同桌英语上的雅思考场阅读真题

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2023年IELTS考试真题及答案

2023年IELTS考试真题及答案

2023年IELTS考试真题及答案第一部分:听力部分(Listening)第一节Questions 1-5根据录音内容,选择正确答案。

1. What is the weather like today?A. Rainy.B. Cloudy.C. Sunny.D. Snowy.2. What is the man's occupation?A. Teacher.B. Doctor.C. Designer.D. Engineer.3. Where are the speakers?A. At a restaurant.B. At a museum.C. At a bank.D. At a library.4. How does the woman feel about public speaking?A. Nervous.B. Excited.C. Confident.D. Bored.5. What is the woman planning to do this weekend?A. Go hiking.B. Visit a museum.C. Watch a movie.D. Stay at home.第二节Questions 6-10根据录音内容,选择正确答案。

6. What is the speaker talking about?A. A historical event.B. A famous painting.C. A book review.D. A music concert.7. What is the speaker's opinion about the book?A. It is boring.B. It is informative.C. It is confusing.D. It is inspiring.8. What is the main theme of the book?A. Love and friendship.B. Politics and power.C. Science and technology.D. Adventure and exploration.9. Why did the speaker recommend the book?A. It is beautifully written.B. It has a surprising ending.C. It offers practical advice.D. It teaches valuable life lessons.10. What does the speaker suggest the listeners do?A. Borrow the book from the library.B. Attend the book signing event.C. Read reviews of the book online.D. Join a book club discussion.第二部分:阅读理解部分(Reading)第一篇Passage 1It is a common misconception that all doctors are well-paid professionals who live extravagant lifestyles. However, the reality is that many doctors struggle with debt and financial difficulties for years before they can build a stable career.According to a recent survey, more than 75% of doctors have student loan debt, and the average amount is over $200,000. It takes an average of 10 years for doctors to pay off their loans completely. This burden often leads to high stress levels and affects doctors' quality of life.Additionally, the cost of medical malpractice insurance for doctors has increased significantly in recent years. This additional financial burden can make it even more challenging for doctors to achieve financial stability. Despite the long and demanding working hours, many doctors still find it difficult to make ends meet.In order to address these challenges, medical schools and professional organizations are working together to provide financial literacy courses and resources for aspiring doctors. By improving financial education and planning, doctors are better equipped to manage their debt and make informed financial decisions.11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Doctors have high incomes.B. Doctors suffer from financial difficulties.C. Doctors have long working hours.D. Doctors receive financial support from professional organizations.12. How long does it take for doctors to pay off their student loans on average?A. 5 years.B. 7 years.C. 10 years.D. 15 years.13. Why do doctors struggle with financial stability?A. They have high stress levels.B. They lack financial literacy.C. They have expensive lifestyles.D. They face high medical insurance costs.14. What are medical schools and professional organizations doing to help doctors?A. Providing job opportunities.B. Offering scholarships.C. Providing financial education.D. Reducing medical malpractice insurance costs.15. What is the purpose of improving doctors' financial education?A. To help doctors make informed financial decisions.B. To increase doctors' working hours.C. To decrease doctors' student loan debts.D. To provide financial support to doctors.第三部分:写作部分(Writing)任务一:报告类写作任务(Task 1: Report Writing)题目:某城市的交通拥堵情况要求:以图表形式将2019年和2023年该城市的交通拥堵情况进行比较,并描述变化原因以及可能的解决方案。

2023年雅思考试阅读模拟试题8含答案

2023年雅思考试阅读模拟试题8含答案

2023年雅思索试阅读模拟试题(含答案)1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years—exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant bythe opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2023, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gáborágoston,calculated that magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and becomelong-lived temperature variations. The favoured frequencies allow thesun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However,a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythe frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor isthe transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly whenwe observe them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation."10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could beshort enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that causethe temperature fluctuations.(716 words)Questions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A. Attila GrandpierreB. Gábor ágostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. ...claims there抯 a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fieldscould produce instabilities in the solar plasma.3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea iceto eliminate the greenhouse effect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends.Questions 10-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold the temperature ...10...in the sun's interior, butthe slight changes in the earth's ...11...alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12...can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun’s int erior. Thesun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperaturein ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle lengthto the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:1. ESee the sentences in paragraph 1(There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years—exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.) and para.2 (Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.)2. A BSee para.3: ?i style=’normal’>Gr andpierre and a collaborator, Gáborágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.3. CSee para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.4. DSee para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich’s claims as "utterly implausible".5. FalseSee para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythe frequency should change from one to another," ... Nor isthe transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide?is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect. (The passage doesn抰mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.)8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,"?"The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards, 卙e says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are inthe temperature oscillation.") and para.10 (Ehrlich concedes this. "If there isa way to test this theory on the sun, I can’t think of one that is practical).10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, the temperature of thesun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.11. orbitSee para.6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the resultof subtle changes in Earth’s orbit, 匛arth's orbit gradually changes shape froma circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years.12. instabilitiesSee para.3: ?i style=’magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.13. cyclesSee para.4: ...allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.14. randomSee para.4: Ehrlich says that random interactions within thesun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.。

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编15(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编15(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编15(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF FOOD PROMOTION TO CHILDRENThis review was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency to examine the current research evidence on: the extent and nature of food promotion to children the effect, if any, that this promotion has on their food knowledge, preferences and behaviour.A Children’s food promotion is dominated by television advertising, and the great majority of this promotes the so-called ‘Big Four’of pre-sugared breakfast cereals, soft-drinks, confectionary and savoury snacks. In the last ten years advertising for fast food outlets has rapidly increased. There is some evidence that the dominance of television has recently begun to wane. The importance of strong, global branding reinforces a need for multi-faceted communications combining television with merchandising, tie-ins’and point of sale activity. The advertised diet contrasts sharply with that recommended by public health advisors, and themes of fun and fantasy or taste, rather than health and nutrition, are used to promote it to children. Meanwhile, the recommended diet gets little promotional support.B There is plenty of evidence that children notice and enjoy food promotion. However, establishing whether this actually influences them is a complex problem. The review tackled it by looking at studies that had examined possible effects on what children know about food, their food preferences, their actual food behaviour(both buying and eating), and their health outcomes(eg. obesity or cholesterol levels). The majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion. In terms of nutritional knowledge, food advertising seems to have little influence on children’s general perceptions of what constitutes a healthy diet, but, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of nutritional knowledge. For example, seeing soft drink and cereal adverts reduced primary aged children’s ability to determine correctly whether or not certain products contained real fruit.C The review also found evidence that food promotion influences children’s food preferences and their purchase behaviour. A study of primary school children, for instance, found that exposure to advertising influenced which foods they claimed to like; and another showed that labelling and signage on a vending machine had an effect on what was bought by secondary school pupils. A number of studies have also shown that food advertising can influence what children eat. One, for example, showed that advertising influenced a primary class’s choice of daily snack at playtime.D The next step, of trying to establish whether or not a link exists between food promotion and diet or obesity, is extremely difficult as it requires research to be done in real world settings. A number of studies have attempted this by using amount of television viewing as a proxy for exposure to television advertising. They have established a clear link between television viewing and diet, obesity, and cholesterol levels. It is impossible to say, however, whether this effect is caused by theadvertising, the sedentary nature of television viewing or snacking that might take place whilst viewing. One study resolved this problem by taking a detailed diary of children’s viewing habits. This showed that the more food adverts they saw, the more snacks and calories they consumed.E Thus the literature does suggest food promotion is influencing children’s diet in a number of ways. This does not amount to proof; as noted above with this kind of research, incontrovertible proof simply isn’t attainable. Nor do all studies point to this conclusion; several have not found an effect. In addition, very few studies have attempted to measure how strong these effects are relative to other factors influencing children’s food choices. Nonetheless, many studies have found clear effects and they have used sophisticated methodologies that make it possible to determine that i)these effects are not just due to chance; ii)they are independent of other factors that may influence diet, such as parents’ eating habits or attitudes; and iii)they occur at a brand and category level.F Furthermore, two factors suggest that these findings actually downplay the effect that food promotion has on children. First, the literature focuses principally on television advertising; the cumulative effect of this combined with other forms of promotion and marketing is likely to be significantly greater. Second, the studies have looked at direct effects on individual children, and understate indirect influences. For example, promotion for fast food outlets may not only influence the child, but also encourage parents to take them for meals and reinforce the idea that this is a normal and desirable behaviour.G This does not amount to proof of an effect, but in our view does provide sufficient evidence to conclude that an effect exists. The debate should now shift to what action is needed, and specifically to how the power of commercial marketing can be used to bring about improvements in young people’s eating.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the most suitable heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.Write the appropriate number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi General points of agreements and disagreements of researchersii How much children really know about foodiii Need to take actioniv Advertising effects of the “Big Four”v Connection of advertising and children’s weight problemsvi Evidence that advertising affects what children buy to eatvii How parents influence children’s eating habitsviii Advertising’s focus on unhealthy optionsix Children often buy what they wantx Underestimating the effects advertising has on children1.Paragraph A正确答案:viii解析:作为开头段落,该段落前半部分先介绍了常见的面向儿童的广告内容,例如“Big Four”,而且介绍了食品促销的现状。

7月12日雅思考试真题:阅读(新东方版)

7月12日雅思考试真题:阅读(新东方版)

7月12日雅思考试真题:阅读(新东方版):题干:一个关于三座雕塑的积极的描述答案:E最后一段中采用了让步了形式,虽然三座海岸雕塑都有不同的问题。

但是还是增添了海岸的多样性。

题干:一个讲话转变了大众对于雕塑的态度。

答案:D D段的第二个para中,提到了一个expert的一presentation,reversetheattitudeofothers.就是转变了不同意的人多观点题干:那一座岛的游客fewerthanthatofusedtobe答案:具体段落记不太清了。

是B还是C。

但是原文细节所讲的是,popular的paraphrase,因此直接对应过去细节配对:题干:岛的形状来自一个英雄任务答案:MoeStatus原文答案异常的不明显。

好像说到了,群众比较好receive一个人的行为。

SHolland,然后,转化成了MoeStatus。

题干:哪一个雕塑能够让人在所有的角度都可以看到的答案:MoeStatus这个雕塑塑立在一个具体地形优势的海岸上,所以,人们可以从远处,观摩到。

近处也能够清晰获知。

题干:哪一个段落,出现了对于资助当代艺术的misunderstanding。

答案:AntonyFigure原文中,三个平行雕塑内容,提到了涉及到百姓花钱资助的只有第一个雕塑——AntonyFigure。

选择题:题目大致:LostChurchSTATUS是模仿建筑的答案:后来重建的。

原文说依照中世纪的一个教堂。

passage 3:文章内容本篇文章难度较大。

文章从介绍新西兰国家入手,讨论了气候变化这一全球性问题对于新西兰产生的影响。

题型分布与部分参考答案选择题:题干:首段中,提到了NewZealand的因为全球变暖而导致温度升高的意义答案:D 原文中,分别说了三个其他地区的例子来说明全球变暖导致其他国内在未来会至少增长3度,会6度。

然后话锋一转inthecontrast,新西兰最多增长2度。

因此答案的选项,就是突出新西兰,与其他国家的不同。

IELTS雅思阅读真题试卷.docx

IELTS雅思阅读真题试卷.docx

蚂蚁智力Collective intelligence::Ants and brain's neuronsSTANFORD - An individual ant is not very bright,but ants in a colony, operating as a collective, do remarkable things.A single neuron in the human brain can respond only to what the neuronsconnected to it are doing, but all of them together can be Immanuel Kant.That resemblance is why Deborah M. Gordon, StanfordUniversity assistantprofessor of biological sciences, studies ants."I'm interested in the kind of system where simple units together do behavein complicated ways," she said.No one gives orders in an ant colony, yet each ant decides what to do next.For instance, an ant may have several job descriptions. When the colonydiscovers a new source of food, an ant doing housekeeping duty may suddenlybecome a forager. Or if the colony's territory size expands or contracts, patrollerants change the shape of their reconnaissance pattern to conform to the newrealities. Since no one is in charge of an ant colony - including the misnamed"queen," which is simply a breeder - how does each ant decide what to do?This kind of undirected behavior is not unique to ants, Gordon said. How dobirds flying in a flock know when to make a collective right turn? All anchoviesand other schooling fish seem to turn in unison, yet no one fish is the leader.Gordon studies harvester ants in Arizona and, both in the field and in her lab,the so-called Argentine ants that are ubiquitous to coastal California.Argentine ants came to Louisiana in a sugar shipment in 1908. They weredriven out of the Gulf states by the fire ant and invaded California, where theyhave displaced most of the native ant species. One of the things Gordon is studying is how they did so. No one has ever seen an ant war involving theArgentine species and the native species, so it's not clear whether they are quietly aggressive or just find ways of taking over food resources and territory.The Argentine ants in her lab also are being studied to help her understandhow they change behavior as the size of the space they are exploring varies."The ants are good at finding new places to live in and good at finding food,"Gordon said. "We're interested in finding out how they do it."Her ants are confined by Plexiglas walls and a nasty glue-like substancealong the tops of the boards that keeps the ants inside. She moves the walls inand out to change the arena and videotapes the ants' movements. A computertracks each ant from its image on the tape and reads its position so she has adiagram of the ants' activities.The motions of the ants confirm the existence of a collective."A colony is analogous to a brain where there are lots of neurons, each ofwhich can only do something very simple, but together the whole brain can think. None of the neurons can think ant, but the brain can think ant,though nothing in the brain told that neuron to think ant."For instance, ants scout for food in a precise pattern. What happens whenthat pattern no longer fits the circumstances, such as when Gordon moves thewalls?"Ants communicate by chemicals,"she said."That's how they mostly perceive the world; they don't see very well. They use their antennae to smell.So to smell something, they have to get very close to it."The best possible way for ants to find everything - if you think of the colonyas an individual that is trying to do this - is to have an ant everywhere all thetime, because if it doesn't happen close to an ant, they're not going to knowabout it.Of course,there are not enough ants in the colony to do that,so somehow the ants have to move around in a pattern that allows them to coverspace efficiently."Keeping in mind that no one is in charge of a colony and that there is nocentral plan,how do the ants adjust their reconnaissance if their territory expands or shrinks?"No ant told them, 'OK, guys, if the arena is 20 by 20. . . .' Somehow therehas to be some rule that individual ants use in deciding to change the shape oftheir paths so they cover the areas effectively. I think that that rule is the rate inwhich they bump into each other."The more crowded they are, the more often each ant will bump into anotherant. If the area of their territory is expanded, the frequency of contact decreases.Perhaps, Gordon thinks, each ant has a threshold for normality and adjusts itspath shape depending on how often the number of encounters exceeds or fallsshort of that threshold.If the territory shrinks, the number of contacts increases and the ant altersits search pattern. If it expands, contact decreases and it alters the pattern adifferent way.In the Arizona harvester ants, Gordon studies tasks besides patrolling. Eachant has a job."I divide the tasks into four: foraging, nest maintenance, midden[piling refuse, including husks of seeds] and patrolling - patrollers are the ones thatcome out first in the morning and look for food.The foragers go where the patrollers find food."The colony has about eight different foraging paths.Every day it uses several of them. The patrollers go out first on the trails and they attract eachother when they find food. By the end of an hour's patrolling, most patrollers areon just a few trails. . . . All the foragers have to do is go where there are the mostpatrollers."Each ant has its prescribed task,but the ants can switch tasks if the collective needs it. An ant on housekeeping duty will decide to forage. No onetold it to do so and Gordon and other entomologists don't know how that happens."No ant can possibly know how much food everybody is collecting,how many foragers are needed," she said. "An ant has to have very simple rules thattell it, 'OK, switch and start foraging.' But an ant can't assess globally how muchfood the colony needs."I've done perturbation experiments in which I marked ants according towhat task they're doing on a given day. The ants that were foraging for foodwere green,those that were cleaning the nest were blue and so on.Then I created some new situation in the environment; for example, I create a messthat the nest maintenance workers have to clean up or I'll put out extra foodthat attracts more foragers."It turns out that ants that were marked doing a certain task one day switchto do a different task when conditions change."Of about 8,000 species of ants, only about 10 percent have been studiedthus far ."It's hard to generalize anything about the behavior of ants," Gordon said."Most of what we know about ants is true of a very, very small number of speciescompared to the number of species out there."天才儿童TIME: 5-7'HOW IQ BECOMES IQIn1904the French minister of education,facing limited resources for schooling, sought a way to separate the unable from the merely lazy. AlfredBinet got the job of devising selection principles and his brilliant solution put astamp on the study of intelligence and was the forerunner of intelligence testsstill used today.He developed a thirty-problem test in 1905,which tapped several abilities related to intellect, such as judgment and reasoning. The testdetermined a given child's mental age'. The test previously established a normfor children of a given physical age. For example, five-year-olds on average getten items correct, therefore, a child with a mental age of five should score 10,which would mean that he or she was functioning pretty much as others of thatage. The child's mental age was then compared to his physical age.A large disparity in the wrong direction (e.g., a child of nine with a mentalage of four) might suggest inability rather than laziness and means that he orshe was earmarked for special schooling. Binet, however, denied that the testwas measuring intelligence and said that its purpose was simply diagnostic, forselection only. This message was however lost and caused many problems and misunderstandings later.Although Binet's test was popular, it was a bit inconvenient to deal with avariety of physical and mental ages.So,in1912,Wilhelm Stern suggested simplifying this by reducing the two to a single number. He divided the mentalage by the physical age and multiplied the result by100.An average child, irrespective of age, would score 100. a number much lower than 100 wouldsuggest the need for help and one much higher would suggest a child well aheadof his peer .This measurement is what is now termed the IQ(intelligence quotient) score and it has evolved to be used to show how a person,adult or child, performed in relation to others. The term IQ was coined by Lewis m. Terman,professor of psychology and education of Stanford University, in 1916. He hadconstructed an enormously influential revision of Binet's test,called the Stanford-Binet test, versions of which are still given extensively.The field studying intelligence and developing tests eventually coalesced into a sub-field of psychology called psychometrics(psycho for‘mind'and metrics for'measurements').The practical side of psychometrics(the development and use of tests) became widespread quite early, by 1917, whenEinstein published his grand theory of relativity, mass-scale testing was alreadyin use.Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare (which led to the sinking of theLusitania in 1915) provoked the United States to finally enter the first world warin the same year. The military had to build up an army very quickly and it hadtwo million inductees to sort out. Who would become officers and who enlistedmen?Psychometricians developed two intelligence tests that helped sort all these people out, at least to some extent. This was the first major use of testingto decide who lived and who died since officers were a lot safer on the battlefield.The tests themselves were given under horrendously bad conditions and theexaminers seemed to lack common sense. A lot of recruits simply had no ideawhat to do and in several sessions most inductees scored zero! The examinersalso came up with the quite astounding conclusion from the testing that theaverage American adult's intelligence was equal to that of a thirteen-year-old!Nevertheless,the ability for various authorities to classify people on scientifically justifiable premises was too convenient and significant to be dismissed lightly,so with all good astounding intentions and often over enthusiasm, society's affinity for psychological testing proliferated.Back in Europe, Sir Cyril Burt, professor of psychology at University CollegeLondon from 1931 to 1950, was a prominent figure for his contribution to thefield. He was a firm advocate of intelligence testing and his ideas fitted in wellwith English cultural ideas of elitism. A government committee in 1943 usedsome of Burt's ideas in devising a rather primitive typology on children's intellectual behavior. All were tested at age eleven and the top 15 or 20 per centwent to grammar schools with good teachers and a fast pace of work to preparefor the few university places available. A lot of very bright working-class children,who otherwise would never have succeeded, made it to grammar schools anduniversities.The system for the rest was however disastrous. These children attendedlesser secondary or technical schools and faced the prospect of eventualeducation oblivion. They felt like dumb failures, which having been officially andscientifically branded. No wonder their motivation to study plummeted. It wasnot until 1974 that the public education system was finally reformed. Nowadaysit is believed that Burt has fabricated a lot of his data. Having an obsession thatintelligence is largely genetic,he apparently made up twin studies,which supported this idea,at the same time inventing two co-workers who were supposed to have gathered the results.Intelligence testing enforced political and social prejudice and their resultswere used to argue that Jews ought to be kept out of the United States becausethey were so intelligently inferior that they would pollute the racial mix. Andblacks ought not to be allowed to breed at all. Abuse and test bias controversiescontinued to plaque psychometrics.Measurement is fundamental to science and technology.Science often advances in leaps and bounds when measurement devices improve. Psychometrics has long tried to develop ways to gauge psychological qualitiessuch as intelligence and more specific abilities, anxiety, extroversion, emotionalstability, compatibility with marriage partner and so on. Their scores are oftengiven enormous weight. A single IQ measurement can take on a life of its own ifteachers and parents see it as definitive. It became a major issue in the 70swhen court cases were launched to stop anyone from making important decisions based on IQ test scores. the main criticism was and still is that currenttests don't really measure intelligence. Whether intelligence can be measured atall is still controversial. some say it cannot while others say that IQ tests arepsychology's greatest accomplishments.全球变暖A Canary in the Coal MineThe Arctic seems to be getting warmer. So what?A. “Climate change in the Arctic is a reality now!”So insists Robert Corell, an oceanographer with the American Meteorological Society.Wild-eyed proclamations are all too common when it comes to global warming, but in thiscase his assertion seems well founded.B. At first sight, the ACIA’s (American Construction Inspectors Association)report’s conclusions are not so surprising.After all,scientists have long suspected that several factors lead to greater temperature swings at the polesthan elsewhere on the planet. One is albedo— the posh scientific name for howmuch sunlight is absorbed by a planet’s surface, and how much is reflected.Most of the Polar Regions are covered in snow and ice, which are much morereflective than soil or ocean. If that snow melts, the exposure of dark earth(which absorbs heat)acts as a feedback loop that accelerates warming.A second factor that makes the poles special is that the atmosphere is thinnerthere than at the equator, and so less energy is required to warm it up. A thirdfactor is that less solar energy is lost in evaporation at the frigid poles than in thesteamy tropics.C.And yet the language of this week’s report is still eye-catching:“the Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change onEarth. ”The last authoritative assessment of the topic was done by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001. That report madeheadlines by predicting a rise in sea level of between 10cm (four inches) and90cm, and a temperature rise of between 1.4°C and 5.8 °C over this century. However,its authors did not feel confident in predicting either rapid polar warming or the speedy demise of the Greenland ice sheet. Pointing to evidencegathered since the IPCC report, this week’s report suggests trouble lies ahead.D. The ACIA reckons that in recent decades average temperatures have increased almost twice as fast in the Arctic as they have in the rest of the world.Skeptics argue that there are places, such as the high latitudes of the Greenlandice sheet and some buoys at sea, where temperatures seem to have fallen. Onthe other hand, there are also places, such as parts of Alaska, where they haverisen far faster than average. Robin Bell, a geophysicist at Columbia Universitywho was not involved in the report’s compilation, believes that such conflictinglocal trends point to the value of the international, interdisciplinary approach ofthis week ’s report. As he observes,“climate change, like the weather, can be patchy and you can get fooled unless you look at the whole picture.”E. And there is other evidence of warming to bolster the ACIA’s case. For example, the report documents the widespread melting of glaciers and of seaice, a trend already making life miserable for the polar bears and seals thatdepend on that ice. It also notes a shortening of the snow season. The mostworrying finding,however , is the evidence—still preliminary—that the Greenland ice sheet may be melting faster than previously thought.F. That points to one reason the world should pay attention to this week’s report. Like a canary in a coal mine, the hypersensitive Polar Regions may wellexperience the full force of global warming before the rest of the planet does.However, there is a second and bigger reason to pay attention. An unexpectedlyrapid warming of the Arctic could also lead directly to greater climate changeelsewhere on the planet.G. Arctic warming may influence the global climate in several ways. One isthat huge amounts of methane,a particularly potent greenhouse gas,are stored in the permafrost of the tundra. Although a thaw would allow forests toinvade the tundra, which would tend to ameliorate any global warming that isgoing on (since trees capture carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas most talkedabout in the context of climate change), a melting of the permafrost might alsolead to a lot of trapped methane being released into the atmosphere, more thanoffsetting the cooling effects of the new forests.H. Another worry is that Arctic warming will influence ocean circulation inways that are not fully understood.One link in the chain is the salinity ofseawater,which is decreasing in the north Atlantic thanks to an increase in glacial melt waters.“Because fresh water and salt water have different densities,this ‘freshening ’of the ocean could change circulation patterns.” said Dr . Thomson,a British climate expert.“The most celebrated risk is to the mid-Atlantic Conveyor Belt, a current which brings warm water from the tropicsto north-western Europe, and which is responsible for that region’s unusually mild winters,”he added. Some of the ACIA’s experts are fretting over evidenceof reduced density and salinity in waters near the Arctic that could adverselyaffect this current.I. The biggest popular worry, though, is that melting Arctic ice could lead toa dramatic rise in sea level. Here, a few caveats are needed. For a start, muchof the ice in the Arctic is floating in the sea already.Archimedes’s principle shows that the melting of this ice will make no immediate difference to the sea’s level,although it would change its albedo.Second,if land ice, such as that covering Greenland,does melt in large quantities,the process will take centuries.And third,although the experts are indeed worried that global warming might cause the oceans to rise, the main way they believe this willhappen is by thermal expansion of the water itself.J.Nevertheless,there is some cause for nervousness.As the ACIA researchers document, there are signs that the massive Greenland ice sheetmight be melting more rapidly than was thought a few years ago. Cracks in thesheet appear to be allowing melt water to trickle to its base, explains MichaelOppenheimer, a climatologist at Princeton University who was not one of thereport ’s authors. That water may act as a lubricant, speeding up the sheet’s movement into the sea. If the entire sheet melted, the sea might rise by 6-7meters. But when will this kind of disastrous ice disintegration really happen?While acknowledging it this century is still an unlikely outcome,Dr . Oppenheimer argues that the evidence of the past few years suggests it is morelikely to happen over the next few centuries if the world does not reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. He worries that an accelerating Arctic warmingtrend may yet push the ice melt beyond an“irreversible on / off switch”.K.That is scary stuff,but some scientists remain unimpressed.Patrick Michaels,a climatologist at the University of Virginia,complains about the ACIA ’s data selection,which he believes may have produced evidence of “spurious warming”.He also points out,in a new book,that even if Arctic temperatures are rising, that need not lead directly to the ice melting. As heputs it, “Under global warming, Greenland’s ice indeed might grow, especially ifthe warming occurs mostly in winter. After all,warming the air ten degrees when the temperature is dozens of degrees below freezing is likely to increasesnowfall, since warmer air is generally moister and precipitates more water. ”L. Nils-Axel Morner, a Swedish climate expert based at Stockholm University,points out that observed rises in sea levels have not matched the IPCC ’sforecasts. Since this week’s report relies on many such IPCC assumptions, heconcludes it must be wrong. Others acknowledge that there is a warming trendin the Arctic, but insist that the cause is natural variability and not the burningof fossil fuels.Such folk point to the extraordinarily volatile history of Arctic temperatures. These varied, often suddenly, long before sport-utility vehicleswere invented. However, some evidence also shows that the past few millenniahave been a period of unusual stability in the Arctic. It is just possible that thecurrent period of warming could tip the delicate Arctic climate system out ofbalance, and so drag the rest of the planet with it.M. Not everybody wants to hear a story like that. But what people trulybelieve is happening can be seen in their actions better than in their words. Oneof the report’s most confident predictions is that the breakup of Arctic ice willopen the region to long-distance shipping and, ironically, to drilling for oil andgas.It is surely no coincidence,then,that the Danish government,which controls Greenland, has just declared its intention to claim the mineral rightsunder the North Pole. It, at least, clearly believes that the Arctic ocean may soonbe i人类文字进化史History of WritingWriting was first invented by the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia before3,000 BC. It was also independently invented in Meso-America before 600 BCand probably independently invented in China before 1,300 BC. It may havebeen independently invented in Egypt around3,000BC although given the geographical proximity between Egypt and Mesopotamia the Egyptians may have learnt writing from the Sumerians.There are three basic types of writing systems. The written signs used bythe writing system could represent either a whole word, a syllable or an individual sound. Where the written sign represents a word the system is knownas logographic as it uses logograms which are written signs that represent aword. The earliest writing systems such as the Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptianhieroglyphics and Mayan glyphs are predominantly logographics as are modernChinese and Japanese writing systems. Where the written sign represents a syllable the writing system is known as syllabic. Syllabic writing systems weremore common in the ancient world than they are today. The Linear A and Bwriting systems of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece are syllabic. The mostcommon writing systems today are alphabetical. These involve the written sign(a letter)representing a single sound(known as a phoneme).The earliest known alphabetical systems were developed by speakers of semetic languagesaround1700BC in the area of modern day Israel and Palestine.All written languages will predominately use one or other of the above systems. They mayhowever partly use the other systems. No written language is purely alphabetic,syllabic or logographic but may use elements from any or all systems.Such fully developed writing only emerged after development from simpliersystems. T alley sticks with notches on them to represent a number of sheep orto record a debt have been used in the past. Knotted strings have been used asa form of record keeping particularly in the area around the Pacific rim. Theyreached their greatest development with the Inca quipus where they were usedto record payment of tribute and to record commercial transactions. A speciallytrained group of quipu makers and readers managed the whole system. The useof pictures for the purpose of communication was used by native Americans andby the Ashanti and Ewe people in Africa.Pictures can show qualities and characteristics which can not be shown by tally sticks and knot records. They donot however amount to writing as they do not bear a conventional relationshipto language. Even so, the Gelb dictum (from its originator Ignace Gelb), that“At the basis of all writing stands the picture”has been widely accepted.An alternative idea was that a system by which tokens, which representedobjects like sheep, were placed in containers and the containers were markedon the outside indicating the number and type of tokens within the containergave rise to writing in Mesopotamia. The marks on the outside of the containerwere a direct symbolic representation of the tokens inside the container and anindirect symbolic representation of the object the token represented. The markson the outside of the containers were graphically identical to some of the earliest pictograms used in Sumerian cuneiform,the worlds first written language. However cuneiform has approximately 1,500 signs and the marks onthe ouside of the containers can only explain the origins of a few of those signs.The first written language was the Sumerian cuneiform.Writing mainly consisted of records of numbers of sheep,goats and cattle and quantites of grain. Eventually clay tablets were used as a writing surface and were markedwith a reed stylus to produce the writing. Thousands of such clay tablets havebeen found in the Sumerian city of Uruk. The earliest Sumerian writing consistsof pictures of the objects mentioned such as sheep or cattle. Eventually the pictures became more abstract and were to consist of straight lines that lookedlike wedgesce-free.常用:1. abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于;遵守。

雅思英语阅读练习题及答案doc资料

雅思英语阅读练习题及答案doc资料

雅思英语阅读练习题及答案雅思英语阅读练习题及答案:第一篇内容摘要: The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels.★Why did a promising heart drug fail?Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trialof 15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who tookthe statin alone.3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. "There have been no red flags to my knowledge," says John Chapman, a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. "This cancellation came as a complete shock."4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones. Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins.Under pressure5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence fromearlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset bythe heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. "You're blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway," says Kashyap.Going up7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood. One approved drug, called niacin, is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by, for example, introducing synthetic HDLs. "The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib, not the whole idea of raising HDL," says Michael Miller, director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore.(613 words nature)Questions 1-7This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi. How does torcetrapib work?ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trial iii. One failure may possibly bring about future successiv. The failure doesn’t lead to total loss of confidencev. It is the right route to followvi. Why it’s stoppedvii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal resultviii. What’s wrong with the drugix. It might be wrong at the first placeExample answerParagraph 1 iv1. Paragraph 2 vi2. Paragraph 3 ii3. Paragraph 4 vii4. Paragraph 5 ix5. Paragraph 6 viii6. Paragraph 7 ivQuestions 7-13Match torcetrapib,HDLs,statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-13)..Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.7.It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial.8.It could help rid human body of cholesterol.9.Researchers are yet to find more about it.10. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.11. According to Kashyap, it might lead to unwanted result if it’s blocked.12. It produced contradictory results in different trials.13. It could inhibit LDLs.List of choicesA. TorcetrapicB. HDLSC. StatinD. CETP(by Zhou Hong)Suggested Answers and Explanations1. vi2. ii3. vii 本段介绍了torcetrapib和statin的治病原理,但是同时短语“in contrast”与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应,暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成,是理想的搭配。

Ielts真题总结阅读真题.doc

Ielts真题总结阅读真题.doc

Ielts真题总结阅读真题Ielts真题总结 ---- 阅读真题Versionl419 道TFNG,13 道matching.Sectionl 共14 题PASSAGE 1是TRAININGCOURSE,问不同的需要让你选课。

劈头劈脑就是7个matching,害我不少时间。

选过一个学电脑的COURSE (好像是J选了2次),一个PARTTIME的HAIRDRESS, 一个心理学,还有VICTORY时代艺术课程,还有什么忘了,好像有2个课程是选了2次的。

PAS SAGE27 个YES/NO/NOTGIVEN讲剧院购票。

什么情况下有DISCOUNT什么情况没有Sec tion2也是14题,2个PASSAGE都是讲DISTANCEED UCATION的,要小心审题才不会看错。

有8道TRUE/FALSE /NOTGIVEN。

Section3建筑内空气流通不好对工作的影响SICKBULID ING 什么什么的。

6 个MATCHING,2 个NOTMORETHAN THREEWORDS,4 个YES/NO/NO TGIVEN 第一篇7道学校提供十种不同的training课程,面对不同的需要,题目形式为简答,实质是配对题,挑出表格中课程相应的字母代号,只记得两个学英语的课程,一个学木工装修,一个固定学制学理发的都不用选,是干扰项肯定选过心理学、学em ail和recept.i on,学Victori a时代艺术,自由安排时间兼职学习理发的这几项而且前两个复选,用了两次。

其他记不清了,这点提示应该足够了。

第一扁7个yesnono tgiven我最后好象选成了3yes2false2notgiven观察发现有人误写为Tr uefalsenotg iven大家注意此问题。

Cambr i dge剧院购票预约问题出过题的点有1、残疾人可否带一个人照顾,两个人同时优惠YES2、团体达到十人购票是否优惠YES3、学生可在开场前提前45分钟购票YES4、老人要求优惠是否需要出示老人证Notg iven5、搞活动可在一个C. Hall之外举行no? ? ?其他忘记了Section2 共14 题两篇文章讲同一学校不同方面问题。

雅思口语1月话题(部分)——英语同桌

雅思口语1月话题(部分)——英语同桌

以下为最近几天考试的学生总结,已经出现的题目:1.Describe a photo you can rememberY ou should say:When did you take the photo?Who you take the photo with?What is photo about?2.Describe a public place that you think need to improveY ou should say:What the place is?When you go there?What you like and dislike in the public place.3.What is your favorite season?Y ou should say:What is the weather like in this season?What do you usually do in this season?What activities do you usually do in this season?4.Describe somethings you learned in a place/from a personY ou should say:When you learn it?Where did you learn?/Who did you learn withHow difficult it is?5.Describe a recent experience of a store or company offering a happy serviceY ou should say:What is it company about?What service they offeringHow you feeling about that?And explain why you feel happy?6.Describe a toy which you receivedY ou should say:When you received itWhat it looks likeHow do you feel about it7.Describe a situation you have to be politeY ou should say:When you have to be politeWhy you have to be politeHow do you feel about it8.Describe an experience when you were lateY ou should say:When you were lateWhy you were late9.Describe a situation when someone says sth positive about your workY ou should say:Who the person isWhat have you doneWhat did this person say10.Describe an unusual mealY ou should say:When you have this mealWho cook the mealHow do you feel about it11.Describe a historical stage which you are interested inY ou should say:When this historical stage isWhat happened in this historical stageHow do you feel about itAnd explain why you are interested in12.Describe a dinner which you can’t forgetY ou should say:When this dinner isWhat you have in this dinnerHow do you feel about itAnd explain why you can’t forget it13.Describe a service you have which you feel happyY ou should say:When you have this serviceWhat you have receivedHow do you feel about itAnd explain why you feel happy14.D escribe an occasion that someone has positive comment on your workY ou should say:What is the workWhy they have positive commentHow you feel about the comment15.D escribe a vacation that you want to haveY ou should say:Where do you want to have this vacationWho do you want to have this vacation withWhat do you want to do and why16.D escribe a story someone told youY ou should say:When and where did this person tell you this storyWhat the story was aboutWhat do you want to do and whyAnd explain how you felt about it17.D escribe a sportsman that you admireY ou should say:Who this person isHow you got to know this personAnd explain why you think he or she is a good sportsman18.Describe your experience of saving money to do somethingY ou should say:Why did you need to save moneyHow did you save moneyWhat did it mean to you?19.Describe a famous river/lake/water in your countryY ou should say:What is itWhere is itWhy is it famousAnd explain how you feel about it20.Describe an interesting subject in your schoolY ou should say:What is itHow did you learn about itHow long did you learn about itAnd explain why do you think it is interesting21.Describethe most successful thing that you have doneY ou should say:What was itHow did you do itAnd explain how did you feel about it22.Describe a toy that you had in your childhoodY ou should say:What was itWhen did you get itAnd explain why do you think it is special23.Describe a piece of technology you like to use(not computer)Y ou should say:What is itWhat can you do with this technologyAnd explain why you like to use it24.Describe a country that you prefer to live inY ou should say:Which country is itWhen do you want to live in that countryAnd explain why you want to live in that country25.Describe a television program you have watchedY ou should say:What’s the name of this television programWhat’s this television program aboutWho do you usually watch this television program withAnd explain how do you feel about it26.Describe a place you would like to go in your leisure timeY ou should say:What is itWhere is itWhat do you usually do at that placeAnd explain why you like to go to that place27.Describe a situation that you had to be politeY ou should say:What was the situationWhen was itWhy did you have to be polite at that timeAnd explain how did you feel about it28.Describe recent developments around your homeY ou should say:What are the developmentsWhat’s the effect of these developmentsAnd how do you think about these developments29.Describe the most important event that you celebrateY ou should say:What is the eventWhen is the eventHow do you celebrate itAnd explain why you think it is the most important one30.Describe a special day you went out but you didn’t cost too much moneyY ou should say:When was itWhat did you do on that dayWhy it was special and why you didn’t cost too much moneyAnd explain how you felt about it31.Describe a popular personY ou should say:who this person is;how you got to know this person;and explain why you think he or she is popular32.Describe a historical period that you are interested inY ou should say:When is this historical periodWhat happened during this historical periodand explain why you are interested in this historical period33.Describe an occasion when visitors came to your homeY ou should say:When was itWho are the visitorsWhat did you doAnd explain how you felt about it34.Describe a thing that you enjoy doing with elderly peopleY ou should say:What is itHow often do you do itAnd explain why you enjoy doing it with elderly people35.Describe a place in your city or hometown that you like to go with yourfriendsY ou should say:Where is itWhen was you first time to go thereWhat do you usual do at that placeAnd explain why you like to go there with your friends36.Describe a perfect travelling ideaY ou should say:Where do you want to goWho do you want to travel withWhat do you want to do during that travellingAnd explain why you think it is perfect没有购买过话题答案的同学,如果对准备这些口语题目没有思路,请购买我们的原创口语话题答案,英语同桌金牌专业雅思口语外教—native speaker 编写,考官审批,为回馈新老学生,1月15日前购买可享受预购优惠。

剑桥雅思阅读真题解析(推荐3篇)

剑桥雅思阅读真题解析(推荐3篇)

剑桥雅思阅读真题解析(推荐3篇)1.剑桥雅思阅读真题解析第1篇Passage 1Question 1难度及答案:难度低;答案为iv关键词:time and place定位原文:A段最后两句“Why did this…of the 18th century?”为何这个独特的大爆炸——能带来世界性的变化的工业革命——偏偏就发生在英国?为何这个革命又偏偏在18世纪末?解题思路:A 段中提到了 happen in Britain 以及 at the end of thel8th century, 与iv 选项当中的time和place是对应的关系。

Question 2难度及答案:难度低;答案为viii关键词:conditions required定位原文:B 段第 2 句“There are about 20 different…he ” 他说:“大约有 20种不同的因素,而且所有的这些因素在工革命发生之前就已存在。

”解题思路:B段中主要论述的是工业革命在英国发生的前提条件,与其他不同的国家做出了对比。

Question 3难度及答案:难度低;答案为vii关键词:Two keys定位原文:C 段第 2 句“Tea and beer, two fuelled the ” 茶和啤酒,这两种在全国最受欢迎的饮料,就是工业革命的导火线。

解题思路:C段主要论述的是茶和啤酒在英国工业革命当中的作用。

Question 4难度及答案:难度低;答案为i关键词:reasons, an increase in population定位原文:D段第4、6句“But then there possible ” 但是在那时(18世纪中期),英国的人口是爆发增长的……人们觉得有四种原因是导致这种现象发生。

解题思路:D段主要论述英国人口快速增长的背后潜在原因。

Question 5难度及答案:难度低;答案为vi关键词:Changes, drinking habits定位原文:E段第4、9、10句“Some digging it suddenly dropped ”一些历史记录揭示了当时水污染疾病的发生率发生了改变,特别是痢疾……穷人因此转向喝水和松子酒,在18世纪20年代人口的死亡率又开始上升。

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The Sweet Scent of SuccessMany innovations end up as lemons —OzKleen turned lemons into a winning formula.A Innovation and entrepreneurship, in the right mix, can bring spectacular results and propel a business ahead of the pack. Across a diverse range of commercial successes, from the Hills Hoist clothes line to the Cochlear ear implant, it is hard to generalize beyond saying the creators tapped into something consumers could not wait to get their hands on. However, most ideas never make it to the market. Some ideas that innovators are spruiking to potential investors include new water-saving shower heads, a keyless locking system, ping-pong balls that keep pollution out of rainwater tanks, making teeth grow from stem cells inserted in the gum, and technology to stop LPG tanks from exploding. Grant Kearney, chief executive of the Innovation Xchange, which connects businesses to innovation networks, says he hears of great business ideas that he knows will never get on the market. “Ideas by themselves are absolutely useless,”he says. “An idea only becomes innovation when it is connected to the right resources and capabilities.”B One of Australia’s latest innovation successes stems from a lemon-scented bathroom cleaner called Shower Power, the formula for which was concocted in a factory in Yatala, Queensland. In 1995, Tom Quinn and John Heron bought a struggling cleaning products business, OzKleen, for 250,000. It was selling 100 different kinds of cleaning products, mainly in bulk. The business was in bad shape, the cleaning formulas were ineffective and environmentally harsh, and there were few regular clients. Now Shower Power is claimed to be the top-selling bathroom cleaning product in the country. In the past 12 months, almost four million bottles of OzKleen’s Power products have been sold and the company forecasts 2004 sales of 10 million bottles. The company’s sales in 2003 reached $11 million, with 70% of business being exports. In particular, Shower Power is making big inroads on the British market.C OzKleen’s turnaround began when Quinn and Heron hired an industrial che-mist to revitalize the product line. Market research showed that people were looking for a better cleaner for the bathroom, universally regarded as the hardest room in the home to clean. The company also wanted to make the[product formulas more environmentally friendly. One of Tom Quinn’s sons, Peter, aged 24 at the time, began working with the chemist on the formulas, looking at the potential for citrus-based cleaning products. He detested all the chlorine-based cleaning products that dominated the market. “We didn’t want to use chlorine, simple as that,” he says. “It offers bad working conditions and there’s no money in it.” Peter looked at citrus ingredients, such as orange peel, to replace the petroleum by-products in cleaners. He is credited with finding the Shower Power formula. “The recipe is in a vault somewhere and in my head,”he says. The company is the sole owner of theintellectual property.D To begin with, Shower Power was sold only in commercial quantities but Tom Quinn decided to sell it in 750ml bottles after the constant “raves”from customers at their retail store at Beenleigh, near Brisbane. Customers were travelling long distances to buy supplies. Others began writing to OzKleen to say how good Shower Power was. “We did a dummy label and went to see Wool-worths,” Tom Quinn says. The Woolworths buyer took a bottle home and was I able to remove a stain from her basin that had been impossible to shift. From that point on, she championed the product and OzKleen had its first supermarket order, for a palette of Shower Power worth $3000. “We were over the moon,”says OzKleen’s financial controller, Belinda McDonnell.E Shower Power was released in Australian supermarkets in 1997 and became the top-selling product in its category within six months. It was all hands on deck at the factory, labeling and bottling Shower Power to keep up with demand. OzKleen ditched all other products and rebuilt the business around Shower Power. This stage, recalls McDonnell, was very tough. “It was hand-to-mouth, cashflow was very difficult,” she says. OzKleen had to pay new-line fees to supermarket chains, which also squeezed margins.F OzKleen’s next big break came when the daughter of a Coles Myer executive used the product while on holidays in Queensland and convinced her father that Shower Power should be in Coles supermarkets. Despite the product success, Peter Quinn says the company was wary of how long the sales would last and hesitate to spend money on upgrading the manufacturing process. As a result, he remembers long periods of working around the clock to keep up with orders. Small tanks were still being used so batches were small and bottles were labeled and filled manually. The privately owned OzKleen relied on cashflow to expand. “The equipment could not keep up with demand,” Peter Quinn says. Eventually a new bottling machine was bought for $50,000 in the hope of streamlining production, but he says: “We got ripped off.”Since then he has been developing a new automated bottling machine that can control the amount of foam produced in the liquid, so that bottles can be filled more effectively —“I love coming up with new ideas.”The machine is being patented.G Peter Quinn says OzKleen’s approach to research and development is open slather. “If I need it, I get it. It is about doing something simple that no one else is doing. Most of these things are jus sitting in front of people ... it’s just seeing the opportunities.”With a tried and tested product, OzKleen is expanding overseas and developing more Power-brand household products. Tom Quinn, who previously ran a real estate agency, says: “We are competing with the same market all over the world, the(cleaning)products are sold everywhere.”Shower Power, known as Bath Power in Britain, was launched four years ago with the help of an export development grand from the Federal Government. “We wanted to do it straight away because we realized we had the same opportunities worldwide.” OzKleen is already number three in the British market, and the next stop is France. The Power range includes cleaning products for carpets, kitchens and pre-wash stain removal. The Quinn and Heron families are still involved. OzKleen has been approached with offers to buy the company, but Tom Quinn says he is happy with things as they are. “We’re having too much fun.”Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.Which paragraph contains the followinginformation?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.1.The description of one family member persuading another of selling cleaning products正确答案:F解析:利用反向思维词“one family member”推测原文对应信息应该出现“familymember”对应的下位词,例如father,mother,brother等。

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编9(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编9(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编9(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.AmbergrisWhat is it and where does it come from ?Ambergris was used to perfume cosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization on the earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese names ambergris as lung sien hiang, “dragon’s spittle perfume.” as they think that it was produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of a sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that it is produced from springs near seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavouring for food.During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby-Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was “largely used in perfumery.” But nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720’s, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales. Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales.Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold.(Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 a gram.)Amber floats in salt water, and in old times the origin of both these substances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized as jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees, mainly pines.To the earliest Western chroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminous sea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings of strange sea birds(probably because of confusion over the included beaks of squid)or from the large hives of bees living near the sea. Marco Polo was the first Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales and its vomit.As sperm whales navigate in the oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey on squid, most famously the Giant Squid. It’s commonly accepted that ambergris forms in the whale’s gut or intestines as the creature attempts to “deal” with squid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggle to digest the hard, sharp, parrot-like beaks. It is thought their stomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventually hard, resinous lumps are formed around the beaks, and then expelled from their innards by vomiting. When a whale initially vomits upambergris, it is soft and has a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smell of cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, the substance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded piece of nostril heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, musky and pleasant earthy aroma.Since ambergris is derived from animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case of ambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangered species, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th century due to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocks still have not recovered. During the 1970’s, the Save the Whales movement brought the plight of whales to international recognition. Many people now believe that whales are “saved”. This couldn’t be further from the truth. All around the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales, in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers are concerned that even the trade in naturally found ambergris can be harmful by creating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance.One of the forms ambergris is used today is as a valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong the scent. But nowadays, since ambergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeries prefer to add a chemical derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris. As a fragrance consumer, you can assume that there is no natural ambergris in your perfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you own vintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you have been wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to review your scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containing perfumes: Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5, and Gucci Guilty.Questions 1-6Classify the following information as referring toA ambergris onlyB amber onlyC both ambergris and amberD neither ambergris nor amberWrite the correct letter, A, B, C, or D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.1.being expensive正确答案:C解析:该题目信息对应文章第三段第三句话“Both of them were the most sought-after sub—stances in the world,almost as valuable as gold”,这里“as valuable as gold”对应题目信息“expensive”,所以正确答案为C。

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.William Gilbert and MagnetismA 16th and 17th centuries saw two great pioneers of modern science: Galileo and Gilbert. The impact of their findings is eminent. Gilbert was the first modern scientist, also the accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism, an Englishman of learning and a physician at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of electricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, nothing more than that the lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. However, he is less well-known than he deserves.B Gilbert’s birth predated Galileo. Born in an eminent local family in Colchester county in the UK, on May 24, 1544, he went to grammar school, and then studied medicine at St. John’s College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. Later he traveled in the continent and eventually settled down in London.C He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed the personal physician to the Queen(Elizabeth I), and later knighted by the Queen. He faithfully served her until her death. However, he didn’t outlive the Queen for long and died on December 10, 1603, only a few months after his appointment as personal physician to King James.D Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large portion of mysticism of alchemy involved(such as the transmutation of metal). He gradually developed his interest in physics after the great minds of the ancient, particularly about the knowledge the ancient Greeks had about lodestones, strange minerals with the power to attract iron. In the meantime, Britain became a major seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to British settlement of America. British ships depended on the magnetic compass, yet no one understood why it worked. Did the pole star attract it, as Columbus once speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as described in Odyssey, which ships would never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out all their iron nails and fittings? For nearly 20 years William Gilbert conducted ingenious experiments to understand magnetism. His works include On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, Great Magnet of the Earth.E Gilbert’s discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated the nature of magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word “electric”. Though the early beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralize its magnetism, one example being that sailors even believed the smell of garlic would even interfere with the action of compass, which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship’s compass. Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetized by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on them. He named the ends of a magnet “north pole” and “south pole”. The magnetic poles can attract orrepel, depending on polarity. In addition, however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Though he started to study the relationship between magnetism and electricity, sadly he didn’t complete it. His research of static electricity using amber and jet only demonstrated that objects with electrical charges can work like magnets attracting small pieces of paper and stuff. It is a French guy named du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive and negative.F He also questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs. Though a Coper-nican, he didn’t express in his quintessential beliefs whether the earth is at the center of the universe or in orbit around the sun. However he believed that stars are not equidistant from the earth, but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth is itself like a giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis that is aligned with the earth’s polarity. He even likened the polarity of the magnet to the polarity of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy. In his explanation, magnetism was the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly spherical lodestone, when aligned with the earth’s poles, would wobble all by itself in 24 hours. Further, he also believed that suns and other stars wobble just like the earth does around a crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.G His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude toward scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments were not in fashion. It was because of this scientific attitude, together with his contribution to our knowledge of magnetism, that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named Gilbert in his honor. His approach of careful observation and experimentation rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive philosophy of others had laid the very foundation for modern science.Reading passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-GChoose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. List of Headingsi Early years of Gilbertii What was new about his scientific research methodiii The development of chemistryiv Questioning traditional astronomyv Pioneers of the early sciencevi Professional and social recognitionvii Becoming the president of the Royal Science Societyviii The great works of Gilbertix His discovery about magnetismx His change of focus1.Paragraph A正确答案:V解析:段落开头提到具体时间“16th,17th centuries”,同时出现人名Galileo 和Gilbert,与标题v的“early”和“pioneers”对应,段落主体部分讲述这两个人都是伟大的科学家,且对Gilbert进行了更详细的介绍。

同桌英语的雅思题库

同桌英语的雅思题库

同桌英语的雅思题库The Comprehensive IELTS Question Bank from My ClassmateAs an aspiring student aiming to further my education abroad the IELTS exam has become a crucial milestone I must overcome However the daunting prospect of tackling such a comprehensive test has filled me with a sense of trepidation Over the years I have tried various study materials and resources in an attempt to prepare myself for the IELTS but have often found them to be lacking in depth or specificity leaving me feeling overwhelmed and unsure of the best approach to take That was until my classmate introduced me to their meticulously curated IELTS question bank a invaluable tool that has transformed my preparation journeyMy classmate had been diligently compiling this question bank over the course of several years drawing from their own experiences sitting the IELTS exam as well as countless hours of research and analysis into the test format and common question types This extensive database covers the full breadth of the IELTS syllabus including reading listening writing and speaking sections providing acomprehensive overview of the skills and knowledge required to excel in each componentWhat sets this question bank apart is the level of detail and organization that has been applied to its structure Each section is meticulously categorized by topic and question type allowing me to efficiently target areas of weakness and focus my study efforts accordingly The questions themselves are expertly crafted to mirror the authentic IELTS format challenging me to think critically and apply my knowledge in a manner that closely resembles the real exam experienceBut the true value of this resource lies not just in the quality of the questions themselves but also in the accompanying explanations and analysis provided for each answer These detailed breakdowns do not simply identify the correct response but delve deeper into the reasoning behind it exploring the nuances of grammar vocabulary and rhetorical devices that underpin successful IELTS performance This level of instructional guidance has been instrumental in helping me develop a more holistic understanding of the exam requirements rather than merely memorizing facts and formulasPerhaps one of the most impressive aspects of this question bank is the sheer volume of material it contains With thousands of unique questions spanning the full spectrum of IELTS topics I have foundmyself spoiled for choice when it comes to practice opportunities The ability to continuously expose myself to new challenges has been crucial in building my confidence and honing the skills needed to tackle even the most complex IELTS tasksBeyond the depth of content the user friendly interface of the question bank has also been a major asset in my preparation journey Each section is clearly demarcated with intuitive navigation allowing me to seamlessly transition between topics and question types as needed The inclusion of scoring metrics and performance tracking features has also been invaluable in monitoring my progress and identifying areas requiring further attentionAs the IELTS exam date draws nearer I find myself increasingly grateful to my classmate for introducing me to this remarkable resource Without it I have no doubt that my preparation would have been far more arduous and uncertain Instead I now feel empowered with a level of IELTS familiarity and competence that has me cautiously optimistic about my chances of successOf course the true test will come when I sit the exam but with the comprehensive support of this question bank I believe I am as well equipped as I can be to demonstrate my English proficiency and achieve the score needed to realize my academic ambitions abroad I cannot recommend this resource highly enough to any fellow IELTScandidates seeking a structured systematic and highly effective means of honing their skills and knowledge in pursuit of their goals。

同桌英语 前雅思考官作文 百度网盘

同桌英语 前雅思考官作文 百度网盘

同桌英语前雅思考官作文百度网盘A Former IELTS Examiner's Essay from Baidu Netdisk".Classmate's English: A Former IELTS Examiner's Essay from Baidu NetdiskIn the bustling world of language learning, the pursuit of proficiency often becomes a journey fraught with challenges and unexpected discoveries. For me, this journey took an intriguing turn when I had the privilege of interacting with a classmate whose English skills were truly remarkable. As a former IELTS examiner, I found myself captivated by the nuances and depth of their linguistic abilities, which inspired me to delve deeper into the complexities of language acquisition.My classmate's command of the English language was nothing short of impressive. From the fluency with which they navigated complex grammatical structures to the eloquence they displayed in articulating their thoughts, it was evident that their language skills had been honed through years of dedication and practice. What struck me most, however, was the effortless manner in which they seamlessly incorporated idiomatic expressions and culturalreferences into their speech, demonstrating a deep understanding of the language's intricacies.As we engaged in discussions and collaborated on various projects, I couldn't help but marvel at the ease with which my classmate navigated the linguistic landscape. Their ability to seamlessly shift between formal and informal registers, to adapt their communication style to the audience, and to convey complex ideas with clarity and precision was truly remarkable. It was as if they had an innate sense of the language, an intuitive grasp of its nuances that transcended mere textbook knowledge.One particularly memorable moment occurred during a group presentation, where my classmate's eloquence and command of the language left a lasting impression on both the instructor and the rest of the class. As they eloquently articulated their points, using vivid examples and seamlessly weaving in relevant references, I couldn't help but feel a sense of awe. It was as if they had been born to speak English, their words flowing with a natural rhythm and cadence that captivated the audience.In the aftermath of that presentation, I found myself reflecting on the factors that had contributed to my classmate's exceptional language skills. Was it a result of their upbringing, immersed in an environment that fostered language learning? Or was it a testamentto their unwavering dedication and countless hours of practice? Whatever the case may be, it was clear that their journey to language proficiency had been one of perseverance, commitment, and a genuine love for the English language.As I delved deeper into the subject, I discovered that my classmate's journey mirrored the experiences of many successful language learners. They had not only mastered the technical aspects of the language but had also developed a deep appreciation for its cultural nuances and its power to connect people across borders. Their ability to seamlessly navigate the linguistic landscape was a testament to the transformative power of language learning, and it inspired me to re-examine my own approach to language acquisition.Through our interactions, I learned that language learning is not merely about memorizing vocabulary and grammar rules. It is a holistic process that involves immersing oneself in the cultural and social contexts of the language, developing a keen ear for its rhythms and cadences, and cultivating a genuine passion for the art of communication. My classmate's example showed me that true language proficiency is not just about passing exams or achieving high scores, but about the ability to use the language as a tool for self-expression, cultural exchange, and personal growth.As I reflect on my time with this exceptional classmate, I amreminded of the words of the renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky, who once said, "Language is a process of free creation; its laws and principles are not fixed, but can be altered by the individual." My classmate's journey is a testament to this idea, for they have not only mastered the language but have also made it their own, infusing it with their unique personality and perspectives.In conclusion, my experience with this remarkable classmate has been a profound and transformative one. Their exceptional command of the English language has not only inspired me to re-evaluate my own language learning approach but has also reminded me of the true power and beauty of language as a means of self-expression and cultural exchange. As I continue on my own language learning journey, I am grateful for the opportunity to have crossed paths with this exceptional individual, whose influence will undoubtedly continue to shape my understanding and appreciation of the English language.。

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.CLASSIFYING SOCIETIESAlthough humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.ClanThese are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild(undomesticated)food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Qan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered—and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.TribeThese are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital”or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town ofin modern Turkey.ChiefdomThese operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages(a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor)are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no truestratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.Early StateThese preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler(perhaps a king or sometimes a queen)has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue(often in the form of taxes and tolls)and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.This rather simple social typology set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1.There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.A.真B.假C.Not Given正确答案:A解析:利用细节信息“clan”和“economic difference”定位于原文Clan部分的第一个分段落的最后一句话“there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status amongtheir members”。

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Alfred NobelThe man behind the Nobel PrizeSince 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21,1833. His father Immanuel Nobel was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. In connection with his construction work Immanuel Nobel also experimented with different techniques for blasting rocks. Successful in his industrial and business ventures, Immanuel Nobel was able, in 1842, to bring his family to St. Petersburg. There, his sons were given a first class education by private teachers. The training included natural sciences, languages and literature. By the age of 17 Alfred Nobel was fluent in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. His primary interests were in English literature and poetry as well as in chemistry and physics. Alfred’s father, who wanted his sons to join his enterprise as engineers, disliked Alfred’s interest in poetry and found his son rather introverted.In order to widen Alfred’s horizons his father sent him abroad for further training in chemical engineering. During a two year period Alfred Nobel visited Sweden, Germany, France and the United States. In Paris, the city he came to like best, he worked in the private laboratory of Professor T J. Pelouze, a famous chemist. There he met the young Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero who, three years earlier, had invented nitroglycerine, a highly explosive liquid. But it was considered too dangerous to be of any practical use. Although its explosive power greatly exceeded that of gunpowder, the liquid would explode in a very unpredictable manner if subjected to heat and pressure. Alfred Nobel became very interested in nitroglycerine and how it could be put to practical use in construction work. He also realized that the safety problems had to be solved and a method had to be developed for the controlled detonation of nitroglycerine.After his return to Sweden in 1863, Alfred Nobel concentrated on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Several explosions, including one(1864)in which his brother Emil and several other persons were killed, convinced the authorities that nitroglycerine production was exceedingly dangerous. They forbade further experimentation with nitroglycerine within the Stockholm city limits and Alfred Nobel had to move his experimentation to a barge anchored on Lake Malaren. Alfred was not discouraged and in 1864 he was able to start mass production of nitroglycerine. To make the handling of nitroglycerine safer Alfred Nobel experimented with different additives. He soon found that mixing nitroglycerine with kieselguhr would turn the liquid into a paste which could be shaped into rods of a size and form suitable for insertion into drilling holes. In 1867he patented this material under the name of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dynamite rods he also invented a detonator(blasting cap)which could be ignited by lighting a fuse. These inventions were made at the same time as the pneumatic drill came into general use. Together these inventions drastically reduced the cost of blasting rock, drilling tunnels, building canals and many other forms of construction work.The market for dynamite and detonating caps grew very rapidly and Alfred Nobel also proved himself to be a very skillful entrepreneur and businessman. Over the years he founded factories and laboratories in some 90 different places in more than 20 countries. Although he lived in Paris much of his life he was constantly traveling. When he was not traveling or engaging in business activities Nobel himself worked intensively in his various laboratories, first in Stockholm and later in other places. He focused on the development of explosives technology as well as other chemical inventions, including such materials as synthetic rubber and leather, artificial silk, etc. By the time of his death in 1896 he had 355 patents.Intensive work and travel did not leave much time for a private life. At the age of 43 he was feeling like an old man. At this time he advertised in a newspaper “Wealthy, highly-educated elderly gentle-man seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household.” The most qualified applicant turned out to be an Austrian woman, Countess Bertha Kinsky. After working a very short time for Nobel she decided to return to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. In spite of this Alfred Nobel and Bertha von Suttner remained friends and kept writing letters to each other for decades. Over the years Bertha von Suttner became increasingly critical of the arms race. She wrote a famous book, Lay Down Your Arms and became a prominent figure in the peace movement. No doubt this influenced Alfred Nobel when he wrote his final will which was to include a Prize for persons or organizations who promoted peace. Several years after the death of Alfred Nobel, the Norwegian Storting(Parliament)decided to award the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to Bertha von Suttner.Alfred Nobel died in San Remo, Italy, on December 10, 1896. When his will was opened it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The executors of his will were two young engineers, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist. They set about forming the Nobel Foundation as an organization to take care of the financial assets left by Nobel for this purpose and to coordinate the work of the Prize-Awarding Institutions. This was not without its difficulties since the will was contested by relatives and questioned by authorities in various countries.Alfred Nobel’s greatness lay in his ability to combine the penetrating mind of the scientist and inventor with the forward-looking dynamism of the industrialist. Nobel was very interested in social and peace-related issues and held what were considered radical views in his era. He had a great interest in literature and wrote his own poetry and dramatic works. The Nobel Prizes became an extension and a fulfillment of his lifetime interests.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1.The first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1895.A.真B.假C.Not Given正确答案:B解析:利用细节信息“1895”和顺序性原则很容易定位到原文第一段。

剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析

剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析

剑桥雅思7 Test4阅读Passage1真题解析剑桥雅思7;第四套试题;阅读部分 Passage 1;阅读真题原文部分:READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13; which are based on Reading Passage 1below.Pulling stings to build pyramidsNo one knows exactly how the pyramids were built. Marcus Chown reckons the answer could be hanging in the air.The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago; and no one knows how. The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. But there is no evidence to back this up. Now a Californian software consultant called Maureen Clemmons has suggested that kites might have been involved. While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt; she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures. They were holding what looked like ropes that led; via some kind of mechanical system; to a giant bird in the sky. She wondered if perhaps the bird was actually a giant kite; and the men were using it to lift a heavy object.Intrigued; Clemmons contacted Morteza Gharib; aeronautics professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the idea. Coming from Iran; I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science; he says. He too was puzzled by the picture that had sparked Clemmonss interest. The object in the sky apparently had wings far too short and wide for a bird. The possibility certainly existed that it was a kite; he says. And since he needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff; investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical; using no source of energy except the wind. Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-tunnel experiments convinced them they wouldn’t need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column. Even a modest force; if sustained over a long time; would do. The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the applied force. So they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the horizontal column; with pulleys suspended from the scaffolds apex. The idea was that as one end of the column rose; the base would roll across the ground on a trolley. Earlier this year; the team put Clemmonss unlikely theory to the test; using a 40-square-metre rectangular nylon sail. The kite lifted the columnclean off the ground. We were absolutely stunned; Gharib says. The instant the sail opened into the wind; a huge force was generated and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere 40 seconds. The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour; little more than half what they thought would be needed. What they had failed to reckon with was what happened when the kite was opened. There was a huge initial force- five times larger than the steady state force; Gharib says. This jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights; Gharib realised. Even a 300-tonne column could have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so men and four or five sails. So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place. Whether they actually did is another matter; Gharib says. There are no pictures showing the construction of the pyramids; so there is no way to tell what really happened. The evidence for using kites to move large stones is no better or worse than the evidence for the brute force method; Gharib says.Indeed; the experiments have left many specialists unconvinced. The evidence for kite-lifting is non-existent; says Willeke Wendrich; an associate professor of Egyptology at the University of California; Los Angeles.Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys; which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition; there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids; its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC; the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.The experiments might even have practical uses nowadays. There are plenty of places around the globe where people have no access to heavy machinery; but do know how to deal with wind; sailing and basic mechanical principles. Gharib has already been contacted by a civil engineer in Nicaragua; who wants to put up buildings with adobe roofs supported by concrete arches on a site that heavy equipment cant reach. His idea is to build the arches horizontally; then lift them into place using kites. Weve given him some design hints; says Gharib. Were just waiting for him to report back. So whether they wereactually used to build the pyramids or not; it seems that kites may make sensible construction tools in the 21 st century AD. Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet; writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.2 Clemmons found a strange hieroglyph on the wall of an Egyptian monument.3 Gharib had previously done experiments on bird flight.4 Gharib and Graff tested their theory before applying it.5 The success of the actual experiment was due to the high speed of the wind.6 They found that; as the kite flew higher; the wind force got stronger.7 The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones.Questions 8-13Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.Additional evidence for theory of kite-liftingThe Egyptians had 8 ………… which could lift large pieces of9 ………… ; and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10 …………. The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11 ………… suggests they may have experimented with 12 ………… . In addition; over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons; as well as for sending 13 ………… . READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题线牵金字塔结构引言:引出Marcus Chown的新观点..第一段:介绍Marcus关于金字塔修建的新观点..第二段:该观点引起另一位科学家Morteza的兴趣..第三段:为验证该观点提出的实验假设..第四段:实验获得成功..第五段:对实验结果的分析..第六段:对该观点存在不同的声音..第七段:对于该观点的其他解释及依据..第八段:该实验在现实中的应用..必背词汇引言pyramid n. 金字塔 reckon v. 料想第一段conventional adj. 通常的;常规的 hieroglyph n. 象形文字;图画文字slave n. 奴隶 odd adj. 古怪的drag vt. 拖;拉 posture n. 姿势sledge n. 雪橇 via prep. 经由back up 支持 mechanical adj. 机械的software n. 软件 giant adj. 巨大的consultant n. 顾问 wonder v. 好奇peruse vt. 翻阅;浏览 object n. 物体monument n. 历史遗迹;遗址第二段intrigue v. 激起……的兴趣 keen adj. 强烈的;浓厚的contact v. 联系 puzzled adj. 困惑的aeronautics n. 航空学 spark v. 激发institute n. 学院 apparently adv. 显然fascinate v. 强烈地吸引 investigate v. 调查;研究第三段column n. 柱;圆柱 sustain v. 维持horizontal adj. 水平的 pulley n. 滑车;滑轮vertical adj. 垂直的 magnify v. 放大source n. 来源 rig v. 装配initial adj. 最初的 tent-shaped adj. 帐篷形状的calculation n. 计算 scaffold n. 支架wind-tunnel adj. 风洞的 suspend v. 悬挂convince v. 说服;使……相信 apex n. 顶点;最高点tonne n. 吨 roll v. 使滚动modest adj. 温和的;适度的 trolley n. 手推车第四段rectangular n. 矩形 instant n. 立即;瞬间nylon n. 尼龙 generate v. 产生absolutely adv. 绝对地;完全地 mere adj. 仅仅的stun v. 使目瞪口呆第五段gentle adj. 温和的;徐缓的 massive adj. 巨大的steady adj. 稳定的;不变的 actually adv. 实际上state n. 状态 construction n. 建设;建造jerk v. 急拉 brute adj. 无理性的realise v. 意识到第六段specialist n. 专家 no-existent adj. 不存在的unconvinced adj. 不信服的 associate professor 副教授第七段harness v. 利用 uncannily adv. 异常地accomplished adj. 熟练的;有造诣的 glider n. 滑翔机Egyptian n. 埃及人 sophistication n. 精密性;复杂性wooden adj. 木制的 civilisation n. 文明block n. 大块 dump v. 倾卸;倾倒physical adj. 物质的 flaming adj. 燃烧的ancient adj. 古代的;古老的 debris n. 碎片;残骸artefact n. 人工制品 foe n. 敌人第八段practical adj. 实际的 concrete adj. 水泥的access n. 使用或见到的机会;权利 arch n. 拱顶civil engineer 土木工程师 hint n. 建议;指点adobe n. 泥砖;土坯 sensible adj. 切合实际的难句解析1. And since he needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff; investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.参考译文:因为他刚好需要给学生Emilio Graff布置一项暑假研究计划;调查用风筝做起重器的可能性是一个好主意..语言点:1 investigate: v. to try to find out the truth about or the cause of somethingThe state police are investigating the incident.I heard a noise and went downstairs to investigate.2 seem: v. to appear to exist or be true; or to have a particular qualitya. seem likeTeri seemed like a nice girl.b. it seems that...It seemed that Freeman had killed the man; and dumped the body in the lake.2. The instant the sail opened into the wind; a huge force was generated and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere 40 seconds.参考译文:风帆在风中展开那一刻产生一股巨大的风力;仅花了40秒石柱就被抬离地面..语言点:1句型分析逗号之前的部分为the instant引导的时间状语从句;在instant 后面若加上when应该就不难理解了..2 generatea. v. to produce or cause somethingThe program would generate a lot of new jobs.b. v. to produce heat; electricity; or another form of energyWind turbines generate electricity for the local community.3. There are plenty of places around the globe where people have no access to heavy machinery; but do know how to deal with wind; sailing and basic mechanical principles.参考译文:世界上很多地方的人没有大型机械;却知道如何利用风能、航海和基本的机械原理..语言点:1 have access to sth.: to have sth. that you can useHer mother doesn't have access to the advanced one.2 deal witha. to take the necessary action; especially in order to solve a problemDon't worry; I'll deal with this problem.b. if a book; speech etc. deals with a particular subject; it is about that subjectThese ideas are dealt with more fully in Chapter Four.试题解析Questions 1-7题目类型:True / False / Not Given题目解析:1. It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.2. Clemmons found a strange hieroglyph on the wall of an Egyptian monument.3. Gharib had previously done experiments on bird flight.4. Gharib and Graft tested their theory before applying it.5. The success of the actual experiment was due to the high speed of the wind.6. They found that; as the kite flew higher; the wind force got stronger.7. The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones.Questions 8-13题目类型:Summary解题方法:1. 该Summary有小标题;可以通过扫描各段首句的方法定位出其解题段落为第七段..2. 对于没有词库的Summary;需在回文定位之前预测空格所填词的词性;在定位时便于有目的地查找..题目解析:TIPS:在Summary的解题过程中;若空格前为动词或介词;则需在文中定位处查找该词或其同义词;且该词后的单词一般就是答案..参考译文线牵金字塔没有人知道金字塔到底是怎么建成的..Marcus Chown料想答案可能是“悬空而造”..埃及的金字塔是在3000多年前建造的;但是没有人知道它们是以何种方式建造的..传统的描述是由成千上万的奴隶拖动载有石头的雪橇来建造的..但是没有证据证明这一观点..加利福尼亚的软件顾问Maureen Clemmons日前提出在金字塔的建造过程中可能使用了风筝..在翻阅一本有关埃及古迹的书时;她发现一个象形文字描述的是一群人以奇怪的姿势站立..他们手里拉着类似绳索的东西;通过某种机械连着空中的一只巨鸟..她想知道那只巨鸟是否可能就是一只巨大的风筝;而那些人正用它来举起重物..好奇心驱使下的Clemmons联系了加州理工学院的航空学教授Morteza Gharib..后者对她的想法很感兴趣..他说:“我来自伊朗;对中东的科技有浓厚的兴趣..”他同样也对令Clemmons感兴趣的图片感到疑惑..悬在空中物体的两翼对于鸟类来说明显太短太宽..“是风筝的可能性确实是存在的;”他说..因为他刚好需要给学生Emilio Graff布置一项暑假研究计划;调查用风筝做起重器的可能性是一个好主意..Gharib和Graff尝试只借助风力除此之外没有其他能源来把一块水平放置的4.5米长的石柱直立起来..最初的计算以及风洞模型实验让他们相信不用太强的风力就能举起这块33.5吨重的石柱..甚至只要风力适度;如果能维持一定的时间就能做到..关键是要用一个滑轮系统把使用的风力扩大..因此他们在横放的石柱顶部正上方搭了一个帐篷形的支架;在支架的顶部悬挂了滑车..理论是当石柱的一端被吊起;另一端就能顺着下面的手推车翻转过来..今年早些时候;他们用一块40平方米的方形尼龙风帆把Clemmons的空头理论付诸实验..最终风帆把石柱完全抬离地面..“我们完全目瞪口呆;”Gharib说..“风帆在风中展开那一刻产生一股巨大的风力;仅花了40秒石柱就被抬离地面..”当时的风力时速仅为16到20公里;还不足他们预想所需风力的一半..他们没有想到的是当风筝打开时会发生什么..“巨大的初始风力比恒稳状态风力大五倍;”Gharib说..他意识到这种猛然的拉力意味着风筝能够举起巨大的重量..只需40个左右的人力加上四五个风帆就能把一根300吨的石柱直立起来..所以Clemmons是对的;金字塔的建造者们可能使用了风筝把巨大的石块抬升至指定位置..“他们是否真的使用了风筝是另外一回事;”Gharib说..没有图画描述金字塔的建造情况;所以没有办法知道真正发生的事情..“使用风筝搬运巨石的证据和使用强力法的证据不相上下;”Gharib说..事实上;这些实验许多专家并不信服..洛杉矶加州大学的埃及古物学副教授WillekeWendrich就说:“支持风筝搬运的证据并不存在”..其他人则认为支持该理论的实例不在少数..对像埃及人这样熟练的水手来说驾驭风力不是问题..而且我们都知道他们制造了坚固的木质滑车用以承运大块巨石..此外;有物证表明古埃及人对飞翔很感兴趣..在塞加拉的阶梯金字塔上发现的一块木制加工品就酷似现代的滑翔机..尽管它出现在金字塔建成几百年后;但是它的精密程度却显示埃及人想要飞翔的想法已经非常久远..而其他古文明确实也了解风筝;早在公元前1250年;中国人就用它们来传递信息或向敌人倾倒燃烧的碎片..甚至现在这一实验可能还具有实用性..全世界很多地方的人们没有大型机械;却知道如何利用风能、航海和基本的机械原理..一位尼加拉瓜的土木工程师就联系了Gharib;想要在一个没有重型机械的地方建造用混凝土拱支持土坯屋顶的房子..他的想法是先在地平线上建造拱顶;然后用风筝抬升拱顶到预定位置..“我们给了他一些设计建议;还在等待他的反馈..”Gharib说..所以不管风筝有没有被用来建造金字塔;似乎它们在公元21世纪却可能是实用的建筑工具..。

剑桥雅思7真题和解析Test1阅读

剑桥雅思7真题和解析Test1阅读

剑桥雅思7阅读解析Test4 Passage1 READING PASSAGE 1文章结构名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:考题精解Questions 1-7『题型』TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 『解析』1.2.3.4.5.6.7.名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:Questions 8-13『题型』SUMMARY(without word bank)『解析』题目中的小标题evidence(A-A重现)与原文第七段开头第一句;而另外一个题目的关键词additional(A-B重现)与原文第八段开头第一句others feel;而原文第七段只有两句话,不可能包含六个答案方向,所以按照顺序性,答案最好从原文第八段开始。

名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:READING PASSAGE 2文章结构名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:考题精解Questions 14-20『题型』TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 『解析』14.15.16.17.18.19.20.Questions 21-26『题型』MATCHING 『解析』名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:READING PASSAGE 3文章结构名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:考题精解Questions 27-29『题型』MULTIPLE CHOICES 『解析』名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:Questions 30-34『题型』SUMMARY『解析』因为该题的首尾句很明显是在谈试验,而原文中很明显有一处表格很惹眼,由此我们可以判断此表格所在的原文第三段是我们在解题时应当予以关注的。

名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:Questions 35-40『题型』MATCHING『解析』。

剑桥雅思7真题及解析Test3阅读资料

剑桥雅思7真题及解析Test3阅读资料

名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
READING PASSAGE 1
文章结构
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
考题精解
Questions 1-6
『题型』TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 『解析』
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
Questions 7-13
『题型』SUMMARY
『解析』
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
READING PASSAGE 2
文章结构
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
考题精解
Questions 14-19
『题型』LIST OF HEADINGS 『解析』
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
Questions 20-21
『题型』MATCHING
『解析』
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
Questions 22-25
『题型』MATCHING
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
Questions 26
『题型』MULTIPLE CHOICE
『解析』
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
READING PASSAGE 3
文章结构
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
考题精解
Questions 27-33
『题型』TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 『解析』
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
Questions 34-39
『题型』MATCHING
『解析』
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读:
Questions 40
『题型』MULTIPLE CHOICE 『解析』。

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同桌英语上的雅思考场阅读真题Talc PowderA Peter Brigg discovers how talc from Luzenac's Trimouns in France find its way into food and agricultural products - from chewing gum to olive oil. High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me. Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres. And of course there is always talc's best known end use: talcum powder for babies1 bottoms. But the true versat ility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries.B Take, for example, the chewing gum business. Every year, Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group ( art of Rio Tinto minerals ) supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gummanufacturers in Europe. "We've been selling to this sector of the market since the 1960s," says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac's Specialties business unit in Toulouse. "Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality source. Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of die talc market." Switching sources - in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B - is not an easy option for chewing gum manufacturers." Fournier says. "The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it's expensive, they are understandably reluctant to switch."C But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degre e in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main components. "The most importantof them is the gum base," he says. "It's the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture. To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount vanes between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it's non-reactive chemically. In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process," Delord adds.D The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talc's use in the food sector. For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talc's unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls "difficult" olives. After the olives are harvested - preferably early in the morning because their taste isbetter if they are gathered in the cool of the day they are taken to the processing plant. There they arc crushed and then stirred for 30-45 minutes. In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it's more common to add water and ( K-6IH ) the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be ) and bottled. "Difficult" olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives arc collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural emulsifier. The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.E "If you add between a half and two percent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract," says Delord. "In addition, talc's flat, 'platey' structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the yield. However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn't affect the color, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive oil."F If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries arc also constantly being sought by Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn However, in the case of fruit, it's not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature that the sun's rays create.G To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit frees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a preciouscommodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore expensive. What's more, the ground can quickly become waterlogged. "So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to protect it from the sun," says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten years. "But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be overcome. Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn't like water. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder - something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin ( the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit ) and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was harvested. No-one's going to want an apple that's covered in talc."H Initial trials in the state of Washington in 2003 showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per cent. Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US market. Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential.He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern Europe.Question 26-32Use the information in the passage to match each use of tale power with correct application from A. B or C. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 26-32 on your answer sheet.26、NB you may use any letter more than once.A. Fruit protectionB. Chewing gum businessC. Olive oil extraction27 、Talc is used to increase the size of drops.28 、Talc is applied to reduce foaming.29 、Talc is employed as a filler of base.30 、Talc is modified and prevented sunburn.31 、Talc is added to stop stickiness.32 、Talc is used to increase production.。

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