广播电视新闻学外文翻译---客观性作为战略：新闻报道客观性概念的考察

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
学院（系）：设计艺术与传媒学院
专业：广播电视新闻学
姓名：
学号： 0815540128
外文出处：The American journal of sociology,
Vol. 77,No. 4(Jan., 1972), pp.
660-679
附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文
客观性作为战略：新闻报道客观性概念的考察（节选）
二
记者面对这些压力时，便会强调其新闻的客观性，他们认为其报道战略紧跟客观性原则可以减少危险性。

他们假设，如果所有的记者都毫无个人偏见的独立的遵守客观性原则，则可以顺利完成工作并避免受到诽谤。

虽然会受到好莱坞新闻工作给别人所留下的刻板印象的影响，他们解释说主要是犯了诽谤的判决的危险。

记者们认为大多数人都了解结束报道时机的重要性。

在谈到自己被控告诽谤的经历时，记者肯定其行为是客观的，但也犯了无可避免的错误。

简单来说，他们的评论应以事实作为胖短的依据和基础，但是有些事实，只要看起来像是真的，就会被立即接受。

比如下面所举出的一个鲁莽的例子：Alberto Ramirez和他名义上的妻子Elisa 在昨天下午举行了一个仪式纪念一个叫Longina的女人...”记者在诽谤和荒谬确定的“客观性”与“事实”之间，他们自己或其他记者观察或可核实。

验证假设使用或能够使像使用适当的程序，例如通过电话呼叫民事登记处的办公室，以验证是否Alberto 的确是Longina的丈夫。

如果验证是必要的，但它不能获得本身，记者可以采取其他的策略。

三
此外，以验证“事实”，以下四个战略步骤，让记者来宣扬他们的客观性。

1.介绍冲突的可能性。

新闻记者必须能够识别的“事实”，甚至尽管他们中的一些真实的性格是不容易核查。

例如，一位美国参议员重申，美国苏联的背后去，在一个特定类型的导弹发展。

记者当然无法验证准时到达他的版本结束这样的肯定，它甚至有可能，他无法找到精确的值肯定是到什么程度，或者不是一个“事实”的信息。

记者只能确定，肯定了“A”的参议员。

记者了解到，肯定的“X”是一个“事实”，虽然“”那是假的。

这个问题，记者以翔实组织。

消费者希望新闻是摆在首位，要知道如果肯定是或不是“事实”，新闻的功能是对他说，以消费者的希望和需要的新闻就知道了。

其次，由于无法验证的参议员的肯定，消费者的消息可以责怪记者（或称“有利于”
的参议员）和他的信息公司，如果他还没有提交/显示替代的意见。

例如，如果参议员是民主和共和党总统，这个消息的消费者可以指责的报纸，有利于民主派，因为只有“中提到”其实一直认为，民主党参议员肯定的。

记者注意到，他宣布之前，未来的批评他的“客观性”的能力处于危险之中。

虽然记者无法验证参议员的肯定，真理本身，可以看一下，是可以。

例如，他可以要求共和党的国防部长，参议员的肯定，如果是真实的。

如果国防部长重申，参议员的指责是“假”，记者将无法证明部长的肯定是“事实”。

所有的方式，他将能写，国防部长肯定的“B”。

当介绍/显示真的都声称，“A”的参议员和国防部长的“B”，记者将能够确认这是“客观的”，因为他提出/显示“两个双方的历史”不利于一个政党或个人一些。

此外，在显示真的都声称，“客观”记者离开据称是消费者，如果决定参议员或部长说：“真相”的新闻。

这实际是一种机制，以保持客观性是有问题的。

在这个简单的例子，我们可以说，它设“新闻消费提供足够数量的数据，因此，由自己决定”标签这种做法。

该程序可以越来越复杂。

例如，在参数的“B”，国防部长可以指责的参议员说，他正在与国防的政治。

军队总参谋部的头，一个民主主义者，将弥补国防大臣的攻击肯定，他是共和党政府把国家安全的危险与他的情报系统和徒劳的主体位置军事预算为发展。

翌日，一个国家范围内的和平组的主席将召集的新闻发布会上指责都在争论开始在拉巴斯的外交努力，在全球范围内的安全损害发展高估。

政府部长发言人将一个句子，然后和平支持者试图攻击美国的政治进程的领导。

在这一点上，有五人（参议员，国防部长，军队总参谋部负责人，和平主义者领导和政府发言人），要求对他们的肯定一个方式的真理，每一个代表一个可能的现实。

分析有关大麻的争议，古德（1970年，第50-68页），他呼吁这成泥，说自己的意见得到“与现实的政策”。

虽然这个概念是很重要的社会学，是无用的记者们面临的困境，以确定和验证的“事实”。

无论如何，记者自称是“客观”时，真正符合这些说法，他们发布他们，因为他们遵循日复一日另一天。

据他描述了一个记者，新闻的消费者不会接受在一天所有的历史的两面，但他将看到在一段时间点关于这个问题的观点的多样性。

像论坛“与现实的政策”通风，新闻定义的情况的消息，让消费者达到一个结论，超出了足够的数据演示。

真正的矛盾索赔集群一样，这是我们作为典型案例，这是见过这样一个有益的邀请，到消费者的新闻，所以对之前新闻的特征反应的选
择性知觉，。

毫无疑问，选择性知觉的邀请是坚持，因为每个版本的现实要求相同的潜在有效性。

在尽可能很快，因为我们定义为“对外部对象的关注心灵”的“客观性”，并称之为“客观”，“它属于思想的对象，而不是思想主题”，这将是难以维持，因为做记者，显示在冲突客观性的可能性产生。

2.介绍起重证据。

当然，也有在记者获得的证据表明，真正维护索赔的场合。

起重证据是“更多的事实”，通常我们像真理接受的任命和定位。

这种坚持在“起重事实”是广义的，出版商和排长记者，与记者的批评，如批评者之间出现的出版商和头上。

例如，主任助理“成为更客观”看完后，他形容像一个“熟练的音乐家”死者的讣告说明，写作要求。

他问：“我们怎么知道，死者是”熟练的音乐家“，而不是一个”音乐家从三季度的“涉及在市政带”。

一个对他说，在说明段越往下组成的结束曾与约翰·菲利普·苏萨感动。

“附加”，实际上是合适的版头，娴熟的“音乐”一词的理由。

似乎在方式上，有记者批评他的版头，因为他们纠正不良和“抽象的”，在特定的环境时，文章发表在“共产主义的宣传”。

他表示，在问题的文章，必须提到的更多的“完成”，例如审查工作标题被认为是宣传共产主义的。

虽然他承认，“共产主义宣传”的标签是不是每一个人的文学一块非常优良的特性，坚持在一个更具体的介绍，将是“更客观”。

他将提供“事实”，他们真的支持的初步肯定。

此外，大概提到的职称，将允许以同样的方式“共产主义宣传”的描述是准确的程度，其中的价值，并与“事实”的读者，其中音乐家协会与索萨通过将使读者来决定自己的“熟练的音乐家”的标签，如果是准确的。

记者，其中的“事实自己说话”的肯定是有益的。

这句话意味着“事实说话”，在自己的记者之间的区别，广义，它讲的“事实”。

如果记者说的“事实”，她不能宣称自己是客观的，“客观”或“无偏见”。

当然，这是一个社会学问题。

例如，涉谷（1966）演示的肯定和接受的“事实”，依靠社会进程的测量。

3.明智地遵守。

记者看到的作为起重证据形式的其他人的意见任命。

当有人认为投入更多，认为他们自己在历史上参与搬走，并与他们离开“做”说话，因为她排在以下事件领导人之间的讨论。

建设一个在边缘区，其东主不在，一直在数天没有暖气，到接近零摄氏度的温度。

所有人宣布，已发送到别人的修复锅炉，在相同的时刻。

当史密斯，房地头，打电话的建设，没有人正在努力修复加热，“事实”，史密斯补充信息所涉及的事件，记者。

当核实历史，琼斯，科主任，要求其下属的史密斯，因此，它被接触更多租房的建设，以增加信息中提到的名称。

琼斯说：“如果你得到我的MAS（租房）我们删除它”。

（一段时间后）琼斯重申，它希望更多的约会的声明，因为“有困难”。

不起用证据的情况下，历史可以给在民意的崛起。

当加入更多的名称和声明，记者可以清楚的故事，自己的意见，并获得别人说，他本人认为。

例如，在访问一组由大屠杀黑人学生在南卡罗来纳州奥兰治，联邦公诉人影响的新闻报道，有记者问之前的行为，其反应组新教的牧羊人他们曾与联邦公诉人。

神父回答说：“我们认为它发生的一切伟大的当务之急，我们的当务之急收到一个答案，真的不承认有被暗杀的人，他是可悲的，是越来越多的情绪和注意力是。

没有被借出时，它向我们介绍说，“......当时记者问，这两个词说”。

神父顶嘴，“我认为她已经是不必要的硬度”。

当我们结束了，记者解释说，他采访过的牧羊人特别是能力的肯定，因此不会有称他自己残酷的一个联邦公诉人的信息。

延伸到显示的像设备，直到任命使用，以避免存在故事中的记者。

例如，可以用来表示“这个人是作出肯定她是不相同的记者”。

此外，他们可以有“SIC”的含义。

例如。

新左派指定一组。

“新左派”表示被称为新左派的一个组，在这种情况下，本集团的合法性问题提出的。

由反对招募激进的表现印象，记者用所有可能的安抚，看来他的版头，他知道对面的表现形式。

文章说：
一些人搬到的阳光明媚的下午，从昨天到一个令人难以置信的成功“和平游行反对招募了当地的公园”，达到高潮时，更...年轻的他们表现出的招聘他的纪录。

两个小时的平均表现，并转身增长的“左”的“新”运动的想法，这是必要的改变“建设中，我们都不会感到羞愧生活的美国”美国的政策。

抗议公园内的表现是诬陷，东海岸到西海岸，在60个城市，正在抵抗国庆的地方。

这种情况下，已经持续了两天，今天开始与区域中的“政治工厂”的结论。

在当地公园的游行一直被视为相对自由的暴力，如果我们认为高数，大多数年轻的
参与者。

市警察专员约翰·史密斯，在当地派出所负责，宣称：“只有两个或三个战斗，迅速控制，已经变黑了如此完美的一天”。

（前三段的任命被宣布，在事件的发言，虽然没有确定在新闻源）。

虽然记者亲自肯定和entrecomillados条款达成协议，让他申明，它并没有干涉他在这个问题的意见。

转向“客观”的历史和他们之前，他的上司的保护他。

记者收到的表现盖的大部分订单，虽然她得到了相反谁是它的排长，随着示威。

如果这些已经注意到他们的政治情感，没有他，他们已经返回到命令表现。

此外，他们的故事会发生相当大的改动。

毫无疑问，版头称赞，其中记者工作。

总之，记者到他的上司的操纵干扰，用他自己的意见，通过使用一种机制的客观性关联。

4. 构建信息在一个合适的词组。

在适当的短语结构的信息，也是一个过程来表示，例如像正式的新闻属性的客观性。

事件最重要的信息出现在第一段，连续段将包含信息的重要性递减。

消息的结构理论上看上去像一个倒置的金字塔。

这个人是正式新闻工作者的客观性方面的问题更多。

与其他三个正式属性的尊重，记者可以肯定，她已提交/显示在冲突的不同肯定真的，那是额外的证据，他限制自己编译它们，人的任命和信息代表别人的意见，不是她自己的一个。

无论如何，虽然有记者甚至可以不自觉地选择一个标题，他们将批准他的排长，它折叠本身的政策手段的经验行事，记者将继续负责新闻人。

他不能援引选举，取得了另一个人。

记者可以调用他的敬业精神和肯定，他的持有人重视自己的新闻判断。

来调用自己的新闻判断（新闻意识的气味），是一种内在的防御机制，因为“新闻估价”是选择“客观”与“事实”，彼此竞争的能力，决定什么是“事实”更“重要”或“有趣”。

“重要”或“有趣”，它表示的内容。

换言之，证明结构的信息，记者必须援引他轻微内容知识，“重要”或“有趣”。

举报人的困难，直到某一点是减少到了著名的公式，根据新闻必须包含“谁，什么，何时，何地，如何及为什么”。

这五个问题是，它被称为“主材料事实”的事件。

因此，记者在首位的主要“物质的东西”事件的简报，将是可以肯定，他一直是“客观”。

尽管如此，报纸和记者，谁不同意，在确定这些物质的事实。

通过翻阅另一报纸出版的表现形式的新闻，这同一个记者，删除“党派”。

一个抱怨，“有成千上万的人（表现），和所有少两个或三个和平地表现了，不过下午的报纸为首的暴力事
件”的主题。

明显的，在黄昏的报纸的记者会顶嘴，它的消息是“客观的”，因为暴力是“最物质的东西”，“谁，什么，如何，何时，在哪里和为什么”的历史。

因为它表明文学充分，在他们的“重要事实”选举报纸异议，但他们每个人的信息政策，宣称他们是“客观”。

如果记者有困难，以确定“重大事实”，甚至没有留下自己的报纸内容的政策，她认为可以把在实践中另一种可能的选择。

而不是讨论个别知情的故事正式的属性，他们可以形容报纸的正式属性。

附件2：外文原文
文献网址：/stable/2776752
The journalists confront these pressures emphasizing their "objectivity", arguing that the dangers can be diminished if informative strategies are followed that they identify with the "objective news". They assume that if all the journalists compile and structure "facts" of an independent way, without prejudices and impersonal, the closings will be able to be fulfilled and to be avoided the demands by defamation. The journalists think that most of people she includes/understands the importance of the hours of closing, although only is by the stereotypes of the journalistic work that Hollywood spreads; they explain mainly to profane the dangers of the judgments by defamation. Speaking on their own experiences in defamation judgments, the journalists affirmed that its behavior had been objective, but who had committed inevitable errors. In two words, their commentaries were: the journalist has to put in judgment fabric the facts resorting to the sources, but some facts simply have to be accepted like "true" immediately. If everything had to be put at issue we would arrive at absurd like the following one: "Alberto Ramirez and his thus denominated wife Elisa Sonseca Phons carried out in afternoon of yesterday what could be described like a celebration in his generally denominated home in honor of a woman that says to be called Longina Berrueco Sonseca and to that commonly
attributes to the being the aunt of previously described like, in agreement with its testimony, lady of the house".
The journalists sail between the defamation and the absurd one identifying the "objectivity" with the "facts" that they themselves or other journalists observe or who can be verified. The verification supposes to use or to be able to make use of appropriate procedures like for example calling by telephone to the office of the Civil Registry to verify if Alberto Ramirez is indeed the husband of Elisa Sonseca. If the verification is necessary but it cannot obtain itself, the journalists can resort to other strategies.
III
Besides to verify "facts", the four following strategic procedures, exemplified like the formal attributes of the news, allow the journalist to proclaim their objectivity.
1. -Presentation of possibilities in conflict. - The journalists have to be able to identify the "facts", even although the authentic character of some of them is not easily verifiable. For example, an American senator affirms that America goes behind the Soviet Union in the development of a specific type of missile. A reporter certainly cannot verify such affirmation on time to arrive at the closing of his edition, and it is even possible that he never could locate the information precise to value to what extent the made affirmation is or not a "fact". The reporter only can determine that the senator affirmed
"A". The journalists understand that affirmation "X said To" is a "fact", although "To" it is false.
This as much creates problems to the reporter as to the informative organization. In the first place, the consumer of the news which wants is to know if the affirmation "To" is or not a "fact", and a function of the news is to say to him to the consumer of the news which wants and needs to know. Secondly, since the affirmation of the senator cannot be verified, the consumer of the news can blame the reporter and his informative company of parcialidad (or "to favor" the senator) if he also does not present/display the alternative opinion. For example, if the senator is democratic and the president is republican, the consumer of the news can accuse the newspaper to favor the democrats, because the only "mentioned fact" has been that the democratic senator affirms "A". The journalist will notice that his capacity to proclaim his "objectivity" before the future critics is in danger. Although the reporter cannot by itself verify the truth of the affirmation of the senator, can look for which yes can. For example, he can ask the republican minister of defense if the affirmation of the senator is true. If the defense minister affirms that the accusation of the senator is "false", the reporter will not be able to prove that the affirmation of the minister is "factual". Of all ways he will be able to write that the defense minister affirmed "B". When presenting/displaying both claims really, the "A" of the senator and the "B" of the defense minister, the journalist will be able to
affirm that it is "objective", because he presents/displays "both sides of history" without favoring to a political party or person some. In addition, when presenting/displaying both claims really, "the objective" journalist leaves supposedly is the consumer of the news that if decides the senator or the minister "says the truth".
To say that this practical one is a mechanism to maintain the objectivity is problematic. In this simple example we can label this practice saying that it supposes "to provide a sufficient number of data to the consumer of the news so that decides by itself". The procedure can be complicated more and more. For example, within argument "B", the defense minister can accuse the senator that he is making political with the national defense. The head of the General Staff of the army, a democrat, will compensate then the attacks of the defense minister having affirmed that he is the republican government who is putting in danger the national security with his systems of intelligence and their vain position in the subject of the military budget for the armamentístico development. On the following day, the president of a pacifist group of national scope will summon a press conference to blame both started off in controversy to overvalue the armamentístico development in damage of the diplomatic efforts for La Paz and the world-wide security. The minister spokesman of the government will make a sentence then of the pacifist leader being a supporter of the Comunism that tries to attack the American political processes.
In this point, there are five people (the senator, the minister of defense, the head of the General Staff of the army, the pacifist leader and the spokesman of the government) who demand the truth for their affirmations of a nonverifiable way, and each one represents a possible reality. Analyzing the controversy about the marijuana, Goode (1970, pp. 50-68) he calls to this gets into the mud of opinions that are said to themselves made "the policy with the reality". Although this notion is important sociological, is useless for the journalists who face the dilemma to identify and to verify the "facts". Anyway, the journalists claim to be "objective" when really match these claims and they publish them as they are followed one another day after day. According to he described a journalist to it, the consumer of the news will not receive in a single day all the sides of a history, but he will be seeing in a period of time a diversity of points of view on the subject.
Like forum where the "policy with the reality" is ventilated, the journalistic definition of the situation goes beyond the presentation of the sufficient data so that the consumer of the news reaches a conclusion. A cluster of contradictory claims really, like which we have put as typical case, can that it is seen like a beneficial invitation, to the consumer of the news, so that exerts its selective perception, in a characteristic reaction before the news. Without a doubt which the invitation to a selective perception is insistent, because each version of the reality demands the same potential validity. In as much as soon as we define the "objectivity" as "attention towards external
objects to the mind" and call "objective" to which "it belongs to the object of the thought and not to the thinking subject" (both definitions of dictionary), it will be difficult to maintain, since the journalists do, whom to
present/display possibilities in conflict objectivity generates.
2. -Presentation of the lifting evidence. Of course, there are occasions in which the journalist can obtain an evidence that really maintains a claim. A lifting evidence is the appointment and positioning of "additional facts" that commonly we accepted like truth. This insistence in the "lifting facts" is generalized, appearing between the critics of the publishers and platoon leaders to the reporters, like between the critics of the reporters to the publishers and heads.
For example, late an assistant to the director of the edition requested to the writing that "became more objective necros", after reading an obituary note that he described to the deceased like a "skillful musician". He asked: "and how we know that the deceased was a" skillful musician ", and not a" musician from three to the quarter "that touched in the municipal band". One said to him that paragraphs more down in the note consisted that the concluded one had touched with John Philip Sousa. The "additional fact", was suitable the edition head, justified the skillful "musical" term.
Of seemed way, a reporter criticized his edition heads because they corrected bad and "nonobjective", when an article was published on "communist propaganda" in certain surroundings. He expressed that the
article at issue must have mentioned more "done", for example what examined work titles were considered propaganda communist. Although he recognized that the label of "communist propaganda" was not a very fine characterization of each individual piece of Literature, insisted in which one more a more concrete presentation would be "objective more". He would offer "facts" (titles) that they really supported the initial affirmation. In addition, the presumably mentioned titles would allow the reader in the same way to value the degree in which the description "communist propaganda" was exact and with "factual" it, in which the association of the musician passed away with Sousa would allow the reader to decide by itself if the label of "skillful musician" were accurate.
The affirmation of the journalists, of which "the facts speak by themselves" is instructive. This saying implies a distinction generalized between the "facts that speak" and the own reporter (or the orador, or cotilla, etc.) that it speaks of "facts". If the journalist had to speak by the "facts", she could not proclaim that he is objective, "impersonal" or "without prejudices". Of course, it is a sociological obviedad that the "facts" do not speak by themselves. For example, Shibutani (1966) demonstrates that the affirmation and acceptance of the "facts" depend in much measurement of the social processes.
3. -The judicious use of the comiles. The journalists see the appointments of the opinion of other people as a form of lifting evidence. When putting in
the opinion of somebody more, thinks that they themselves of the participation in history move away, and with it they leave "done them" speak, as she shows the discussion between platoon leaders in the following incident.
A building in a marginal district, whose proprietor was absent, had remained during several days without heating, to a temperature near the zero degrees. The proprietor declared to have sent to somebody to fix the boiler at those same moments. When Smith, the premises head, telephoned to the building, nobody was working to repair the heating, "fact" that Smith added to the information of the reporter who covered the event. When verifying history, Jones, the section director, called to its subordinate Smith so that it was put in contact with more renters of the building to increase the number of names mentioned in the information.
Jones said: "If you obtain to me más(declaraciones of renters) we removed it". (After some time) Jones repeated that it wanted more appointments of declarations because "was having difficulties". Without lifting evidences, history could give rise in opinion.
When adding more names and declarations the reporter can clear his own opinions of the story and obtain that others say what he himself thinks. For example, in the news coverage of a visit of a group of affected by a massacre of black students in Orangeburg, Carolina of the South, a federal public prosecutor, a reporter asked the protestant shepherd of the group for
its reaction before the conduct that the federal public prosecutor had had with them.
The priest answered: "We felt great preoccupation by everything what it is happening. He is lamentable that our preoccupation receives an answer that really does not recognize that there are people who have been assassinated, are many emotions that are growing and to that attention is not being lent when it is said to us that olvidemos"... the then reporter asked," to say it in two words, you are you insatisfecho ". The priest talks back, "I think that she has had an unnecessary hardness". Sight to a friend and continuous "Cruelty is the word"."
When we finished, the reporter explained us that he had interviewed the shepherd specifically to be able those affirmations and thus not to have to editorializar the information calling he himself cruel one to the federal public prosecutor.
The use of the appointments to avoid the presence of the journalist in the story extends until the use of the comiles like a device to indicate certain aspects. For example, the comile can be used to mean "this one is a made affirmation by which she is not the same journalist". Also they can have the meaning of "sic". For example. the New Left (without comiles) designates to a group. The "New Left" (with comiles) indicates a group that is called to itself the New Left; in this case, the legitimacy of the group is put at issue.
Made an impression by a radical manifestation against the recruitment, a reporter used all the comiles possible to appease the opinion of his edition heads to which he knew opposite to the manifestation. The article said: Some (thousands) of people moved the sunny afternoon from yesterday to the local Park where an incredibly successful "pacifist march against the recruitment took place", that reached its climax when more of... young they showed his records of recruitment.
The average manifestation of two hours and turned around the growth of the Left "New" movement and to the idea that it is necessary to change the American policy for "constructing a America in which we are not shamed to live".
The protest of the Park is framed within the manifestations that of coast to coast, in 60 cities, are taking place in the National Day of the Resistance. This event, that has lasted two days, concludes today with the beginning of "political factories" in the zone.
The march in the local Park has been seen relatively free of violence, if we considered the high number of participants, the majority young. The commissioner of the municipal police John Smith, in charge of the local police station, has declared: "Only two or three fights, quickly controlled, have darkened something a so perfect day".
(the appointments of the first three paragraphs were taken from the speeches that was pronounced in the event, although the source is not identified in the news).
Although the reporter personally was in agreement with the affirmations and entrecomillados terms, the comiles allow him to affirm that it has not interfered with his opinions in the subject. The comiles turn to history "objective" and they protect to him before his superior ones. This journalist received most of the orders of cover of manifestations, although she got along with the demonstrators, on the contrary who its platoon leaders. If these had noticed their political affections not him they had returned to command to manifestations. In addition their stories would have undergone considerable alterations. Without a doubt the edition heads praised among them the work of the reporter. In sum, the reporter manipulated to his superior ones, interfering with his own opinions by means of the use of a mechanism associated to the objectivity.
4. -To structure the information in an appropriate phrase. To structure the information in appropriate phrases is also a procedure to denote objectivity that is put like example of formal attribute in the news. The most important information of an event has to appear in the first paragraph, and the successive paragraphs will contain the information in decreasing importance. The structure of the news theoretically is looked like an inverted pyramid.
This one is the more problematic formal aspect of the objectivity for a journalist. With respect to the other three formal attributes, the journalist can affirm that she has presented/displayed the different affirmations really in conflict, that are additional evidences and that he has limited himself to compile them, and who the appointments and the entrecomillada information represents the opinion of the others, to not hers own one it. Anyway, although a journalist even can unconsciously act by experience choosing a heading which they will approve his platoon leaders and it to fold itself to the policy of means, the journalist continues being responsible for the holder of the news. He cannot adduce that the election has made it another person. The journalist can invoke his professionalism and only affirm that to his holder valued the his own journalistic judgment.
To invoke the own journalistic judgment (the journalistic sense of smell) is an intrinsically defensive mechanism, because the "journalistic valuation" is the ability to choose "objectively" between "facts" that compete to each other, deciding what "facts" are more "important" or "interesting". "Important" or "interesting" it denotes content. In other words, to justify the structuring of the information the journalist must adduce his slight knowledge of content, "important" or "interesting".
Until certain point the difficulties of the informer are reduced thanks to the well-known formula according to which the news have to contain "who, what, when, where, how and why". These five questions are what it is called。