tedStressScreen等,是检验产品潜在缺陷的有效方法;PVT:Pilot-runVerificationTest小批量过程验证测试,验证新机型的各功能实现状况并进行稳定性及可靠性测试;MVT:Mass-ProductionVerificationTest量产验证测试验证量产时产品的大批量一致性,由DQA验证;MP:Mass-Production 量产电子制造专业术语大集合Engineer工程PE:ProductsEngineer产品工程 Processengineer 制程工程TE:TestEngineer 测试工程ME:ManufacturingEngineer 制造工程;MechanicalEngineer机械工程IE:IndustrialEngineer 工业工程DCC:DocumentControlCenter 文管中心BOM:BillOFMaterial 材料清单ECN:EngineeringChangeNotice 工程变动公告TECN:TemporaryEngineeringChangeNotice 工程临时变动公告ATY:AssemblyTestYield TotalYield 直通率TPM:TotalProductivityMaintenancePM:ProductManager;ProjectManagerECR:EngineeringChangeRequest 工程变更申请ECO:EngineeringChangeRequest 工程变更指令EN:EngineeringNotice 工程通报WPS:WorkProcedureSheet 工作说明书ICT:InCircuitTest 电路测试P/R:pilot run;C/R：controlrun T/R：trialrun试做EVT:engineerVerificationTest 工程验证测试DVT:DesignVerificationTest 设计验证测试MVT:MassVerificationTest 多项验证测试ORT:OnGoingReliabilityTest 出货信赖性测试S/W:software 软件H/W:hardware 硬件DCN:DesignChangeNotice 设计变更通知PVT:ProductionVerificationTest 生产验证测试MTF:ModulationTransferFunction 调整转换功能CAT:CarriageAlignmentTool 载器调整具ID:IndustrialDesign 工业设计外观设计PCBA:PrintedCircuitBoardAssembly 电路板组装F/T:FunctionTest 功能测试CCD:ChargeCoupledDevice 扫描仪之读器ERS:ExternalReferenceSpec 外部规格PMP:ProductionManagementPlan 工程管理计划QA QualityAssurance质量保证QRA:Quality&ReliabilityAssurance质量与可靠性保证MQA:ManufacturingQualityAssurance制造质量保证DQA:DesignQualityAssurance设计质量保证QC:QualityControl质量控制IQC:IncomingQualityControl收益质量控制VQC:VendorQualityControl 售货质量控制IPQC:InProcessQualityControl制程质量控制OQA:OutgoingQualityControl出货质量控制QE:QualityEngineer质量工程AQL:AcceptableQualityLevel可接受的质量水平DPPM:DefectivePiecesPerMillionunits百万件中有损件数PPM:PiecesPerMillion百万分之一CS:CustomService 顾客服务MRB:MarerialReviewBoard DMRDefectiveMaterialReport 材料缺陷报告RMA:ReturnMarerialAdministration 材料回收处理LifeTest寿命测试T/C:TemperatureCycle 温度循环H/T:HighTemperatureTest 高温测试L/T:LowTemperatureTest 低温测试ISO:InternationalStandardOrganization 国际标准化组织SPC:Statisticprocesscontrol 统计过程控制5S:整理.整顿.清理.清扫.素养VMI:VisualMechanicalInspection 外观机构检验MIL-STD:MilitaryStandard 美军标准SPEC:Specification 规格AVL:ApprovalVendorList 合格厂商QVL:QualifiedVendorList 合格厂商FQC:FinalQualityControl 最终质量控制OBA:OpenBoxAudit 成品检验EAR:EngineeringAnalysisRequestFAI:FirstArticleInspection 首件检验VQM:VendorQualityManagement 厂商质量管理CAR:CorrectiveActionRequest 改进对策要求4M:Man;Machine;Material;Method人,机,材,方法5M:Man;Machine;Material;Method;Mwasurment人,机,材,方法,测量MTBF:MeanTimeBetweenFailure平均寿命TTL:TotalFIN Finance&Accounting 财务与账目P&L:Profit&LosePV:PerformanceVariance现象差异3ElementofCost=M,L,OM:Material材料L:Labor人力Overhead管理费用FixOH FixOverhead固定管理费用VarOH VariableOverhead不定管理费用COGS CostOfGoodsSold工厂制造成本AR:AccountReceivable应收AP:AccountPayable应支MIS ManagementInformationSystem资讯管理系统IS:InformationSystem资讯系统IT:InformationTechnology系统技术MRP:MaterialRequisitionPlan材料需求计划I2:InformationIntegrationSystem资迅整合系统SAP:SystemApplicationProgramming系统申请项目ERP:EnterpriseResourceProgramming企业资源项目HRHumanResource人力资源PR:Publicrelation公共关系T/O:TurnOverRate=MonthlyT/OTotalPeople12GR:GeneralAffair总务Organization 组织HQ HeadQuarter总公司Chairmen 主席 Lite-On Group光宝集团President总裁ExecutiveVicePresident常务副总裁VicePresident副总裁HRHumanResource人力资源部FINFinance财务Sales销售R&D:Research&Developing研发部QA:质量保证 QA DQACSMIS:ManagementInformationSystem资迅管理系统PUR 采购 PurchasingIMD:ImageManagementDivision影像管理事业部ITS:InformationTechnologySystem计算机部QRA:QualityReliabilityAssurance品保部MFG:Manufacturing 制造部PMC:Production&MaterialControl生产物料管理Materials材料PC:ProductionControl生产控制MPS:MassProductionSchedule量产计划FGI:FinishedgoodsInventory成品存货UTS:UnitsToStock存货单元WIP:WorkingInProcessInventory在制品C/T:CycleTime循环时间,瓶颈WD:WorkingDays工作天MTD:MonthToDays月初到今日例如总表整理YTD:YearToDays年初到今日SO:SalesOrder销售清单MO:ManufactureOrder制造清单BTO:Build To Order订单生产P/N:PartNumber料号MC:MaterialControl材料控制MRP:MaterialRequisitionPlan材料需求计划INV:Inventory存货清单InvTurnOverDays=INVS/NSBXWD库存周转天数PSI:ProductionShippingInventory预备待出货JIT:JustInTime实时SafetyInventory安全存量CKD:CompletedKitsDelivery全件组装出货SKD:SemiKitsDelivery半件小件组装出货W/H:Warehouse仓库Rec:ReceivingCenter接收中心RawMTL原物料F/G:finishgoods成品Import/Export进出口SI:ShippingInstruction发货指令PL:PackingList包装清单Inv:ShippingInvoice出货发票ETD:EstimatedTimeofDeparture预估离开/发货时间ETA：EstimatedTimeofArrival预估到达/到港时间BL:BillofLanding提货单海运AWB:AirWayBill提货单空运MAWA:MasterAirWayBill主提货单HAWB:HouseAirWayBill副提货单TEU:TwentyfootEquipmentUnitContain二十英尺货柜FEU:FortyfootEquipmentUnitContain四十英尺货柜CY:ContainerYard货柜场THC:TerminalHandingCharge码头费ORC:OriginalReceivingCharge码头费PUR:Purchasing采购FOB:FreeonBoard货运至甲板离岸价CIF:CostInsuranceFreight成本+运费+保险OA:OpenAccount开户TT:TelegramTransfer电汇COD:CashOnDeliveryCRP:CostReductionProgram降低成本方案PR:PurchasingRequisition采购申请PO:PurchasingOrder采购单MFG ManufacturingProduction制造生产DL:DirectorLabor直接人工IDL:IndirectLabor间接人工DLH:DirectLaborHours直接工时Productivity=UTS/DLHPPH:PiecesPerHour每小时件数Efficiency=Actual/Target%DT:MachineDownTime停机时间AI:AutoInsertion自动插入MI:ManualInsertion人工插入SMD:SurfaceMountDevice表面粘着零件SMT:Surfacemounttechnology表面粘着技术B/I:BurnInforhowmanyhoursathowmanydegree烧机WI:WorkInstruction工作说明SOP:StandardOperationProcedure作业指导书R/I:RunIn运转机器ESD:ElectricalStaticDischarge静电释放MP:MassProduction量产。

5- Presentation Dienes Summit 2012 CE

Quench duct 侧吹风 Godet #10 (cooled) with separation roller #10冷辊带分丝辊
Yarn guides 导丝器 Yarn suction unit吸丝系统 Yarn cutter 切丝器 Finish applicator 上油装置 Godet #1 with separation roller #1辊带分丝辊
Approx. 2.700
Collection duct集束甬道 Winder 卷绕头
Ca. 3.000
Three individual frames3个独立机架
2.1 Yarn Spinning and Drawing纤维纺丝和牵伸
Multi-Purpose Draw Section in Industrial Execution多用途牵伸区工业化应用
3. Solution for Special Fiber Fiber Drying-Thermosetting 特种纤维干燥-定型解决方案 4. Conclusion总结
2.1. Yarn Spinning and Drawing纤维纺丝和牵伸
Guide elements for supporting the regeneration of nerves 神经再生导向基材 Surgical sutures 手术缝合
Melt preparation 熔体准备
Melt spinning installations mono & bi-component纺丝液 Wet & gel spinning installations干喷湿纺设备
Inductive heated, cooled and unheated godets 感应制冷制热及冷辊

大学英语四六级考试真题及参考答案

之2001年1月大学英语六级考试真题及参考答案2001年1月大学英语六级考试真题及参考答案一、单选题第1题：Starting with the ________ that there is life on the planet Mars, the seientstwent on to develop his argument.A) premise B) pretext C) foundation D) presentation【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第2题：After several nuclear disasters, a ________ has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A) quarrel B) suspicion C) verdict D) controversy【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第3题：Their diplomatic principles complely laid bare their ________ for world conquest. A) admiration B) ambition C) administration D)orientation【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无第4题：The director gave me his ________ that he would double my pay if I did my job well.A) warrant B) obligation C) assurance D) certainty【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第5题：The Christmas tree was decorated with shining ________ such as colored lights and glass balls.A) ornaments B) luxuries C) exhibits D) complements【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第6题：The two most important ________ in making a cake are flour and sugar .A) elements B) components C) ingredients D) constituents【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第7题：Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A) translation B) transition C) transmission D) transaction【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第8题：We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A) justifications B) illusions C) manifestations D) specifications【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无第9题：No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal. A) respective B) respectable C) respectful D) realistic【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无第10题：If nothing is done to protect the environment, millions of spedes that are alive today will have become ________ .A) deteriorated B) degenerated C) suppressed D) extinct【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第11题：The ________ of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can suceeed in understanding the universe.A) essence B) texture C) content D) threshold【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第12题：The old lady has developed a ________ cough which cannot be cured completely in a short time.A) perpetual B) permanent C) chronic D) sustained【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第13题：What the correspondent sent us is an ________ news report. We can depend on it A) evident B) authentic C) ultimate D) immediate【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无第14题：Having had her as a professor and adviser, I can tell you that she is an_______ force who pushes her students to excel far beyond their own expectations.A) inspirational B) educational C) excessive D) instantaneous【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第15题：Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly ______ to hot, dry winds. They are what we call weather sensitive people.A) subjective B) subordinate C) liable D) vulnerable【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第16题：Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A) cumulative B) destructive C) turbulent D) prevalent【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无第17题：In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A) skeptical B) faithful C) obedient D) subsidiary48. In spite of the ______economic forecasts, manufacturing【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第18题：In spite of the ______economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.A) gloomy B) miserable C) shadowy D) obscure【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第19题：Body paint or face paint is used mostly by men in pre literate societies in order to attract good health or to _______ disease.A) set aside B) ward off C) shrug off D) give away【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无第20题：The international situation has been growing _____difficult for the last few years.A) invariably B) presumably C) increasingly D) dominantly【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第21题：The prisoner was ______ of his civil liberty for three years.A) discharged B) derived C) deprived D) dispatched【正确答案】：C【参考解析】：无第22题：Small farms and the lack of modern technology have ______ agricultural production.A) blundered B) tangled C) bewildered D) hampered【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第23题：The Japanese scientists have found that scents ______ efficiency and reduce stress among office workers.A) enhance B) amplilf C) foster D) magnify【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第24题：All the students have to ______to the rules and regulations of the school.A) confirm B) confront C) confine D) conform【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第25题：He ______ his head, wondering how to solve the problemA) scrapped B) screwed C) scraped D) scratched【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第26题：As soon as the boy was able to earn his own living he ______ his parents' strict rules.A) defied B) refuted C) excluded D) vetoed【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第27题：The helicopter a light plane and both pilots were killed.A) coincided with B) stumbled on C) tumbled to D) collided with【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第28题：To ______ is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such goodcondition that others may also share the enjoyment.A) conserve B) conceive C) convert D) contrive【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第29题：Put on dark glasses or the sun will ______ you and you won' t be able to see.A) discern B) distort C) distract D) dazzle【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第30题：In ______ times human beings did not travel for pleasure but to find a morefavourable climate.A) prime B) primitive C) primary D) preliminary【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无二、阅读理解第31题：Birds that are literally half asleep--with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping--control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birdstended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction. Also, birds dozing(打盹) at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots."We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain，"the researchers say.The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were acompanion and the other eye stayed open.Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals(哺乳动物) as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg(冰山)" He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.1. A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ________ .A) half brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birdsB) half brain sleep is characterized by slow brain wavesC) birds can control their half brain sleep consciouslyD) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest2. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ________ .A) they have to watch out for possible attacksB) their brain hemispheres take turns to restC) the two halves of their brain are differently structuredD) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions3. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that ________.A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespreadB) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of securityC) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of securityD) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror4. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to ________ .A) alert themselves to the approaching enemyB) emerge from water now and then to breatheC) be sensitive to the ever changing environmentD) avoid being swept away by rapid currents5. By "just the tip of the iceberg"( Line 2, Para. 8), Siegel suggests that________ .A) half brain sleep has something to do with icy weatherB) the mystery of half brain sleep is close to being solvedC) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepersD) half brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species1小题>、【正确答案】：C2小题>、【正确答案】：A3小题>、【正确答案】：C4小题>、【正确答案】：B5小题>、【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第32题：A nine year old schoolgirl single handedly cooks up a science fair experiment that ends up debunking(揭穿……的真相) a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic(治疗的) touch (TT for short), whose advocates manipulate patients' "energy field"to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't be detected, even by trained TT practitioners (行医者). Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science."Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U. S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around until they' re in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve Pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $ 70 an hour, to smooth patients' energy, sometimes during surgery.Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof,TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing--something they haven't been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocentfourth grader? Says Emily:"I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."The experiment was straight forward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs left or right and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd done no better than they would have by simply guessing. If there was an energy field, they couldn't feel it.1. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced?A) TT has been in existence for decades.B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch.C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals.D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment.2. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because ________.A) they didn't take the offer seriouslyB) they didn't want to risk their careerC) they were unwilling to reveal their secretD) they thought it was not in line with their practice3. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was ________.A) to see why TT could work the way it didB) to find out how TT cured patients' illnessesC) to test whether she could sense the human energy fieldD) to test whether a human energy field really existed4. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emil's experiment?A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing.B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun.C) It was more straightforward than other experiments.D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment.5. What can we learn from the passage?A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving.B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories.C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners.D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand.1小题>、【正确答案】：C2小题>、【正确答案】：C3小题>、【正确答案】：D4小题>、【正确答案】：D5小题>、【正确答案】：A【参考解析】：无第33题：What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of sys tem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway（高速公路）capacity.Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a specialonramp(入口引道).As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to auto mated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conven tional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition'lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto alane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers(非法进入者) could be swiftly identified by authorities.)Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had settled into autmated travel, the driverwould be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax.1. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways ________.A) are being plannedB) are being modifiedC) are now in wide useD) are under construction2. A special purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that ________.A) it would require only minor changes to existing highwaysB) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiencyC) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehiclesD) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles3. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway?A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to theirdestinations.B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system.C)The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving ontoit.D) The driver should share the automated lane with those of regular vehicles.4. We know from the passage that a car can enter a special purpose lane________.A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional laneB) by way of a ramp with electronic control devicesC) through a specially guarded gateD) after all trespassers are identified and removed5. When driving in an automated lane, the driver ________.A) should harmonize with newly entering carsB) doesn't have to rely on his computer systemC) should watch out for potential accidentsD) doesn't have to hold on to the steering wheel1小题>、【正确答案】：A2小题>、【正确答案】：B3小题>、【正确答案】：C4小题>、【正确答案】：B5小题>、【正确答案】：D【参考解析】：无第34题：Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels;and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is"intelligent." Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day.If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. B. D. --Nervous Break Down."Intelligent'people do not have N.B.D.'s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives.You can begin to think of yourselfas truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Every one who is involved with other humanbeings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflictsand compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old,sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don' t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare.1. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured in termsof one' s ability to read, write and compute ________.A) is a widely held but wrong conceptB) will help eliminate intellectual prejudiceC) is the root of all mental distressD) will contribute to one's self fulfillment2 It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree ________.A) may result in one's inability to solve complex real life problemsB) does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documentsC) may make one mentally sick and physically weakD) does not mean that one is highly intelligent3. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows ________.A) how to put up with some very prevalent mythsB) how to find the best way to achieve success in tireC) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhileD) how to persuade others to compromise4. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that ________.A) difficulties are but part of everyone's lifeB) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in lifeC) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstancesD) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence5. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?A) Those who don't emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N.B. D. ' s.D) Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.1小题>、【正确答案】：A2小题>、【正确答案】：D3小题>、【正确答案】：C4小题>、【正确答案】：A5小题>、【正确答案】：B【参考解析】：无三、完型填空第35题：In the United States, the first day nursery, was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the 1 half of the 19th century; mostof 2 were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day nursery movement received great 3 during the First World War, when 4 of manpower caused theindustrial employment of unprecedented(前所未有) numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established 5 in munitions(军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship. 6 the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose 7 ,this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the yearsfollowing the First World War, 8 , federal,State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control 9 the day nurseries, chiefly by 10 them and by.The 11 of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were 12 called up on to replace men in the factories.On this 13 the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, 14 $ 6,000,000 in July, 1942,for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities 15this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared 16 in daycare centers receiving Federal 17 . Soon afterward, the Federal government 18 cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later 19 them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their 20 at the end ofthe war was only partly fulfilled.1. A) latter C) other B) late D) first2. A) those B) them C) whose D) imitation3. A) impetus B) input C) imitation D) initiative4. A) sources B) abundance C) shortage D) reduction5. A) hardly B) entirely C) only D) even6. A) Because B) As C) Since D) Although7. A) unanimously B) sharply C) predominantly D) militantly8. A) therefore B) consequently C) however D) moreover9. A) over B) in C) at D) about10. A) formulating B) labeling C) patenting D) licensing11. A) outset B) outbreak C) breakthrough D) breakdown12. A) again B) thus C) repeatedly D) yet13. A) circumstance B) occasion C) case D) situation14. A) regulating B) summoning C) allocating D) transferring15. A) expanded B) facilitated C) supplemented D) compensated16. A) by B) after C) of D) for17 A) pensions B) subsidies C) revenues D) budgets18. A) prevalently B) furiously C) statistically D) drastically19 A) abolished B) diminished C) jeopardized D)precluded20. A) nurseries B) homes C) jobs D) chidren1小题>、【正确答案】：B2小题>、【正确答案】：B3小题>、【正确答案】：A4小题>、【正确答案】：C5小题>、【正确答案】：D6小题>、【正确答案】：D7小题>、【正确答案】：B8小题>、【正确答案】：C9小题>、【正确答案】：B10小题>、【正确答案】：A11小题>、【正确答案】：B12小题>、【正确答案】：A13小题>、【正确答案】：B14小题>、【正确答案】：C15小题>、【正确答案】：C16小题>、【正确答案】：D 17小题>、【正确答案】：B 18小题>、【正确答案】：D 19小题>、【正确答案】：A 20小题>、【正确答案】：C 【参考解析】：无。

智能制造SmartProcessManufaturing(英文版)

S MART P ROCESSM ANUFACTURINGAN O PERATIONS AND T ECHNOLOGY R OADMAPP REPARED B Y:S MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURINGE NGINEERING VIRTUAL ORGANIZATIONS TEERING C OMMITTEEN OVEMBER 2009Acknowledgment and Disclaimer"This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0742764." "Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation."© 2008 NSF Engineering Virtual Organization Jim Davis UCLA PI and Tom Edgar UT-Austin Co-PI. “SPM Operations & Technology Roadmap Full Report” is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.A BOUT T HE R EPORTThis Executive Summary is the first installment of a series of report sections that, when brought together, will describe a framework for Smart Process Manufacturing and a consensus-based Operating and Technology Roadmap that reflects priority areas of attention and transition. The report reflects the consensus of a national cross-section of industry leaders involved with plan-ning the future of the process industry, vendors that supply technology solutions for manufactur-ing operations and academic researchers engaged in a range of associated systems research. The information forming the basis of this report was generated during a workshop held in April 2008 and a number of subsequent discussions. Details of the workshop results and the list of partici-pants can be found at:/SMART_PROCESS_MANUFACTURING/This report was compiled and written by an industry-academic team representing the full partici-pation at the workshopJim Davis, UCLA, Los Angeles, CATom Edgar, University of Texas, Austin TXYiannis Dimitratos, DuPont, Wilmington, DEJerry Gipson, Dow, Freeport, TXIgnacio Grossmann, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PAPeggy Hewitt, Honeywell & Abnormal Situation Management Consortium, Toronto, ON, CA Ric Jackson, FIATECH Consortium, Potomac, MDKevin Seavey, Dow, Freeport, TXJim Porter, DuPont (retired), Wilmington, DERex Reklaitis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, INBruce Strupp, CH2M Hill, Atlanta, GAWe wish to extend special recognition toIiro Harjunkoski, ABB AGJerry O’Brien PDCfor their detailed review and input on the report.The participants in the April 2008 Workshop listed below as well as several additional people who have joined the Virtual Organization are the key contributors to the content in this report. Miguel Bagajewicz, University of OklahomaDon Bartusiak, ExxonMobil Research and EngineeringWayne Bequette, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteLarry Biegler, Carnegie Mellon UniversityMaria Burka, NSFPanagiotis Christofides, UCLAPeter Cummings, Vanderbilt UniversityJennifer Curtis, University of FloridaJim Davis, UCLAYiannis Dimitratos, DuPontMario Richard Eden, Auburn UniversityTom Edgar, University of TexasMike Elsass, Ohio State UniversityLarry Genskow, Proctor & GambleChristos Georgakis, Tufts UniversityJerry Gipson, Dow Chemical CompanyIgnacio Grossmann, Carnegie Mellon UniversityJuergen Hahn, Texas A & M UniversityBruce Hamilton, NSFIiro Harjunkoski, ABB AGPeggy Hewitt, HoneywellYinlun Huang, Wayne State UniversitySon Huynh, IBMSara Jordan, IMTIJayant Kalagnanam, IBMDavid Kofke, State University of New York at BuffaloPaul McLaughlin, HoneywellMilo Meixell, Aspen TechAniruddha Mukhopadhyay, ANSYS, Inc.Lakshman Natarajan, British PetroleumCharlie Neal, IMTIRichard Neal, IMTIJerry O’Brien, PDC CorporationJim Porter, DuPontRex Reklaitis, Purdue UniversityMike Sarli, Exxon Mobil Research & EngineeringPete Sharpe, Emerson Process ManagementJeff Siirola, Eastman Chemical CompanyBruce Strupp, CH2M HillJorge Vanegas, Texas A& M UniversityJin Wang, Auburn UniversityCamille Yousfi, ShellS MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURINGAN O PERATIONS AND T ECHNOLOGY R OADMAPM OTIVATING S MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURING (1)T HE B USINESS C ASE AND THE B USINESS T RANSFORMATION (11)T HE T ECHNICAL T RANSFORMATION (23)R OADMAP (28)THE P ATH FORWARD (54)M OTIVATING S MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURING1.0A T ECHNOLOGY R OADMAP BY A N ATIONAL V IRTUAL O RGANIZATIONThe world is experiencing trends and events that are having profound implications for the process manufacturing industry in a global economy. The understanding of uncertainty and risk has become fundamental to managing processes and ensuring optimum economic and environmental operation within a safe and responsible operating envelope. Uncertainties in the availability and cost of oil and natural gas, the exponential growth in data storage, communications and information technology, and the relentless pressure of global competition have led to an unprecedented shift toward the business of change, just-in-time processing, high performance cross-disciplinary teams, and the economics of rapid product, operation and management transitions. Sustainability, environment, health and safety have become major areas of performance emphasis.These are forces that push toward economic and performance metrics of rapid product innovation, proactive situational response, tightly managed product transitions, performance with zero environmental impact and predictive management of production, supply chain, environmental and energy dynamics.The solution to these challenges and opportunities is found in a quantum change in the application and intrinsic assimilation of a model-based, knowledge-enabled environment that addresses a full spectrum of enter prise product, operational and management life cycles. “Smart Process Manufacturin g” (SPM) describes the technology and applied capability in which computationally enabled models are the integrating points for data, expertise, decision and discovery. It is the means of casting data and knowledge into useful forms that can be broadly applied. The knowledge and expertise embodied in SPM need to become key next-generation operating assets and investments so industry can achieve a globally competitive capability. There is already a trend toward SPM and progress is being made, but needed systemic infrastructural capabilities are yet to be delivered to mobilize a knowledge- and model-enabled process industry environment over the entire product and process life cycle. This report frames the priorities for SPM and articulates an industry-academic consensus on the operating and technological roadmap as well as the priority areas of action for achieving infrastructure capability. Specifically, the focus of this SPM roadmap is on the need for fundamental and broad transformation in thinking and approach. Incremental improvements, while useful, will not achieve the full vision and do not lead to the breakthrough innovation and quantum capability shifts that are needed.To support, continue and refine the development of the SPM roadmap, we have formed an industry, academic and government Engineering Virtual Organization (EVO) with start-up funding through the National Science Foundation (NSF). The EVO partnership seeks to define the future state of operational excellence, build a consensus around that definition and move toward the fulfillment of the vision.This report documents the consensus of a national cross-section of industry leaders involved with planning the future of the process industry, vendors that supply technology solutions for manufacturing operations and academic institutions engaged in a range of associated systems research. This report defines Smart Process Manufacturing, establishes the vision and businesscase and presents a detailed technology and operating roadmap of priority areas of action for transitioning to smart operations.Several themes in this report were additionally discussed more generally for U.S. industry in a separate but related workshop on Simulation Based Engineering and Science held in April 2009. The specific statements that coincide have been coordinated, integrated and similarly stated in this related but broader report.11.1T HE E SSENTIAL R OLE OF M ODELS IN S MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURINGA wide range of smart technologies are already being pursued, including Smart Manufacturing, Smart Energy Grids, Smart Water Resources, Smart Equipment, Smart Buildings, and Smart Cities. All are outgrowths of the integrated application of a full spectrum of monitoring, measurement and the application of models and simulations. Smart industries have only begun to embrace the enterprise-wide application of “smart” tech nologies. Knowledge-enabled personnel coupled with knowledge-rich tools and systems are innovating, planning, designing, building, operating, maintaining, supporting and managing facilities in significantly improved ways. It has become clear that holistic, integrated and enterprise approaches to using models provide the basis for a sea-change transition to a fundamentally more predictive mode of decision-making and operation – an operation with a much swifter and more proactive economic and incident-response capability.The full scope of Smart Process Manufacturing extends from requirements, product and process design to execution, delivery and life-cycle support. For our purposes, the major emphasis is on the processing environment, in which raw materials are converted to products via mechanical, chemical or biological processes. This includes both continuous and batch manufacturing,web/film/sheet processes as well as operations that produce intermediates that are essential to the manufacturing processes. In further defining the SPM environment we include planning, scheduling, optimization, monitoring, control and the ability to respond effectively to changing performance drivers. We are interested in the capability, tools and infrastructure that ensure that processes are seeking, at every instant in time, the optimum delivery of the best possible product without interruption, incident or cause for alarm. We are further interested in a high level of responsiveness to market shifts, customer demand, global economics and political and socioeconomic factors.Models are integral and pervasive in the SPM vision. Models provide new capabilities in assessing risk and uncertainty with decisions and the means to transition into proactive, preventive and innovative modes of operation. The “smart” industry is committed to knowledge, discovery and innovation and the ability to validate and rapidly deploy new developments, making it better equipped to drive toward zero emissions and zero incidents. It does this with the full recognition of people as essential resources for success. For SPM to be an economic and performance differentiator, models must be developed, managed and supported as essential infrastructure and key knowledge assets whose value to the organization is perceived as equivalent to physical and human assets.1Workshop Report, “Research Directions: Vision for Research and Development in Simulation-Based Engineering and Science in the Next Decade, S.C. Glotzer and P. T. Cummings, April 22,23, 2009. Also please see Panel Report on International Assessment of Research and Developing in Simulation-Based Engineering and Science, S.C Glotzer, chair and S. Kim, vice chair, World Technology Evaluation Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 2009.In summary, we define Smart Process Manufacturing as:an integrated, knowledge-enabled, model-rich enterprise in which all operating actions are determined and executed proactively applying the best possible information and awide range of performance metrics.1.2T HE R OLE OF C YBERINFRASTRUCTURE IN S MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURINGSmart technologies can be applied today in full concert with the business and manufacturing missions of multiple enterprises and their interconnected supply chains. SPM can enable industry cooperation and enterprise competitiveness for broader economic and social benefit. The development, application and management of models and their consistent and coordinated use across the process enterprise create new skill set requirements. With the investment, commitment and will to deploy for competitiveness, SPM becomes a new market and economic force. Over the next decade, those industries that develop and tap the power of knowledge in models and knowledge through models will be the most competitive.We therefore recognize that SPM is, in itself not sufficient. We must also recognize the key foundational role of cyberinfrastructure (CI), which has been defined by NSF as:the coordinated aggregation of software, hardware and other technologies as well as human expertise to support current and future discoveries and to integrate relevant and often disparate resources to provide a useful, usable and enabling computational and data frameworkcharacterized by broad access.With the recognition that CI is a key shared enabler, achieving the goals of smart manufacturing will require excellence in data and information management, knowledge management and communications across an enterprise and the industry. We identify several technology areas that are essential to this CI:Data interoperability provides the ability to seamlessly exchange electronic product, process and project data between collaborating groups or companies and across design, construction, maintenance and business systems.Networked sensors in massive numbers throughout the enterprise and the surrounding environment will serve data collection workhorses supporting data communications; automated control systems; long- and short-term planning; predictive modeling; optimization; environmental, health and safety (EH&S) management; and other functions. Data fusion and information integration to create useful, accessible knowledge is essential in a network-centric manufacturing environment.A physics- and mathematics-based understanding of material properties underlies the ability to create a rich model-based environment.Multi-scale dynamic modeling and simulation and large-scale optimization are based on understanding and practical development at the detailed level of the process, but applied at the macro/global level of the process, the product, the manufacturing system and the manufacturing enterprise. This capability addresses large-scale cross-company, cross-industry and supply chain problems at strategic, tactical and operational levels. Business planning and scheduling are fully integrated with operational optimization so that decisions and actions are fully informed but made within an operational time window that can have proactive impact. The SPM CI requires significant network, computation, algorithmic and data management capabilities.Scalable, requirements-based multi-level security will enable protection (without impairment of functionality) of systems and information from the vulnerabilities inherent in using commercial off-the-shelf technology networked throughout the manufacturing enterprise and supply chain. Security will be transparent to the user.1.3K EY “S MART”M ANUFACTURING A TTRIBUTESWe summarize the vision of Smart Process Manufacturing in terms of 10 key attributes:1.Smart processes are capable of intelligent actions and responses. They maximizeperformance, cost effectiveness, and profit by planning, continuously monitoring status and impacts of responses and applying learning to determine and implement appropriate action for planned and unplanned situations. Actions and decisions are adaptive,predictive and proactive.2.Operating assets – people, plant, equipment, knowledge, models, databases, etc. – areintegrated and self-aware (via sensors) of their state. Field devices, actuators andoperating equipment have intelligent processing capability with the sensors needed forself-awareness. Every system is able to recognize its condition and publish thatinformation so it, and all other interoperating devices can take immediate and appropriate action.3. A smart manufacturing process can detect and adapt to new situations or perturbations(i.e., abnormal events). By evaluating the present circumstances and applyingcontinuously updated knowledge, processes can determine the best response to anychange in operating conditions, such as a process upset or feedstock variations due tosupply chain changes, business changes or disturbances. Processes have the capacity and flexibility for robust actuation.4.Smart processes have all pertinent information available, accessible and understandableto the parties or functions that need the information. All needed information is available when it is needed, where it is needed and in the form in which it is most useful.5.As proactive operations, smart manufacturing incorporates real-time data sensing toeliminate failure before it happens, to the extent possible.6.Rapid response is especially important because many material transformations occur inmillisecond time frames and require extensive sensing and proactive control.7.Smart manufacturing processes are environmentally sustainable. Sustainablemanufacturing includes reuse, with a life-cycle view of products and processes. Aminimal environmental footprint (energy, water, emissions) is more readily attainable ina smart manufacturing environment because smart processes are designed to monitor andadjust themselves to minimize any and all adverse external impacts.8.Although intelligent automation is a vital component of the smart process environment,the human resource is essential. In the smart environment, human resources (people) are knowledgeable, well-trained, empowered, connected (via cyber tools) and able toadapt/improve the system‟s pe rformance.9.Smart systems recognize the limitations of automation. They provide information andanalyses to trained operators and managers who use human experience to determine and bring about the needed action.10.People are trained and deployed to drive strategic enterprise performance. The smartprocessing environment combines the well-prepared and technology-enabled human with the best technological capabilities to produce the best response in an environment ofdynamic change, uncertainty and risk.Although some of the attributes listed above can be achieved by using best practices in limited venues, applying these technologies in an integrated manner dramatically expands the capability and capacity of the smart process environment. In the future, a smart manufacturing process will effectively screen among the information available for operation and acquire and integrate that information from both internal and external systems in order to optimize the performance of the manufacturing system. It will have the capability to “self-integrate” within an interoperable environment. Models and information systems will plug and play to achieve instant interoperability and allow the selection and use of best-in-class tools, regardless of the vendor.1.4T HE P ATHWAY TO A S MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURING P ROGRAMThe roots of the SPM activity can be found in the vision of leaders from major process industries, universities and government who came together in support of the goal of a new level of dynamic responsiveness in the chemical processing industry. An NSF-sponsored workshop to examine the interaction of cyberinfrastructure and chemical and biological processes in U.S. competitiveness was conducted in September 2006. One of the major findings was that Smart Process Manufacturing represents a national priority and a “grand challenge” worthy of priority pursuit by industry, academia and government.An NSF grant was awarded to create an industry-academic steering committee and national Engineering Virtual Organization with the stated objectives of building a constituency to develop the SPM initiative, generate a technology roadmap and move toward implementation. A roadmap development workshop was conducted at NSF in April 2008 to develop objective goals and requirements structured around the operational model shown in Figure 1.In presenting the results of that workshop and related research as a technology roadmap, this document becomes the basis for focused discussion on the vision, technology and operating changes that are needed, the path forward and a guide to future technology investments.Figure 1. The Smart Process Manufacturing functional model provides a logical,hierarchical framework for development of a technology roadmap.To facilitate information gathering in the April workshop, three major management areas, as shown, were desig nated as the “pillars” of process manufacturing operations.Technology Management addresses the technological resources required to sustain,protect and improve the operations of the manufacturing enterprise.Systems and Facilities Management provides the oversight and assurance of readiness of the plant assets to execute all needed functions within the defined operating envelope.Enterprise Management takes an integrated view of all enterprise activities, including the integration of various functions within and across organizational boundaries. Equally applicable to each of the pillars, key cross-cutting enablers were identified. The enablers include people, sustainable manufacturing practices and exemplary ES&H practices: •People are the most important asset. Creation of a skilled and trusted workforce requires a strategic commitment to education and training, and to changing the mind-set and culture to support the future-state vision. A significant aspect of valuing knowledgeable workers is the capture and reuse of their knowledge and experience.•“Green,” sustainable practices must be instilled in all management areas of the operation to the point that they are core business drivers that guide all planning and operations.• A Smart Process Manufacturing facility is not only cost effective, but also safe andhealthy, because safety is a core business driver that guides operations and cannot becompromised. SPM operations see EH&S goals as performance objectives and develop capability to quickly, efficiently and safely deal with both actual and potential faults,whether accidental or deliberate.1.5T HE T RANSFORMATIONS T O S MART P ROCESS M ANUFACTURINGA full realization of the SPM environment involves revolutionary and transformational change in both the business and technical arenas (Tables 1 and 2). The technology roadmap for Smart Process Manufacturing provides a migration plan and research agenda to expedite the realization of these visionary ideas.Table 1.Smart Process Manufacturing Business TransformationsFrom To ResultsInvestment in Facilities Investment inKnowledge-EmbeddedFacilitiesInvestment and management offacilities and knowledge are equallyimportant.Reactive Proactive Economic optimization is achieved byanticipation and decision,understanding probability, risk andimpact.Response Prevention Sensing, modeling and analysis areused to predict events and operationsare controlled to mitigate the impact. Compliance Performance Zero-incident EH&S is part of theperformance culture.Tactical Strategic Requirements become opportunities,optimizing total enterprise operation. Local Global Every decision must be made in thecontext of a globally competitiveenvironment.Table 2.Smart Process Manufacturing Technical Transformations From To ResultsOne-Off Models in Operations Models Integrated IntoOperationsThere must be pervasive, coordinated,consistent and managed application ofmodels.Dispersed Intelligence DistributedIntelligenceData, information, knowledge, modelsand expertise are available and used tomake decisions at the right time andplace.Unintelligent Systems Self-Aware Systems There must be autonomous systemsthat understand their role andperformance in the enterprise andsystems that take action to optimizeperformance.Proprietary Systems Interoperable Systems Systems must communicate throughstandard protocols for informationsharing, capability and best-in-classcomponents.Unpredictable Industry Predictable Industry Operations within defined operatingenvelopes must be performed withpredictable impacts.We have characterized the technologies, practices and resources needed to achieve the transformations as five “roadmap lanes” to convey the need to develop and implement operational technology and practice in five distinct areas and to commit to a journey of activity to achieve SPM.Data to KnowledgeKnowledge to Operating ModelsOperating Models to Key Plant AssetsModels as Key Plant Assets to Global ApplicationPeople, Knowledge and Models to a Combined Key Performance IndicatorThe “lane” concept emphasizes that although there will be s equential and dependent activities the “lanes” must be addressed with an integrated and coordinated plan.Lane 1: Data to Knowledge– In an SPM environment, the right data will be collected from the right sources in ways that are far more efficient than possible today. The data will be analyzed and compiled to produce useful information. When information is used in the context of the design, expectations, experience, rules, models and forecasts, it can become knowledge that accelerates the attainment of business and operational objectives with more effective adaptation to novel situations.Smart Process Manufacturing dictates that the data to knowledge lane be “wide” enough and time-dependent to assimilate all of the data and knowledge needed to realize a smart operation. For the smart process, knowledge must support appropriate decision-making in a continuously changing environment with management of uncertainty and risk being a high-priority requirement.It is important to note that knowledge acquisition has many pathways. Some knowledge is processed from available data and information; some is mined from data sources; and other knowledge is captured from experience or directly from subject-matter experts. This roadmap lane accommodates knowledge acquired from all sources.Lane 2: Knowledge to Operating Models– An operating model is an applied representation of knowledge. It describes the necessary levels of integration and standardization needed to achieve the smart process goals. We can visualize the capture and application of knowledge to create models that accurately represent the components and materials in a process, and the operations, interactions and transformations of these materials and components. The application of knowledge will provide the capability to build operating models that provide real-time, dynamic management and control.Lane 3: Operating Models to Key Plant Assets– Roadmap Lane 3 represents a milestone level moving the use of multi-scale operating models into a knowledge-based level of integrated plant usage. Models embody operating knowledge and experience that is as critically important as the physical facilities. There is a critical and integrated system of models that will need to be managed as key plant assets. There are two important dimensions to this roadmap lane: 1) aggregated operating models are used to plan, create, operate and manage the long term quality of plant performance through enhanced coordination of people, models and facilities; and 2) detailed models are key plant assets along with the facilities, data, material technology and the expert, trained and experienced workforce that are used to plan, control and manage each of the components of the SPM enterprise.Lane 4: Models as Key Plant Assets to Global Application– Leading process manufacturing companies are increasing the use of modeling, smart facilities and knowledge-based systems to integrate, manage and control their operations, yielding enterprise-wide optimization with cost and performance breakthroughs. Process industries see the entire world as both their market and their operating locations. Hence, the concept of plant assets must be scalable to global application and beyond enterprise walls through smart collaboration processes. An obvious next step is to exploit and integrate continuing advances in process control, situation analysis and production management to similarly benefit and expedite these wider external relationships beyond traditional enterprise boundaries. Language, cultural, regulatory and other differences must be addressed. The success of global business relationships requires that companies reach consensus on communications among their operational systems, share information while protecting their intellectual property and competitive advantage, and create flexible and。

AIX模拟器(PC)安装成功systemsim_installation

1© International Business Machines Corporation. All rights reserved.IBM Full-System Simulator: Overview and InstallationUpdated: March 2006The IBM Full-System Simulator, internally referred to as “Mambo,” has been developed and refined by theIBM Austin Research Lab (ARL) in conjunction with several large system design projects built upon theIBM Power architecture. As an execution-driven, full-system simulator, the IBM Full-System Simulator hasfacilitated the experimentation and evaluation of a wide variety of system components for core IBMinitiatives. The IBM Full-System Simulator for PowerPC 970, available from the IBM alphaWorksEmerging Technologies web site, enables development teams both within IBM and externally tosimulate a PowerPC 970 system in order to develop and enhance application support for this platform.This document introduces the IBM Full-System Simulator for PowerPC 970 installation environment,summarizes hardware and software prerequisites, describes procedures to install and run a defaultsimulator, and provides troubleshooting information to isolate and fix a potential installation problems.Simulation Interfaces and ToolsThe IBM Full-System Simulator is a complete simulation infrastructure that enables systems and software developers to run a variety of data collection and analysis tools to gather multiple types of system metrics at varying levels of granularity. Users also can launch a number of visualization tools to interactively monitor system behavior and diagnose potential performance bottlenecks. Figure 1 provides an overview of the IBM Full-System Simulator’s application tools and interfaces:Figure 1. IBM Full-System Simulation Interfaces and Tools2IBM Full-System Simulator: Overview and Installation © IBM Corporation. All rights reserved.The IBM Full-System Simulator's functional fidelity and runtime performance allow a full operating system, such as Linux, to be run interactively in simulation—in this manner, the simulator provides applications that require inter-process or complex operating system interactions with a complete environment. In addition to this full operating system mode,the IBM Full-System Simulator provides a “standalone” environment for self-contained applications, in which the simulator intercepts and marshals the application’s system calls to the underlying host to optimize execution. Preplanning the Simulation EnvironmentThe IBM Full-System Simulator installation sets up the hardware and software infrastructure, development tools, and system services required to start running and using the simulator. The topics in this section describe important installation information to consider before installing your simulation system.Installation TopologyThe IBM Full-System Simulator installation package contains the base installation files and object code for the simulator. The installation alsoprovides scripts and makefiles to build and configure supportinginfrastructure components, such as the PowerPC toolchain, 64-bit PowerPCL inux kernel, and 64-bit PowerPC rootdisk. For example, a providedmakefile downloads the necessary build tools, binary utilities, and source for GCC, GL IBC, and Unix utilities, and includes steps to build and configure a 64-bit PowerPC Linux kernel and rootdisk. Figure 2 illustratesthe standard execution topology for the simulatorOnce built, the rootdisk image provides a snapshot of a functioning Linux system that is available inside the IBM Full-System Simulator, including all libraries and debuggers that are required to run an actual Linux system—all of which enables the simulator to provide the appropriate run-time support to run applications as they are executed in an actual Linux environment. The IBM Full-System Simulator is designed to optimize the execution of the Linux kernel by reading contents of the rootdisk image as the simulator traverses the root filesystem.Installation RequirementsBefore installing any simulator components, verify that your system meets the following minimum hardware and software requirements.The IBM Full-System Simulator is supported on machines with a minimum of 3 GB of available hard disk space toinstall the core simulator files and rootdisk image. The simulator must be created and installed on a non-networked directory.The minimum amount of RAM must equal twice the amount of simulated memory—for example, if the simulator is simulating a system with 256 MB of RAM, the host system must have at least 512 MB of RAM.The simulator is supported on RedHat Linux v8.0, RedHat Linux v9.0, RedHat Enterprise Linux v3, Fedora Core 2,Fedora Core 3, and Fedora Core 4.Root privileges are required to build the rootdisk image ; ensure that you are authorized with the correct privileges before building the rootdisk.Processor IBM Full-System Simulator Kernel Figure 2. Multiprocessor System Simulation Processor Rootdisk . . .3Creating and Installing the IBM Full-System Simulator Environment Obtaining Installation Media for Your SystemInstallation media for the IBM Full-System Simulator for PowerPC 970 is available from the IBM alphaWorks Emerging Technologies web site for the following Linux platforms:Creating and Installing the IBM Full-System Simulator EnvironmentTo run the simulator, complete the following series of procedures to build a PowerPC toolchain, a 64-bit PowerPC Linux kernel, and a 64-bit PowerPC rootdisk. Once built, the IBM Full-System Simulator provides a complete simulation environment that includes all available data collection and visualization tools, Tcl commands, and call-thru interfaces.“Troubleshooting Your Installation” on page 7 describes information about installation issues that you may encounter. DOWNLOAD AND EXTRACT SIMULATOR BINARY FILES1.Download the IBM_SystemSim_alphaworks_sdk_x _y _.tar.bz2 package from the IBM alphaWorksEmerging Technologies web site, as outlined in the previous “Obtaining Installation Media for Your System”section. To determine the version of Linux that is installed on your system, type the following rpm command at the command line:rpm -qa | grep release2.Extract files from the package; the following sample tar command extracts the base installation files:tar xjf {installation_directory }/IBM_SystemSim_alphaworks_sdk_x .tar.bz2where {installation_directory } is the directory that contains the installation tar file, and x is the current version of the binary. The tar command extracts files in the package into the ibmsim directory.Table 1-1. Installation Matrix for Host Systems a.Package names follow the naming convention: IBM_SystemSim_alphaworks_sdk_x _y _z _.tar.bz2, where x specifies the host platform, y specifies the host L inux version, and z is the most current version of the binary that is available from the IBM alphaWorks Emerging Technologies web site.SystemSim_x86_rh8_2.0.tar.bz2Supported on RedHat Linux v8.0 and RedHat Linux v9.0b running onan x86 machine.b.Installing IBM_SystemSim_alphaworks_sdk_x86_rh8_y _.tar.bz2 on RedHat Linux v9.0 may require you to create symbolic links to point the Linux libraries to the files in the simulator. The “Troubleshooting Your Installation” on page 7 describes steps to resolve this issue.7.9 MBSystemSim_x86_rhel3_2.0.tar.bz2Supported on RedHat Enterprise Linux v3, Fedora Core 2, and Fedora Core 3 running on an x86 machine.7.7 MBSystemSim_x86_fc4_2.0.tar.bz2Supported on Fedora Core 4 running on an x86 machine.7.7 MBSystemSim_ppc_sles9_2.0.tar.bz2Supported on SUSE LINUX Enterprise Server 9 running on a PowerPC machine.7.7 MBSystemSim_ppc_fc4_2.0.tar.bz2Supported on Fedora Core 4 running on a PowerPC machine.7.8 MBCREATE A POWERPC TOOLCHAIN1.Build the PowerPC toolchain via the makefile provided in the ibmsim/toolchain directory. This step requires anInternet connection in order to access the required tools, libraries, and files from third-party web sites.The toolchain build operation is a fairly lengthy process—it may be useful to concurrently developthe PowerPC rootdisk image. See the “Create a PowerPC Root Environment” procedure forinstructions on building a rootdisk.Change to the toolchain directory:cd ibmsim/toolchaine the make command to compile the toolchain:make toolchain_allCREATE A POWERPC LINUX KERNEL1.Once the toolchain is constructed, build a 64-bit PowerPC Linux kernel with the makefile provided in theibmsim/toolchain directory. Change to the toolchain directory:cd ibmsim/toolchaine the make command to compile the kernel:make kernel_allCREATE A POWERPC ROOT ENVIRONMENTComplete the following procedures to build a 64-bit PowerPC rootdisk:Root privileges are required to build the rootdisk image; ensure that you areauthorized with the correct privileges before completing the steps in this section.No system files are modified while running the build process as root. IBMrecommends viewing the build_rootdisk target in the Makefile to learn about thesequence of steps in this automated process.ARL has chosen Gentoo Linux for the simulator root environment. Other operating systems may workas well, with the provision that the contents of the inittab file may differ.1.Build a 64-bit PowerPC root environment with the makefile provided in the ibmsim/toolchain directory. Changeto the toolchain directory:cd ibmsim/toolchaine the make command to compile the kernel:make build_rootdiskRunning the IBM Full-System SimulatorThe installation process described in “Creating and Installing the IBM Full-System Simulator Environment” installs and configures a local instance of the simulator, which contains a default .systemsim.tcl file that can be used to configure4IBM Full-System Simulator: Overview and Installation© IBM Corporation. All rights reserved.machine definitions and environment settings that are loaded when the simulator starts. At startup, the simulator loads instructions in .systemsim.tcl to set up default simulation behavior. Alternatively, a custom Tcl file may be created from the default .systemsim.tcl file to start up and configure a simulation environment with system-specific settings.To view and modify simulation settings in your simulation environment, open the .systemsim.tcl file in a text editor, for example such as emacs:emacs ibmsim/simulators/systemsim-gpul-release/run/gpul/linux/.systemsim.tclOnce the simulation environment is installed and configured, either the IBM Full-System Simulator graphical user interface or the command line can be used to configure components of the microprocessor model, generate performance metrics with new or revised configurations, and run workloads on the modeled architecture. The command line interface also can be used to perform a number of operations on the simulator itself, such as adding commands to control a simulation, or starting data collection and visualization tools. The following procedures describe how to start a simulation from the command line and graphical user interfaces.TO START A SIMULATION FROM THE COMMAND LINE INTERFACE1.The IBM Full-System Simulator is launched from the ibmsim/simulators/systemsim-gpul-release/run/gpul/linux directory. Change to the linux directory and start the simulator command line interface:cd ibmsim/simulators/systemsim-gpul-release/run/gpul/linux../run_cmdlineThe default run_cmdline behavior is to read Tcl commands defined in .systemsim.tcl. The following command line options are available to modify the simulator startup:-f {file}Overrides the .systemsim.tcl file to start the simulator with the specified Tcl file.-g Starts the graphical user interface. ARL also provides the ../run_gui command to start the graphical user interface. See page6 for a procedure to launch the simulator graphical user interface.-n Does not open an XTerm for the console.-q Runs the simulator in quiet mode. Quiet mode suppresses the printing of the IBM legal notice on startup and the periodic printing of the number of instructions being executed. Quiet mode istypically used for running regression tests, in which the varying speed or load of the host processor isexpected to change simulator output in uncontrollable ways.Running the IBM Full-System Simulator56IBM Full-System Simulator: Overview and Installation © IBM Corporation. All rights reserved.The IBM Full-System Simulator launches the simulation console window, which displays output of the simulated machine and allows users to configure and interact with the simulation. Figure 3 displays a sample console at the Linux prompt after the simulator has booted Linux.Figure 3. Sample Simulator Console Window During Linux Boot 2.To interrupt a simulation, type CTRL+C at the simulator command line. The simulator stops the simulation and returns to the systemsim % command line prompt.3.To resume the simulation, type the mysim go command at the systemsim % command line prompt, as follows:mysim go4.To end the simulation session, type quit at the systemsim % command line prompt.TO START THE SIMULATOR GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACEAs with the simulator command line interface, the graphical interface is launched from the ibmsim/simulators/systemsim-gpul-release/run/gpul/linux directory. To start the IBM Full-System Simulator in the graphical user interface mode, change to the linux directory and run the run_gui command:cd ibmsim/simulators/systemsim-gpul-release/run/gpul/linux../run_guiAlternatively, you can start the graphical user interface with the -g option to the run_cmdline command, as follows:../run_cmdline -gLinux command linesimulated Linux consoleThe IBM Full-System Simulator launches the SystemSim GPUL graphical user interface (GUI) that provides a set of tools to monitor and debug a simulation.Figure 4. Simulator Graphical User Interface with PC Tracker ToolThe IBM Full-System Simulator GUI is most commonly used to perform the following operations:Debugging. The simulator GUI provides a number of tools and features to accomplish low-level debugging tasks, such as disassembling instructions at the assembly level or monitoring registers during a simulation. Forexample, the PC Tracker tool shown in Figure4 displays the logical sequence of instructions.Performance tracking. The simulator GUI provides tools to monitor performance of system components in a simulation.Troubleshooting Your InstallationTopics in this section describe potential problems and provide solutions to issues that you may encounter during installation or while using the simulator.QUESTION:I am encountering problems when I try to install the IBM Full-System Simulator on a networked drive.SOLUTION:Installing on a networked machine is not recommended. ARL recommends that you install the IBM Full-System simulator on a local hard-drive to avoid installation problems associated with machinepermissions or download issues.Troubleshooting Your Installation7QUESTION:I receive the following error related to shared Tcl/Tk libraries when trying to launch the IBM Full-System Simulator:../../../bin/systemsim-gpul: error while loading shared libraries:libtcl.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directorySOLUTION:The names of Tcl and Tk libraries is most often dependent on the host operating system—some versions name the Tcl and Tk libraries as libtcl.so and libtk.so, respectively. The IBM Full-SystemSimulator, however, references the Tcl and Tk libraries as libtcl.so.0 and libtk.so.0. To resolve thisissue, create new symbolic links to point the Linux libraries to the files in the simulator. With rootpermissions, type the following ln commands in the /usr/lib directory:ln -s libtcl.so libtcl.so.0ln -s libtk.so libtk.so.0QUESTION:I receive the following error related to shared C++ libraries when trying to launch IBM Full-System Simulator:../../../bin/systemsim-gpul: error while loading shared libraries:libstdc++.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directorySOLUTION:This error occurs if you have installed a version of the IBM Full-System Simulator that is not compatible with your system environment, or if you have installed the simulator on an unsupportedversion of Linux. See “Preplanning the Simulation Environment” on page2 for information aboutIBM Full-System Simulator installation requirements on supported platforms.8IBM Full-System Simulator: Overview and Installation© IBM Corporation. All rights reserved.。

Presentation_SGPPL_2015 EN 6.0

We sell high performance PROPERTIES - friction, purity, barrier/permeability, optical and insulating – generally in the form of a surface.
• •
•
We sell solutions and not just products
One of the world’s
most innovative companies*
*Source: Thomson Reuters
3
350 years of history
Saint-Gobain diversifies into new markets and new products Refocus on materials with a high technology content and entry into building distribution and plasterboard Saint-Gobain celebrates its 350th anniversary
We are able to manufacture 10’s to 1,000,000,000’s of custom engineered – differentiated components Quality, product approvals, and product certifications are critical in our applications so we have a very strong application engineering and testing capability, as well as, the manufacturing infrastructure to support these certifications.

MANDO suspension_presentation_040316

Iksan（益山） Suspension （悬架系统）
Youngin Chassis Module
（底盘模块）
Domestic Networks （国内网络）
Gunpo Office （总部）
Seoul
Central R&D Center （中央研究所）
Brake System Operations （制动厂）
ÂÂ MMaasstteerr CCyylliinnddeerrss （（总总泵泵））
ÂÂ VVaaccuuuumm BBoooosstteerrss （（真真空空助助力力器器））
ÂÂ VVaallvveess （（阀阀门门）） ÂÂ AABBSS SSyysstteemmss
（（防防抱抱死死制制动动系系统统））
Brake （制动）
Products （产品）
-Caliper Brake, Drum Brake - Master Cylinder - Vacuum Booster, Valves - ABS - TCS
Steering （转向）
- Intermediate Shaft, Steering Column - Steering Gear Box - Electronic Controlled Power Steering - Iron Casting
Offices
• Frankfurt (Germany)
N. AMERICA
Affiliates
• Mando America Corporation (U.S.A.)
ASIA
Affiliates
• Autoventure Mando (Malaysia)
• Mando Brake Systems India (India) • Mando (Suzhou) Chassis System (China) • Mando (Beijing) Automotive Chassis System (China) • Mando (Harbin) Automotive Chassis System (China) • Mando (Beijing) Automotive Components R&D Center Company Ltd. (China) • Autoliv Mando (Korea) • MEISTER (Korea)

智能制造英文版

Intelligent manufacturingAn overviewIntelligent manufacturing deep in artificial intelligence research。

Generally think that intelligence is the sum of knowledge and intelligence, the former is the basis of intelligence， the latter is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge to solve。

Intelligent manufacturing should contain intelligent manufacturing technology and intelligent manufacturing system。

The intelligence technique of manufacture is refers using the computer simulation marks intelligen t activities such as expert’s analysis, judgment, inference， idea and decision-making and so on, and fuses organically these intelligent activity and the intelligent machine, applies its penetration in entire manufacture enterprise’s each subsystem (e。

g。

management decision—making, purchase，product design, productive plan, manufacture, assembly, quality assurance and market sale and so on）。

Manufacturing System

夾具的組成元件
• • • • • • 在夾具中的作用、地位及結構特點，組成夾只的元件可分為以下各類 (1) 定位元件及定位裝置 (2) 夾緊元件及夾緊裝置 (3) 夾具體 (4) 對刀及導引元件裝置（包括刀具導引元件，對刀裝置及靠模裝置） • (5) 動力裝置 • (6) 分度、對定裝置 • (7) 其他元件及裝置(包括夾具各部份相互連接用的以及夾具與機器相連接用的鎖緊螺釘、銷、鍵和各Manufacturing systems
• Types of operations performed作業種類 • Number of workstations and system layout 工作站數目與系統佈置# • Level of automation自動化程度# • Part or product variety工件或產品的多樣性#
Production machines
• Manually operated machines例傳統機床 • Semi-automated machines(needs worker to load/unload and setup workpart)例CNC 機具 • Fully automated machines(no human attention)例射出成型機 • Workstation工作站to refer to a location in the factory where some well-defined task or operation is accomplished.#
• Human resources are required either full-time or periodically to keep the system running全時段或週期性的人力資源需求，以確保系統運轉

ElringKlinger_Company_Presentation 201608

ElringKlinger
Company Presentation
ElringKlinger
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Company and Group information PTFE/ MoldflonTM Materials product portfolio automotive application development und test bench certifications
Asia Ranjangaon, India Changchun, PR China Suzhou, PR China Qingdao, PR China Gumi, South Korea Seoul, South Korea Tokyo, Japan Saitama, Japan Karawang, Indonesia Bangkok, Thailand
8/29/2016
Company Presentation
3
ElringKlinger
At the heart of the key issues of the automotive industry
Replacing metal by plastic
Lowering emissions
Optimizing the combustion engine “Downsizing“
ElringKlinger Engineered Plastics (Qingdao) Co., Ltd. Shandong Province employees: 14 application engineering and distribution of high performance plastics (PTFE) components for Asia region

面向服务系统设计的服务需求模型

第15卷第4期计算机集成制造系统Vol.15No.42009年4月Computer Integrated Manufacturing SystemsApr.2009文章编号:1006-5911(2009)04-0661-09收稿日期:2008206204;修订日期:2008210221。

Received 04J une 2008;accepted 21Oct.2008.基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(60673025);国家863计划资助项目(2006AA01Z167,2006AA04Z165)。

Found ation items :Project sup 2ported by t he National Nat ural Science Foundation ,China (No.60673025),and t he National High 2Tech.R &D Program ,China (No.2006AA01Z167,2006AA04Z165).作者简介:莫　同(1981-),男,回族,辽宁沈阳人,哈尔滨工业大学企业与服务智能计算研究中心博士研究生,主要从事服务建模、服务系统构建等的研究。

E 2mail :motong_hit @ 。

面向服务系统设计的服务需求模型莫　同,徐晓飞,王忠杰(哈尔滨工业大学企业与服务智能计算研究中心,黑龙江　哈尔滨　150001)摘　要:为全面、准确地描述顾客日益复杂和个性化的服务需求,支持服务系统半自动化设计,提出一种新的多视图服务需求模型。

该模型从交互流程、组织、资源和信息四个方面对服务需求进行抽象,提取出相应的模型要素,给出建模一致性规则和建模过程。

通过海运物流服务实例,说明了如何建立服务需求模型。

此外,还将该模型与常见服务模型进行了对比分析,并展示了建模工具原型系统。

关键词:服务工程;模型驱动;服务系统设计;服务模型与服务建模;服务需求模型;服务模型驱动体系结构中图分类号:TP399 文献标识码:AService requirement model for service system designMO Tong ,X U X iao 2f ei ,W A N G Zhong 2j ie(Center of Intelligent Computing of Enterprises &Service ,Harbin Institute of T echnology ,Harbin 150001,China )Abstract :In order to represent increasingly complicated and diversified service requirements thoroughly and accurate 2ly ,a new Service Requirement Model (SRM )was presented in our service engineering methodology “Service Model Driven Architecture ”(SMDA ).In SRM ,key elements of service requirement were abstracted f rom four perspec 2tives :interaction process ,organization ,resource and information and the rules of SRM modeling were proposed.A case of ocean logistics was presented to reveal SRM construction process.Finally ,comparison between SRM and other service models was conducted ,and a prototype system for SRM modeling tool was also briefly introduced.K ey w ords :service engineering ;model driven ;service system design ;service model &modeling ;service require 2ment model ;service model driven architecture0　引言服务业的飞速发展和越来越重要的经济地位,使得服务开始成为学术界、教育界和企业界关注的热点[1]。

ITGC_introduction(信息系统控制介绍)

© 2007 Protiviti Inc. All Rights Reserved. This document is for your company’s internal use only and may not be distributed to any other third party.
6
5
IT一般控制的主要流程
IT一般控制的主要流程包括：系统开发系统变更安全管理安全制度帐号管理机房进入授权网络安全配置管理安全日志检查防病毒管理版权和资产管理后台数据修改运维管理机房环境控制数据备份与恢复故障处理服务商管理
© 2007 Protiviti Inc. All Rights Reserved. This document is for your company’s internal use only and may not be distributed to any other 07 Protiviti Inc. All Rights Reserved. This document is for your company’s internal use only and may not be distributed to any other third party.
15
系统开发
• 定义对系统由购买、开发、测试到生产上线的管理过程 • 意义确保系统的开发以一个可控制的方式管理，确保开发的系统符合业务需求。控制系统的权限以确保系统资料的完整性、准确性。 • 主要控制目标应有适当的流程和控制确保系统能符合业务的要求。只有经过适当审批并经过合理测试的系统才可在正式环境中使用。
安全管理

浅谈智能计算

•一群蚂蚁同心协力搬大食物 •可用来设计多机器人合作规划问题 •算法:
– 一群蚂蚁随机出发找食物 – 遇到大食物, 先调整方向使食物处在自己和目标之间 – 推动食物 – 群体推动,计算其合力……
例
•阿尔伯塔大学设计几个小机器人共同推盒子的实验
3.1.5. 任务分配问题在蚁群中, 蚂蚁的职责分工明确蚁皇工蚁设计了求解分配问题的蚂蚁算法并应用于用于求解任务分配问题汽车喷漆问题
1. 证明规划算法与SVM算法的等价性 2. 给出求解最大边缘解的多项式算法和几何算法 3. 给出核函数存在性的证明 4. 给出求解核函数的多项式的算法 5. 研究支持向量认配核函数的关系证明样本集中的任何非空子集 D,均存在一核函数, 其支持向量集恰等于 D 这个结论大大出乎意料因为原先大多数人都认为支持向量集是样本集中相对稳定的子集. 我们的结论深刻揭示了核函数与支持向量集之间的关系 6. 给出构造性的核函数算法以上的研究推动了机器学习理论和方法的发展
我们对群体智能的研究别开生面从生物进化的观点研究群体智能提出生物进化观点
3.2.2 进化的观点我们别开生面,从进化的过程来理解群体智能的现象, 我们认为 1 人与蚂蚁都是从共同的祖先进化来的一支进化成高等动物包括人及其大脑一支进化成群居昆虫如蚁群等,故其中必有共同之处
2 人的智能是人的脑袋的功能的表现, 那么将群体如蚁群看成是离散的脑袋脑袋可看成是连接的群体那么它具有智能就不奇怪了
•一群蚂蚁由Α点同时出发进行漫游倾向选较近的城市 •把所有城市都游过后返回并留下外激素其量与路程长度成反比 •所有蚂蚁都返回后图上留下外激素的标志 •进行第二轮的漫游倾向选激素多的路径 ……..

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Emphasis Areas - MES
Phases 1 & 2 Underway, mostly Product/CAD data management Phase 3 in Scope Definition stage, includes Mfg PLM, ME/IE Input Needed Functional Contact: Robert D Borchelt & Roger D Cagwin IT Contact: Various
Emphasis Areas – MES (NGMES/Apriso)
NGMES-Assembly deployed at DEP, BFCEC, TCL2 NGMES-Assembly deployments at CFSW, CFSC, COE’s – Houston and Singapore, SEP, CESMP underway NGMES- Machining in Design/Development Functional Contact: Robert D Borchelt IT Contact: Jack Tregoning
Feedback Required
Names of Manufacturing Representatives to participate in Mfg PLM design activities Plans for new implementations of standard Manufacturing IT Software applications in 20122016 timeframe Identification of other software applications that may be appropriate candidates for standardization (i.e. Atlas-Copco’s “Toolsnet” software)
Emphasis Areas - PLM
Phases 1 & 2 Underway, mostly Product/CAD data management Phase 3 in Scope Definition stage, includes Mfg PLM, ME/IE Input Needed Functional Contact: Robert D Borchelt (Lisa Roccki) IT Contact: James A West
Emphasis Areas – MES (CQMS/MetricStream)
CQMS deployments underway at multiple Cagwin IT Contact: Robert M Amini
Emphasis Areas – MES (GE Proficy SPC)
GE Proficy Shopfloor SPC, formerly known as “VisualSPC” at many plants Universal License Agreement recently completed Now available without hardware keys (except China) Functional Contact: Robert D Borchelt IT Contact: Tommie G Krager
Emphasis Areas – MES (EASE)
EASE deployed at multiple facilities Detailed presentation later in workshop Functional Contact: Robert D Borchelt and Chris J Mead IT Contact: Tommie G Krager
Emphasis Areas - ERP
Many separate plant instances and a few shared instances by some BUs/sub-BUs Improved Central Functional Leadership Anticipated/Required Functional Contact: TBD, Local plant leadership IT Contact: TBD, Local and BU IT Leaders
Manufacturing IT Systems
Bob Borchelt
Agenda
Department Role Overall Cummins Manufacturing IT Strategy Emphasis Areas
– MRO: Maintenance, Repair & Operating Supplies – ERP: Manufacturing “Enterprise Resource Planning” – PLM: Manufacturing “Product Lifecycle Management” – MES: Manufacturing Execution Systems
Feedback Required
Department Role
MFG IT
Overall Cummins Manufacturing IT Strategy
Emphasis Areas - MRO
Common Global Maximo Instance (44 Plants Live) Continued Rollouts Planned in 2011 Gage Cal/Tooling Mgmt rollout started Functional Contact: Richard W Lee IT Contact: Rhonda R Stagner