词类、词性及简单句的五种基本句型

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简单句的五种基本句型
Editor:Pang Chunlian Date:August 28th, 2015
一、词类
一个词的词性不止一个,通常有两个或两个以上(如work 可以作名词或动词)但这个词一旦放在句中,它的词性就确定了。

如: His work is good. 本句中的work 肯定是名词。

而在He always works hard. 中,work是动词,hard是副词
在Due to his hard work, he finished the task on time. 中,work是名词,hard是形容词。

【学思结合】试判断以下句子中slow的词性:
1.My watch is two minutes slow. ( )
2.He is slow in understanding. ( )
3.The clock runs slow. ( )
4.He slowed his pace. ( )
5.The machine slowed down and stopped. ( )
词类就是词的类别。

英语单词根据用法特征,可以分为十类:名词,代词,动词,形容词,副词,数
二、句子成分
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。

一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。

句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语、同位语等。

(一)主语:
主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme),是句子所述说的主体、对象。

它的位置一般在一句之首。

可用作主语的有一个单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

1.名词作主语。

如:A tree has fallen across the road.
2.代词作主语。

如:Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.
3.数词用作主语。

如:Four from seven leaves three.
4.名词化的形容词用作主语。

如:The old and the young are taken good care of in that village.
5.不定式用作主语。

如:It is impossible to defeat a person who never gives up.
6.动名词用作主语。

如:Watching a film is pleasure, while making one is hard work.
7. 从句用作主语。

如:
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
(二)谓语:
谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb)是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,其位置一般在主语之后。

谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。

1.由单一动词构成谓语。

如:What happened?
He worked hard all day today.
2.由动词短语构成谓语。

如:I am reading.
Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday.
3.英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动。

这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。

如:I had a swim yesterday. (had a swim 代替了swam)
He gave a sigh.(gave a sigh 代替了sighed)
谓语是句子的灵魂,谓语的变化可以反映:时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。

(三)表语
表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。

它位于连系动词之后,与之构成系表结构。

可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

【学思结合】标划出下列句子中的表语部分,并在括号中写出表语的词性。

1.The wedding was that Sunday.()
2.Are you busy?()
3.All I could do was to wait.()
4.Seeing is believing.()
5.I’m very pleased with what he has done.()
6.She is in good health. ()
7.Is that why you were angry?()
补充:除了系动词be外,还有些能做系动词的行为动词,其后也要接形容词做表语:
(1)come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make
(2)feel,sound ,smell , look , taste
(3)seem, appear
(四)宾语
宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作、行为、活动的对象、接受者或受影响者。

因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。

如:Our team beat all the others.
可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

【学思结合】标划出下列句子中的宾语部分,并在括号中写出宾语的词性。

1.Do you fancy a drink? ()
2.They won’t hurt us. ()
3.Does she really want to leave home? ()
4. We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen. ( )
5.Do you understand what I mean? ()
6. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. ()
归纳记忆:
a. 接双宾语的及物动词,常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer,
owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等.
b. 以下动词形成固定短语:动词+sb. +of + sth.
①inform sb.of sth.②remind sb.of sth.
③rid sb.of sth ④warn sb.of sth.
⑤rob sb.of sth ⑥cheat sb.of sth.
⑦cure sb.of sth.⑧accuse/charge sb.of sth.
强化记忆:
A:接to do作宾语且不能接doing作宾语的动词有:
afford agree apply arrange ask care choose decide demand desire determine expect help hope intend manage offer plan prepare pretend promise refuse want wish fail
B:接doing作宾语且不能接to do作宾语的动词有:
admit advise allow appreciate suggest avoid consider delay deny dislike
enjoy escape risk excuse fancy finish forbid report forgive give up imagine keep put off mention mind miss pardon permit practise prevent prohibit
C:既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语意思基本相同的动词主要有:
like love hate prefer begin start continue can’t bear bother intend attempt cease
【注意】当like, love, hate, prefer 与would, should 连用时,其后习惯上只能接不定式,不能接动名词。

D:既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、意思不相同的动词主要有:
remember to do forget to do
remember doing forget doing
regret to do try to do
regret doing try doing
mean to do stop to do
mean doing stop doing
can’t help doing
can’t help (to) do
(五)补语
补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。

补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement).在英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有一个其他的句子成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态或者说补充说明宾语是什么、怎么样或做什么等,称为宾语补足语,简称宾补。

(1).形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等
1.They named the child Jimmy.(名词作宾补)
2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. (名词短语作宾补)
3. He boiled the egg hard.(形容词作宾语补语)
4.I found the book very interesting.(形容词短语作宾补)
5. We found the old lady in good health. (介词短语作宾补)
6.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. (不定式用作宾语补语)
7.I heard Jean singing this morning.(现在分词作宾补)
8. He had his wallet stolen yesterday. (过去分词作宾补)
注:A、当感官动词和使役动词,接宾补时,不定式的符号to必须省略。

如:
see hear notice watch hear feel observe(感官动词) make have let(使役动词)
在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。

B、主动语态中的宾补,在被动语态中则成了主语补语了。

如:
(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.
(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday.
(六).定语
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。

主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。

1.形容词用作定语。

She is a natural musician.
2. 名词用作定语。

如A baby girl
3.代词作定语。

Your hair needs cutting.
4.数词作定语Do it now, you may not get a second chance.
5. 副词充当定语时常后置,如:the room above
6.不定式用作定语,后置。

Her promise to write was forgotten.
7.动名词用作定语. A walking stick sleeping pills learning method
8.分词充当定语 a sleeping child a retired worker
9.介词短语用作定语。

This is a map of China.
10.从句用作定语,即定语从句The car that is parked outside is mine.
(七).状语
状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。

如:The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。

可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。

状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等
(1)时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中
Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?
(2) 地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。

There are plenty of fish in the sea.
(3)原因状语,包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。

Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.
(4) 结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。

She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.
(5) 目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调时可以置于句首。

In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.
(6) 条件状语。

多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。

If he were to come, what should we say to him?
(7) 让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。

He h elped me although he didn’t know me.
(8).程度状语。

常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。

The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them?
(9)伴随状语,常由短语和独立主格等表示。

对位于句末和句首。

My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.
三、简单句的五种句型。

1. SV(主+谓)
2. SVP(主+谓+表)
3. SVO(主+谓+宾)
4. SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
5. SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句型一
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟次要成分----状语(由副词、介词短语、状语从句等充当)。

基本句型二
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做连系动词。

┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃S│V(是系动词)│P┃
┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨
┃1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. ┃
┃2. The dinner │smells │good. ┃
┃3. He │fell │in love. ┃
┃4. Everything │looks │different. ┃
┃5. He │is growing │tall and strong. ┃
┃6. The trouble │is │that they are short of money. ┃
┃7. Our well │has gone │dry. ┃
┃8. His face │turned │red. ┃
┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
基本句型三
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。

这类动词叫做及物动词。

┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃S│V(及物动词)│O┃
┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨
┃1. Who │knows │the answer? ┃
┃2. She │smiled │her thanks. ┃
┃3. He │has refused │to help them. ┃
┃4. He │enjoys │reading. ┃
┃5. They │ate │what was left over. ┃
┃6. He │said │"Good morning." ┃
┃7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. ┃
┃8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. ┃
┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
基本句型四
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。

这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。

┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃S│V(及物)│o(多指人)│O(多指物)┃
┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨
┃1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. ┃
┃2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. ┃
┃3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. ┃
┃4. He │denies │her │nothing. ┃
┃5. I │showed │him │my pictures. ┃
┃6. I │gave │my car │a wash. ┃
┃7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. ┃
┃8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. ┃
┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
基本句型五
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还
不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。

┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓┃S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│C(宾补)┃┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨┃1. They │appointed │him │manager. ┃┃2. They │painted │the door │green. ┃┃3. This │set │them │thinking. ┃┃4. They │found │the house │deserted. ┃┃5. What │makes │him │think so? ┃┃6. We │saw │him │out. ┃┃7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. ┃┃8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. ┃┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛。

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