对温斯顿·丘吉尔《关于希特勒入侵苏联的演讲》的文体分析6200字

对温斯顿·丘吉尔《关于希特勒入侵苏联的演讲》的文体分析6200字

本文从分析文体的角度出发对温斯顿·丘吉尔的著名演讲《关于希特勒入侵苏联的演讲》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析,引导读者赏析中大量使用的平行、重复、押韵、比喻等修辞手法是如何使演讲稿达到音、形、义的完美结合,进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。

文体学;音位学;词汇和语法;语义学

The style of writing to Winston Churchill“Speech on Hitler’s

Invasion of the U.S.S.R.” is analysed

Li Ting

The detailed analysis the main body of a book has been carried out from angle style of writing means used by the middle starting off giving a lecture “give a lecture about that Hitler invades Soviet” to Churchillian Winston ? q famousness analysing style of writing, guides reader to award Xi paralleling in the original Da Liang Shi Yong, repeats, is in rhyme, allegory waits rhetoric gimmick has been that draft reaches the tone, the shape, righteous consummation combines how to make to give a lecture, the style of writing style has carried out brief discussion on to giving a lecture then.

Stylistics; Phonemics; Vocabulary and grammar; Semantics

G89C1673-8209(2009)02-0236-02

Written by Winston Churchill, Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R. is full of powerful thoughts, magnificent expressions and well-structured. At that time, the U.S.S.R. was in danger and the disaster would quickly turn to the British. The goal of this speech was to arouse British people and win the cooperation of the USA, so, this speech is persuasive as its functional tenor is concerned; so far as the personal tenor is concerned, it is formal. General features of this speech can be summarized as: this persuasive speech is the speaking of what is written to be spoken to an audience on a formal occasion, so it presents features of formal written language while exhibiting characteristics of the written mode with its highly logical organization of thoughts, closely-knit structure and formal language. Just as language is multifunctional, so style is multileveled: Stylistic features can be formed at the three distinct levels: ① The level of Phonology; ② The level of Lexis and Grammar; ③ The level of Semantics. In order to find out the items of stylistic significance in this famous speech, this paper aims at analyzing it from one level of its language to another.

1 Stylistic features at the first level―phonological features.

Repetition of the previous initial sound may arouse the addressees’ sensitivity to the sound quality of a text, which includes Alliteration, as in “dull, drilled, docile”, “for his hearth and home”,Assonance, as in “clanking, heel-clicking”, “cowing and tying”. Besides, when the phonetic

symbolism is concerned, explosive sounds like[b],[p],[t],[d],[g],[k]usually gives a feeling of suddenness and strength while liquids and nasals a sense of peace and harmony. Winston used a series of explosives like “dandified, dull, docile, drilled, brutish, plodding, etc.” to impress his audience with the violent aggression of the Nazi army.

2 Stylistic features at the second level―grammatical and lexical features.

As public speeches are intended to inform, to persuade, and to appeal, most sentences are statements, as is shown in Churchill’s speech with only one question and two commands used in the whole speech. We know that casual speech tends to use short sentences. But a glance at Churchill’s speech reveals that its sentences are mostly long and complex ones. Though there can be several clauses in a longer sentence, they mainly come after the main clause, which presents no difficulty for the audience to comprehend. There are no sentences that are incomplete or elliptical. These characteristics show the double traits of public speaking: it is formal as is required of written language, and it is yet not difficult to understand at the time of the delivery as is required of the spoken mode. Stressing the idea by using synonyms or repeating the same word impinges on the audience’s ears, adding force, clearness or balance to a sentence. Examples for this can be found in Winston’s speech, e.g. “We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.” “…for we must speak out now at once, without a day’s delay.”

3 Stylistic features at the third level―semantic features.

The level of semantics concentrates on how the cohesive devices, paragraphing, discourse patterning, rhetorical devices and role structures contribute to the meaning of the text as a whole. Here, we will mainly focus on the rhetorical devices used in the speech. Clear organization is vital to speech making. Persuasive speeches, especially policy speeches often fall into problem-solution order. In Churchill’s speech, he showed how serious the problem was and the real intension of the Nazi regime. After having convinced the audience, Churchill called them to act with united strength. Besides, rhetorical devices are also employed by Churchill to make his speech vivid and forceful. Parallel structures are not only even in structure, but also coherent in meaning. They function not only as a kind of rhetoric device, but as a means of coherence as well. With its repetition of the sentence structure, the theme of the speech is closely connected and clearly illustrated. With so many parallel structures, the whole speech goes on smoothly and logically. The use of many parallel structures in this speech has filled the speech with strength and clear logic, e.g. “We will never parley, we will never negotiate…” “Behind all this glare, behind all this storm…” Repetition of the same word at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences helps create a strong emotional effect. For example: “ Any man or state who… Any man or state who…”

In conclusion, Churchill’s Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R. is very typical of public persuasive speeches, with its stylistic characteristics on semantic, grammatical, lexical and phonological levels. As an excellent combination of sound, form and meaning, this speech has no doubt made significant contributions in the history and the present.

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