2021年高考英语二轮复习讲练测阅读理解I 主旨大意题 考点2 概括文章大意讲案(教师版)

2022年高三二轮复习英语精品资料【讲】
专题03 阅读理解I主旨大意考点2概括文章大意
主旨大意题
考点1精确归纳标题
考点2概括文章大意
考点3总结段落大意【考纲解读】
考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短
文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。

题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。

体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。

考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。

主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。

【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向
考点2概括文章大意
2022年命题解读和近年考点再现
1.C【2021天津第一次高考卷】
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the
procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.
50．What is the passage mainly about?
A．An easy way to communicate with patients.
B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
【答案】50．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。

一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。

50．主旨大意题。

根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。

一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。

故选D。

2. B【2020·全国新课标II】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
【答案】27．B
【解析】本文是说明文。

是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。

27．主旨大意题。

本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。

所以是关于科学研究的。

B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。

3.C【2020·全国新课标III】
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spo ke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many peop le agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, you ng women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married.318
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. Lifestyles in different countries.
B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain.
D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
【答案】31.D
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。

短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。

31.主旨大意题。

通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。

所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。

故选D项。

4.C【2019·全国II】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your busi ness! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit，whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【答案】31. A
【解析】
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。

一份新的调查发现，越来越多的人选择独自一个人吃饭。

本文分析了这种现象背后的深层次原因。

31. A主旨大意题。

本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作
氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。

5.【2021年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试适应性测试（八省联考）】
In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods?
After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain.
A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions(排放)of carbon dioxide(CO2)from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use-those related to their production and breakdown.
Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances(设
备)that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you.
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．What appliances to buy to save energy.
B．What a carbon footprint means in our life.
C．How to identify different carbon footprints.
D．How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
【答案】4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

作者一直努力减少生活中的碳足迹，但是新型环保产品和使用过的传统生产的产品，哪一种更能减少碳足迹呢？作者通过研究和对比给我们找到了答案：他们各有千秋。

4．主旨大意题。

文章第一段中“Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices(幸运的是，现在更容易选择环保的生活方式)”以及困扰作者的一个问题“is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced ones?(新型环保产品，使用过的传统生产的产品，选择哪一种更好？) ”再根据第二段一整段的内容，作者通过研究得出答案，有些时候是新型环保产品好，有时候是另一种更好。

文章接下来的段落就是分析了作者这个答案是怎样找到的。

由此可知，文章主要是关于怎样选择更环保的生活方式的。

故选D。

6. C【2020·天津卷】
For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engi neers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are
sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
F or those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
50．What does the passage focus on?
A．How professionals invented sound products.
B．Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C．The growing interest in the study of sound.
D．How sound engineers work in their studios.
【答案】50．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

文章主要介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学设备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。

50．主旨大意题。

根据第一段中的”In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other
f ields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”可知，在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。

结合下文具体内容可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。

故选B。

【高考预测】
纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2022年全国高考试题还会
①Ⅰ卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。

细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.6。

②Ⅱ卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。

题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。

【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点
考点2 概括文章大意
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】【贵州省名校联盟2021-2022学年高三上学期期末】
Algorithms (计算程序) are able to do a huge number of tasks, and the number of tasks that they are able to do is expanding practically every day. According to a new study, despite increasing concern over the effect of algorithms in daily life, more and more people nowadays are willing to trust a computer program, especially if a task becomes too challenging. From choosing the next song on your playlist to choosing the right size of pants, people are relying more on the advice of algorithms to help make everyday decisions.
During the study, researchers asked volunteers to count the number of people of a crowd in a photograph and supplied suggestions that were offered by a group of other people and suggestions offered by an algorithm. As the number of people in the photograph expanded, counting became more difficult and people were more likely to follow the suggestions offered by an algorithm rather than count themselves or follow the “wisdom of the crowd”.
One of the common problems with AI is when it is used for awarding credit. While that is a subjective decision, there are lots of numbers there, like income and credit scores. Therefore, people feel like this is a good job for an algorithm. But we know that dependence leads to unfair and incomplete practices in many cases because of social factors that aren’t con sidered.
Facial recognition and hiring algorithms have come under inspection in recent years because their use has shown cultural prejudice in the way they were built, which can cause inaccuracies when matching faces to identities or screening for qualified job candidates. The prejudice may not be present in a simple task like counting, but their presence in other trusted algorithms is a reason why it is important to understand how people rely on algorithms when making decisions.
“The eventual goal is to lo ok at groups of humans and computers making decisions and find how we can get them to trust each other and how that changes their behaviors,” one of the researchers said. “Because there is very little research in that setting, we’re starting with the fundamentals.”
15．What message does the author mainly convey in the text?
A．It is really necessary to stay away from AI.
B．It is very easy to make choices with the help of AI.
C．People need to adapt to the development of computers.
D．People tend to trust computer programs more than themselves.
【答案】15．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

文章主要就人类在决策时是否过度依赖计算程序这一话题展开阐述。

尽管人们对计算程序的入侵越来越担心，但他们更愿意信任计算程序。

15．主旨大意题。

根据第一段“more and more people nowadays are willing to trust a computer program, especially if a task becomes too challenging.”（越来越多的人更愿意相信计算机程序，尤其是如果他们遇到有
挑战性的任务的情况下。

）可知，文章主要就人类在决策时依赖计算程序这一话题展开阐述。

尽管人们对计算程序的入侵越来越担心，但他们更愿意信任计算程序。

故选D。

【例2】【江西省九江市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试（一模）】
Liu Tzu-wei, a young man from China’s Taiwan, works in his milk tea shop in Wuhan, realizing his entrepreneurial (创业的) dream there.
Liu Tzu-wei, 29, who majored in business administration, tried being an online shopping agent while studying in London. He started his business journey in Hangzhou in 2017, and opened his first milk tea shop in Wuhan.
He experienced some setbacks in his milk tea business due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, but he didn’t give up, and started making video diaries online to record his journey.
Liu currently has about 26,000 fans on Douyin, the Chinese version of the video-sharing app TikTok, and many have turned into customers. Liu was moved by the hospitality (好客) and frankness of the people in Wuhan, and said they are always helpful and supportive.
Officials from the local government of Wuhan, often visit him to promote the carrying out of preferential (优先的) policies. Liu opened his second branch at the end of last year. He plans to expand more when the opportunity arises. He said his decision to pursue his entrepreneurial dream in Wuhan was right.
Wuhan is a city with huge consumption potential, nice people and supportive government, so Liu would choose Wuhan again if he had to do it over.
27．What message does the story convey?
A．East or west, home is best.
B．Victory belongs to the most persevering.
C．Well begun is half done.
D．He that travels far knows much.
【答案】27．B
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。

文章通过讲述刘子伟的创业故事告诉我们：胜利属于最坚韧不拔的人。

27．主旨大意题。

从全文内容来看，通过刘子伟的创业经历可以看出他在创业过程中虽然遇到了很多挫折但都没有放弃，坚持下来并取得了成功。

所以文章传递的信息是：成功属于最坚韧不拔的人。

故选B项。

【例3】C【2022届福建省泉州市高中毕业班质量检测（三）】
Working on a computer with a traditional mouse never came easy for 8-year-old Isabelle Dapkus, who has developmental disabilities. However, Isabelle is now able to access her schoolwork online, all thanks to a fidget mouse (减压鼠标): the Hoglet - a multisensory device that resembles toy. “She’s never been able to use a mouse before, and it wasn’t for lack of trying, but it was just not the appropriate tool,” said her mother, Julia Dapkus, 41, of Michigan.
As virtual learning has become a common option for families during the COVID-19 pandemic, online schooling has also become a struggle for students with developmental disabilities.
The Hoglet - which takes its name from its resemblance to a baby hedgehog (刺猬) - is specially designed with elements from a fidget toy to increase focus for those with developmental disabilities and autism spectrum disorder (自闭症). The Hoglet is wireless and minimizes clicking sounds as to not annoy those with autism
spectrum disorder.
Parker Lynch, creator of the Hoglet and CEO of Hedgehog Health, met Dapkus at a fundraiser, and he eventually asked her and her daughter to test the mouse out. Children who use a fidget device have an increase in concentration, are not as restless and are more likely to complete tasks in treatment and education, according to a study. The Flushing Hospital Medical Center in New York, which performed the study, found that fidget toys can be academically beneficial for students, including those with learning disabilities.
Because of research of his own that saw similar results, Lynch decided to create a tool similar to fidget toys that could provide the same functionality. After five years of research and testing, Lynch founded Hedgehog Health and released the company’s first product, the Hoglet.
Lynch is now working on a removable and washable cover for the Hoglet as well as another mouse that will stimulate all five senses.
11．What is the text mainly about?
A．Reinventing a mouse. B．A multisensory toy.
C．Fighting autism spectrum disorder. D．Treatment for learning disabilities.
【答案】11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

文章主要讲述了一款新发明的减压鼠标。

这款鼠标能够帮助发展障碍和自闭症的孩子们更好的参加在线学习。

11．主旨大意题。

文章主要讲述了一款新发明的减压鼠标。

这款鼠标能够帮助发展障碍和自闭症的孩子们更好的参加在线学习。

所以“重塑鼠标”符合文章的大意。

故选A.
【例4】D【2022届福建省泉州市高中毕业班质量检测（三）】
Reading books can obviously make you a better, smarter entrepreneur. According to a 2018 study of over 160,000 adul ts in 31 countries, the more books that were present in participants’ childhood homes, the more competent they now were as adults with skills in literacy, mathematics, and technological problem-solving. Researchers note that book-oriented socialization, indicated by home library size, equips youth with lifelong tastes, skill and knowledge.
Growing up with home libraries boosts adult skills in literacy, numeracy and technological problem-solving beyond the benefits acquired from parental education or your own educational or occupational attainment. Kids who grow up in a home where reading is valued and modeled are more likely to be good readers. Strangely enough, though, advanced education doesn’t necessarily offset the “lots of books in the home” advantage. Adults who grew up with relatively few books in their homes and later earned a college degree had literacy levels approximately equal to adults who grew up in homes with large libraries but only attended school for nine years.
Jessica Stillman [of Inc.] writes, surrounding yourself with more books than you could ever read says good things about your mind. Those books serve as a constant reminder of all the things you don’t know—which helps keep you intellectually hungry and curious. And possibly, this will keep you a little more modest, since research shows the quicker you are to admit you don’t know something, the faster you can then learn it. As Jeff Bezos says, a key sign of intelligence is the willingness to change your mind, something that only happens if you’re willing to admit that your current thinking may not be the best thinking. Modesty, learning and the willingness to change your mind when new data presents itself: That’s another three bonus every entrepreneur can benefit from. 15．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Home library size indicates lifelong skills. B．Home reading equals to a college degree.
C．Modesty makes a promising entrepreneur. D．Childhood libraries lead to adulthood success.
【答案】15．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

研究人员注意到，家庭图书馆的规模表明，以书籍为导向的社会化，使年轻人拥有终身的品味、技能和知识。

文章还说明了在家庭图书馆的环境中长大，可以提高成年人的读写、计算和解决技术问题的能力，这远远超过了父母教育或自己的教育或职业成就所带来的好处。

15．主旨大意题。

根据第一段“Reading books can obviously make you a better, smarter entrepreneur. According to a 2018 study of over 160,000 adults in 31 countries, the more books that we re present in participants’ childhood homes, the more competent they now were as adults with skills in literacy, mathematics, and technological problem-solving. Researchers note that book-oriented socialization, indicated by home library size, equips youth with lifelong tastes, skill and knowledge.(读书显然能让你成为一个更好、更聪明的企业家。

2018年的一项研究对31个国家的16万多名成年人进行了调查，结果显示，参与者小时候家里的书越多，他们成年后就越有能力，具备读写、数学和解决技术问题的技能。

研究人员注意到，家庭图书馆的规模表明，以书籍为导向的社会化，使年轻人拥有终身的品味、技能和知识)”结合文章还说明了在家庭图书馆的环境中长大，可以提高成年人的读写、计算和解决技术问题的能力，这远远超过了父母教育或自己的教育或职业成就所带来的好处。

可知，这篇文章主要讲的是家庭图书馆的大小能表明终身技能。

故选A。

规律方法：如何概括文章大意?
1、做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。

主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。

若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。

2、在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。

【变式精讲】
1.D【江西省八校2021-2022学年高三第一次联考】
Whether it's the slow drifting apart from a childhood friend, the sudden, sharp distance created by a disagreement, or one of the many relationships that have quietly fallen away during the pandemic, losing someone that you thought would always be in your life is deeply jarring.
But friendship breakups will happen over the course of our lives, and we need to start learning how to deal with them in healthy ways, says friendship coach Danielle Bayard Jackson.
The most significant thing we need to do, says Jackson, is normalize the fact that sometimes friendships do end and that can actually be healthy. However, we haven't been taught to carry this expectation into our friend relationships.
“We’re not looking at our friends through a lens (透镜) of ‘Gosh,I hope this works out’,but we’ll do that with a romantic partner for sure,” says Jackson. “ With a partner, we wonder if they're going to be the one. But with friends, we assume they' re the one from the minute we establish that we like each other.”
And because we don't view the loss of a friendship as a normal occurrence, it feels like a personal failing when it happens and something we should be ashamed of. Or, as Jackson puts it, “If friendship is supposed to be
easy and yours ended, what did you do wrong?”
But that isn't the case.
Friendships, like any relationship, sometimes aren't meant to be and even if they are, maintaining them takes real work. Kristen Newton has been interested in this work for years and founded HEART Convos, which aims to help people who feel stuck in unsatisfying friendships have the kind of open and honest communication that keeps a friendship healthy.
“I think we feel blindsided because we belittle the value and significance of our social connections and friendship. Yet we recognize the weight that they carry when they don't work out, and we experience that hurt and disappointment,” she says.
12．What is the text mainly about?
A．How to regain a friendship that has ended.
B．The loss of a friendship is a normal occurrence.
C．Why friendship breaks up over the course of our lives.
D．Many relationships have fallen away during the pandemic.
【答案】12．B
【解析】本文是议论文。

文章主要讲述有关朋友和友谊的看法。

12．主旨大意题。

根据第一段“Whether it's the slow drifting apart from a childhood friend, the sudden, sharp distance created by a disagreement, or one of the many relationships that have quietly fallen away during the pandemic, losing someone that you thought would always be in your life is deeply jarring.(不管是否是童年朋友的缓慢的转变，由意见不合造成的突然的巨大的距离，或者是许多关系在疫情期间渐渐地分开，失去某个你认为在你人生中会永远在的人是很令人不安)”和第二段“But friendsh ip breakups will happen over the course of our lives(但是友谊的破裂在我们的人生中是会发生的)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述失去朋友，失去友谊在人生中是常有的事情。

故选B。

2.D【陕西省渭南市2022届高三教学质量检测一模】
The earliest tomatoes were little sour berries. They grew among low bushes in dry, sunny places in the Andes Mountains in South America. It was about 350 million years ago.
Tomato plants are relative to nightshade (茄属植物), which has poison. The leaves and stems of tomato plants have poison , but the berries are good to eat. The berries are red so that animals can find them easily and eat them. The animals carry the seeds to other places. That was how earliest tomato plants found new places to grow. Tomatoes are also relative to tobacco, chili peppers and potatoes.
When people first came to South America about 20,000 years ago, they ate these tiny wild tomatoes. Travelers brought a few kinds of wild tomato plants from the Andes to Central America, there the ancestors of the Maya began to farm them. Nobody knows exactly when people began farming tomatoes, but it probably was much later than corn and beans, and it was surely before 500 BC．These Central American fanners bred tomatoes to be bigger and sweeter than the wild ones.
By the time Spanish explorers got to Tenochtitlan in Mexico in 1521 AD, the Aztec people ere eating a lot of tomatoes, made a sauce of chopped (剁碎的)tomatoes, onions, salt and chili peppers that was a lot like our salsa. The word “tomato” comes from their Nahuatl word “tomato”.。