英语定语从句的用法大全(一)
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英语定语从句的⽤法⼤全(⼀)
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
今天,⼩编就接着跟⼤家分享定语从句的内容。
⼀、定义
⽤来修饰句⼦中的名词或代词或其短语的从句,就叫做定语从句。其实,就是拿句⼦来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如:
It's a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上两句话中,都有book⼀词,所以可以⽤定语从句把两句话连起来。即:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是⼀个定语从句,⽤来修饰the book。
⼆、两个概念
要想学好定语从句,得先弄清楚两个基本概念,即:先⾏词和关系词。
(⼀)先⾏词
所谓先⾏词,就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的,为什么?因为先⾏词永远出现在定语从句的前⾯,总是先⾛⼀步的,呵呵!
(⼆)关系词
所谓关系词,就是指⽤来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是,关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的,所以是不可或缺的,尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,经常可以省略(本⽂会继续讲到这个情况)。
我们在来看⼀下在第⼀节⾥出现的句⼦:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先⾏词,被后⾯的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。⽽that就是关系代词,⽤来连接I bought yesterday,同时⼜在从句作bought的宾语,⽽且可以省略。
定语从句的学习,其实就是有关根据先⾏词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。
三、分类
按照定语从句与先⾏词的关系紧密与否,可以分为限定性定语从句和⾮限定性定语从句。
(⼀)限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先⾏词起着修饰限定作⽤,是不可或缺的。如:
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
(⼆)⾮限定性定语从句
⾮限定性定语从句对先⾏词起着补充说明作⽤,可要可不要。⾮限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先⾏词隔开。如:
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.
【注意】
1、当先⾏词具有唯⼀性的时候,就只能采⽤⾮限定性定语从句,否则就会产⽣歧义或误解。如:
限定性定语从句:His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old
classmates.
⾮限定性定语从句:His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old
classmates.
因为限定性定语从句对先⾏词起着修饰限定作⽤,所以具有特指功能,所以第⼀句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻⼦,其潜台词就是他不只⼀个妻⼦,也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地⽅还有妻⼦。
⽽⾮限定性定语从句只对先⾏词起着补充说明作⽤,没有特指功能,所以第⼆句中的⾮限定性定语从句只是⽤来补充说明他的妻⼦现在⼈在巴黎这个事实。
2、that和why不能⽤来引导⾮限定性定语从句
that不能⽤来连接⾮限定性定语从句,具体的请看下⼀节的内容。
⽽why因为总是紧跟先⾏词reason,所以也不能⽤于引导⾮限定性定语从句。如:That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之间,不能插⼊逗号。
四、关系代词
英语⾥能够⽤来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有:
that:表⼈或物
which:表物
who:表⼈(主格或宾格)
whom:表⼈(宾格)
whose:表⼈或物(所有格)
(⼀)that引导的定语从句
that引导定语从句时,其先⾏词既可能是⼈,也可能是物。如:
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、当that的先⾏词表物时,可以⽤which来替换。此外,当that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。如:
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先⾏词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语,所以可以省略。
2、不能⽤that的情况
1)当定语从句以介词开头时,⼀般不⽤that,⽽要⽤which或whom。如:
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头,所以后⾯不能再⽤that,⽽要采⽤which和whom。
2)当先⾏词是that时,往往⽤which来替换。如:
We have that which we need.
此时,that which往往可以⽤what来替换,因此我们可以把上⾯的句⼦改为:We have what we need.
3)在⾮限定性定语从句中。如:
错误:His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as
gifts.
正确:His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as
gifts.
3、只能⽤that的情况
1)当先⾏词为everything、all,little、much等不定代词时。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
2)当先⾏词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如:Don't waste any water that is reusable.