wguochuant
火力发电厂烟囱介绍
砖套筒烟囱基本形式详见下图：
❖ 3.4、钢排烟筒
❖ 钢内筒由于封闭性好、整体性强、无连接 头，其优势相对砖砌内筒就较为突出。钢内 筒烟囱的基本型式见下图。
❖ 钢排烟筒有自承重式结构、整体悬挂式结构、分段 悬挂式结构，沿高度每隔一定距离设一道止晃点。 钢内筒的防腐内衬材料可以采用钛板内衬、进口泡 沫玻璃砖内衬、国产泡沫玻璃砖内衬、国产泡沫玻 化砖内衬、防腐涂料内衬的形式，其中，钛板内衬 效果最好，但价格较贵，进口泡沫玻璃砖内衬价格 也较高，国产泡沫玻璃砖内衬、国产泡沫玻化砖内 衬、防腐涂料内衬价格适中。国产泡沫玻璃砖内衬 与国产泡沫玻化砖内衬相比，两者价格相差不大， 后者具有更好的耐久性、更好的耐冲刷性。
❖ 3.2、套筒式烟囱的结构特点
❖ 钢筋混凝土套筒烟囱是将钢筋混凝土承重外筒与 排烟内筒相互脱开的一种结构型式。承重外筒的 直径及线型根据结构自身自振周期及变位限值， 考虑风荷载与地震作用和检修空间、排烟内筒直 径共同决定。由于其承重外筒与排烟筒脱开，承 重外筒不直接受烟气的高温和腐蚀作用，而且具 有检查、维修方便，可靠性高等特点，是火力发 电厂烟气设置脱硫装置后较多采用的结构型式， 目前被广泛地应用。
❖ 钢筋混凝土套筒烟囱在混凝土侧壁与内筒之 间形成通风区域，该通风区的作用有：（1） 有助于清除由于烟气弥漫或正压条件下有可 能漏过内衬的烟气，避免其腐蚀烟囱主体结 构；（2）降低可能漏入内衬的烟气的部分蒸 汽压力，这样也降低了其酸露点并使酸在敏 感表面上的沉积的可能性减到最小；（3）设 置检修平台、楼梯，方便工作人员可以进入 进行维护和检查。
❖ 钢排烟筒外采用超细玻璃棉毡作保温层外包镀锌钢丝网。 钢排烟筒防腐内衬可分为以下几种：
❖ 1) 钛钢复合板 ❖ 钛板由于其特定的化学性能，有非常好的防腐效果，脱硫
五笔字典
伯bo WR
泊bo IR
脖bo EFPB
舶bo TER
膊bo EGEF
驳bo CQQ
博bo FGE
拨ob RNT
勃bo FPB
卜bo HHY
布bu DMH
不bu GI
部bu UKB
怖bu NDM
步bu HI
闭bi UFT
避bi NKUP
蔽bi AUM
壁bi NKUF
碧bi GRD
陛bi BXX
辟bi NKU
辨bian UYTU
边bian LP
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伴ban WUF
拌ban RUFH
板ban SRC
般ban TEM
办ban LW
班ban GYTG
扳ban RRC
瓣ban URC
蚌bang JDH
邦bang DTB
棒bang SDW
帝di UPM
底di YQA
低di WQA
地di FB
第di TX
抱bao RQN
豹bao EEQY
孢bao BQN
薄bao AIG
堡bao WKSF
刨bao QBJH
暴bao JAW
播bo RTOL
玻bo GHC
剥bo VIJH
辈bei DJDL
碑bei DRT
卑bei RTFJ
串chuan KKH
闯chuang UCD
窗chuang PWT
Detection-of-QTLs-with-Additive-Effects
Agricultural Sciences in China 2009, 8(9): 1039-1045September 2009© 2009, CAAS. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Detection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation Value Using a Doubled Haploid Population in Cultivated WheatZHAO Liang, LIU Bin, ZHANG Kun-pu, TIAN Ji-chun and DENG Zhi-yingState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Group of Quality Wheat Breeding, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, P.R.ChinaAbstractIn order to understand the genetic basis for Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) of wheat, a doubled haploid (DH) population Huapei 3×Yumai 57 (Yumai 57 is superior to Huapei 3 for ZSV), and a linkage map consisting of 323 marker loci were used to search QTLs for ZSV. This program was based on mixed linear models and allowed simultaneous mapping of additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QTL×environment interactions (QEs). The DH population and the parents were evaluated for ZSV in three field trials. Mapping analysis produced a total of 8 QTLs and 2 QEs for ZSV with a single QTL explaining 0.64-14.39% of phenotypic variations. Four additive QTLs, 4 pairs of epistatic QTLs, and two QEs collectively explained 46.11% of the phenotypic variation (PVE). This study provided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated as Qzsv-1D. The information obtained in this study should be useful for manipulating the QTLs for ZSV by marker assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programs.Key words: doubled haploid population, Zeleny sedimentation value, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)INTRODUCTIONThe Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) has been provento be useful in wheat breeding programs for the esti-mation of wheat eating and cooking quality (Mesdag1964; Kne et al. 1993; Liu et al. 2003; He et al.2004; Zhang et al. 2005; Özberk et al. 2006; Ozturket al. 2008). There is a positive correlation betweensedimentation volume and gluten strength or loaf volume.The ZSV method is often used as a screening test inwheat breeding. Mesdag (1964) showed that the valueof ZSV is a measure for the quantity and quality of thegluten. Because the baking value of wheat flour is largelydetermined by these components, the ZSV is also con-sidered as a useful predictor for the baking value. LiuReceived 3 December, 2008 Accepted 9 April, 2009Correspondence TIAN Ji-chun, Professor, Tel/Fax: +86-538-8242040, E-mail: jctian9666@et al. (2003) detected that the associations betweenZSV and DWCN’s (dry white Chinese noodle) appear-ance and taste also fit quadratic regression modelsignificantly. The gluten quality-related parameter ofsedimentation value was significantly associated withpan bread quality score (He et al. 2004). Özberk et al.(2006) found that the only quality analyses showingsignificant correlations with market price were Zelenysedimentation value and hectolitre weights (kg hL-1).Ozturk et al. (2008) reported that the cookie diametergave highly significant correlations with ZSV.The advent and utilization of molecular markers hasprovided powerful tools for elucidating the genetic ba-sis of quantitatively inherited traits. However, only afew studies have reported genetic loci that influenceZSV in wheat (Rousset et al. 2001; Kunert et al. 2007;1040ZHAO Liang et al.Sun et al. 2008). Rousset et al. (2001) reported that one strong QTL for ZSV was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1A around Glu-A1. A distally located QTL for ZSV was mapped on chromosome arm 1BS, centered on the Gli-B1/Glu-B3 region. And a major QTL for ZSV, clearly corresponding to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosome arm 1DL. Kunert et al. (2007) found four putative QTLs for ZSV. Sun et al. (2008) identified three QTLs for ZSV in a F14 RIL derived from the cross between Chuan 35050 and Shannong 483.Additive effect QTLs were first identified and epi-static interactions among these additive effect QTLs were then estimated (Zanetti et al. 2001). However, this approach usually leaves out many QTLs that may have no additive effects but influence the trait only through epistatic interactions or QTL×environment in-teractions (QEs) (Ma et al. 2005, 2007; Rebetzke et al. 2007). Additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QEs were detected using two-locus analyses in both the populations (Kulwal et al. 2005). Sometimes QTLs involved in such interactions contribute substantially to the total variation of a quantitative trait, and therefore should not be ignored. Further experimentation is needed to clarify whether the traits are also affected by epistatic and environment, and to dissect the genotype ×environment interaction effects at the molecular level. In this study, QTLs for ZSV were investigated based on the mixed linear model in a DH population across environments. The objective of this study was to com-prehensively characterize the genetic basis for ZSV of wheat in order to facilitate the future breeding of high-quality wheat varieties.MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterialsA population of 168 DH lines was produced from the cross between two Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3 (Hp3)/Yumai 57 (Ym57) and was used for the con-struction of a linkage map. The DH population and parents were kindly provided by Professor Yanhai, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China. Hp3 and Ym57 were registered by Henan Prov-ince of China in 2006 (Hai and Kang 2007) and by the state (China) in 2003 (Guo et al. 2004), respectively. The parents, planted over a large area in the Huang-Huai wheat region in China, differ in several agronomi-cally important traits as well as baking quality traits (Guo et al. 2004; Hai and Kang 2007).The field trials were conducted in three environments, at Tai’an (36.18°N, 117.13°E), Shandong Province, China, in 2005 and 2006, and at Suzhou (31.32°N, 120.62°E), Anhui Province, China, in 2006. The ex-perimental design followed a completely randomized block design with two replications at each location. In autumn 2005, all lines and parental lines were grown in 2 m long by three-row plots (25 cm apart); in autumn 2006, the lines were grown in 2 m long by four-row plots (25 cm apart). Suzhou and Tai’an differ in cli-mate and soil conditions. In Tai’an, there were differ-ences in temperature and soil conditions between the years 2005 and 2006. During the growing season, man-agement was in accordance with the local practice. The lines were harvested individually at maturity to prevent yield loss from over-ripening. Harvested grain samples were cleaned prior to conditioning and flour milling was performed in a mill (Quadrumat Senior, Brabender, Germany) to flour extraction rates of around 70%. Prior to milling, the hard, medium hard (mixtures of hard and soft wheat) and soft wheats were tempered to around 14, 15, and 16% moisture contents, respectively.Measurements of ZSVZeleny sedimentation volume was determined using AACC method 56-61A.Construction of the genetic linkage mapA genetic linkage map of DH population with 323 markers, including 284 SSR, 37 ESTs loci, 1 ISSR loci and 1 HMW-GS loci, was constructed. This linkage map covered a total length of 2485.7 cM with an aver-age distance of 7.67 cM between adjacent markers. Thirteen markers remained unlinked. These markers formed 24 linkage groups at LOD 4.0. The chromo-somal locations and the orders of the markers in the map were in accordance with the one reported for Triti-cum aestivum L. (Somers et al. 2004). The recom-mended map distance for genome wide QTL scanningDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation1041 was an interval length less than 10 cM (Doerge 2002).Thus the map was suitable for genome-wide QTL scan-ning in this study.Statistical analysisAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out usingSPSS ver. 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, USA). QTLs withadditive effects and epistatic effects as well as QEs inthe DH population were mapped by the softwareQTLNetwork ver. 2.0 (Yang and Zhu 2005) based on amixed linear model (Wang et al. 1999). Composite in-terval analysis was undertaken using forward-backwardstepwise multiple linear regression with a probabilityinto and out of the model of 0.05 and window size setat 10 cM. Significant thresholds for QTL detectionwere calculated for each data set using 1000 permuta-tions and a genome-wide error rate of 0.10 (suggestive)and 0.05 (significant). The final genetic model incor-porated significant additive effects and epistatic effectsas well as their environmental interactions.RESULTSPhenotypic variation for DH lines and parentsAs is shown in Fig.1, ZSV of Ym57 showed highervalues than ZSV of Hp3; the means of the ZSV fellbetween the two parent’s values. It expressed the ex-istence of the large transgressive segregation. ZSV seg-regated continuously and approximately fit normal dis-tributions with absolute values of both skewness andkurtosis less than 1.0, indicating that this trait was suit-able for QTL mapping.QTLs with additive effects and additive×environment (AE) interactionsFour QTLs with significant additive effects were iden-tified on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 5A, and 5D (Table 1and Fig.2). These QTLs explained from 2.66 to14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Qzsv-1B had the most significant effect, accounting for 14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Ym57 alleles at three loci, Qzsv-1B,Qzsv-1D, and Qzsv-5D, increased Fig. 1 Frequency distributions of ZSV in 168 DH lines derived from a cross of Hp3×Ym57 evaluated at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons. The means of trait values for the DH lines and both parents are indicated by arrows. Several statistics for the traits in the DH lines are shown on the right of each plot.Zeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in SuzhouZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in Tai’anZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2005 in Tai’anMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153 252015105No.ofDHlinesDH linesYm57Hp315.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.00DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.0050.0060.00252015105No.ofDHlines30DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.002015105No.ofDHlinesMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153Mean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.1531042ZHAO Liang et al.Table 1 Estimated additive effects and additive ×environment (AE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsQTL Flanking-marker 1)Position (cM)2)F -value P A 3)H 2 (A, %)4)AE 1H 2 (AE 1, %)5)AE 2H 2 (AE 2, %)AE 3H 2 (AE 3, %)Qzsv -1B Xwmc412.2-Xcfe023.236.425.220.000-2.5214.39------Qzsv -1D Xwmc93-GluD161.915.910.000-1.988.93------Qzsv -5A Xbarc358.2-Xgwm18638.18.100.000 1.08 2.66------Qzsv -5DXcfd101-Xbarc32060.612.690.000-1.203.25---1.042.44--1)Flanking marker, the interval of F peak value for QTL. The same as below.2)Position, the location of F peak value for QTL in “Flanking marker”. The same as below.3)Additive effects, a positive value indicates that the allele from Hp3 increased ZSV, a negative value indicates that the allele from Ym57 increased ZSV.4)H 2(A, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative additive QTL.5)H 2(AE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by additive QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.Fig. 2 A genetic linkage map of wheat showing mapping QTLs with additive effects, epistatic effects, AE, and AAE for ZSV.1A 1B 1D 2A 3A5A 5D 7A 7DLocus involved in AELocus involved in additive effects Locus involved in epistasisLocus involved in AAEDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation 1043ZSV by 2.52, 1.98, and 1.20 mL, respectively, owing to additive effects. The Hp3 allele increased ZSV at the Qzsv -5A by 1.08 mL, accounting for 2.66% of the phe-notypic variance. This suggested that alleles, which increased ZSV, were dispersed within the two parents,resulting in small differences of phenotypic values be-tween the parents and transgressive segregants among the DH population. The total additive QTLs detected for ZSV accounted for 29.23% of the phenotypic variance.One additive effect was involved in AE interactions (Table 1 and Fig.2). The Ym57 alleles at one locus,Qzsv -5D , increased the ZSV by 1.04 mL with corre-spondingly contributing 2.44% of the phenotypic variance.QTLs with epistasis effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactionsFour pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified for ZSV,and were located on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3A, 7A and 7D (Table 2 and Fig.2). These QTLs had correspond-ing contributions ranging from 0.64 to 6.79%. One pair of epistasis, occurring between the loci Qzsv -2A /Qzsv -7A , had the largest effect, which contributed ZSV of 1.73 mL and accounted for 6.79% of the phenotypic variance. The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance. All the epistatic effects were non-main-effect QTLs.One pair of epistatic QTL was detected in AAE in-teractions for ZSV (Table 2 and Fig.2). The AAE ef-fects explained 2.33% of the phenotypic variance and this QTL, Qzsv3A.2/Qzsv7D.1, increased ZSV by 1.01mL owing to AAE effects, simultaneously the positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect.DISCUSSIONEpistatic effects and QTL ×environment interactions were important genetic basis for ZSV in wheatEpistasis, as an important genetic basis for complex traits, has been well demonstrated in recent QTL map-ping studies (Cao et al . 2001; Fan et al . 2005; Ma et al .2005, 2007). Ma et al . (2005) provided a strong evi-dence for the presence of epistatic effects on dough rheological properties in a wheat DH population. In the present study, four pairs of QTLs with epistatic ef-fects were detected for ZSV in three environments (Table 2 and Fig.2). The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance.ZSV was predominantly influenced by the effects of genotype (Zhang et al . 2004, 2005), and in the present study, only one AE interaction and one AAE interaction were found. It is suggested that QTL ×environment interactions just play a minor role, but QTL ×environment interactions should not be ignored.ZSV and subunits of high molecular weight gluteninsSubunits of high molecular weight glutenins strongly influence wheat bread making quality. This study pro-vided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated Qzsv -1D and was located in the central region of a 2 cM interval.Also Rousset et al . (2001) detected a major QTL for sedimentation volume on 1DL, clearly corresponding to the Glu -D1 locus. Kunert et al . (2007) found that the SSR marker Xgwm642 on 1DL identified a QTLTable 2 Estimated epistatic effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsPosition Position H 2H 2H 2H 2(cM)(cM)(AA, %)2)(AAE 1, %)3)(AAE 2, %)(AAE 3, %)Qzsv -1A Xwmc278-Xbarc120.156.3Qzsv -3A.1Xbarc1177-Xbarc276.2196.3-0.94 1.99------Qzsv -2A Xgwm636-Xcfe6729.1Qzsv -7A Xbarc259-Xwmc59653.7-1.73 6.79------Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.1Xcfd175-Xwmc14181.5-1.09 2.69 1.01 2.33----Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.2Xgdm67-Xwmc634161.5-0.530.64------1)The epistatic effect. A positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect, and the negative value means that the parent-type effect is less than the recombinant-type effect.2)H 2 (AA, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative epistatic QTL.3)H 2 (AAE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by epistatic QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.QTL Flanking-marker QTL Flanking-markerAA 1)AAE 1AAE 2AAE 31044ZHAO Liang et al. for ZSV. The position indicates an influence of theGlu-D1 locus. And a major QTL, clearly correspond-ing to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosomearm 1DL. Correlation coefficient between Glu-1 scoreand sedimentation values was significant (r=0.553).There were significant correlations between sedimen-tation values and Glu-lAa,Glu-1Ac,Glu-Ba, and Glu-1Bcalleles, respectively (Kne et al. 1993). Thesedimentation values showed statistically significantassociations with the status of the Glu-A1 locus(Witkowski et al. 2008).In this study, the Qzsv-1D increased ZSV by 1.98mL, correspondingly contributing 8.93% of the pheno-typic variance. Barro et al. (2003) found that HMW-GS 1Ax1 increased the sedimentation value. In contrast,HMW-GS 1Dx5 drastically decreased in sedimentationvalue.In summary, four additive QTLs, four pairs of epi-static QTLs, and two QEs were detected for ZSV in168 DH lines derived from a cross Hp3×Ym57. Onemajor QTL,Qzsv-1B, was closely linked to Xwmc412.20.2cM and could account for 14.39% of the phenotypicvariation without any influence from the environment.Therefore, the Qzsv-1B could be used in MAS in wheatbreeding programs. The results showed that both ad-ditive and epistatic effects were important as a geneticbasis for ZSV, and were also sometimes subject to en-vironmental modifications.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Basic Re-search Program of China (2009CB118301), the NationalHigh-Tech Research and Development (863) Programof China (2006AA100101 and 2006AA10Z1E9), andthe Doctor Foundation of Shandong AgriculturalUniversity, China (23023). Thanks Prof. Chuck Walker,University of Kansas State University, USA, for hiskindly constructive advice on the language editing ofthe manuscript.ReferencesBarro F, Barceló P, Lazzeri P A, Shewry P R, Ballesteros J,Martín A. 2003. Functional properties of flours from fieldgrown transgenic wheat lines expressing the HMW gluteninsubunit 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 genes. Molecular Breeding,12,223-229.Cao G, Zhu J, He C, Gao Y, Yan J, Wu P. 2001. Impact ofepistasis and QTL×environment interaction on thedevelopmental behavior of plant height in rice (Oryza sativaL.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics,103, 153-160.Doerge R W. 2002. Multifactorial genetics: Mapping and analysisof quantitative trait loci in experimental populations. NatureReviews,3, 43-52.Fan C C, Yu X Q, Xing Y Z, Xu C G, Luo L J, Zhang Q F. 2005.The main effects, epistatic effects and environmentalinteractions of QTLs on the cooking and eating quality ofrice in a doubled-haploid line population. Theoretical andApplied Genetics,110, 1445-1452.Guo C Q, Bai Z A, Liao P A, Jin W K. 2004. New high qualityand yield wheat variety Yumai 57. China Seed Industry,4, 54(in Chinese)Hai Y, Kang M H. 2007. Breeding of a new wheat vatiety Huapei 3with high yield and early maturing. Henan AgriculturalSciences, 5, 36-37. (in Chinese)He Z H, Yang J, Zhang Y, Quail K J, Peña R J. 2004. Pan breadand dry white Chinese noodle quality in Chinese winterwheats.Euphytica,139, 257-267.,G, D. 1993. Allelic variationat Glu-1 loci in some Yugoslav wheat cultivars. Euphytica,69,89-94.Kulwal P, Kumar N, Kumar A, Balyan H S, Gupta P K. 2005.Gene networks in hexaploid wheat: interacting quantitativetrait loci for grain protein content. Functional & IntegrativeGenomics,5, 254-259.Kunert A, Naz A A, Oliver D, Pillen K, Léon J. 2007. AB-QTLanalysis in winter wheat: I. Synthetic hexaploid wheat(T.turgidum ssp. dicoccoides × T. tauschii) as a source offavourable alleles for milling and baking quality traits.Theoretical and Applied Genetics,115, 683-695.Liu J J, He Z H, Zhao Z D, Peña R J, Rajaram S. 2003. Wheatquality traits and quality parameters of cooked dry whiteChinese noodles. Euphytica,131, 147-154.Ma W, Appels R, Bekes F, Larroque O, Morell M K, Gale K R.2005. Genetic characterisation of dough rheological propertiesin a wheat doubled haploid population: additive genetic effectsand epistatic interactions. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,111, 410-422.Ma X Q, Tang J H, Teng W T, Yan J B, Meng Y J, Li J S. 2007.Epistatic interaction is an important genetic basis of grainyield and its components in maize. Molecular Breeding,20,41-51.Mesdag J. 1964. in the protein content of wheat and its influenceon the sedimentation value and the baking quality. Euphytica,13, 250-261.Özberk I, Kýlýç H, Atlý A, Özberk F, Karlý B. 2006. Selectionof wheat based on economic returns per unit area. Euphytica,Detection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation1045152, 235-245.Ozturk S, Kahraman K, Tiftik B, Koksel H. 2008. Predicting the cookie quality of flours by using Mixolab. European Food Research and Technology,227, 1549-1554.Rebetzke G J, Ellis M H, Bonnett D G, Richards R A. 2007.Molecular mapping of genes for Coleoptile growth in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics,114, 1173-1183.Rousset M, Brabant P, Kota R S, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J. 2001.Use of recombinant substitution lines for gene mapping and QTL analysis of bread making quality in wheat. Euphytica, 119,81-87.Somers D J, Isaac P, Edwards K. 2004. A high-density microsatellite consensus map for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics,109, 1105-1114.Sun H Y, Lu J H, Fan Y D, Zhao Y, Kong F, Li R J, Wang H G, Li S S. 2008. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat. Progress in Natural Science,18, 825-831.Wang D L, Zhu J, Li Z K, Paterson A H. 1999. Mapping QTLswith epistatic effects and QTL × environment interactions by mixed linear model approaches. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,99, 1255-1264.Witkowski E, Waga J, Witkowska K, Rapacz M, Gut M, Bielawska A, Luber H, Lukaszewski A J. 2008. Association between frost tolerance and the alleles of high molecular weight glutenin subunits present in Polish winter wheats. Euphytica, 159,377-384.Yang J, Zhu J. 2005. Methods for predicting superior genotypes in multiple environments based on QTL effects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,110, 1268-1274.Zanetti S, Winzeler M, Feuillet C, Keller B, Messmer M. 2001.Genetic analysis of bread-making quality in wheat and spelt.Plant Breeding,120, 13-19.Zhang Y, He Z H, Guo Y Y, Zhang A M, Maarten V G.2004.Effect of environment and genotype on bread-making quality of spring-sown spring wheat cultivars in China. Euphytica, 139, 75-83.Zhang Y, Zhang Y, He Z H, Ye G Y. 2005. Milling quality and protein properties of autumn-sown Chinese wheats evaluated through multi-location trials. Euphytica,143,209-222.(Edited by ZHANG Yi-min)。
船体名称用语
中文
个数 ge shu 等边角钢 deng bian jiao gang 空气压缩机 kong qi ya suo ji 碟型螺帽 die xing luo mao H型钢 H xing gang I型钢(工字梁) I xing gang 长度 chang du 梯子 ti zi 水平 shui ping 减轻孔 jian qing kong 船全长 chuan quan chang 划线 hua xian 材料 cai liao 链条葫芦 lian tiao hu lu 葫芦 hu lu 夹具 jia ju G型夹具 G xing jia ju LIFT 磁铁吊 ci tie diao 手拉磁 铁 shou la si tie 6/24
조립
33
BLOCK
NO
블록명
船 体 号 码
34
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注音识字 提前读写
“注音识字提前读写”课本直呼音节词语练习(第一册)声母与单韵母组成的音节词语练习（一）ba ba da mi ni de fa mu la ba mu ma ma ma tu di bi ma pa po ni tu li fa bi mo da ba fu mula lu da fo bu pi bu pa ma lu ta de di di du li (1)li li na li (2)ba ba li fa (3)lu lu la lu(4)di di pa po (5)ta de bo bo fa mu (6)ni de ba ba da ba声母与单韵母组成的音节词语练习（二）gu gu cu xi sha fa yi zi da gu zu fu re qi ya chiku le zu mu shi zi yu yi ge ge cu bu ri li li zhida hu si ji zhi shu qi ma hu xu bo li zhi rishi zi lu ke zi mu ya zi ti zi mu ji la zhu wa zila ba ji qi cha hu ma yi wu ya li qi yi fuwu zi du shu ma xi chi zi li yu chu ru mi juzhi zhu a yi zni bu za ji qi che da gu ge bo声母与单韵母组成的音节词语练习（san）Gu ma ma ti chi yu da ya li gu zi he cha bi hubu ku qi gu shi ji wo chu di fu xi chu chu ge zimi chi ma che ge qu zhi hu ma lu shu mu bo lichi ku shu zhi ba he ke yi te shu fu zi shu shuku zi ji mu di zi da he ka che wa wa tu zi wo debo chu ri ji wu ya zi ji bi yi bi qi li wu shi qu bu qu零乱排列的声母一组b d m q p n j l g x k s r zh h ch w y z sh c t f 二组b w p y m r f s h d c h t zh n l c g z k x q j h 三组b d g j z zh q y p k c ch w m n h x s sh f r l t声母b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s y w韵母 a o e i u u ai ei ui ao ou iu ie ue er an en in un un ang eng ing ong整体认读音节zhi chi shi ri zi ci si yi wu yu ye yue yin yun yuan ying含有复韵母ai的音节词语练习bai kai lai ba da chai bai se lai pi shai zishi bai gai ge shai yi fu pai zi gai zi zai haida pai kai fa zai shu qi pai kai shi hai daimai fu da kai ai dai cai yi cai cai fu dai tuzhai li cai se zhu zhai bai cai dai ti chai kai lai le wai biao chu chai wai ke ai dai含有复韵母ei的音节词语练习cha bei tu fei wei qi bei ai fei zhi wei chi bei zheni dei qu wei da bei ji nei bu wei qu bei zinei wai wei zhi pei li lei zhu mei mei pei yulei da hei se pei fu lei yu mei li pei he lei taiwei sha pei dai gei ni wei ba fei ji hei bai mo weifei su ci wei hei ya ya fei wo wei ji ni shi shei含有复韵母ao的音节词语练习shu bao wu dao yi kao bao bei yao shi lao gubao hu zao gao lao shi bao yu zao cao mao yifa shao xi zao mao zi shao zi fei zao lao shubo tao dao lu li mao bao zha dao li mei maocao mao gao di zhao ji ya gao tao pao re naotao shu gao su sao di si kao kao shi zhao guzhi dao kao lu fu rao含有复韵母ou的音节词语练习ti dour kou zi fei shou fa dou hou lai chi rouda dou ya zhou cou he tou dao zhou wei sou chagao lou yu zhou ke sou tou fa zhou ji you meitou nao chou ti you xi gou mai bao chou you qu shu kou fa chou you ju hou zi shou du shou ce shi hou zou lu shou mai zi kai kou shi fou rou he hou dai bao shou tou ru含有复韵母iu ui ie ue的音节词语练习diu shi hu die gui tai wo niu tie lu chi kui liu li niu nai nie zao fa hui da lie hui da liu shu jie ri jie dai kai hui liu shi he shui jiu cai jie jie zui ba da qiu qie kai ni shi shui xiu xi er qie jue wu you xiu xie zi xi que li bie xie xie pi xue xi mie tui che xue xi die dao gui zi xue bai含有鼻韵母an 的音节词语练习ma fan danshi shan zi ban ma tan pan ran hou xi’an mu dan di tan zan men ban fa gan bu zan mei pan zi kan shou kcan kui pan tu kan shu yu san san bu mao tou gan mao man zu kai zhanxi yan man che zhan dou fan dui yan re fan kai chan fu shi yan chan rao wan mei an tugao shan lan se mo fan shan bei can lan ben pao含有鼻韵母en 的音节词语练习hen hao ren shi ke ben chou hen zen me mu pen ren zhen wen du men re da zhen yu wen wo men zhen gui wen ti fen kai zhen tou pen sa fen suidi zhen da men fen nu zhao chen shen ti nen luhui chen shu gen chen shan fen dou gen sui fen bi shen shou gen ben kai ken ren kou shen se含有鼻韵母in un的音节词语练习wai bin jin ji jun ma pin yin jin lai qun zi pin zhi mao jin xun su ren min qin qie xun zhao min zuqin ren yun qi nin hao qin lao yun mu min jieqin fen yun dou xun wen xin jiu shi lin lin lin juxin ku bai yun sen lin xie xin yun cai jin hou xin ren xin zi di jun dui pin de jin yin jun ren jin shi yan含有鼻韵母un的音节词语练习shi dun chun jie zhu sun ma tui chun qiu che lun zui chun wen ju hu lun chun pu bao cun tao lun shun kou shun shu qun zi li jie zhun que kun lun shi run chun ji kun nan zun gui chun jie kun mai zi zun shou shun li xu hun cun zi jun dui hun hecun zai zun xun zhun bei wai sun xun zhao zhun ze sun shi mao dun含有鼻韵母ang的音节词语练习bang zhu gang cai shang pin bang mang zhan gang shang xin bang wan dan gang zang shui fei bangre kang xin zang sang ye yin hang cang ku fang wu gai zhang chu cang kai fang bei fang shou zhangdang ran zhang da sang yin zu dang da zhangxi wang he tang bang yang dnag shi bai tangkan wang da wang gun tang chang duan zhe yang lang du chang ge tai yang含有鼻韵母eng的音节词语练习peng you han leng mao sheng feng yi fu geng jiasheng ri meng lie wa keng reng ran shan fenggeng hao zeng hen meng gu chu zheng tang sengchang zheng feng cheng sheng lue tai deng zheng qimo ceng deng dai wan zheng lao weng鼻韵母ing的音节词语练习ying gai tai deng jing shen ying ‘er wu ding yan jingda ying yi ding jing chang ding kou zi fan ying jing zijing cha yue bing ting zhi sheng bing ning ke qing tingling yang ling xiu gan qing ping shi xin ling qing keping deng ling dao qing zhu ming ling ping xingxing xing ming bai ling wai xing dong ming chengbei jing gao xing jiu ming jing qi ben ling含有鼻韵母ong的音节词语练习hong se hong wei zhong xue ji dong tong yi da congtong shun hong shui gong tong chong feng dong fangzhong zi song shu yong hu nong min long zi zhong yuyong heng zhong sheng qun zhong yong gan zong lizhong yao ge song gong ren dong ji tong zhi nong cunkong xi bo zhong kong qi nei rong cong lai song jinkong pa fan rong gong si kun chong gong chang含介音音节词语练习(ia uo ua)（第十四课）guo qi he hua zu guo jia li xi mi hua duo luo yeju hua huo che jia ju tuo la ji zuo ye shu jiazhu zhu hua huar xi gua tuo che duo bi luo tuo shuo hua zuo shi xia yu guo jia he zuo da xiatuo yi fu suo yi ya shua hua jia cuo wu yu xia da jiakuo da tu hua zhua zi tuo bei jia qi xia po luo bo含介音音节词语练习(iao uai)（第18课）mu biao liao jie qi guai piao liu jiao shu tiao wumai piao jiao shi huai shu mai miao huai yi he miaoxiao hua hao huai guai guai qiao miao qiao qiaokuai zi diao zou da qiao fe kuai diao che xiao xishuai dao diao yu da xiao zhuai kai xiao maoshou biao tiao gao cai liao xue xiao xiao niaoniao su jiao hua xi jiao含介音音节词语练习（uan uan ian iang uang iong ）duan zheng lun chuan qian bi chang duan ruan ruoxian hou duan lian zuan jing guan cha tuan jieda suan guang ming tuan zhang shi juan xuan zehuang gua nuan huo da quan cun zhuang wen nuanquan bu shuang shou dao luan pin qiong zhuan toushang dian ying xiong zhuan xin tian kong yuan laizhuan bian xin nian tian ye liang shuang lian xijiang hua chuan guo jian dan shou qiang综合练习（一）ma lu peng you cong ming mo gu xue xi pin yinba he ke gui diao yu cha hu zhui qiu he shui re qimu biao zhi shi yu mao fa ya jie guo xiao maoda hai cuo wu ying wu mei li yang zi zuo lu shu yekai hui xi wang gaolu wo men qiu tian zao chen ta men yue ya xi huan wen ti tai wan can lan综合练习（二）kan wang sao di chi bang wai po hui chen wei fenggu niang ming bai tian ye fang zi jie guo chi tangmei shu wu shu gu shi lao shi ye wan zhu sun yi jingxiao shan chuang tai cang ying chang ge xian huazao ju qiang bi nong tian gong zuo zhuo zi bei songliang shi xiao xin zhu ming lian mang ke ‘ai gang caifei chang yong xin ban fa ze bei综合练习（三）da mi ke wen er duo di tu tong xue yan jing shu zhi zuo shi da jia wa zi mei li hui da wu yashen bian wei ba yu yi tai yang fei chang shan cun xiao mao zi ji sen lin wen nuan zhan zheng fei ji huan le xiao mie shu bao gai ge lian xi kai zhan te bie ni men lu se mei you dong xi qin lao song shu pin yin综合练习（四）yin we huaduo ken ding mi feng shui jiao fei xiang mei tian da sao zan men can kui tuan jie zhan kai wai biao dai ling gong yuan jin huang jin bu zi jue pin ao liang hu ran zhao gu he shui kan jian zhan youtian qi fei kuai hui chen zhong guo yunque lu xingtong yi jia ting sheng ming da dui bu neng zai jian tian kong ying dang bei feng综合练习（五）yan se pi qi shi yong bo bo she tou yu dian yuan zi shui jiao tian ye ke yi shi zi nan fang de yi chun tian si ji kai hui liang bian shu fuzou lu chuan bo a yi bei xin hui tou hong qi bai tian wen zi hua fen zao chen ci we fa sheng qing cui pi qiu zhi yao luo tuo gao shang fang xindong wu shi fei chuang hu语文课程标准规定小学生必背古诗70首（按实验稿语文课程标准规定之目录顺序排列）1《江南》乐府民歌江南可采莲，莲叶何田田。
汉语拼音总结（一）（精选五篇）
汉语拼音总结（一）（精选五篇）第一篇：汉语拼音总结(一)汉语拼音总结(一)★ 音节汉语是单音节语言，一个字读一个音节。
每个音节由声母和韵母组成。
声母摆口型，韵母发声，音节发声时，先按声母摆口型，然后快速变化到韵母口型，并发出声音。
1.声母(23)：bpmf（b-o玻）（p-o坡）（m-o摸）（f-o佛）d g zh ytn hl jq zx cs（d-e得）（t-e特）（n-e呐）（l-e勒）k ch w（g-e哥）（k-e科）（h-e喝）（j-i鸡）（q-i欺）（x-i西）shr（zh-i知）（ch-i吃）（sh-i诗）（r-i日）（z-i资）（c-i刺）（s-i思）（y-i衣）（w-u乌）2.韵母(24)：(1)单韵母(6)： aoeiuü（啊）（哦）（鹅）（衣）（乌）（鱼）(2)复韵母(9)： aieiui（挨）（g-ei给）（w-ei喂）aoouüeiu er（奥）（欧）（j-iu九）ie（叶）（月）（耳）(3)前鼻韵母(5)： aneninunün（安）（恩）（音）（w-un温）（晕）(4)后鼻韵母(4)：angengingong（昂）（鞥）（英）（h-ong红）3.介韵组合(11)：单韵母i、u、ü在声母和韵母之间充当介母，与韵母组成介韵组合(1)介母是i： iaianiangiao iong（呀）（烟）（杨）（腰）（永）(2)介母是u： uauaiuanuanguo（哇）（歪）（玩）（王）（窝）(3)介母是ü：üan（元）4.整体认读音节(16):(1)zhi、chi、shi、ri、zi、ci、si, 由声母zh、ch、sh、r、z、c、s + 韵母i构成。
zh + i → zhi，ch + i → chi，sh + i →shi，r + i → ri，z + i →zi，c + i → ci，s + i → si(2)yi、wu、yu，由声母y、w + 韵母i、u、ü构成。
W常见易读错字
常见易读错字湖浜bang :沙家浜复辟bi:开天辟地濒危bin:濒临倒闭哺育bu:哺乳动物岑寂cen:刹那cha:古刹金钗chai忏悔chan惆怅chang嗔怒chen驰骋cheng鞭笞chi炽热chi:白炽灯泡憧憬chong怆然chuang淙淙cong一蹴而就cu簇拥cu傣族dai堤坝di:河堤讹诈e:以讹传讹束缚fu皈依gui刽子手gui憨厚han引吭hang沆瀣hangxie干涸he恫吓he徘徊huai畸形ji雪茄jia缄默jian歼灭jian发酵jiao攻讦jie菁华jing兢兢jing:兢兢业业粳米jing抓阄jiu狙击ju沮丧ju龃龉juyu铿锵keng qiang:铿锵有力岿然kui:岿然不动喟然kui奶酪lao羸弱lei埋怨man联袂mei愤懑men乜斜mie呶呶nao泥淖nao隐匿ni奇葩pa澎湃pai蹒跚pan抨击peng媲美pi骈文pian蹊跷qi菜畦qi少憩qi接洽qia悭吝qian掮客qian天堑qian踉跄liang qian 引擎qing龋齿qu小觑qu稔知ren赡养shan妊娠shen舐犊shi枢纽shu洗涮shuan悚然song塑料su鬼祟sui鹰隼sun婆娑suo趿拉ta水獭ta 饕餮taotie鞭挞ta倜傥ti tang迢迢tiao荼毒tu膝盖xi畏葸xi呷一口xia翩跹xian涎水xian骁勇xiao混淆xiao机械xie长吁xu自诩xu酗酒xu戏谑xue赝品yan杳然yao笑靥yao谒见ye呜咽ye谒见ye游弋yi轶事yi喑哑yin无垠yin老妪yu掾吏yuan栅栏zha破绽zhan蘸水zhan砧板zhen鸩毒zhen抵掌zhi对峙zhi投掷zhi胡诌zhou骤雨zhou贮存zhu拽过来zhuai浸渍zi倥偬zong讣告fu收讫qi迄今qi纤细xian敌忾kai彤云tong抻面chen拈轻怕重nian 恫吓dong he 囹圄ling yu 毗邻pi抚恤xu恪守ke倩影qian孝悌ti不屑xie莅临li脍炙kuai沉淀dian付梓zi按捺na腼腆tian刚愎自用bi 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汉语拼音入门完整版（完整理-直接打印）
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(完整版)《笠翁对韵》注音版
卷一一东ti a n du i u du i sha n hua dui shui yin yin wu meng fe ng gao qi u yuni u n u e ngong笠翁对韵fengchimenghe zu ri duiduicangch a ng kongqi 6 ngshf yu e s e bian saheyai xi a du i tian zh o ng中。
yu wan xia h6 ngsan dong jiang shang dui hann l6u duiyousamashen sha ng liang yao dou xi d 上,xuedui h6 ngdong斗西东。
hanyumashuangn shuojing sh u l u旅.xu e l e ng y u wengyun ai dai ri t6ng meng渔翁. u b6diaduin dui tilei gong公,an gong la ji dui yu peng屐对渔蓬。
gu o tian x T ng jian p o yu e r u go ng箭，yI lu ke feng me yu t"g ren yI ou hu a f eng风。
ma dian c n qia n hao yu zhuI l ^ n j T ch a ngba qiao l sha ng Tng shua ng sub dao m a xf ng zong上，踪。
sha n duI ha hua duI so ng sI yue duI sa n gong公。
gong hua duI n li sa i ya n duI jiang l o ng江龙。
qTng shu dia gu ng han gong shf cu du I tf hongzhuang zhou me ng hua di l u wa ng zhao fei xiongu dang feng t ng xia shan na an u rI xIng dong honghe wu lou tou u df n ong can hong z yue弄残红子月.feng xi ang t a i sh a ng xi a（完整版）《笠翁对韵》注音版o chu T duan m e i ren fengchen du i w u xia dui dong xia • Yxi a ng dui gao cho ng晨对午,chun du i b a i zhou gu ba i dui ca ng s ongdi ao ke he ch u ng xian he dui shen l o ngfeng gu an qiu shan shuo ch dai y ng l ongsan yua cai qian qj ng jn dang chao l u wan zh onghua lo u jia xi an pan gen diao guo mai间,che xia ng pa jia yang shan ch o ng qj bian feng擅宠起边风。
抖包袱的十八种方法
抖包袱的十八种方法郭君德纲的相声包袱频率之高、包袱运用之巧妙，在当代相声演员之中是罕见的。
其手法多种多样，不拘一格，是郭德纲从传统相声中萃取精华、结合长达十年的舞台演出实践当中摸索出来的。
相声的包袱手法粗放地归纳大约有二十多种，其中郭德纲主要运用的主要有十八种，在此举例闲谈，听凭众位钢丝、相声爱好者批评、指教。
一．先抑后扬、峰回路转:先对人物或事物大肆赞美，然后话锋突变，一刨到底，由于效果出人意料，往往现场效果特别好，这种让包袱皮变薄的方法郭德纲怎能错过，这种方式也是郭最主要的抖包袱方式之一。
这个手法里有两个表现方法，一是先抑后扬，二是先扬后抑。
前者郭多用在自己身上，后者多用在捧哏或砸挂者身上。
先抑后扬如《论梦》里下阴曹一段，描述完阎王爷打捧哏等相声演员后：甲：阎王爷把王文林、李菁都打完了，喊：还有一个叫郭德纲的呢？带上来，你们两边，刀枪剑戟，火山油锅都准备好！（抑）乙：你比我们厉害。
甲：我可惨了，一上来瞪着我：你叫郭德纲啊？我说是我。
呵，敢说相声啊你？能耐不小啊，还敢说单口的？你要疯啊！打！刀枪剑戟一块上！（抑）乙：狠打！甲：别啊，阎王爷，您给我一机会，我以后改！你说改就改啊！你能改吗？我能改啊！……来搬一个凳子让他坐下。
（扬）乙：这就不打啦？甲：我会说话呀……坐下了。
阎王爷把茶碗递过来——来你喝我这个……来来你点一根儿……（扬）前边的阎王爷要“狠打”是抑，后来“搬凳子、递茶、点烟”是扬，不但是和自己的境遇的变化形成对比，更是和前面描述过的捧哏等“挨打”的人物形成鲜明对比，引发观众会心的笑。
先扬后抑在郭的相声里俯拾皆是，例如《富贵图》里：甲：老前辈——张文顺张先生，老艺术家，在相声圈里摸爬滚打一辈子了……（扬）乙：不敢当……甲：最近我们要搞一个大型的纪念活动，庆祝相声表演艺术家张先生从艺三周年……（抑）乙：啊？甲：张先生前一段身体不太好，最近康复了，是我们相声界的幸事，好在病得也不严重，小三灾儿……（扬）乙：是啊。
QQPinyin_2015_1_4
chuan'tong 传统 1, chuan'tong 1
chuang'kou 窗口 1, chuang'k 1
chui'feng 吹风 1, chui'f 1
ci 此 2, ci 2
ci'dian 词典 1, ci'd 1
ci'shi 此事 1, ci'shi 1
cai'yong 采用 1, cai'yong 1
cao'ren 曹仁 3, cao'r 2 cao'ren 1
cao'zuo 操作 8, cao'z 8
cao'zuo'yuan 操作员 5, cao'z'y 5
cao'zuo'zhan 操作站 3, cao'zuo'zhan 1 cao'z'z 2
dou 都 9, dou 9
dou'shi 都是 6, dou's 1 dou'sh 5
du'li 独立 1, du'li 1
du'zhe 读者 1, du'zhe 1
dui 对 5, dui 5
dui'le 对了 1, dui'l 1
dun'cu 敦促 3, dun'c 2 dun'cu 1
bao'zhang 保障 3, bao'z 2 bao'zhang 1
bei 呗 1, bei 1
2019导游基础知识第八章知识点：中国风味特色菜
【导语】不做“说话的巨⼈，⾏动的矮⼦”。
说再多的漂亮话，也不如做⼀件实实在在的漂亮事，⾏动永远是迈向成功的第⼀步，想永远只会在原地踏步。
整理了“2019导游基础知识第⼋章知识点：中国风味特⾊菜”，欢迎阅读参考！更多相关讯息请关注！ ⼀、仿古风味菜肴 (⼀)宫廷菜(御膳) 宫廷菜原指历代皇宫内由御厨制作的专供皇帝、后妃们⾷⽤的菜肴。
由于明朝以前的宫廷菜我们只能见到⼀些零星的⽂字记载，真正流传⾄今的可谓凤⽑麟⾓，唯有清代的宫廷菜较为完整地流传下来。
清官菜以满族⾷风为主，既有⼭东、江南、四川等各地⽅的风味，也包括蒙、回各民族的风味，制作精致，⾊形美观，擅长熘、炒、蒸、炸，以清、鲜、酥、嫩著称。
清代宫廷菜有熘鸡脯、凤凰扒窝、燕窝贺字锅烧鸭⼦、荷包⾥脊、鱼藏剑、炸佛⼿卷、龙须驼掌、炒⾖腐脑、烧⿅箭、抓炒鱼⽚、⾦银⿅⾁、雪花桃泥、荷花鱼丝、罗汉菜⼼、炒胡萝⼘酱等。
仿宫廷菜(仿膳)是指仿制历代帝王皇宫内御膳房由御厨制作的专供皇帝、后妃等⽤膳的菜肴，为仿古菜之⾸。
清亡后，原清官御膳房中的⼏位⽼御厨⾛出紫禁城，于1925年在北海公园内开设了“仿膳斋”(即仿膳饭庄的前⾝)，专门经营仿清官风味。
现在西安、开封、杭州等地在挖掘试制仿唐菜和仿宋菜。
(⼆)官府菜 官府菜是古代官宦之家所制的馔肴。
以清淡、精致、⽤料讲究闻名，过去北京官府多，府中讲求美⾷，并各有拿⼿好菜，以招待同僚或⽐⾃⼰职位⾼的官员。
1.孔府菜 孔府菜⼜称府菜，是⼭东曲⾩县孔府⾥的菜肴，是经⼲百年的发展演变⽽形成的典型的官府菜。
孔府菜可以分为两部分：⼀是衍圣公及其府内家⼈⽇常饮⾷的菜肴，由“内厨”负责烹制，称为家常菜;⼆是为来孔府之帝王、贵胄、名族、官宦祭孔、因拜访⽽举办的各种宴请活动的菜肴，由“外厨”负责烹制。
孔府正席菜具有制作精细、注重营养、豪华奢侈、讲究礼仪等特点。
孔府的⽇常饮⾷肴馔，选料精⽽⼴，技法多⽽巧，并具有浓厚的乡⼟⽓息。
孔府的名菜名点繁多，数以千百计。
国立国术体育师范专科学校历史沿革和人才培养的考据
《国立国术体育师范专科学校历史沿革和人才培养的考据》2023-10-26•国立国术体育师范专科学校历史沿革•国立国术体育师范专科学校人才培养•国立国术体育师范专科学校的影响与贡献•国立国术体育师范专科学校的遗产与影响目录01国立国术体育师范专科学校历史沿革19世纪末，中国面临着教育体制的改革，此时各地纷纷兴办武术学校以培养武术人才，为国家的体育事业做出贡献。
在这样的背景下，国立国术体育师范专科学校应运而生。
该校的创立得到了当时政府的大力支持，并由当时的武术大师张之江担任校长。
初期学校规模较小，学生数量也不多，但为后来的发展奠定了基础。
学校的创立与早期发展学校的黄金时期与变革01在经历了数年的发展之后，国立国术体育师范专科学校迎来了其黄金时期。
这一时期，学校规模逐渐扩大，教学质量也得到了提高。
0220世纪初，中国面临着外敌入侵和国内政治动荡的压力，国立国术体育师范专科学校在这一时期积极培养武术人才，为国家的体育事业做出了重要贡献。
03然而，随着国内政治形势的变化，学校也经历了一系列的变革。
例如，在抗日战争期间，学校被迫停办，但随后又在抗战胜利后重新建立。
随着时间的推移，国立国术体育师范专科学校也面临着衰落的局面。
由于各种原因，学校在20世纪后期逐渐失去了其影响力。
然而，近年来，随着国家对传统文化的重视和武术行业的兴起，学校又迎来了复兴的机会。
许多校友开始致力于学校的重建工作，并取得了显著的成果。
学校的衰落与复兴02国立国术体育师范专科学校人才培养1早期的人才培养理念与模式23国立国术体育师范专科学校在早期便强调国术与体育的融合，注重培养既有武术技艺，又有体育素养的人才。
强调国术与体育融合学校倡导“三育并进”的理念，即德、智、体全面发展，注重培养学生的综合素质。
“三育并进”理念在人才培养中，学校既注重实践训练，也注重理论知识的传授，使学生在实践中得到理论的升华。
实践与理论并重抗战时期的人才培养调整为抗战服务的目的在抗战时期，国立国术体育师范专科学校的人才培养目标调整为服务于抗战需要，加强军事武术和体育训练，培养抗战人才。
燃气管道定向穿越施工技术管理_1
燃气管道定向穿越施工技术管理发布时间：2022-10-08T08:23:34.347Z 来源：《工程管理前沿》2022年6月第11期作者：柳高扬[导读] 随着我国城镇化进程的加快，基础设施建设日趋完善柳高扬深圳市燃气集团股份有限公司广东深圳 518000摘要：随着我国城镇化进程的加快，基础设施建设日趋完善，燃气管道作为一项必不可少的基础设施，其建设规模越来越大。
但是，受城市人口密集、建筑物和交通分布较广等各种因素的影响，燃气管道在施工过程中存在较大的技术难题，影响燃气管道施工质量。
而定向穿越施工技术在施工周期短、适用范围广、作业面小、安全性高等优势的作用下，有效解决传统施工中存在的技术难题，在燃气管道施工中迅速得到了普及和应用。
基于此，本文对燃气管道定向穿越施工的技术管理要点进行了分析和研究，以期为同类工程施工提供经验参考。
关键词：燃气管道；定向穿越；原理；工艺流程；技术管理1 定向穿越技术的基本原理定向穿越技术在燃气管道施工的具体应用中，需要结合施工现场的地质特点，设计一个曲线的钻孔轨迹，且符合现场的土层结构和环境条件等。
待设计完成后，借助水平定向钻在入土端钻出一个导向孔，采用导向跟踪仪和计算机在钻进的水平段对定向钻机进行导向，避免偏离钻孔轨迹。
当钻进一段距离后，穿越障碍物一段出露，即刻换上大直径的扩孔钻头，并按照顺序依次接上待敷管线，且管线直径小于扩孔钻头直径，回拖钻杆，在扩孔的同时从出土段将敷设管线拉入钻孔内部，以此确保燃气管道定向穿越施工的完成。
具体施工示意图如图1所示。
2 定向穿越工艺流程和前期准备2.1工艺流程燃气管道定向穿越施工工艺流程较为复杂，为提升施工效率，保证施工效果，在施工作业时，必须严格遵守相关施工工艺流程。
具体如图2所示：2.2前期准备在燃气管道定向穿越施工中，必须做好相应的前期准备工作，只有强化前期准备，才能确保各项工序的顺利开展。
前期准备工作主要包括以下几个方面：2.2.1地质勘测和管线排查。
樊金堂：不能宣传的抗日英雄
樊金堂：不能宣传的抗日英雄作者：林鹏核心提示：别人也是打日本，樊金堂也是打日本，樊金堂把日本鬼子打得心服口服，自称“朋友”。
当时驻军定襄县一带的一个日本联队长，相当于团长，叫什么，樊金堂说过，我忘了。
这位联队长也是突发奇想，忽然给樊金堂写了一封信，说：“非常敬佩樊大队长，想同樊大队长见一面，不知能否垂允？”后来这位联队长还给樊金堂送来了机枪和子弹！晋察冀抗日根据地的武装民兵（资料图）樊金堂去世了，我心里很难过。
回想过去……那是1973年，一位老首长对我说：“咱们晋察冀有个有名的战斗英雄，叫樊金堂……去延安学习，以后到了东北，现在在辽宁。
他挨了好几回整，目前下放某地，想回山西来，你帮个忙，把他调回来吧。
”我说：“行。
”会上研究通过，然后发个函，不久，这人就带着全家回到了太原。
人回来了，情况也逐渐清楚了。
支左的军人们背地里嘀咕，说我调回来一个“坏人”。
我不放心，就问那位老首长：“听说他蹲过监狱……”他说：“扯淡！运动当中态度不好，抓起来的……他从来没有态度好过……哈哈。
”樊金堂回到太原三个月不能分配，后来知道这些情况，直奔北京，去找他的老首长们。
他人还没回来，电话来了。
当时的省革委会主任过问此事，指示“妥善安排”。
支左的军人们顶不住了，同我商量怎么安排，我说：“好办。
”樊金堂抗日初期就是县大队的大队长，到70年代才只十六级，一次会上决定，安排在省测绘局任办公室主任。
他回来以后，我们才认识。
我的老首长曾经多次向我讲述樊金堂的战斗故事。
我同他认识以后，便常常问他。
我是想检验一下老首长说的是否真实。
现在要从头说那些战斗故事，读者也未必爱听。
再说，我也不善于描写。
我曾经想过，边区的著名作家不少，怎么没人写樊金堂呢？有个朋友对我说：“如果写樊金堂，那是宣传什么呢？”我一时回答不上来，他继续说：“宣传，宣传，不要忘了宣传……”我说，“宣传抗日还不行？”他说：“正是抗日，不能宣传……”我不能说服别人，只好说服自己。
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春季养生技巧(五)
春季一般无进补的必要,但对体虚乏力, 气短懒言,动则出汗者,可用党参,黄芪 各20克,鸡肉250克,红枣5枚,生姜3片, 加水炖熟,食盐少许调味,饮汤吃肉,可 经常服用. 在运动上,动作宜舒展,一般可选择 散步,慢跑,春游,放风筝等.
结束语
我国传统的养生理论与方法,是具有鲜明 的中国特点的"养生之道",在人民群众 中有深远影响.随着时代的发展和科学的 进步,要其中不科学的东西,要加以淘汰. 作为中学生,要坚决反对有人利用气功进 行封建迷信活动,特别要自觉抵制别有用 心的人打着气功健身的幌子,进行反科学, 反人类,反社会的活动.应该继承和发扬 传统养生理论中的有益部分,促进身心健 康.
春季养生技巧(二)
在起居上,宜适当晚睡,早起,外出散步,以适应春季勃 勃的生机,汲取大自然的活力,使人保持旺盛的精力.这 是由于阳气升发,人体气血趋向于表,循环系统功能加强, 皮肤末梢血液供应及汗腺分泌增多,各组织器官负荷加重, 于是中枢神经系统产生了一种镇静,催眠作用,使身体困 乏,早晨不易醒来,醒后又昏昏欲睡,这种现象俗称"春 困".要适应这种生理变化,就应当早起,以舒展形体. 但年高多病者要根据自己的情况,灵活掌握.随着气温的 逐渐升高,各种细菌,病毒等致病微生物也同时开始生长, 繁衍,传播疾病,所以这个时候要特别注意室内卫生,要 保持室内空气新鲜,阳光充足,以预防春季常见的流感, 流脑,腮腺炎的发生.
春季养生技巧(三)
在饮食上,宜选用甘,辛,温之品,清淡可口, 忌油腻,生冷,粘硬食物.多选用既利于升发又 富营养之品,如黄豆芽,绿豆芽,柑桔,葱,蒜, 香菜,蜂蜜之类.由于冬季新鲜蔬菜较少,摄入 维生素不足,聚积一冬的内热要散发出去,所以 还要多吃些新鲜蔬菜,如春笋,菠菜等.对于体 质过敏,易患花粉过敏,荨麻疹,皮肤病者,应 禁食含异性蛋白的刺激性食物,如羊肉,蟹之类.
Hale Waihona Puke "十乐"益寿健身心(二)
6,畅谈之乐:田间把锄,歇于地头,纵谈世外事,或测 天气晴雨,或卜年景丰歉,袒胸畅谈,其乐陶陶. 7,漫步之乐:作画时久则倦,或散步于庭中,或漫步于 柳岸花畴,心神焕然爽朗,襟怀为之一畅. 8,沐浴之乐:常浴怡人,遍体轻爽,活动经脉,有健身 8 心,实乃一乐. 9,高卧之乐:炎暑伏天,竹枕蒲席,北窗高卧,养精蓄 锐,为笔耕作画者之乐事. 10,晒背之乐:冬日倚墙,取日晒之,通身暖暖,冷之顿 消,既活血脉又强筋骨,其乐不可不知.
春季养生技巧(四)
在衣着上,春季虽然天气变暖,但不要急着减衣 服.因为早春气温乍暖乍寒,如同小孩的脸,说 变就变,常有寒潮来袭.特别是老年人,气弱骨 疏,抗病力差,稍受风寒,易引发疾病.因为天 气骤冷会使血管痉挛,血液粘稠,血流速度减慢, 造成脏器缺血.于是感冒,肺炎,气管炎,哮喘, 关节炎,偏头痛,冠心病等便会接踵而至.在这 个时候,应注意防风御寒,常备棉衣,遇冷用之. 春季衣着款式应宽松舒展,纯棉织品吸湿性好, 暖和又贴身,是内衣的合适选择.
我国传统的养生方法
4,八段锦 八段锦是由八种不同动作组成的健身术,故 名"八段".因为这种健身功作可以强身益寿,祛病除疾, 其效果甚佳,有如展示给人们一幅绚丽多彩的锦锻,故称 为"锦". 八段锦是我国民间广泛流传的一种健身术, 据有关文献记载已有八百多年历史.早在南宋时期,即已 有《八段锦》专著.明代以后,在有关养生专著中,多有 记载,如冷谦的《修龄要》,高濂的《遵生八笺》等书中, 都有八段锦的内容.清代的潘霞在其所著的《卫生要求》 中,将八段锦略加改编为"十二段锦".此外,尚有"文 八段"(从式)和"武八段"(立式)等不同形式.为了 便于推广流传,还有人将其编成歌诀.由于八段锦不受环 境场地限制,随时随地可做,术式简单易记易学,运动量 适中,老少皆宜,而强身益寿作用显著,故一直流传至今, 仍是广大群众所喜爱的健身方法.
我国传统的养生基础理论知识
(一)天人合一理论; (二)形神共养理论; (三)阴阳协调理论; (四)整体观理论.
我国传统的养生方法
1, 养生机理 气功是着眼于"精,气,神"进 行锻炼的一种健身术,它通过调身,调息,调心 等方法来调整精,气,神的和谐统一.调心则意 念专注,排除杂念,它静以养神;调息则呼吸均 匀和缓,气道畅通,柔和以养气;调身则经络气 血周流,脏腑和调,从而做到"练精化气", "练气化神","练神还虚".通过系统的锻炼, 可以使"精,气,神"三者融为一体,以强化新 陈代谢的活力,使精足,气充,神全,体魄健壮, 生命自然会延长,推迟衰老.
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养生之道
长寿,健康是人们美好的愿望,更是人们几千年 来不懈的追求,探索.为了祛病,强身,延迟衰 老,需要讲究掌握养生保健的方法手段.传统保 健养生术层次多,从简单到复杂各式各样并存. 总体上讲传统养生保健术融武术,医疗保健和气 功于一体,不仅能强身健体,防疫治病,延缓衰 老,还能开发智慧,挖掘人体潜能.所以说,中 国的养生保健术是一种高水平,高层次的健身术, 是中国人对人类的贡献之一.
我国传统的养生方法
5,易筋经 "易"指移动,活动;"筋", 泛指肌肉,筋骨;"经",指常道,规范. 顾名思义,"易筋经"就是活动肌肉,筋 骨,使全身经络,气血通畅,从而增进健 康,祛病延年的一种传统健身法.
"十乐"益寿健身心(一)
.清代名画家高桐轩之所以高寿,就因为他有以下"十乐": 1,耕耘之乐:伏案一日,把锄半天,既享田家之乐,又能 健壮身体;既不忘耕耘之劳,又有秋收丰食之望,何乐不 为. 2,把扫之乐:把帚扫地,洗桌净几,弓身举手之劳,则尘 垢顿去;地净窗明,精神一快,乐趣即寓其中. 3,教子之乐:教子学诗文书画,能以之自立,使己无忧于 后,岂不快乐. 4,知足之乐:生为画匠,远非大富大贵,然而比己困苦者 又何止千百.以此遐想,即安贫乐道,实乃一乐. 5,安居之乐:迁新居,邻里忠厚淳朴,言行诚实,相处和 睦,实为人生一大乐.
我国传统的养生方法
2,五禽戏 禽,在古代泛接续禽兽之类动 物,五禽,是指虎,鹿,熊,猿,鸟五种 禽兽.戏,即游戏,戏耍之意,所谓五禽 戏,就是指模仿虎,鹿,熊,猿,鸟五种 禽兽的动作,组编而成的一套锻炼身体的 功法.
我国传统的养生方法
3,太极拳 太极拳是我国传统的健身拳术 之一.由于其动作舒展轻柔,动中有静, 园活连贯,形气相随,外可活动筋骨,内 可流通气血,协调脏腑,故不但用于技击, 防身,而且更广泛地用于健身防病,深为 广大群众所喜爱,是一种行之有效的传统 养生法.
古代名人对联养生法
"青菜萝卜糙米饭,瓦壶井水菊花茶." (郑板桥 ) "静亦静动亦动,五脏克消失欲火;荣也 忍辱也忍,平生不履于危机"(清代翟公 栾) "事能知足心常泰,人到无求品自高"清 代(纪晓岚)
"养生莫善寡欲,至乐无知读书" (明代民族英雄郑成功)
古代名人对联阐述了 什么
寡欲养性,寡欲为善,为善施德,读书静 心,读书求乐的养生之道 . 指出了"知足","无求","豁达"能 养生,知足常乐的道理.
高三年
我国传统养生 理论与方法
南安市延平中学 郑钦漂
中华民族的瑰宝
养生:护养,保养身体,以达到健 养生:护养,保养身体,以达到健 康长寿的目的
养生保健在中国有着悠久的历史和丰富的 内容,其理论系统完整,功法繁多,好似 万花筒一样,琳琅满目,五彩缤纷,是祖 国医学宝库中的瑰宝.远在"黄帝"时期, 即被开创运用于防病治病和健身,随着历 史的发展,不断丰富积淀,到如今已成为 一个博大精深的巨大宝库,成为世界上知 名的又一种"功夫".
春季养生技巧(一)
春回大地,阳气升发,万物复苏,生机勃勃,人 体阳气也顺应春阳之气向外疏发.根据春季春阳 升发,乍暖还凉的特点,要科学,合理地调节人 们的精神,起居,衣着,饮食,运动等,才能达 到养生健身,预防疾病的目的. 在精神上,因春季属肝木之令,只有保持精 神情志的舒畅,才能促进肝气的疏泄,有助于肝 气的升发与春阳的升发相统一,从而增强机体对 外界的适应能力.