4A难点集锦(学生用)

一、感叹句：
在英语中往往可以用what引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情。

在感叹句中主谓采用正常语序。

结构：What a/an +adj.+n.(单)+（主+谓）！What +不可数名词！What+adj.+n.复数！
如果没有adj.,则往往表示批评或不大好的意思。

1.This is a wonderful garden!___________________
2.This is a surprise!__________________________
3.He is causing a lot of trouble!_____________________3.They are wonderful actors!_____________________ 5.She is a hard-working woman!______________________6.It is a tall building!__________________________ 7.It’s a terrible film!_____________________ 8.You are a clever boy!__________________________
9.She is a pretty girl!_____________________ 10. He is a stange guy!__________________________
二、直接宾语与间接宾语
许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语，直接宾语通常为事物，间接宾语通常为人。

这类动词有give,show,send,bring,lend,tell,return,write,pay,teach,make,buy,find等。

to: 表示动作对什么而做for:表示动作为什么人而做。

1.He paid the shopkeeper some money. ___________________
2.He sold all his books to me.__________________
3.He did me a big favour._______________________
4.His uncle left him some money._______________________
5.I bought this bunch of flowers for you._________________
6.I’ve ordered some soup for you.________________
三、receive: vt. (1)接到，收到，得到：receive是“收到”，指的是一个被动的动作，主观上接受与不接受并不清楚。

take: 则是主动地“拿”、“取”（2）招待，接待
1. Yesterday I (took/received) a present from Aunt Susan.
2. Have you(taken/received) a letter from him yet?
3. I(took/received) the letter with me.
4. He has (taken/received) some flowers to her.
5. Why did you (receive/take) this book off the shelf?
四、way 的短语
in the way:（1）妨碍（某人）（2）按照，以……方式on the /one’s way:在途中in this way：用这种方法
by the way:顺便提一下（插入语，改变话题时使用）in a way: 在某种程度上，从某种意义来说
1._________from Athens to London, the plane stopped at Rome.
2. I cooked this ________you showed me.
3._________, where is my coat?
4. Yes,__________, he has been very successful.
五、短语动词：许多动词加上介词或副词后就会改变词义，因此需要记住整个短语，并根据上下文的意义判断动词在句子中的意思。

如：put on（穿上，戴上），take off(脱掉，摘掉)，look for(寻找)，look after(照顾，照料)，knock at（敲门），knock off（碰掉，碰撞；价格上减去，除去，打折扣；下班，停止，中断工作等。

），knock over(撞到，打翻)，knock out（把某人打成状态）
1. He did not know how to fight, but he knocked the boxer____.
2. Listen! Someone is knocking____the window!
3. This flowerpot is broken .Who knocked it _____.
4.I knocked___early yesterday and went to a football match.
六、every构成的合成词：every和one,body,thing可以构成复合不定代词everyone,everybody和everything.它们一般都写成一个词。

everyone和everybody一般可以替换使用，但它们本身均被视为单数
1.Everybody (believe/believes) he will win.
2. Everyone(try/tries) to earn more and work less.
3.I heard a noise and went downstairs. I found that everything (were/was) in order.
七、enter:vt./vi. 进入；参加，加入enter for: 报名参加
1.He is very ill. No one is allowed to ____his room.
2.Will you _____this week’s crossword competition?
3.Many athletes have_______the Olympic Games this year.
4.No one saw the thief when he _____the building.
5.I have______the examination but I don’t want to take it.
八、与被动形式的made连用的几个介词：动词make经常用于被动语态。

当它与不同的介词搭配时，意义也稍有不同。

made in：可表示产地或时间made of：表示用某种材料制成（通常指制造后不改变该材料原来的性质或形状）made from：表示用数种材料制成，或者是制造后改变了材料原来的性质或形状made by：表示由谁制造。

1.Is your watch made___gold?
2.These knives were made___Sheffield.
3.This cake was made ___ sugar, flour , butter and eggs.
九、双重所有格：-‘s结构的所有格也可用于“of结构”之后，如：a friend of my father’s,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词。

在名词前面，可以用a , this ,that, these, some, any, no等等，但不用the.
十、动词+名词/代词+带to的不定式：某些动词之后的带to的不定式之前可以有一个名词或代词。

有些动词后的名词/代词可有可无，但是有和没有经常影响整个句子的意义。

但是，还有一些动词后面用不定式作宾语时，其后通常必须有一名词或代词。

这类动词有：allow, advise, help, teach, tell, request等等。

这些动词不但可以用于主动语态，也可用于被动语态。

1.The officer ordered( to tire, at the enemy, the men).
2.He wants(his wife, this dress, to wear).
3.She wants (us , it, to explain).
4. I cannot allow ( the room, him , to enter).
十一、salary:可译为“薪金”、“薪水”，通常指职员、脑力劳动者（如律师、教师、医生等）的收入，数额比较固定，一般按月支付。

wage:可译为“工资”、“工钱”，通常指技工或一般体力劳动者的收入，按周或天支付。

Wage一般用复数形式wages. borrow的意思是“借”、“借入”，经常与from连用。

lend的意思是“把借给”、“借出”，经常与介词to连用。

1.He is a bank manager and he gets a good _____.
2.Yesterday he _____my laptop. I hope he returns it soon.
3.I ____him some money and he said he would give it back to me when he got his_____.
4.The postmen are on strike again. They want higher____.
5.Workmen’s_____have gone up a lot in the last year. 十二、be+副词构成表语：动词be如与不同的副词连用则意义不同（主要由副词的意义决定）：be away:离开，不在be back: 回来be out: 在外，出去be in:在里面be over：结束be on:上演be up to :胜任be capable of：有能力做某事
set out:出发，动身set off: 出发，启程set up : 创立，建立，创（记录）
十三、名词所有格：一般只对人和某些生物用-‘s。

名词所有格放在其所修饰的名词之前，但是在上下文很清楚时名词可以省略。

名词所有格的构成有一条最简单的规则，即除了以-s结尾的复数名词只需加’，任何人称名词都可以加-‘s。

具体情况如下：
（1）在单数名词及不以-s结尾的人名后加-‘s (2) 以-s结尾的单数名词后加-‘s (3)在规则的复数名词之后加’（4）如果是用and连接的两个人名，则在第二个人名上加-‘s （5）以-s结尾的人名后应加’
(6)有些无生命的物体后面也可以用所有格，如与时间有关的：a day’s work （7）表示值多少钱也可以用所有格：two pound’s worth of bread
十四、ask:最常用的意思是“问”、“询问”，它也可以表达“请求”、“要求”或“邀请”等意思。

ask for:表示“要”、“要求”except, except for 与apart from :三者都表示“除……以外”，有时可以互相代替使用，但是except不用于句首，except for/ apart from则可以。

短语which of, either of , neither of 与both of:这些短语都可用于指两个人或两件事。

（1）当询问在两个或更多的人或事物中偏爱哪一个或选择哪一个时，可用which (2)either与neither 都是对两个人或物而言（后接单数名词）either指one or the other(不是这个就是那个)，either 和neither后跟of时则指两个事物中的每一个（3）both只指两个人或物。

当它用在名词时，of可有可无。

当both用在代词前面时，其后必须加of
1.(Except)(Except for) a slight headache, I feel all right now.
2.I liked them very much, so I bought (neither of)(both of)them.
3.(Except)(Apart from)being a bit too long, the play was very good.
4.I (asked)(asked for)a question. I did not (ask for)(ask) an answer.
5. He could not answer(neither of)(either of )the questions I (asked)(asked for).
十五、nervous adj.（1）神经质的，神经紧张的：（2）紧张的，担心的，情绪不安的：irritable(易怒的，急躁的) afford:vt.（1）买得起（常与can连用）（2）担负得起（损失、后果等），花得起（时间）（常与can连用）（3）提供，给予
1.She felt very_____before the plane took off.
2. I can only____to pay 100yuan a week in rent.
3.Since his illness he has been very____.He is always losing his temper.
十六、as的几种用法：（1）作为介词，它可以表示“作为”、“以……身份”等（2）作为连词，它可以表示“因为”、“正当……时候”、“以…….方式”或“如同……那样”等含义grow:生长，成长，发育grow up:长成，成熟（其被动态表示长大成人）
写出下面as在例句中的意思：1.He work as a pilot. 2.I’ll be home late tonight, as we have a meeting after school.
3. As we were listening to the radio, someone knocked at the door.
4.Trees take a long time to (grow)(grow up).
十七、beside:介词beside常用的含义为“在……旁边”、“在……附近”；besides的词形与beside很相似，但意义却相差甚远。

besides作副词时表示“而且”、“并且”、“此外”等意思；besides还可以作介词，表示“除……之外（还）”
give 的几个固定搭配：及物动词give常用的含义是“给予”、“交给”；give与其他副词连用时，意义往往会有变化，有时变化非常大：give away:赠送give in:上交，呈交give in :屈服，让步give up：放弃，抛弃give up:交出，让出
1.Will the person who took my ruler please give it___to me?
2.When do we have to give__our compositions?
3.When my children grew up, I gave all their toys__?
4.We were losing the battle but we did not give__.
十八、realize:vt.（1）实现（希望、目标、愿望等）（2）使变为事实，使发生（常用于被动语态）（3）认识，知道，明白，意识到realize和understand表示认识，知道，明白，意识到时有时可以互换，有时则不可以。

interested与interesting：大多数现在分词和许多过去分词都可以作形容词用。

常见的以-ed和-ing 结尾的成对的形容词有excited/exciting, tired/tiring, interested/interesting等。

以-ed结尾的形容词常与人称主语连用，表示人的情绪、状态、喜好等；以-ing结尾的形容词则常与非人称主语连用，表明事物的某种特征、性质等
1.I (realised/understood) be was not telling me the truth.
2.There was some(excited/exciting)news on the radio.
3.This poem is difficult.It’s impossible for you to(undertand/realize)its meaning.
4.He is not an(interesting/interested) person.
5. He is an explorer. He leads an(excited/exciting)life.
6.I am not (interesting/interested) in other peo ple’s affairs.
十九、drive (1)vt./vi. 驾驶，驾车（2）vt.赶，驱赶，围赶（猎物、敌人等）（3）vt.逼迫，迫使
home 与house: home一般译为“家”、“家庭”，着重指所居住的人，常有爱、温暖、舒适、安全等隐含意义。

House通常译为“房子”、“房屋”、“住宅”，指的是建筑物。

1.It was raining heavily and I was glad to get____.
2.He is very rich. He owns a ____in the country.
3. The government plans to build thousands of ______next year.
4.Most people like to spend their Christmas holiday at____.
二十、there is 和it is的用法：在说明或询问人或物等的存在时即可用there be结构。

这种结构可以用一般现在时，也可以用一般过去时、一般将来时及现在完成时等时态。

在用there表示过存在之后，就必须it或者人称代词作进一步说明。

但是，当it作为“虚主语”表示时间、距离、天气等概念时，不可用there be结构
1.____is a pity that he could not come .
2.______is a bus that leaves in ten minutes.
3._____were some men digging up the road outside my house.
4.____has been very cold this year.
5.Look at those clouds. I think____will be a thunderstorm.
6._____is unusual for him to be late.
7.____has been no news of him. 8.I am sure____will be fine tomorrow.
9. After dinner____will be a long discussion on politics. 10.When will____be convenient for you to come?。