英语词汇学4wordformation..

b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes. A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
e.g. work, workable, worker, worked, working
-- semantically related words Roots are, therefore, the cores of English words. Historically, the root is the earliest form of a word. Roots are either free or bound: a. Free root: In English many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, moon, walk, black ( i.e. they can stand alone as words).
allo (Greek) "other”, (cf. allophones, allomorphs). e.g. -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation (proportional) variants of the same
suffix) verbs ending with /t/, -- -ion, invention, position, verbs ending with consonants other than /t/, -- -tion, description verbs ending in -ify and –ize-- -ation, justification modernization verbs ending in -d, -de, or –mit-- -sion, expansion, decision, omission. "A allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds".
A word may be analyzable into one or more morphemes A morpheme is also an association of a given meaning with a given sound pattern.
A morpheme vs. A word
A word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme) is a simple words. Free roots, just like simple words, belong to the basic word-stock, and have the fundamental features of the basic word-stock . Free roots provide the English language with basis for the formation of new words.
Classification of Morphemes
Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes(自由词素）：independent of other morphemes. A
free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense. e.g. man, faith, read, write, red Bound morphemes(粘附词素): morphemes that can not occur as separate words. It can not stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. -ly , re- , -ed, -s Inflectional elements and affixes are bound morphemes.
Notice what the following words have in common: e.g. -tain contain, detain retain (L tenere "to hold")
-ceive conceive, deceive receive. (L capere "to take") revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid
A morpheme is not autonomous. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words. They can not be used independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme. Nor are morphemes divisible into smaller meaningful units. That is why the morpheme may be defined as the minimum meaningful language unit.
水
water
hydr(o)
hydrate, hydroelectric
石
stone
lite(o)
aerolith, neolith, paleolith
牙
tooth
dent(i)
dentist, dentiform,
头
head
Hale Waihona Puke cephalcephalalgia, cephalitis
脚
foot
ped
between a word and its context. e.g. books, studied
Roots and affixes
1. Root (or root morphemes) : the basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word.
In Modern English, they are not words, and not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words, because these items have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear. So on formal grounds, ceive, -tain are considered bound morphemes or bound roots which always occur in morphemic sequences, i.e. in combination with roots or affixes.
Lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes Lexical morphemes: used for the construction of new words. e.g. blackbird, leadership, modernize Grammatical morpheme: used to express grammatical relationships
英语词汇学4wordformation..
4.1 Morphemes, Root and Affix
Morphemes （词素）: the smallest meaningful linguistic units of words. They are not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日 月 星 世界 生命 中心
sun moon star world life center
sol lun astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o) center
solar, insolation lunar， lunatic astrology, astronomy cosmic, cosmopolis biotic, antibiotic central eccentric
e.g. crocodile, salamander, disagreeable
Often the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond.
Allomorphs（形素变体）: morphemes that are realized by more than one morphs
Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. e.g. im- before p,b, or m, imperfect, imbalance, immobile; ir- before r, irresponsible, irregular; il- before l, illegal, illogical; in- before all other consonants and vowels, inflexible, inexcusable; im-,ir-, and il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme, in-.
基本 第一种 第二种 例词 意义单位 符号(词) 符号（词根）
人
man anthro
anthropology, philanthropy
花
flower anth(o)
anthesis, chrysanthemum
时
time
chron
chronic, synchronic
色
colour chrom
chromatic, bichrome
A morpheme vs. A syllable
A syllable has nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in la.dy.
“the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words” Greek Morphe (=form) + -eme, (cf. phoneme, sememe) Morph: minimal carriers of meaning (形素) nation nation + al nation + al +ize de + nation + al de + nation + al + iz + ation c. f. Phonemes: yes /j/, /e/, /s/