2018 考研英语(二)冲刺测试卷-试题
2018考研英语(二)真题及参考答案
2018考研英语（二）真题及参考答案（完整版）SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’ willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthycuriosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,”Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.1.A.ignore B.protect C.discuss D.resolve2.A.refuse B.seek C.wait D.regret3.A.rise st C.hurt D.mislead4.A.alert B.expose C.tie D.treat5.A.trial B.message C.review D.concept6.A.remove B.deliver C.weaken D.interrupt7.A.Unless B.If C.When D.Though8.A.change B.continue C.disappear D.happen9.A.such as B.rather than C.regardless of D.owing to10.A.disagree B.forgive C.discover D.forget11.A.pay B.food C.marriage D.schooling12.A.begin with B.rest on C.lead to D.learn from13.A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evident D.self-destructive16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict17.A.choose B.remember C.promise D.pretend18.A.relief B.outcome C.plan D.duty19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point:That’s not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor’s degree opens moredoors.Buteven now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of.A.academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.ed to have more job opportunitiesed to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText 2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa, .A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’friendships and social lives．Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through．Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be．What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power．But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power．But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them．The users of their services are not their customers．That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies．The product they’re selling is d ata，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed,their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit．31.According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing marketpetition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants’customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world,recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford, author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room forIn order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;i t is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to us e both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”. says Pillay.36.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.A.a desirable mental state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about _______.A.ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41._____A_______Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says“I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out. It feels like itis stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”,“Hey”or“Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say“Hi”.42.______F______It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of“hi”,“hello”, “how are you?”and“what’s g oing on?”you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that’s can make it so mem orable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43._____E_______When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44._____B_______Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45._____D_______You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations.if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to ins titute a “no reading policy”at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they ex plain how the world works.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,”Gates says.【参考译文】一个五年级的学生需要完成一份作业，作业的内容是要从工作清单中选出自己未来的职业。
(完整版)2018考研英语二模拟试卷2及答案
英语（二）模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)Facebook has been 1 with fire and has got its fingers burned, again. On November 29th America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it had reached a 2 settlement with the giant social network over 3 that it had misled people about its use of their personal data.The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which 4 over 800m users, betrayed its users’ trust. It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader 5 by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid 6 of social networks in America.The regulator’s findin gs come at a 7 moment for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To 8 the way for its listing, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy 9 with regulators in America and Europe. 10 its willingness to negotiate the settlement 11 this week.Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were “unfair and deceptive, and 12 federal law”. For instance, it 13 personally identifiable information to advertisers, and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts 14 .The settlement does not 15 an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law, but it deeply 16 the company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s boss, tried to17 the impact of the deal. First he claimed that “a small number of high-profile mistakes” were 18 the social network’s “good history” on privac y.The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers’ approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years.There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular 19 audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers’ privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo, 20 one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.1. [A] setting [B] playing [C] lighting [D] turning2. [A] craft [B] documentary [C] trade [D] draft3. [A] verdicts [B] allegations [C] rumors [D] affirmation4. [A] boasts [B] exaggerates [C] estimates [D] assesses5. [A] impulse [B] initiative [C] innovation [D] motion6. [A] increase [B] elevation [C] rise [D] appearance7. [A] indispensable [B] essential [C] critical [D] fundamental8. [A] steer [B] clear [C] lay [D] remove9. [A] controversy [B] competition [C] dispute [D] compromise10. [A] despite [B] given [C] although [D] hence11. [A] unveiled [B] discovered [C] exposed [D] revealed12. [A] violated [B] assaulted [C] resisted [D] betrayed13. [A] informed [B] entrust [C] imparted [D] confided14. [A] available [B] retrievable [C] reversible [D] inaccessible15. [A] constitute [B] correspond [C] confirm [D] conceive16. [A] involves [B] strikes [C] embarrasses [D] attacks17. [A] turn down [B] cut down [C] play down [D] bring down18. [A] overshadowing [B] overlooking [C] overtaking [D] overthrowing19. [A] expert [B] external [C] formal [D] automatic20. [A] and [B] but [C] thus [D] despiteSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections :Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET .(40 points)Text 1Most American movies are produced in Hollywood, California. Hollywood, which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles, is an ideal spot for the movie industry. The sun shines most of the time, and the climate is mild. Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours’ drive.Hollywood becomes the center of national attention one evening a year－Academy Award night. At the Academy Award presentation held each spring, statuettes called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories, including best actor, best actress, and best picture. The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony, but their names are kept secret until presentation night, when they are announced in a long, nationally televised program.Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States after World War II, when television captured much of the movie audience. Geared to the masses, Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television does. With free entertainment in their homes, many Americans simply stopped going to movies. Between 1946 and 1956, movie attendance was cut in half. At the same time, production costs zoomed. The movie industry was in trouble.The industry adjusted itself in a number of ways. Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV. To cut costs, Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas. To lure audiences, the industry invested in new lenses, wider screens, and stereophonic sound. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV-films with controversial or shocking themes, films with huge casts and lavish settings. As a result of these changes, today the American motion picture industry is thriving.21.What makes Hollywood a great place for American movie industry according to the passage?[A] A famous part of Los Angeles[B] Favorable natural and traffic conditions[C] Natural scenery with mild climate and the shining sun[D] A great industrial base of American22.Which one about Oscars is correct according to the passage?[A] It is the name of a great film figure[B] It is given to World Academy Award in America each year[C] It is a yearly honor to winners in movie industry[D] It doesn’t produce until Academy Award night in each spring23.Why did many Americans like entertaining in homes instead of going to cinema after World War II?[A] Because the quality of film was becoming worse and worse[B] Because Hollywood movies couldn’t offer entertainment similar to television[C] Because the movie industry was in trouble for expensive production cost[D] Because TV’s popularity made them enjoy without paying24.What does the word “zoomed” (in the last sentence of the third paragraph) mean?[A] Moved along very quickly[B] Rose upward into the air[C] Increased high in price[D] Moved with a low humming noise25.The movie industry tried many methods to lure audiences except__________.[A] building commercial relationship with TV companies[B] improving its basic equipment[C] producing films with famous stars in low cost[D] offering types of entertainment different from TVText2The Arctic Ocean has given up tens of thousands more square kilometers of ice in a relentless summer of melt, with scientists watching through satellite eyes for a possible record low polar ice cap.From the barren Arctic shore of a village in Canada’s far northwest, veteran observer Eddie Gruben has seen the summer ice retreating more each decade as the world has warmed. By this weekend the ice edge lay 128 kilometers at sea, but forty years ago, it was 64 kilometers out. Global average temperatures rose 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, but Arctic temperatures rose twice as much or even faster, almost certainly in large part because of manmade greenhouse gases, researchers say. In late July the mercury soared to almost 86 degrees Fahrenheit in this settlement of 900 Arctic Eskimos.As of Thursday, the U.S. National Snow and Ice Date Center reported, the polar ice cap extended over 6.75 million square kilometers after having shrunk an average 106,000 square kilometers a day in July—equivalent to one Indiana or three Belgiums daily. The rate of melt was similar to that of July 2007, the year when the ice cap dwindled to a record minimum extent of 4.3 million square kilometers in September. In its latest analysis, NSIDC said Arctic atmospheric conditions this summer have been similar to those of the summer of 2007, including a high-pressure ridge that produced clear skies and strong melt in the Beaufort Sea, the arm of the Arctic Ocean off northern Alaska and northwestern Canada.Scientists say the makeup of the frozen polar sea has shifted significantly the past few years,as thick multiyear ice has given way as the Arctic’s dominant form to thin ice that comes and goes with each winter and summer. The past few years have “signaled a fundamental change in the character of the ice and the Arctic climate,” Meier said. Ironically, the summer melts since 2007 appear to have allowed disintegrating but still thick multiyear ice to drift this year into the relatively narrow channels of the Northwest Passage. Usually, impassable channels had been relatively ice-free the past two summers.Observation satellites’remote sensors will tell researchers in September whether the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record. Then the sun will begin to slip below the horizon for several months, and temperatures plunging in the polar darkness will freeze the surface of the sea again, leaving this and other Arctic coastlines in the grip of ice. Most of the sea ice will be new, thinner and weaker annual formations, however.At a global conference last March in Copenhagen, scientists declared that climate change is occurring faster than had been anticipated, citing the fast-dying Arctic cap as one example. A month later, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted Arctic summers could be almost ice-free within 30 years, not at the century’s end earlier predicted.26.The word “retreating” (Line2, Paragraph2) most probably means________.[A] withdrawing [B] moving back[C] melting [D] treating again27.We may infer from Paragraph 2 and 3 that____________.[A] rising Arctic temperatures result completely from manmade greenhouse gases[B] the summer ice edge was 192 kilometers at sea 40 years ago[C] the polar ice cap was over 6.87million square kilometers in July[D] the ice cap reduced to a record low minimum extent in July28.We may know that summer melts made____________.[A] some impassable channels covered by ice[B] no contribution to the makeup change of polar ice[C] thin ice become multiyear ice[D] the world climate change its character29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that____________.[A] scientists predicted future climate changes accurately[B] the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record[C] the future ice may be annually formed thinness[D] Arctic summers couldn’t be ice-free until next century30.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] Arctic ice lowers to its smallest size[B] Arctic ice disappears under summer sun[C] Why Arctic ice disappears soon[D] Arctic ice closely relates to climate changesText3The classic American identity theft scam works like this: the thief convinces some bank or credit card company he’s actually you and borrows God knows how many dollars in your name. Once you discover and report this, you’re not liable for money the bank lost, but neither are you entitled to compensation for the time and effort you spend straightening the matter out. Bear inmind that when I say “the thief convinces the bank he’s you”, I’m not talking about a brilliant actor and master of disguise who imitates your voice and mannerisms well enough to fool your own mother. No, all that’s necessary to fool a bank is your birth date and US social security number, or just discarded credit card offer taken from your bin.Why are lenders so careless with their money? The snarky answer is: because they know taxpayers will bail them out. But identity theft was a problem in America long before phrases like “too big to fail” entered our vocabulary. I became an identity-theft statistic nine years ago, when I opened my mail to find a bill for a maxed- out credit card I never knew I had. I spent over two weeks cleaning the mess: filing police reports, calling the company, sitting on hold, getting disconnected and calling back to sit on hold again. Considering my salary back then, I spent over a thousand dollars’ worth of my time and wasn't entitled to a penny in damages.It all could easily have been avoided, had the company made a minimal effort to ensure they were loaning money to me rather than my dishonest doppelganger. So why didn't they? Because that would take time -at least a day or two. And if people had to wait a day between applying for and receiving credit, on-the-spot loans would be impossible. Every major retail chain in America pushes these offers: “Apply for a store credit card and receive 15% off your first purchase!” From the lenders’ perspective, writing off a few bad ID-theft debts is cheaper than losing the lucrative “impulse buyer” market.But that would change if companies had to pay damages to identity theft victims. Should they have to? The supreme court of the state of Maine is currently pondering that question. In March 2008 the Hannaford supermarket chain announced that hackers broke into their database and stole the credit card information of over 4 million customers, some of whom sued Hannaford for damages. None of the customers lost money, of course, but they felt-as I did-that their time and effort are worth something too.It’s too early to know how the court will rule, but I’ll make a prediction anyway: nothing will ch ange from the consumers’ perspective, and protecting lenders from their own bad habits will continue to be our unpaid job. When the worldwide economic meltdown started, I naively thought the subsequent tightening of credit lines would at least make identity theft less of a problem than before. But I was just being silly.31.After suffering from identity theft, you_____________.[A] should pay for money the bank lost[B] are required to report to your bank immediately[C] have to assume the cost of getting your identity back[D] won’t have to take any loss caused by it32.What’s the real meaning of “too big to fail” in para. 2?[A] Leaders are so big that they couldn’t fail at all.[B] Leaders won’t pay for their loaning carelessness.[C] Leaders are big enough to pay for any large loans.[D] America is big enough to solve any problems.33. The 3rd paragraph mainly talks about___________.[A] Why companies take efforts to avoid identity theft[B] The reason of companies’ effortlessness to help avoid identity theft[C] The reason of taking time to solve the problem of identity theft[D] The cause of companies offering on-the-spot loans34. The example in the 4th paragraph is cited to show that________.[A] Companies have paid for damages to identity theft victims[B] Customers often suffer from identity theft in America[C]Companies should be responsible for identity theft[D]Companies often suffer from identity theft in America35. What’s the author’s attitude to current solutions to identity theft?[A] Disappointed [B] Confident[C] Complicated [D] OptimisticText4Death is a difficult subject for anyone, but Americans want to talk about it less than most. They have a cultural expectation that whatever may be wrong with them, it can be fixed with the right treatment, and if the first doctor does not offer it they may seek a second, third or fourth opinion. Legal action is a constant threat, so even if a patient is very ill and likely to die, doctors and hospitals will still persist with aggressive treatment, paid for by the insurer or, for the elderly, by Medicare. That is one reason why America spends 18% of its GDP on health care, the highest proportion in the world.That does not mean that Americans are getting the world's best health care. For the past 20 years doctors at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice have been compiling the “Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care”, using Medicare data to compare health-spending patterns in different regions and institutions. They find that average costs per patient during the last two years of life in some regions can be almost twice as high as in others, yet patients in the high-spending areas do not survive any longer or enjoy better health as a result.Ira Byock is the director of palliative medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. His book is a plea for those near the end of their life to be treated more like individuals and less like medical cases on which all available technology must be let loose. With two decades' experience in the field, he makes a good case for sometimes leaving well alone and helping people to die gently if that is what they want.That does not include assisted suicide, which he opposes. But it does include providing enough pain relief to make patients comfortable, co-coordinating their treatment among the different specialists, keeping them informed, having enough staff on hand to see to their needs, making arrangements for them to be cared for at home where possible—and not officiously keeping them alive when there is no hope.But it is not easy to decide when to stop making every effort to save someone's life and allow them to die gently. The book quotes the case of one HIV-positive young man who was acutely ill with multiple infections. He spent over four months in hospital, much of the time on a ventilator, and had countless tests, scans and other interventions. The total bill came to over $1m. He came close to death many times, but eventually pulled through and has now returned to a normal life. It is an uplifting story, but such an outcome is very rare.Dr Byock's writing style is not everybody's cup of tea, but he is surely right to suggest better management of a problem that can only get worse. As life expectancy keeps on rising, so will the proportion of old people in the population. And with 75m American baby-boomers now on the threshold of retirement, there is a limit to what the country can afford to spend to keep them going on and on.36. According to Paragraph 1, the disproportional large spending in health care stems from[A] Americans' failure to admit death as part of their life[B] doctors' inclination to overtreat the patient[C] a culture that is obsessed with youth and health[D] a legal system which has a bias in favor of patients37. The author cited the findings of Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical practice to illustrate that[A] the medical care quality differs widely from region to region[B] there is little that hospitals can do in saving people's lives[C] a lot of medical resources are wasted[D] the American medical system is notorious for its low cost-effectiveness38. The central idea of Ira Byock's book is to appeal to the hospital to[A] save every life with every possible means[B] help people to die if that is his/her will[C] make people feel comfortable in their remaining hours[D] consider whether the cure is worthwhile before conducting it39. In the author's opinion the example of the HIV-positive young man in Paragraph 5[A] eliminates the possibility of applying gentle dying process in medicare[B] is merely an extreme case that should not be taken as a standard[C] emphasizes the importance of aggressive treatment even with slim hope[D] is used as an irony of the current state of American medical system40. According to the author, the American government will the proposal of gentle dying[A] disapprove of [B] divide at[C] hesitate at [D] side withPart BDirections:Reading the following text and answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Convincing evidence: US is losing its appeal in the eyes of multinationals[B] Biggest hindrance: US divided political system[C] American future: stuck in the middle[D] Overstated statement: US overall competitiveness is declining[E] V oice of experts: pessimism pervades academic world[F] Economic outlook: bad but not desperate[G] Undisputed fact: US is losing its economic edge41.Is America fading? America has been gripped by worries about decline before, notably in the 1970s, only to roar back. But this time it may be serious. There is little doubt that other countries are catching up. Between 1999 and 2009 America’s share of world exports fell in almost every industry: by 36 percentage points in aerospace, nine in information technology, eight in communications equipment and three in cars. Private-sector job growth has slowed dramatically,and come to a halt in industries that are exposed to global competition. Median annual income grew by an anemic 2% between 1990 and 2010.42.The March issue of the Harvard Business Review is devoted to “American competitiveness”. The Review reports that declinism is prevalent among HBS alumni: in a survey, 71% said that American competitiveness would decline in the coming years.43.America is losing out in the race to attract good jobs. Matthew Slaughter of Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business points out that multinational firms increased employment in America by 24% in the 1990s. But since then they have been cutting back on jobs in America. They have moved dull repetitive tasks abroad, and even some sophisticated ones, too. The proportion of the employees of American multinationals who work for subsidiaries abroad rose from 21.4% in 1989 to 32.3% in 2009. The share of research-and-development spending going to foreign subsidiaries rose from 9% in 1989 to 15.6% in 2009; that of capital investment rose from 21.8% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2009.44.America’s politic al system comes in for particularly harsh criticism: 60% of HBS alumni said that it was worse than those in other advanced countries. David Moss of HBS argues that such complaints are nothing new: American politicians have been squabbling about the role of government ever since Thomas Jefferson butted heads with Alexander Hamilton. But in the past this often led to fruitful compromises. But such compromises are rarer these days. Republicans and Democrats are more ideologically divided, and less inclined to make pragmatic concessions.45.For all this gloom, the Review’s gurus argue that, as Bill Clinton said in his first inaugural address, there is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. The country has huge strengths, from its world-beating universities to its tolerance of risk-taking. It has a highly diverse market: firms that seek cheap labour can move to Mississippi, where wages are a third lower than those in Massachusetts. Rosabeth Moss Kanter of HBS points to the extraordinary amount of innovation that is going on not just in Silicon Valley but across the country.Yet it is difficult to read this collection of essays without a sense of foreboding. The one thing that worries the HBS alumni more than anything else—the state of American politics—is the most difficult to fix. The political pendulum swings unpredictably, making it hard to plan for the future. Should companies assume that they will have to abide by Mr Obama’s health-care law when it comes into effect in 2014, or will the Republicans have repealed it by then? No one knows.Section III Translation46. Direction:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET . (15 points)Age has its privileges in America, and one of the more prominent of them is senior citizen discount.Anyone who has reached a certain age is automatically entitled to dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Practically unheard of a generation ago, thediscounts have become a routine part of many businesses- as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them; yet, millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy. Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. Perhaps the practice once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population.To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor. But most of them aren’t.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:John, one of your friends, failed in the last CET-6 and is upset. Write a letter to him to1) express your pity, point out the reason for his failure,2) encourage him, and suggest a better way to prepare the exam.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEETDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following table,in which you should1)describe the table,2)state your opinions drawn from it.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Section I Use of English1 - 5 BDBAB 6 - 10 CCBCD11-15 AACDA 16-20 CCABBSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 B C D C C 26-30 C B A C B31-35 C B B C A 36-40 A C C B DPart B41-45 GEABFSection III Translation在美国，年龄就是特权，其中比较突出的一项就是老年折扣。
2018考研英语二模拟试卷2及答案
英语（二）模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)Facebook has been 1 with fire and has got its fingers burned, again. On November 29th America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it had reached a 2 settlement with the giant social network over 3 that it had misled people about its use of their personal data.The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which 4 over 800m users, betrayed its users’ trust. It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader 5 by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid 6 of social networks in America.The regulator’s findin gs come at a 7 moment for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To 8 the way for its listing, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy 9 with regulators in America and Europe. 10 its willingness to negotiate the settlement 11 this week.Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were “unfair and deceptive, and 12 federal law”. For instance, it 13 personally identifiable information to advertisers, and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts 14 .The settlement does not 15 an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law, but it deeply 16 the company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s boss, tried to17 the impact of the deal. First he claimed that “a small number of high-pro” were 18 the social network’s “good history” on privacy.The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers’ approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years.There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular 19 audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers’ privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo, 20 one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.1. [A] setting [B] playing [C] lighting [D] turning2. [A] craft [B] documentary [C] trade [D] draft3. [A] verdicts [B] allegations [C] rumors [D] affirmation4. [A] boasts [B] exaggerates [C] estimates [D] assesses5. [A] impulse [B] initiative [C] innovation [D] motion6. [A] increase [B] elevation [C] rise [D] appearance7. [A] indispensable [B] essential [C] critical [D] fundamental8. [A] steer [B] clear [C] lay [D] remove9. [A] controversy [B] competition [C] dispute [D] compromise10. [A] despite [B] given [C] although [D] hence11. [A] unveiled [B] discovered [C] exposed [D] revealed12. [A] violated [B] assaulted [C] resisted [D] betrayed13. [A] informed [B] entrust [C] imparted [D] confided14. [A] available [B] retrievable [C] reversible [D] inaccessible15. [A] constitute [B] correspond [C] confirm [D] conceive16. [A] involves [B] strikes [C] embarrasses [D] attacks17. [A] turn down [B] cut down [C] play down [D] bring down18. [A] overshadowing [B] overlooking [C] overtaking [D] overthrowing19. [A] expert [B] external [C] formal [D] automatic20. [A] and [B] but [C] thus [D] despiteSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections :Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET .(40 points)Text 1Most American movies are produced in Hollywood, California. Hollywood, which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles, is an ideal spot for the movie industry. The sun shines most of the time, and the climate is mild. Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours’ drive.Hollywood becomes the center of national attention one evening a year－Academy Award night. At the Academy Award presentation held each spring, statuettes called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories, including best actor, best actress, and best picture. The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony, but their names are kept secret until presentation night, when they are announced in a long, nationally televised program.Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States after World War II, when television captured much of the movie audience. Geared to the masses, Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television does. With free entertainment in their homes, many Americans simply stopped going to movies. Between 1946 and 1956, movie attendance was cut in half. At the same time, production costs zoomed. The movie industry was in trouble.The industry adjusted itself in a number of ways. Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV. To cut costs, Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas. To lure audiences, the industry invested in new lenses, wider screens, and stereophonic sound. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV-films with controversial or shocking themes, films with huge casts and lavish settings. As a result of these changes, today the American motion picture industry is thriving.21.What makes Hollywood a great place for American movie industry according to the passage?[A] A famous part of Los Angeles[B] Favorable natural and traffic conditions[C] Natural scenery with mild climate and the shining sun[D] A great industrial base of American22.Which one about Oscars is correct according to the passage?[A] It is the name of a great film figure[B] It is given to World Academy Award in America each year[C] It is a yearly honor to winners in movie industry[D] It doesn’t produce until Academy Award night in each spring23.Why did many Americans like entertaining in homes instead of going to cinema after World War II?[A] Because the quality of film was becoming worse and worse[B] Because Hollywood movies couldn’t offer entertainment similar to television[C] Because the movie industry was in trouble for expensive production cost[D] Because TV’s popularity made them enjoy without paying24.What does the word “zoomed” (in the last sentence of the third paragraph) mean?[A] Moved along very quickly[B] Rose upward into the air[C] Increased high in price[D] Moved with a low humming noise25.The movie industry tried many methods to lure audiences except__________.[A] building commercial relationship with TV companies[B] improving its basic equipment[C] producing films with famous stars in low cost[D] offering types of entertainment different from TVText2The Arctic Ocean has given up tens of thousands more square kilometers of ice in a relentless summer of melt, with scientists watching through satellite eyes for a possible record low polar ice cap.From the barren Arctic shore of a village in Canada’s far northwest, veteran observer Eddie Gruben has seen the summer ice retreating more each decade as the world has warmed. By this weekend the ice edge lay 128 kilometers at sea, but forty years ago, it was 64 kilometers out. Global average temperatures rose 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, but Arctic temperatures rose twice as much or even faster, almost certainly in large part because of manmade greenhouse gases, researchers say. In late July the mercury soared to almost 86 degrees Fahrenheit in this settlement of 900 Arctic Eskimos.As of Thursday, the U.S. National Snow and Ice Date Center reported, the polar ice cap extended over 6.75 million square kilometers after having shrunk an average 106,000 square kilometers a day in July—equivalent to one Indiana or three Belgiums daily. The rate of melt was similar to that of July 2007, the year when the ice cap dwindled to a record minimum extent of 4.3 million square kilometers in September. In its latest analysis, NSIDC said Arctic atmospheric conditions this summer have been similar to those of the summer of 2007, including a high-pressure ridge that produced clear skies and strong melt in the Beaufort Sea, the arm of the Arctic Ocean off northern Alaska and northwestern Canada.Scientists say the makeup of the frozen polar sea has shifted significantly the past few years,as thick multiyear ice has given way as the Arctic’s dominant form to thin ice that comes and goes with each winter and summer. The past few years have “signaled a fundamental change in the character of the ice and the Arctic climate,” Meier said. Ironically, the summer melts since 2007 appear to have allowed disintegrating but still thick multiyear ice to drift this year into the relatively narrow channels of the Northwest Passage. Usually, impassable channels had been relatively ice-free the past two summers.Observation satellites’remote sensors will tell researchers in September whether the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record. Then the sun will begin to slip below the horizon for several months, and temperatures plunging in the polar darkness will freeze the surface of the sea again, leaving this and other Arctic coastlines in the grip of ice. Most of the sea ice will be new, thinner and weaker annual formations, however.At a global conference last March in Copenhagen, scientists declared that climate change is occurring faster than had been anticipated, citing the fast-dying Arctic cap as one example. A month later, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted Arctic summers could be almost ice-free within 30 years, not at the century’s end earlier predicted.26.The word “retreating” (Line2, Paragraph2) most probably means________.[A] withdrawing [B] moving back[C] melting [D] treating again27.We may infer from Paragraph 2 and 3 that____________.[A] rising Arctic temperatures result completely from manmade greenhouse gases[B] the summer ice edge was 192 kilometers at sea 40 years ago[C] the polar ice cap was over 6.87million square kilometers in July[D] the ice cap reduced to a record low minimum extent in July28.We may know that summer melts made____________.[A] some impassable channels covered by ice[B] no contribution to the makeup change of polar ice[C] thin ice become multiyear ice[D] the world climate change its character29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that____________.[A] scientists predicted future climate changes accurately[B] the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record[C] the future ice may be annually formed thinness[D] Arctic summers couldn’t be ice-free until next century30.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] Arctic ice lowers to its smallest size[B] Arctic ice disappears under summer sun[C] Why Arctic ice disappears soon[D] Arctic ice closely relates to climate changesText3The classic American identity theft scam works like this: the thief convinces some bank or credit card company he’s actually you and borrows God knows how many dollars in your name. Once you discover and report this, you’re not liable for money the bank lost, but neither are you entitled to compensation for the time and effort you spend straightening the matter out. Bear inmind that when I say “the thief convinces the bank he’s you”, I’m not talking about a brilliant actor and master of disguise who imitates your voice and mannerisms well enough to fool your own mother. No, all that’s necessary to fool a bank is your birth date and US social security number, or just discarded credit card offer taken from your bin.Why are lenders so careless with their money? The snarky answer is: because they know taxpayers will bail them out. But identity theft was a problem in America long before phrases like “too big to fail” entered our vocabulary. I became an identity-theft statistic nine years ago, when I opened my mail to find a bill for a maxed- out credit card I never knew I had. I spent over two weeks cleaning the mess: filing police reports, calling the company, sitting on hold, getting disconnected and calling back to sit on hold again. Considering my salary back then, I spent over a thousand dollars’ worth of my time and wasn't entitled to a penny in damages.It all could easily have been avoided, had the company made a minimal effort to ensure they were loaning money to me rather than my dishonest doppelganger. So why didn't they? Because that would take time -at least a day or two. And if people had to wait a day between applying for and receiving credit, on-the-spot loans would be impossible. Every major retail chain in America pushes these offers: “Apply for a store credit card and receive 15% off your first purchase!” From the lenders’ perspective, writing off a few bad ID-theft debts is cheaper than losing the lucrative “impulse buyer” market.But that would change if companies had to pay damages to identity theft victims. Should they have to? The supreme court of the state of Maine is currently pondering that question. In March 2008 the Hannaford supermarket chain announced that hackers broke into their database and stole the credit card information of over 4 million customers, some of whom sued Hannaford for damages. None of the customers lost money, of course, but they felt-as I did-that their time and effort are worth something too.It’s too early to know how the court will rule, but I’ll make a prediction anyway: nothing will change from the consumers’ perspective, and protecting lenders from their own bad habits will continue to be our unpaid job. When the worldwide economic meltdown started, I naively thought the subsequent tightening of credit lines would at least make identity theft less of a problem than before. But I was just being silly.31.After suffering from identity theft, you_____________.[A] should pay for money the bank lost[B] are required to report to your bank immediately[C] have to assume the cost of getting your identity back[D] won’t have to take any loss caused by it32.What’s the real meaning of “too big to fail” in para. 2?[A] Leaders are so big that they couldn’t fail at all.[B] Leaders won’t pay for their loaning carelessness.[C] Leaders are big enough to pay for any large loans.[D] America is big enough to solve any problems.33. The 3rd paragraph mainly talks about___________.[A] Why companies take efforts to avoid identity theft[B] The reason of companies’ effortlessness to help avoid identi ty theft[C] The reason of taking time to solve the problem of identity theft[D] The cause of companies offering on-the-spot loans34. The example in the 4th paragraph is cited to show that________.[A] Companies have paid for damages to identity theft victims[B] Customers often suffer from identity theft in America[C]Companies should be responsible for identity theft[D]Companies often suffer from identity theft in America35. What’s the author’s attitude to current solutions to identity t heft?[A] Disappointed [B] Confident[C] Complicated [D] OptimisticText4Death is a difficult subject for anyone, but Americans want to talk about it less than most. They have a cultural expectation that whatever may be wrong with them, it can be fixed with the right treatment, and if the first doctor does not offer it they may seek a second, third or fourth opinion. Legal action is a constant threat, so even if a patient is very ill and likely to die, doctors and hospitals will still persist with aggressive treatment, paid for by the insurer or, for the elderly, by Medicare. That is one reason why America spends 18% of its GDP on health care, the highest proportion in the world.That does not mean that Americans are getting the world's best health care. For the past 20 years doctors at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice have been compiling the “Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care”, using Medicare data to compare health-spending patterns in different regions and institutions. They find that average costs per patient during the last two years of life in some regions can be almost twice as high as in others, yet patients in the high-spending areas do not survive any longer or enjoy better health as a result.Ira Byock is the director of palliative medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. His book is a plea for those near the end of their life to be treated more like individuals and less like medical cases on which all available technology must be let loose. With two decades' experience in the field, he makes a good case for sometimes leaving well alone and helping people to die gently if that is what they want.That does not include assisted suicide, which he opposes. But it does include providing enough pain relief to make patients comfortable, co-coordinating their treatment among the different specialists, keeping them informed, having enough staff on hand to see to their needs, making arrangements for them to be cared for at home where possible—and not officiously keeping them alive when there is no hope.But it is not easy to decide when to stop making every effort to save someone's life and allow them to die gently. The book quotes the case of one HIV-positive young man who was acutely ill with multiple infections. He spent over four months in hospital, much of the time on a ventilator, and had countless tests, scans and other interventions. The total bill came to over $1m. He came close to death many times, but eventually pulled through and has now returned to a normal life. It is an uplifting story, but such an outcome is very rare.Dr Byock's writing style is not everybody's cup of tea, but he is surely right to suggest better management of a problem that can only get worse. As life expectancy keeps on rising, so will the proportion of old people in the population. And with 75m American baby-boomers now on the threshold of retirement, there is a limit to what the country can afford to spend to keep them going on and on.36. According to Paragraph 1, the disproportional large spending in health care stems from[A] Americans' failure to admit death as part of their life[B] doctors' inclination to overtreat the patient[C] a culture that is obsessed with youth and health[D] a legal system which has a bias in favor of patients37. The author cited the findings of Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical practice to illustrate that[A] the medical care quality differs widely from region to region[B] there is little that hospitals can do in saving people's lives[C] a lot of medical resources are wasted[D] the American medical system is notorious for its low cost-effectiveness38. The central idea of Ira Byock's book is to appeal to the hospital to[A] save every life with every possible means[B] help people to die if that is his/her will[C] make people feel comfortable in their remaining hours[D] consider whether the cure is worthwhile before conducting it39. In the author's opinion the example of the HIV-positive young man in Paragraph 5[A] eliminates the possibility of applying gentle dying process in medicare[B] is merely an extreme case that should not be taken as a standard[C] emphasizes the importance of aggressive treatment even with slim hope[D] is used as an irony of the current state of American medical system40. According to the author, the American government will the proposal of gentle dying[A] disapprove of [B] divide at[C] hesitate at [D] side withPart BDirections:Reading the following text and answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Convincing evidence: US is losing its appeal in the eyes of multinationals[B] Biggest hindrance: US divided political system[C] American future: stuck in the middle[D] Overstated statement: US overall competitiveness is declining[E] V oice of experts: pessimism pervades academic world[F] Economic outlook: bad but not desperate[G] Undisputed fact: US is losing its economic edge41.Is America fading? America has been gripped by worries about decline before, notably in the 1970s, only to roar back. But this time it may be serious. There is little doubt that other countries are catching up. Between 1999 and 2009 America’s share of world exports fell in almost every industry: by 36 percentage points in aerospace, nine in information technology, eight in communications equipment and three in cars. Private-sector job growth has slowed dramatically,and come to a halt in industries that are exposed to global competition. Median annual income grew by an anemic 2% between 1990 and 2010.42.The March issue of the Harvard Business Review is devoted to “American competitiveness”. The Review reports that declinism is prevalent among HBS alumni: in a survey, 71% said that American competitiveness would decline in the coming years.43.America is losing out in the race to attract good jobs. Matthew Slaughter of Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business points out that multinational firms increased employment in America by 24% in the 1990s. But since then they have been cutting back on jobs in America. They have moved dull repetitive tasks abroad, and even some sophisticated ones, too. The proportion of the employees of American multinationals who work for subsidiaries abroad rose from 21.4% in 1989 to 32.3% in 2009. The share of research-and-development spending going to foreign subsidiaries rose from 9% in 1989 to 15.6% in 2009; that of capital investment rose from 21.8% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2009.44.America’s political system com es in for particularly harsh criticism: 60% of HBS alumni said that it was worse than those in other advanced countries. David Moss of HBS argues that such complaints are nothing new: American politicians have been squabbling about the role of government ever since Thomas Jefferson butted heads with Alexander Hamilton. But in the past this often led to fruitful compromises. But such compromises are rarer these days. Republicans and Democrats are more ideologically divided, and less inclined to make pragmatic concessions.45.For all this gloom, the Review’s gurus argue that, as Bill Clinton said in his first inaugural address, there is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. The country has huge strengths, from its world-beating universities to its tolerance of risk-taking. It has a highly diverse market: firms that seek cheap labour can move to Mississippi, where wages are a third lower than those in Massachusetts. Rosabeth Moss Kanter of HBS points to the extraordinary amount of innovation that is going on not just in Silicon Valley but across the country.Yet it is difficult to read this collection of essays without a sense of foreboding. The one thing that worries the HBS alumni more than anything else—the state of American politics—is the most difficult to fix. The political pendulum swings unpredictably, making it hard to plan for the future. Should companies assume that they will have to abide by Mr Obama’s health-care law when it comes into effect in 2014, or will the Republicans have repealed it by then? No one knows.Section III Translation46. Direction:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET . (15 points)Age has its privileges in America, and one of the more prominent of them is senior citizen discount.Anyone who has reached a certain age is automatically entitled to dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Practically unheard of a generation ago, thediscounts have become a routine part of many businesses- as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them; yet, millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy. Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. Perhaps the practice once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population.To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor. But most of them aren’t.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:John, one of your friends, failed in the last CET-6 and is upset. Write a letter to him to1) express your pity, point out the reason for his failure,2) encourage him, and suggest a better way to prepare the exam.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEETDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following table,in which you should1)describe the table,2)state your opinions drawn from it.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Section I Use of English1 - 5 BDBAB 6 - 10 CCBCD11-15 AACDA 16-20 CCABBSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 B C D C C 26-30 C B A C B31-35 C B B C A 36-40 A C C B DPart B41-45 GEABFSection III Translation在美国，年龄就是特权，其中比较突出的一项就是老年折扣。
2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the followin g text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Wh y do people read ne g ative Internet comments and do other thin g s that will obviousl y be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertaint y, accordin g to a recent stud y in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so stron g that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the Universit y of Chica g o and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students'willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twent y-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told onl y that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would .8Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fin g ernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgustin g insects.The drive to 10 is deepl y rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, sa y s Christopher Hsee of the Universit y of Chica g o. Curiosity is often considered a g ood instinct -it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance -but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insi g ht that curiosity can drive y ou to do 14 thin g s is a profound one.U呻ealth y curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encoura g ed to 16 how the y would feel after viewin g an unpleasant picture were less likel y to 17 to see such an ima g e. These results su gg est that ima g inin g the 18 of followin g throu g h on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. "Thinkin g about lon g-term 20 is ke y to reducin g the possible ne g ative effects of curiosit y," Hsee sa y s. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. protect2. A. refuse3. A. hurt4. A. alert5. A. message6. A. remove7. A. When8. A. continue9. A. rather than10. A. discover11. A. pay12. A. lead to13. A. withdrawal14. A. self-reliant15. A. define16. A. overlook17. A. remember18. A. relief19. A. why20. A. consequences Part A Directions: B. resolve C. discuss D. ignoreB. waitC. regretD. seekB. lastC. misleadD. riseB. tieC. treatD. exposeB. reviewC. trialD. concept B. weaken C. interrupt D. deliverB. IfC. ThoughD. UnlessB. happenC. disappearD. changeB. regardless ofC. such asD. owing to B. forgive C. forget D. disagree B. marriage C. schooling D. foodB. rest onC. learn fromD. begin with B. persistence C. inquiry D. diligence B. self-destructive C. self-evident D. self-deceptive B. resist C. replace D. traceB. predictC. designD. concealB. promiseC. chooseD. pretendB. planC. dutyD. outcome B. whether C. where D.howB. investmentsC. strategiesD. limitations Section II Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as thou g h he has to justify his efforts to g ive his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of somethin g pioneerin g. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire hi g h school where learnin g is not somethin g of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterl y overwhelmed b y a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learnin g in just about everythin g. Nothin g is necessaril y g ained b y forcin g students to learn g eometry at a graffitied desk stuck with g enerations of discarded chewin g gum. The y can also learn g eometry b y assemblin g a bic y cle.But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Workin g with y our hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiorit y. Schools in the famil y of vocational education "have that stereotype…that it's for kids who can't make it academicall y," he sa y s.On one hand, that viewpoint is a lo g ical product of America's evolution. Manufacturin g is not the economic en g ine that it once was. The job securit y that the US econom y once offered to hi g h school graduates has lar g el y evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and ri g htfull y so.But the headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all—and the subtle devaluin g of anythin g less—misses an important point: That's not the onl y thin g the American econom y needs. Yes, a bachelor's degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and hi g h-skill manufacturin g. But onl y 44 percent of workers are adequatel y trained.In other words, at a time when the workin g class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishin g, one obvious solution is starin g us in the face. There is a g ap in workin g-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology Hi g h School is tryin g to fill that g ap.Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlookin g a nation's diversity of g ifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students'lack ofA. practical abilityB. academic trainin gC. pioneerin g spiritD . mechamcal memonzat10n22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who .A. have a stereotyped mindB. h a ve no career mot1vat10nC. are not academicall y successfulD. are financiall y disadvanta g ed23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that hi g h school graduates .A. used to have bi g financial concernsB. used to have more job opportunitiesC. are reluctant to work in manufacturin gD. are entitled to more educational privile g es24. The headlon g push into bachelor's degrees for all .A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. ma y narrow the g ap in workin g-class jobsC. is expected to y ield a better-trained workforceD. indicates the overvaluin g of hi g her education25. The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described asA. supportiveB. tolerantC. disappointedD. cautiousText 2While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s ene rgy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.- 5 -26. The word "p lummeting" (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. nsmg27. According to Paragra p h 3, the use of renewable energy in America .A. is p rogressing notabl yB. is as extensive as in Euro p eC. faces man y challengesD. has p roved to be im p ractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .A. wind is a widel y used energy sourceB. wind energy has re p laced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy su pp l y29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragra p hs 5&6?A. Its a pp lication has boosted battery storage.B. It is con皿onl y used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous su pp l y is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable ex p loitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last p aragra p h that renewable energy .A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not reall y encouraged b y the US governmentD. is not com p etitive enough with regard to its costText3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital econom y is astonishingAmazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocer y chain Whole Foods for $ 13.Sbn, but two y ears ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have an y ph y sical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finel y detailed web of its users'friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormousl y revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Ma y's enemies are currentl y plotting? It ma y be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the onl y wa y to address these imbalances of power. But it is clums y. For one thing, it is ver y slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. B y the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it ma y have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced b y new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presentl y interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pa y for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who bu y advertising from them -and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product the y're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the hone y dew the y produce when the y feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives y ield. Ants keep predator y insects awa y from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. Accordin g to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .A. di g ital productsB. user informationC. ph y sical assetsD. quality service32. Linkin g phone numbers to Facebook identities ma y .A worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. Accordin g to the author, competition law .A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one le g al solutionD. cannot keep pace with the chan g in g market34. Competition law as presentl y interpreted can hardl y protect Facebook usersbecause .A. the y are not defined as customersB. the y are not financiall y reliableC. the services are g enerall y di g italD. the services are paid for b y advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .A. a win-win business model between di g ital g iantsB. a typical competition pattern amon g di g ital g iantsC. the benefits provided for di g ital g iants'customersD. the relationship between di g ital g iants and their usersText4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being bus y, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of "deep work" -the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work -be it length y retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a dail y ritual; or taking a "journalistic" approach to seizing moments of deep work when y ou can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the ke y is to determine y our length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends "deep scheduling" to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. "At an y given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughl y the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting", he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how y ou prioritise y our da y -in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Mess y: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a stud y in the earl y 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthl y goals and stud y activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, da y b y da y.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured dail y plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, the y were wrong: the detailed dail y plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the dail y to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, "be lazy"."Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the bod y…[idleness] is, paradoxicall y, necessary to getting an y work done," he argues.Srini Pilla y, an assistant professor of ps y chiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivit y ma y be due to the wa y our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, the y tend to be more efficient."What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks the y need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain," sa y s Pilla y.36. The ke y to mastering the art of deep work is to .A. keep to y our focus timeB. list y our immediate tasksC. make specific dail y plansD. seize every minute to work37. The stud y in the earl y 1980s cited b y Harford shows that .A. distractions ma y actuall y increase efficienc yB. dail y schedules are indispensable to stud y ingC. students are hardl y motivated b y monthl y goalsD. detailed plans ma y not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is .A. a desirable mental state for bus y peopleB. a major contributor to ph y sical healthC. an effective wa y to save time and energyD. an essential factor in accomplishing an y work39. Pilla y believes that our brains'shift between being focused and unfocused .A. can result in ps y chological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficienc yC. is aimed at better balance in workD. is driven b y task urgenc y40. This text is mainl y about .A. wa y s to relieve the tension of bus y lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the ke y to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePartBDirections:Read the following text and answer the q uestions b y choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which y ou do not need to use. Mark y our answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A]Just sa y it[B]Be present[C]Pa y a uni q ue compliment[D]Name, places, things[E]Find the "me too''s[F]Skip the small talk[G]Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when y ou have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation y ou have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every da y: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the securit y guard at the door. Simpl y starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple wa y s that y ou can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.Suppose y ou are in a room with someone y ou don't know and something within ou sa y s "I want to talk with this person"—this is something that mostl y happens ywith all of us. You wanted to sa y something—the first word—but it just won't come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is m y advice: just get it out.Just think: what is the worst that could happen? The y won't talk with y ou? Well, the y are not talking with y ou now!I trul y believe that once y ou get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple: "Hi", "He y"or "Hello"—do the best y ou can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy y ou can, put on a big smile and sa y "Hi".42.It is a problem all of us face; y ou have limited time with the person that y ou want to talk with and y ou want to make this talk memorable.Honestl y, if we got stuck in the rut of "hi", "hello", "how are y ou?" and''what is going on?", y ou will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, y ou'll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if y ou just ask.43.When y ou meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which y ou and that person have in common so that y ou can build the conversation from that point. When y ou start conversation from there and then move outwards, ou'll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.y44.Imagine y ou are pouring y our heart out to someone and the y are just bus y on their phone, and if y ou ask for their attention y ou get the response "I can multitask".So when someone tries to communicate with y ou, just be in that communication wholeheartedl y. Make e y e contact. Trust me, e y e contact is where all the magic happens. When y ou make e y e contact, y ou can feel the conversation.45.You all came into a conversation where y ou first met the person, but after some time y ou ma y have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward! So, remember the little details of the people y ou met or y ou talked with; perhaps the places the y have been to, the places the y want to go, the things the y like, the things the y hate—whatever y ou talk about.When y ou remember such things y ou can automaticall y become investor in their wellbeing. So the y feel a responsibility to y ou to keep that relationship going.That's it. Five amazing wa y s that y ou can make conversation with almost an y one. Every person is a reall y good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write y our translation neatl y on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks "astronaut" but quickl y adds "scientist" to the list and selects it as well. The bo y is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as man y career paths as he likes. And so he reads -everything from enc y clopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionatel y that his parents have to institute a "no reading polic y" at the dinner table.That bo y was Bill Gates, and he hasn't stopped reading y et -not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowada y s, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recentl y, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a y ear. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because the y explain how the world works. "Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore", Gates sa y s.SectionN WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1)apologize and explain the situation, and2)suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)PartB48.Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)4.70% 26.80% 向宝店铺：节，乌果考研冷妞服务价格·环境·特色·其他2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素。
2018考研英语阅读理解冲刺模拟试题附答案
2018考研英语阅读理解冲刺模拟试题附答案2018考研英语阅读理解冲刺模拟试题附答案进入2018考研复习冲刺阶段，考生需要抓紧时间多做模拟试题。
今天，店铺准备了2018考研英语阅读理解冲刺模拟试题，以供考生练习。
2018考研英语阅读理解冲刺模拟试题：【原文】People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem.First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sam's bicycle is broken, and he cannot read it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the thinker must define the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle. he must find the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem more specific.Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time. he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully. after studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration.His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels.Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum(口香糖)between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels.Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short, he has solved the problem.2018考研英语阅读理解冲刺模拟试题：【题目】41. What is the best title for this passage?A) Six Stages for Repairing Sam's BicycleB) Possible Ways to Problem-solvingC) Necessities of Problem AnalysisD) Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem42. In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except .A) recognize and define the problemB) look for information to make the problem clearerC) have suggestions for a possible solutionD) find a solution by trial or mistake43. By referring to Sam's broken bicycle, the author intends to .A) illustrate the ways to repair his bicycleB) discuss the problems of his bicycleC) tell us how to solve a problemD) show us how to analyses a problem44. Which of the following is NOT true?A) People do not analyze the problem they meet.B) People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.C) People may learn from their past experienceD) People can not solve some problems they meet.45. As used in the last sentence, the phrase in short means .A) in the long runB) in detailC) in a wordD) in the end2018考研英语阅读理解冲刺模拟试题：【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.A5.C。
2018年考研英语二真题及答案详解
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to _1_ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will_2_ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will_ 3 _.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested student’s willingness to _4 _themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one _5 _, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would _6 _an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. _7_ left alone in the room，the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would _8_. Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, _9_ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to_10_ is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for _11_ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can _12_ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such _13_ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_ things is a profound one. Unhealthy curiosity is possible to _15_ , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to _16_ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to_17_ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the _18_ of following through onone’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking about long-term _20_ is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity.” Hsee says. In other words, don’t rea d online comments.1. [A] protect [B] resolve [C] discuss [D] ignore2. [A]refuse [B]wait [C] regret [D] seek3. [A] hurt [B]last [C] mislead [D] rise4. [A]alert [B] tie [C] treat [D] expose5. [A] message [B] review [C] trial [D]concept6. [A]remove [B] weaken [C] interrupt [D] deliver7. [A] When [B]If [C] Though [D] Unless8. [A] continue [B] happen [C] disappear [D] change9. [A] rather than [B] regardless of [C] such as [D]owing to10. [A] discover [B]forgive [C] forget [D] disagree11. [A]pay [B] marriage [C] schooling [D] food12. [A] lead to [B]rest on [C] learn from [D] begin with13. [A] withdrawal [B] persistence [C] inquiry [D]diligence14. [A] self-reliant [B] self-deceptive [C] self-evident [D]self-destructive15. [A] define [B] resist [C] replace [D] trace16. [A] overlook [B] predict [C] design [D] conceal17. [A] remember [B] promise [C] choose [D]pretend18. [A]relief [B] plan [C] duty [D] outcome19. [A] why [B] whether [C] where [D] how20. [A] consequences [B]investments [C] strategies [D] limitations1. 【答案】A【解析】句首作者提出疑问，“为什么人们会读互联网的负面评论和明显很让人伤心的其它事情呢?”随后作者给出答案，“因为人们都有___不确定性的内在需求”。
2018考研模考试卷(英语二)
绝密★启用前2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一模拟考试英语（科目代码：204）考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2.答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息。
3.答案必须按要求涂写或填写在指定的答题卡上。
（1）英语知识运用和阅读理解A节、B节的答案用2B铅笔涂写在答题卡1上。
如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
（2）阅读理解C节（英译汉）的答案和作文必须用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡2上。
字迹要清楚。
4.考试结束，将答题卡1、答题卡2及试题一并装入试题袋中交回。
SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)What will the future of social networking look like?Imagine this:your digital video recorder automatically copies a television show that several of your friends were talking about on a social network before the show went1air.Or this:you get into your car,switch on its navigation system and ask it to2you to a friend’s house.As you3out of the driveway,the network to which you both belong automatically alert her that you are on your way.And this:as you are buying a pair of running shoes that you think one of your friends might be interested in, you can send a picture to their network page with a couple of4on a keypad next to the checkout5.Networking types like to talk about the idea that there is a6social element in all of the things people interact with.7them long enough and you come away with the impression that your teapot will soon be twittering about what you had for breakfast.Some of the ideas outlined8may sound far-fetched,but a service such as Facebook Connect,which already lets people export their social graph of online relationships to other web-enabled gizmos, suggests they are not completely outlandish.Everything from cars to cookers could ultimately have social connectivity9in it.But when it comes to helping social networks achieve ubiquity,10of these things will be remotely as important as the mobile phone.11a web-enabled phone to post status updates and send messages is still a niche activity in many countries,but it will rapidly become a mainstream one as mobile-broadband services12fixed-line ones in a few years’time.One estimate by eMarketer suggests that just over600m people will use their phones to13into social networks by2013,a more-than-fourfold increase on last year’s140m.This14has big implications.For a start,mobile phones in15markets—or devices such as cheap netbooks linked to the internet via mobile networks—will open up a brand new audience whose use of social sites has so16been hampered by a frustrating lack of fast,PC-based internet panies such as Sembuse in Kenya,17bills itself as east Africa’s first mobile social network,and South Africa’s Mxit are already gearing up to connect millions more people to one another through their mobile phones,18a big fillip to the amount of information-sharing going on around the world.The rise of mobile-phone-based networking will have an impact on rich-world markets too. Thanks to fast and relatively cheap mobile broadband services,phones have already become the device of choice for accessing some sites in Asia.Shigeya Kawagishi,an executive at Mixi,one of Japan’s largest social networks with18m members,says the vast majority of its19now comes from phone-toting customers who check in to get updates four or five times a day. Facebook,which has2065m mobile users,says they are almost half as active again on the site as other folk.1.[A]off the[B]into[C]up in the[D]on2.[A]take[B]guide[C]drive[D]assist3.[A]pull[B]push[C]storm[D]walk4.[A]knocks[B]strikes[C]pats[D]clicks5.[A]table[B]desk[C]counter[D]post6.[A]perverted[B]pervasive[C]prevenient[D]perverse7.[A]Work with[B]Listen to[C]Learn from[D]Teach8.[A]over[B]below[C]above[D]under9.[A]embedded[B]embed[C]embedding[D]to embed10.[A]neither[B]all[C]some[D]none11.[A]Using[B]To be use[C]Use[D]To be using12.[A]merge[B]combine[C]weaken[D]overtake13.[A]link[B]land[C]tap[D]hack14.[A]conversion[B]transformation[C]shift[D]alteration15.[A]traditional[B]emerging[C]developed[D]developing16.[A]long[B]far[C]much[D]little17.[A]which[B]that[C]one[D]where18.[A]to provide[B]provide[C]provided[D]providing19.[A]problems[B]transportation[C]traffic[D]jam20.[A]all[B]many[C]few[D]someSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1(40points)Text1Ronald Reagan would not be pleased by what is happening in Congress today.Over the past century many other presidents tried to expand health-care coverage to all Americans.But as far back as1961Reagan argued that this would lead to socialised medicine,from which“will come other government programmes that will invade every area of freedom as we have known it in this country until one day…we have socialism.”Undaunted by such conservative fears of rationing and“death panels”,Barack Obama has pushed his party’s congressional leaders to draft a sweeping health-reform law.The Democrats passed a version of reform through the House of Representatives in November by a vote of220to 215.The fight was bloodier and the pay-offs more brazen in the Senate,but on Christmas Eve the upper chamber passed a health-reform bill on a party-line vote of60to39(60being the minimum number required to overcome Republican procedural obstacles).Democrats are savouring this victory over the holiday recess,but when they return in January the joy will fade.That is because coming up with a final law that Mr Obama can sign before his first state-of-the-union message(usually delivered by the end of January)will require merging the efforts of the two chambers.A casual glance might suggest that not much separates the two bills:both would dramaticallyexpand health coverage by forcing insurers to end discrimination based on health,introducing a requirement for everyone to buy insurance along with subsidies to help those who have trouble finding the money to do so,and creating heavily regulated insurance exchanges.And some of the differences will be easy to reconcile.Each bill has timid efforts at cost control(the House has lots of pilot programmes on payment reform,while the Senate calls for an independent commission to propose future payment reforms)which,if combined,will improve the final product.Alas,there are also several big differences between the bills that will not be easy to reconcile. The most controversial involves the creation of a government-run insurer(or“public option”),a shibboleth of the political left.The House bill has a weak version of a public option,but the Senate bill lacks one altogether.Howard Dean,a former presidential candidate and leading leftist, argues that the whole reform effort is thus a sham and should be scrapped.Yet all conservatives and many moderates,especially in the Senate,say they will not vote for any final bill that contains a public option.Another big difference is in how the two bills pay for the expansion of coverage.The likely final cost is around$900billion over the next decade,a limit imposed by Mr Obama.The House version soaks the rich with a5.4%income surtax on individuals making more than$500,000.That proposal was deeply unpopular in the Senate,which chose instead to impose a40%tax on the most generous health-insurance plans.The most difficult rift may be over abortion.The House bill contains a severe clause that makes it impossible for insurers that accept federal subsidies to offer abortion cover at all.The Senate bill allows insurers to do this,but forces patients receiving subsidies to write separate cheques for abortion cover.21.From the first paragraph,which of the following about Ronald Reagan is true?[A]Ronald Reagan is one of the presidents who tried to expand health-care coverage to all Americans.[B]Ronald Reagan believed that the socialised medicine is a bad idea for American people.[C]Ronald Reagan argued that expanding the health-care coverage will threat the base of the freedom in American society.[D]Ronald Reagan holds the idea that government shouldn’t care too much about the health-care.22.Which of the following cannot be inferred?[A]The health-reform law was killed by the Senate.[B]The Democrats successfully overcome Republican procedural obstacles.[C]Both chambers separately passed the law before the holiday.[D]Obama hoped to sign the law before the state-of-union message.23.Which is not the common feature shared by the two bills?[A]The insurers must provide the insurance for the people in the bad health condition.[B]Government will offer subsidies for the poor people to buy insurance.[C]Severely regulated insurance exchanges should be set up.[D]Both need a third party to carry out the payment reform.24.Who is the firm supporter of the public option?[A]The White House[B]The Senate[C]Conservatives and moderates[D]The political left25.Which of the following about the regulation to abortion is correct from the last paragraph?[A]The insurers receiving subsidies from government can insure the abortion for the insured receiving subsidies from government according to the House bill.[B]The insurers receiving subsidies may cover the abortion bill for the insured not receiving subsidies from government according to the House bill.[C]The insurers receiving subsidies from government can insure the abortion for the insured receiving subsidies from government according to the Senate bill.[D]The insurers receiving subsidies from government may not cover the abortion bill for the insured receiving subsidies from government according to the senate bill.Text2Humans are unlikely to win the animal kingdom’s prize for fastest,strongest or largest,but we are world champions at understanding one another.This interpersonal prowess is fueled,at least in part,by empathy:our tendency to care about and share other people’s emotional experiences.Empathy is a cornerstone of human behavior and has long been considered innate.A forthcoming study,however,challenges this assumption by demonstrating that empathy levels have been declining over the past30years.The research,led by Sara H.Konrath of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and published online in August in Personality and Social Psychology Review,found that college students’self-reported empathy has declined since1980,with an especially steep drop in the past 10years.To make matters worse,during this same period students’self-reported narcissism has reached new heights,according to research by Jean M.Twenge,a psychologist at San Diego State University.An individual’s empathy can be assessed in many ways,but one of the most popular is simply asking people what they think of themselves.The Interpersonal Reactivity Index,a well-known questionnaire,taps empathy by asking whether responders agree to statements such as “I often have tender,concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me”and“I try to look at everybody’s side of a disagreement before I make a decision.”People vary a great deal in how empathic they consider themselves.Moreover,research confirms that the people who say they are empathic actually demonstrate empathy in discernible ways,ranging from mimicking others’postures to helping people in need(for example,offering to take notes for a sick fellow student).Since the creation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index in1979,tens of thousands of students have filled out this questionnaire while participating in studies examining everything from neural responses to others’pain to levels of social conservatism.Konrath and her colleagues took advantage of this wealth of data by collating self-reported empathy scores of nearly14,000 students.She then used a technique known as cross-temporal meta-analysis to measure whether scores have changed over the years.The results were startling:almost75percent of students today rate themselves as less empathic than the average student30years ago.This information seems to conflict with studies suggesting that empathy is a trait people are born with.For example,in a2007study Yale University developmental psychologists found that six-month-old infants demonstrate an affinity for empathic behavior,preferring simple dolls they have seen helping others over visually similar bullies.And investigators at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig have shown that even when given no incentive, toddlers help experimenters and share rewards with others.Empathic behavior is not confined to humans or even to primates.In a recent study mice reacted more strongly to painful stimuli when they saw another mouse suffering,suggesting that they“share”the pain of their cage mates.But the new finding that empathy is on the decline indicates that even when a trait is hardwired,social context can exert a profound effect,changing even our most basic emotional responses.Precisely what is sapping young people of their natural impulse to feel for others remains mysterious,however,because scientists cannot design a study to evaluate changes that occurred in the past.As Twenge puts it,“you can’t randomly assign people to a generation.”26.Which of the following sentence is right according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Empathy is the only advantage human beings have competing with other animals.[B]Having empathy is the biggest difference between human beings and other animals.[C]College students of1980s reported higher empathy levels than college students today.[D]Narcissism is one reason for students’lower level of empathy today.27.Which is the measure used to assess an individual’s empathy?[A]To answer a questionnaire.[B]To do the psychological quiz.[C]To chat freely with an individual.[D]To ask an individual whether he would like to take notes for his classmates.28.What can be inferred from the paragraph5?[A]Six-month-old infants love simpler dolls to complicated ones.[B]Reward is the reason for toddlers to help experimenters.[C]Though empathy may not confine to humans,not all primates have empathy.[D]Mice have empathy as well as human beings.29.What can be indicated from the new finding?[A]Social context plays a positive role in changing our emotional responses.[B]The main element decreasing young people’s empathy is the social environment.[C]The changes happened in the past do exert profound effect to the people’s level of empathy.[D]The reason for the declining empathy level of young people is still unclear.30.What is the main idea of the passage?[A]A recent study finds a decline in empathy among young people[B]Young people are becoming more and more indifferent to each other during the last30years.[C]Empathy is the cornerstone of human behavior.[D]The changing society is the cause of the declining empathy among young people.Text3If you are looking for a way out,don’t forget the way you came in.For private-equity firms that want to sell portfolio companies,there are three big exit routes:an initial public offering (IPO),a sale to a trade buyer,or a sale to another private-equity firm(also known as a“secondary buy-out”).Market volatility has led private-equity firms to cancel several IPOs this year,among them New Look and Matalan,two British retailers,and Travelport,an American travel company. Sales to trade buyers continue to tick over.But the real activity has been in the secondary market.According to Preqin,a research firm,there have been$3.9billion-worth of secondary buy-outs so far in2010,compared with$5.9billion in all of2009.To date,the biggest deal of 2010is a secondary buy-out,Bridgepoint’s sale of Pets at Home,a British pet-shop chain,to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts for£955m($1.5billion).On February23rd3i added to the list by agreeing to sell Ambea,a Scandinavian health-care firm,to Triton for€850m($1.2billion).Secondary buy-outs are a neat solution to two of the industry’s big headaches.Sellers need to demonstrate decent returns to investors,especially if they are planning new fund-raising rounds. Buyers are under pressure to invest their capital after lacklustre activity over the past two years. Earlier this month,for example,BC Partners fought off Lion Capital and Bridgepoint to buy Spotless,a French household-products company,from AXA Private Equity.A year ago its€5.9 billion,2005vintage fund was said to be only50%invested.At least two-thirds of its capital typically needs to be invested in the first five years of a fund’s life.The Spotless deal allowed BC Partners to invest nearly€300m in equity.A private-equity house with lots of capital left in its fund runs the risk of losing out on future commitments,as investors doubt its ability to put their money to good use.Any capital not invested is returned to the fund investors and the buy-out house forgoes management fees on the uninvested capital.This pressure to invest is particularly great for megafunds that are sitting on billions of dollars raised before the financial crisis.These may explain why European secondary buy-outs have pulled in more than four times as much as trade sales in the past month,and why their average price-tags are higher.According to mergermarket,a research firm,the average value of European secondary buy-outs over the past six months has been€167m,compared with an average value of€114m for trade deals.Raising finance for secondary deals is easier,too,since companies have already been pored over by lenders.“There is arguably less risk involved if the banks are already familiar with the asset;they are more willing to keep lending if there has been no bad news,”says Sylvain Berger-Duquene of Montagu Private Equity.How well investors are being served by secondary buy-outs is less clear.“Fund investors are not always impressed if their money is reinvested in the same asset through a different one of their funds,”points out Chris Masek,managing partner of IK Investment Partners.Far from coercing private-equity houses to sell rashly and make modest returns,some fund investors have even been trying to negotiate longer holding periods.Buyers are just as vulnerable to getting the price wrong. True,Providence Equity Partners opted on February23rd for an IPO of Kabel Deutschland,a German cable-television firm,after bids from private-equity suitors disappointed.But the risk of overpayment in a secondary buy-out is great.Once a business has been spruced up by one owner,there should be less value to be created by the next.31.What does the line1paragraph1mean?[A]Having a good memory is critical in finding the way out.[B]The former owner is the best buyer.[C]You can sell your company to your competitors for a high price.[D]Sell portfolio companies to the buyer like yourself.32.What does the word“lacklustre”mean in line3paragraph3?[A]dull[B]colorful[C]dramatic[D]successful33.Which is not the reason that a private-equity house has the pressure to invest?[A]It has the risk of losing out on future commitment.[B]The capital not invested will be returned to the fund investors.[C]It raised too huge a sum of the funds.[D]The average price tag of secondary buy-outs is becoming higher.34.Which is correct according to the passage?[A]Bank prefers lending money to the familiar private-equity firms.[B]Secondary buy-out may not be good news for the investors.[C]Fund investors tend to sell the asset at a modest price.[D]The potential buyers are disappointed by the bid from the owner of Kabel Deutschland.35.Which is the best title for the passage?[A]Private-equity Companies Look to Each Other to Solve Their Problems.[B]The New Trend of Secondary Buy-out.[C]A Win-Win Solution to Private-equity Companies and Investors.[D]Who Will Buy the Bill?Text4On a narrow street of modest bungalows in south-western Atlanta,Walter L.Parks Middle School stands out:a broad,white building of unmistakably institutional appearance in a district of wood-panelled and redbrick domesticity.Parks stands out for another,sadder reason,too.A statewide review of standardised tests taken by pupils in Georgia’s state schools in the spring of 2009found that widespread cheating may have occurred in191elementary and middle schools in Georgia—including69%of such schools in Atlanta.The review,which looked for unusually high numbers of wrong-to-right erasure marks,pointed the finger at nearly90%of Parks’s classrooms—more than in any other school in the state.By themselves,of course,the numbers prove nothing,but the number of changed answers isstriking.The average number of wrong-to-right changes per test was around two.Some classrooms showed tests with13times as many.The company that carried out the analysis flagged all classrooms that showed a number of wrong-to-right erasures exceeding three standard deviations from the mean.The probability of that happening without manipulation is one-tenth of one per cent.All this comes after years of solid improvement in Georgia’s public schools.In2005,83%, 80%and68%of the state’s eighth-grade(roughly,13-year-old)pupils passed reading, language-arts and maths tests;by2009,those numbers had risen to93%,92%and70%.In Atlanta, students’scores improved in all grades and subjects for eight years continuously to2008.Kathy Cox and Beverly Hall,the school superintendents of Georgia and Atlanta,have won praise for improving test scores and graduation rates.But in200913teachers in Georgia were punished for cheating,including the principal and assistant principal at one elementary school.They changed answers on completed tests for fear that otherwise their school would not make“adequate yearly progress”,as required by the federal No Child Left Behind(NCLB)law.A school that fails to do so for two years running must offer pupils the opportunity to transfer to better schools.Teachers and administrators can be fired,and the school can be taken over by the state.And therein,say many education specialists,lies the problem:the immense weight that NCLB places on a single test.Teachers spend an increasing amount of time“teaching to the test”, because they know the results may determine their futures.A study of the Chicago school system conducted for Harvard’s Kennedy School found that the more weight given to tests,the more likely alteration becomes.Verdaillia Turner,who heads Georgia’s and Atlanta’s teachers’unions, complains that the tests have turned teachers into“little robots.The best and brightest do not go into teaching any more.”This may change:Barack Obama and Arne Duncan,the education secretary,have long been frowning upon NCLB.This week Mr Obama noted that11states had lowered their standards to give an illusion of students’progress.A consortium of48states(Texas and Alaska sat out)has been drafting a set of common standards in maths and reading,and Mr Obama has announced that states will have to adopt higher ones if they want more federal funds.Money is a great motivator.36.Why does the author describe the scene of a street in south-western Atlanta?[A]To introduce the event.[B]To emphasis the place where the event happened.[C]To create the mysterious air.[D]It is the requirement of the style.37.What does the word“flagged”in line3paragraph2mean?[A]Punished[B]Shut down[C]Marked[D]Detected38.Which is the main reason for the widespread cheating?[A]Cheating is popular among the students.[B]The scores of the students determine the future of the teachers and administrators.[C]Talents do not go into teaching.[D]The No Child Left behind law.39.What is the attitude of Barack Obama to the NCLB?[A]Supportive[B]Critical[C]Indifferent[D]Skeptical40.Where does the passage probably come from?[A]Fiction[B]Biography[C]Commercial[D]NewspaperReading Part BDirection:You are going to read a list of subheading and a text.Choose the most suitable subheading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.(10points)[A]Mark the headway[B]Celebrate the little wins[C]Exercise is like an investment[D]Make good choices[E]Cut down your choices[F]Allow yourself occasional luxuries[G]Use visual reminders to stay on focusPersonal Finance Advice Applied to Fitness and HealthWith the New Year upon us and the resolutions starting to fly around,I’m planning my annual fitness goals.As I review my plans for last year,I am also looking at my personal finance goals and I see some potential to apply personal finance principles to my fitness and health goals. Here are some personal finance principles which can be used in your fitness and health goals.41.I often use a“progress bar”to keep tabs on my progress towards various goals.As I save a certain amount,I fill in a bit of progress bar;after I lose a pound,I fill in a bit of another bar.This tool really helps me to see how every little bit contributes to a bigger goal.A progress sheetprovides you with a good opportunity to celebrate the little wins along the way to meet your fitness goal.Achieving and celebrating the little goals will help keep you motivated to reach the big goal.42.With personal finance,I often use images of specific goals to motivate myself—for a long time,I use a picture of a house to keep on track.With dieting,I used a photograph taken of me at my heaviest—every time I see it,I feel sad and it builds my resolve to stay on task with my dieting choices.Such indications are a key part to any goal:something you can focus on to help you reach your goal.43.When you’re focused on improving your personal finance,all of the little decisions you make each day contribute to good personal financial health.If you decide to skip that mocha at Starbucks and drink a bottle of water,you’re making a solid choice towards good financial health. In fitness,you can apply this same principle.This usually means thinking about and researching the moves you make.I’ve started investigating the nutritional content of food more carefully, entering into a new healthy relationship with food.I’m also learning to cut down a bit on the excesses.Sounds like good financial planning,doesn’t it?44.My real weaknesses for food are twofold:big,monstrous,juicy hamburgers and Ben and Jerry’s American Dream ice cream.I allow myself one or the other once a week now and avoid the temptation for the rest,knowing that I will either have a grilled burger on Saturday evening or some delicious ice cream on Sunday.This is very similar to how I plan and prepare for frivolous purchases—I plan ahead for them and am thus much more able to behave well knowing that I’m doing it the right way.45.Not only do you get the immediate benefit of dropped calories,but you get the“interest”of being in better condition when you need it.What you devote to exercise doesn’t always pay off immediately,but if you’re thinking long term on your investment you will see the return in weight loss,better sleep,and a more robust life.46.Translation(15points)There is no better time than today to go outside and enjoy nature.We don’t live near the mountains,but it doesn’t mean we can’t find places to hike.One of the major benefits of hiking is that it delivers almost immediate rewards.Hiking is a great way to start exercising.Start with easy hikes and work up to harder hikes that work your legs more.Additionally,it’s pretty cheap.According to the American Hiking Society,hiking delivers a remarkable range of health benefit with comparatively few risks.By using hiking as a way to stay physically active,you can lower your risk of heart disease and a stroke,improve your blood pressure and blood sugar levels, control your weight,and even lighten your mood.47.Directions:。
2018考研英语二模拟试卷及答案
英语（二）模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)Facebook has been 1 with fire and has got its fingers burned, again. On November 29th America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it had reached a 2 settlement with the giant social network over 3 that it had misled people about its use of their personal data.The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which 4 over 800m users, betrayed its users’ trust. It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader 5 by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid 6 of social networks in America.The regulator’s findin gs come at a 7 moment for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To 8 the way for its listing, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy 9 with regulators in America and Europe. 10 its willingness to negotiate the settlement 11 this week.Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were “unfair and deceptive, and 12 federal law”. For instance, it 13 personally identifiable information to advertisers, and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts 14 .The settlement does not 15 an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law, but it deeply 16 the company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s boss, tried to17 the impact of the deal. First he claimed that “a small number of high-profile mistakes” were 18 the social network’s “good history” on privac y.The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers’ approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years.There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular 19 audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers’ privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo, 20 one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.1. [A] setting [B] playing [C] lighting [D] turning2. [A] craft [B] documentary [C] trade [D] draft3. [A] verdicts [B] allegations [C] rumors [D] affirmation4. [A] boasts [B] exaggerates [C] estimates [D] assesses5. [A] impulse [B] initiative [C] innovation [D] motion6. [A] increase [B] elevation [C] rise [D] appearance7. [A] indispensable [B] essential [C] critical [D] fundamental8. [A] steer [B] clear [C] lay [D] remove9. [A] controversy [B] competition [C] dispute [D] compromise10. [A] despite [B] given [C] although [D] hence11. [A] unveiled [B] discovered [C] exposed [D] revealed12. [A] violated [B] assaulted [C] resisted [D] betrayed13. [A] informed [B] entrust [C] imparted [D] confided14. [A] available [B] retrievable [C] reversible [D] inaccessible15. [A] constitute [B] correspond [C] confirm [D] conceive16. [A] involves [B] strikes [C] embarrasses [D] attacks17. [A] turn down [B] cut down [C] play down [D] bring down18. [A] overshadowing [B] overlooking [C] overtaking [D] overthrowing19. [A] expert [B] external [C] formal [D] automatic20. [A] and [B] but [C] thus [D] despiteSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections :Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET .(40 points)Text 1Most American movies are produced in Hollywood, California. Hollywood, which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles, is an ideal spot for the movie industry. The sun shines most of the time, and the climate is mild. Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours’ drive.Hollywood becomes the center of national attention one evening a year－Academy Award night. At the Academy Award presentation held each spring, statuettes called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories, including best actor, best actress, and best picture. The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony, but their names are kept secret until presentation night, when they are announced in a long, nationally televised program.Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States after World War II, when television captured much of the movie audience. Geared to the masses, Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television does. With free entertainment in their homes, many Americans simply stopped going to movies. Between 1946 and 1956, movie attendance was cut in half. At the same time, production costs zoomed. The movie industry was in trouble.The industry adjusted itself in a number of ways. Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV. To cut costs, Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas. To lure audiences, the industry invested in new lenses, wider screens, and stereophonic sound. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV-films with controversial or shocking themes, films with huge casts and lavish settings. As a result of these changes, today the American motion picture industry is thriving.21.What makes Hollywood a great place for American movie industry according to the passage?[A] A famous part of Los Angeles[B] Favorable natural and traffic conditions[C] Natural scenery with mild climate and the shining sun[D] A great industrial base of American22.Which one about Oscars is correct according to the passage?[A] It is the name of a great film figure[B] It is given to World Academy Award in America each year[C] It is a yearly honor to winners in movie industry[D] It doesn’t produce until Academy Award night in each spring23.Why did many Americans like entertaining in homes instead of going to cinema after World War II?[A] Because the quality of film was becoming worse and worse[B] Because Hollywood movies couldn’t offer entertainment similar to television[C] Because the movie industry was in trouble for expensive production cost[D] Because TV’s popularity made them enjoy without paying24.What does the word “zoomed” (in the last sentence of the third paragraph) mean?[A] Moved along very quickly[B] Rose upward into the air[C] Increased high in price[D] Moved with a low humming noise25.The movie industry tried many methods to lure audiences except__________.[A] building commercial relationship with TV companies[B] improving its basic equipment[C] producing films with famous stars in low cost[D] offering types of entertainment different from TVText2The Arctic Ocean has given up tens of thousands more square kilometers of ice in a relentless summer of melt, with scientists watching through satellite eyes for a possible record low polar ice cap.From the barren Arctic shore of a village in Canada’s far northwest, veteran observer Eddie Gruben has seen the summer ice retreating more each decade as the world has warmed. By this weekend the ice edge lay 128 kilometers at sea, but forty years ago, it was 64 kilometers out. Global average temperatures rose 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, but Arctic temperatures rose twice as much or even faster, almost certainly in large part because of manmade greenhouse gases, researchers say. In late July the mercury soared to almost 86 degrees Fahrenheit in this settlement of 900 Arctic Eskimos.As of Thursday, the U.S. National Snow and Ice Date Center reported, the polar ice cap extended over 6.75 million square kilometers after having shrunk an average 106,000 square kilometers a day in July—equivalent to one Indiana or three Belgiums daily. The rate of melt was similar to that of July 2007, the year when the ice cap dwindled to a record minimum extent of 4.3 million square kilometers in September. In its latest analysis, NSIDC said Arctic atmospheric conditions this summer have been similar to those of the summer of 2007, including a high-pressure ridge that produced clear skies and strong melt in the Beaufort Sea, the arm of the Arctic Ocean off northern Alaska and northwestern Canada.Scientists say the makeup of the frozen polar sea has shifted significantly the past few years,as thick multiyear ice has given way as the Arctic’s dominant form to thin ice that comes and goes with each winter and summer. The past few years have “signaled a fundamental change in the character of the ice and the Arctic climate,” Meier said. Ironically, the summer melts since 2007 appear to have allowed disintegrating but still thick multiyear ice to drift this year into the relatively narrow channels of the Northwest Passage. Usually, impassable channels had been relatively ice-free the past two summers.Observation satellites’remote sensors will tell researchers in September whether the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record. Then the sun will begin to slip below the horizon for several months, and temperatures plunging in the polar darkness will freeze the surface of the sea again, leaving this and other Arctic coastlines in the grip of ice. Most of the sea ice will be new, thinner and weaker annual formations, however.At a global conference last March in Copenhagen, scientists declared that climate change is occurring faster than had been anticipated, citing the fast-dying Arctic cap as one example. A month later, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted Arctic summers could be almost ice-free within 30 years, not at the century’s end earlier predicted.26.The word “retreating” (Line2, Paragraph2) most probably means________.[A] withdrawing [B] moving back[C] melting [D] treating again27.We may infer from Paragraph 2 and 3 that____________.[A] rising Arctic temperatures result completely from manmade greenhouse gases[B] the summer ice edge was 192 kilometers at sea 40 years ago[C] the polar ice cap was over 6.87million square kilometers in July[D] the ice cap reduced to a record low minimum extent in July28.We may know that summer melts made____________.[A] some impassable channels covered by ice[B] no contribution to the makeup change of polar ice[C] thin ice become multiyear ice[D] the world climate change its character29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that____________.[A] scientists predicted future climate changes accurately[B] the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record[C] the future ice may be annually formed thinness[D] Arctic summers couldn’t be ice-free until next century30.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] Arctic ice lowers to its smallest size[B] Arctic ice disappears under summer sun[C] Why Arctic ice disappears soon[D] Arctic ice closely relates to climate changesText3The classic American identity theft scam works like this: the thief convinces some bank or credit card company he’s actually you and borrows God knows how many dollars in your name. Once you discover and report this, you’re not liable for money the bank lost, but neither are you entitled to compensation for the time and effort you spend straightening the matter out. Bear inmind that when I say “the thief convinces the bank he’s you”, I’m not talking about a brilliant actor and master of disguise who imitates your voice and mannerisms well enough to fool your own mother. No, all that’s necessary to fool a bank is your birth date and US social security number, or just discarded credit card offer taken from your bin.Why are lenders so careless with their money? The snarky answer is: because they know taxpayers will bail them out. But identity theft was a problem in America long before phrases like “too big to fail” entered our vocabulary. I became an identity-theft statistic nine years ago, when I opened my mail to find a bill for a maxed- out credit card I never knew I had. I spent over two weeks cleaning the mess: filing police reports, calling the company, sitting on hold, getting disconnected and calling back to sit on hold again. Considering my salary back then, I spent over a thousand dollars’ worth of my time and wasn't entitled to a penny in damages.It all could easily have been avoided, had the company made a minimal effort to ensure they were loaning money to me rather than my dishonest doppelganger. So why didn't they? Because that would take time -at least a day or two. And if people had to wait a day between applying for and receiving credit, on-the-spot loans would be impossible. Every major retail chain in America pushes these offers: “Apply for a store credit card and receive 15% off your first purchase!” From the lenders’ perspective, writing off a few bad ID-theft debts is cheaper than losing the lucrative “impulse buyer” market.But that would change if companies had to pay damages to identity theft victims. Should they have to? The supreme court of the state of Maine is currently pondering that question. In March 2008 the Hannaford supermarket chain announced that hackers broke into their database and stole the credit card information of over 4 million customers, some of whom sued Hannaford for damages. None of the customers lost money, of course, but they felt-as I did-that their time and effort are worth something too.It’s too early to know how the court will rule, but I’ll make a prediction anyway: nothing will ch ange from the consumers’ perspective, and protecting lenders from their own bad habits will continue to be our unpaid job. When the worldwide economic meltdown started, I naively thought the subsequent tightening of credit lines would at least make identity theft less of a problem than before. But I was just being silly.31.After suffering from identity theft, you_____________.[A] should pay for money the bank lost[B] are required to report to your bank immediately[C] have to assume the cost of getting your identity back[D] won’t have to take any loss caused by it32.What’s the real meaning of “too big to fail” in para. 2?[A] Leaders are so big that they couldn’t fail at all.[B] Leaders won’t pay for their loaning carelessness.[C] Leaders are big enough to pay for any large loans.[D] America is big enough to solve any problems.33. The 3rd paragraph mainly talks about___________.[A] Why companies take efforts to avoid identity theft[B] The reason of companies’ effortlessness to help avoid identity theft[C] The reason of taking time to solve the problem of identity theft[D] The cause of companies offering on-the-spot loans34. The example in the 4th paragraph is cited to show that________.[A] Companies have paid for damages to identity theft victims[B] Customers often suffer from identity theft in America[C]Companies should be responsible for identity theft[D]Companies often suffer from identity theft in America35. What’s the author’s attitude to current solutions to identity theft?[A] Disappointed [B] Confident[C] Complicated [D] OptimisticText4Death is a difficult subject for anyone, but Americans want to talk about it less than most. They have a cultural expectation that whatever may be wrong with them, it can be fixed with the right treatment, and if the first doctor does not offer it they may seek a second, third or fourth opinion. Legal action is a constant threat, so even if a patient is very ill and likely to die, doctors and hospitals will still persist with aggressive treatment, paid for by the insurer or, for the elderly, by Medicare. That is one reason why America spends 18% of its GDP on health care, the highest proportion in the world.That does not mean that Americans are getting the world's best health care. For the past 20 years doctors at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice have been compiling the “Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care”, using Medicare data to compare health-spending patterns in different regions and institutions. They find that average costs per patient during the last two years of life in some regions can be almost twice as high as in others, yet patients in the high-spending areas do not survive any longer or enjoy better health as a result.Ira Byock is the director of palliative medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. His book is a plea for those near the end of their life to be treated more like individuals and less like medical cases on which all available technology must be let loose. With two decades' experience in the field, he makes a good case for sometimes leaving well alone and helping people to die gently if that is what they want.That does not include assisted suicide, which he opposes. But it does include providing enough pain relief to make patients comfortable, co-coordinating their treatment among the different specialists, keeping them informed, having enough staff on hand to see to their needs, making arrangements for them to be cared for at home where possible—and not officiously keeping them alive when there is no hope.But it is not easy to decide when to stop making every effort to save someone's life and allow them to die gently. The book quotes the case of one HIV-positive young man who was acutely ill with multiple infections. He spent over four months in hospital, much of the time on a ventilator, and had countless tests, scans and other interventions. The total bill came to over $1m. He came close to death many times, but eventually pulled through and has now returned to a normal life. It is an uplifting story, but such an outcome is very rare.Dr Byock's writing style is not everybody's cup of tea, but he is surely right to suggest better management of a problem that can only get worse. As life expectancy keeps on rising, so will the proportion of old people in the population. And with 75m American baby-boomers now on the threshold of retirement, there is a limit to what the country can afford to spend to keep them going on and on.36. According to Paragraph 1, the disproportional large spending in health care stems from[A] Americans' failure to admit death as part of their life[B] doctors' inclination to overtreat the patient[C] a culture that is obsessed with youth and health[D] a legal system which has a bias in favor of patients37. The author cited the findings of Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical practice to illustrate that[A] the medical care quality differs widely from region to region[B] there is little that hospitals can do in saving people's lives[C] a lot of medical resources are wasted[D] the American medical system is notorious for its low cost-effectiveness38. The central idea of Ira Byock's book is to appeal to the hospital to[A] save every life with every possible means[B] help people to die if that is his/her will[C] make people feel comfortable in their remaining hours[D] consider whether the cure is worthwhile before conducting it39. In the author's opinion the example of the HIV-positive young man in Paragraph 5[A] eliminates the possibility of applying gentle dying process in medicare[B] is merely an extreme case that should not be taken as a standard[C] emphasizes the importance of aggressive treatment even with slim hope[D] is used as an irony of the current state of American medical system40. According to the author, the American government will the proposal of gentle dying[A] disapprove of [B] divide at[C] hesitate at [D] side withPart BDirections:Reading the following text and answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Convincing evidence: US is losing its appeal in the eyes of multinationals[B] Biggest hindrance: US divided political system[C] American future: stuck in the middle[D] Overstated statement: US overall competitiveness is declining[E] V oice of experts: pessimism pervades academic world[F] Economic outlook: bad but not desperate[G] Undisputed fact: US is losing its economic edge41.Is America fading? America has been gripped by worries about decline before, notably in the 1970s, only to roar back. But this time it may be serious. There is little doubt that other countries are catching up. Between 1999 and 2009 America’s share of world exports fell in almost every industry: by 36 percentage points in aerospace, nine in information technology, eight in communications equipment and three in cars. Private-sector job growth has slowed dramatically,and come to a halt in industries that are exposed to global competition. Median annual income grew by an anemic 2% between 1990 and 2010.42.The March issue of the Harvard Business Review is devoted to “American competitiveness”. The Review reports that declinism is prevalent among HBS alumni: in a survey, 71% said that American competitiveness would decline in the coming years.43.America is losing out in the race to attract good jobs. Matthew Slaughter of Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business points out that multinational firms increased employment in America by 24% in the 1990s. But since then they have been cutting back on jobs in America. They have moved dull repetitive tasks abroad, and even some sophisticated ones, too. The proportion of the employees of American multinationals who work for subsidiaries abroad rose from 21.4% in 1989 to 32.3% in 2009. The share of research-and-development spending going to foreign subsidiaries rose from 9% in 1989 to 15.6% in 2009; that of capital investment rose from 21.8% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2009.44.America’s politic al system comes in for particularly harsh criticism: 60% of HBS alumni said that it was worse than those in other advanced countries. David Moss of HBS argues that such complaints are nothing new: American politicians have been squabbling about the role of government ever since Thomas Jefferson butted heads with Alexander Hamilton. But in the past this often led to fruitful compromises. But such compromises are rarer these days. Republicans and Democrats are more ideologically divided, and less inclined to make pragmatic concessions.45.For all this gloom, the Review’s gurus argue that, as Bill Clinton said in his first inaugural address, there is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. The country has huge strengths, from its world-beating universities to its tolerance of risk-taking. It has a highly diverse market: firms that seek cheap labour can move to Mississippi, where wages are a third lower than those in Massachusetts. Rosabeth Moss Kanter of HBS points to the extraordinary amount of innovation that is going on not just in Silicon Valley but across the country.Yet it is difficult to read this collection of essays without a sense of foreboding. The one thing that worries the HBS alumni more than anything else—the state of American politics—is the most difficult to fix. The political pendulum swings unpredictably, making it hard to plan for the future. Should companies assume that they will have to abide by Mr Obama’s health-care law when it comes into effect in 2014, or will the Republicans have repealed it by then? No one knows.Section III Translation46. Direction:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET . (15 points)Age has its privileges in America, and one of the more prominent of them is senior citizen discount.Anyone who has reached a certain age is automatically entitled to dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Practically unheard of a generation ago, thediscounts have become a routine part of many businesses- as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them; yet, millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy. Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. Perhaps the practice once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population.To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor. But most of them aren’t.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:John, one of your friends, failed in the last CET-6 and is upset. Write a letter to him to1) express your pity, point out the reason for his failure,2) encourage him, and suggest a better way to prepare the exam.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEETDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following table,in which you should1)describe the table,2)state your opinions drawn from it.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Section I Use of English1 - 5 BDBAB 6 - 10 CCBCD11-15 AACDA 16-20 CCABBSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 B C D C C 26-30 C B A C B31-35 C B B C A 36-40 A C C B DPart B41-45 GEABFSection III Translation在美国，年龄就是特权，其中比较突出的一项就是老年折扣。
2018 考研英语(二)冲刺测试卷-答案与解析
2018 考研英语（二）冲刺测试卷答案与解析一．完形填空答案：1-5 CACBA 6-10 DBDDA11-15 CBADA 16-20 BBAAC这是一篇论述美国企业的人力资源管理的社科类议论文。
文章的首句首先提出了一个鲜明的问题——If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem.(如果可持续的竞争优势依赖于员工的技能的话，美国的企业是有问题的。
)这一点就是此篇议论文的核心观点，其实也就是本文的主题。
把握了这个主题，就不难了解文章后面的分述部分一定是围绕着对美国企业不重视员工、轻视人力资源管理问题展开的深入探讨和批评，即主线决定全文。
分析分述部分可以看出，分述部分确实是在集中、深入地描写和批评美国企业不重视员工、轻视人力资源管理的现象以及由此造成的问题，是紧紧围绕着主线展开的。
答案详解:1．C本填空考查形容词，此形容词的作用很重要，是对Human resource management酌直接定位，四个选项的意思也是大相径庭，选项A) necessary为“必要的”，选项B) dispensable表示“非必要的、可有可无的”，而选项C) central表示“核心的、处于中心位置的”，D）understandable表示“可以理解的”；要准确定位出本填空的最佳形容词，首先涉及对整个文章主线倾向的把握，即本填空是一个利用同现结构法可以定位的答案。
很显然，文章的首句已经概括了本文的主线观点和倾向，即“美国企业轻视员工和人力资源是错误的”：把握了这一点，本填空所在的原文句子讲述的是：Human resource management is not traditionally seen as __1__to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States．这样四个选项中的最佳选项是最能说明“人力资源管理重要”的形容词，并且文章下一段的首句实际也提示出了本题的答案。
普通高等学校2018年招生全国统一考试临考冲刺卷(二)英语含解析
普通高等学校2018年招生全国统一考试临考冲刺卷高三英语（二）注意事项：1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
2．选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。
3．非选择题的作答：用签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。
写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。
第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30 分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。
1. What does the woman want to do?A. Find a place.B. Buy a map.C. Get an address.2. What will the man do for the woman?A. Repair her car.B. Give her a ride.C. Pic up her aunt.3. Who might Mr. Peterson be?A. A new professor.B. A department head.C. A company director.4. What does the man thin of the boo?A. Quite difficult.B. Very interesting.C. Too simple.5. What are the speaers taling about?A. Weather.B. Clothes.C. News.第二节(共15小题;每小题1分, 满分15分)听下面5段对话或独白。
2018考研英语二模拟试卷2及答案
英语(二)模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Facebook has been with fire and has got its fingers burned,again.On November 29th America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)announced that it had reached a settlement with the giant social network over that it had misled people about its use of their personal data.The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook,which800m users, betrayed its users’trust.It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid of social networks in America.The regulator’s findin gs come at a for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around$100billion.To the way for its listing,the firm first needs to resolve its privacythis week.Announcing the agreement,the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were“unfair and deceptive,and law”.For instance,it personally identifiable information to advertisers,and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts.The settlement does not an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law,but it deeply the company nonetheless.In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg,Facebook’s boss,tried tothe impact of the deal.First he claimed that“a small number of high-profile mistakes”were the social network’s“good history”on privacy.The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself.Among other things,the company will now have to seek consumers’approval before it changes the way it shares their data.And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next20years.There is a clear pattern here.In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular audits,too,after each firm was accused of violating its customers’privacy.The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.1.[A]setting[B]playing[C]lighting[D]turning2.[A]craft[B]documentary[C]trade[D]draft3.[A]verdicts[B]allegations[C]rumors[D]affirmation4.[A]boasts[B]exaggerates[C]estimates[D]assesses5.[A]impulse[B]initiative[C]innovation[D]motion6.[A]increase[B]elevation[C]rise[D]appearance7.[A]indispensable[B]essential[C]critical[D]fundamental8.[A]steer[B]clear[C]lay[D]remove9.[A]controversy[B]competition[C]dispute[D]compromise10.[A]despite[B]given[C]although[D]hence11.[A]unveiled[B]discovered[C]exposed[D]revealed12.[A]violated[B]assaulted[C]resisted[D]betrayed13.[A]informed[B]entrust[C]imparted[D]confided14.[A]available[B]retrievable[C]reversible[D]inaccessible15.[A]constitute[B]correspond[C]confirm[D]conceive16.[A]involves[B]strikes[C]embarrasses[D]attacks17.[A]turn down[B]cut down[C]play down[D]bring down18.[A]overshadowing[B]overlooking[C]overtaking[D]overthrowing19.[A]expert[B]external[C]formal[D]automatic20.[A]and[B]but[C]thus[D]despiteSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C,or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Most American movies are produced in Hollywood,California.Hollywood,which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles,is an ideal spot for the movie industry.The sun shines most of the time,and the climate is mild.Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours’drive.Hollywood becomes the center of national attention one evening a year-Academy Award night.At the Academy Award presentation held each spring, statuettes called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories,including best actor,best actress,and best picture.The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony,but their names are kept secret until presentation night,when they are announced in a long, nationally televised program.Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States after World War II,when television captured much of the movie audience.Geared to the masses,Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television does.With free entertainment in their homes, many Americans simply stopped going to movies.Between1946and1956, movie attendance wasThe industry adjusted itself in a number of ways.Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV.To cut costs,Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas.To lure audiences, the industry invested in new lenses,wider screens,and stereophonic sound. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV-films with controversial or shocking themes,films with huge casts and lavish settings.As a result of these changes,today the American motion picture industry is thriving.21.What makes Hollywood a great place for American movie industry according to the passage?[A]A famous part of Los Angeles[B]Favorable natural and traffic conditions[C]Natural scenery with mild climate and the shining sun[D]A great industrial base of American22.Which one about Oscars is correct according to the passage?[A]It is the name of a great film figure[B]It is given to World Academy Award in America each year[C]It is a yearly honor to winners in movie industry[D]It doesn’t produce until Academy Award night in each spring23.Why did many Americans like entertaining in homes instead of going to cinema after World War II?[A]Because the quality of film was becoming worse and worse[B]Because Hollywood movies couldn’t offer entertainment similar to television[C]Because the movie industry was in trouble for expensive production cost[D]Because TV’s popularity made them enjoy without paying24.What does the word“zoomed”(in the last sentence of the third paragraph) mean?[A]Moved along very quickly[B]Rose upward into the air[C]Increased high in price[D]Moved with a low humming noise25.The movie industry tried many methods to lure audiences except__________.[A]building commercial relationship with TV companies[B]improving its basic equipment[C]producing films with famous stars in low cost[D]offering types of entertainment different from TVText2The Arctic Ocean has given up tens of thousands more square kilometers of ice in a relentless summer of melt,with scientists watching through satellite eyes for a possible record low polar ice cap.From the barren Arctic shore of a village in Canada’s far northwest,veteran observer Eddieweekend the ice edge lay128kilometers at sea,but forty years ago,it was64 kilometers out.Global average temperatures rose1degree Fahrenheit in the past century,but Arctic temperatures rose twice as much or even faster,almost certainly in large part because of manmade greenhouse gases,researchers say. In late July the mercury soared to almost86degrees Fahrenheit in this settlement of900Arctic Eskimos.As of Thursday,the U.S.National Snow and Ice Date Center reported,the polar ice cap extended over6.75million square kilometers after having shrunk an average106,000square kilometers a day in July—equivalent to one Indiana or three Belgiums daily.The rate of melt was similar to that of July2007,the year when the ice cap dwindled to a record minimum extent of4.3million square kilometers in September.In its latest analysis,NSIDC said Arctic atmospheric conditions this summer have been similar to those of the summer of2007, including a high-pressure ridge that produced clear skies and strong melt in the Beaufort Sea,the arm of the Arctic Ocean off northern Alaska and northwesternCanada.Scientists say the makeup of the frozen polar sea has shifted significantly the past few years,as thick multiyear ice has given way as the Arctic’s dominant form to thin ice that comes and goes with each winter and summer.The past few years have “signaled a fundamental change in the character of the ice and the Arctic climate,”Meier said.Ironically,the summer melts since2007appear to have allowed disintegrating but still thick multiyear ice to drift this year into the relatively narrow channels of the Northwest ually,impassable channels had been relatively ice-free the past two summers.Observation satellites’remote sensors will tell researchers in September whether the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record. Then the sun will begin to slip below the horizon for several months,and temperatures plunging in the polar darkness will freeze the surface of the sea again,leaving this and other Arctic coastlines in the grip of ice.Most of the sea ice will be new,thinner and weaker annual formations,however.At a global conference last March in Copenhagen,scientists declared that climate change is occurring faster than had been anticipated,citing the fast-dying Arctic cap as one example.A month later,the U.S.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted Arctic summers could be almost ice-free within30 years,not at the century’s end earlier predicted.26.The word“retreating”(Line2,Paragraph2)most probably means________.[A]withdrawing[B]moving back[C]melting[D]treating again27.We may infer from Paragraph2and3that____________.[A]rising Arctic temperatures result completely from manmade greenhouse gases[B]the summer ice edge was192kilometers at sea40years ago[C]the polar ice cap was over6.87million square kilometers in July[D]the ice cap reduced to a record low minimum extent in July28.We may know that summer melts made____________.[A]some impassable channels covered by ice[B]no contribution to the makeup change of polar ice[C]thin ice become multiyear ice[D]the world climate change its character29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that____________.[A]scientists predicted future climate changes accurately[B]the polar cap diminished this summer to its smallest size on record[C]the future ice may be annually formed thinness[D]Arctic summers couldn’t be ice-free until next century30.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A]Arctic ice lowers to its smallest size[B]Arctic ice disappears under summer sun[C]Why Arctic ice disappears soon[D]Arctic ice closely relates to climate changesText3The classic American identity theft scam works like this:the thief convinces some bank or credit card company he’s actually you and borrows God knows how many dollars in your name.Once you discover and report this,you’re not liable for money the bank lost,but neither are you entitled to compensation for the time and effort you spend straightening the matter out.Bear inmind that when I say“the thief convinces the bank he’s you”,I’m not talking about a brilliant actor and master of disguise who imitates your voice and mannerisms well enough to fool your own mother.No,all that’s necessary to fool a bank is your birth date and US social security number,or just discarded credit card offer taken from your bin.Why are lenders so careless with their money?The snarky answer is:because they know taxpayers will bail them out.But identity theft was a problem in America long before phrases like“too big to fail”entered our vocabulary.I became an identity-theft statistic nine years ago,when I opened my mail to find a bill for a maxed-out credit card I never knew I had.I spent over two weeks cleaning the mess:filing police reports,calling the company,sitting on hold, getting disconnected and calling back to sit on hold again.Considering my salary back then,I spent over a thousand dollars’worth of my time and wasn't entitled to a penny in damages.It all could easily have been avoided,had the company made a minimal effort toensure they were loaning money to me rather than my dishonest doppelganger. So why didn't they?Because that would take time-at least a day or two.And if people had to wait a day between applying for and receiving credit,on-the-spot loans would be impossible.Every major retail chain in America pushes these offers:“Apply for a store credit card and receive15%off your first purchase!”From the lenders’perspective,writing off a few bad ID-theft debts is cheaper than losing the lucrative“impulse buyer”market.But that would change if companies had to pay damages to identity theft victims. Should they have to?The supreme court of the state of Maine is currently pondering that question.In March2008the Hannaford supermarket chain announced that hackers broke into their database and stole the credit card information of over4million customers,some of whom sued Hannaford for damages.None of the customers lost money,of course,but they felt-as I did-that their time and effort are worth something too.It’s too early to know how the court will rule,but I’ll make a prediction anyway: nothing will ch ange from the consumers’perspective,and protecting lenders from their own bad habits will continue to be our unpaid job.When the worldwide economic meltdown started,I naively thought the subsequent tightening of credit lines would at least make identity theft less of a problem than before.But I was just being silly.31.After suffering from identity theft,you_____________.[A]should pay for money the bank lost[B]are required to report to your bank immediately[C]have to assume the cost of getting your identity back[D]won’t have to take any loss caused by it32.What’s the real meaning of“too big to fail”in para.2?[A]Leaders are so big that they couldn’t fail at all.[B]Leaders won’t pay for their loaning carelessness.[C]Leaders are big enough to pay for any large loans.[D]America is big enough to solve any problems.33.The3rd paragraph mainly talks about___________.[A]Why companies take efforts to avoid identity theft[B]The reason of companies’effortlessness to help avoid identity theft[C]The reason of taking time to solve the problem of identity theft[D]The cause of companies offering on-the-spot loans34.The example in the4th paragraph is cited to show that________.[A]Companies have paid for damages to identity theft victims[B]Customers often suffer from identity theft in America[C]Companies should be responsible for identity theft[D]Companies often suffer from identity theft in America35.What’s the author’s attitude to current solutions to identity theft?[A]Disappointed[B]Confident[C]Complicated[D]OptimisticText4Death is a difficult subject for anyone,but Americans want to talk about it less than most.They have a cultural expectation that whatever may be wrong with them,it can be fixed with the right treatment,and if the first doctor does not offer it they may seek a second,third or fourth opinion.Legal action is a constant threat,so even if a patient is very ill and likely to die,doctors and hospitals will still persist with aggressive treatment,paid for by the insurer or, for the elderly,by Medicare.That is one reason why America spends18%of its GDP on health care,the highest proportion in the world.That does not mean that Americans are getting the world's best health care.For the past20years doctors at the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice have been compiling the“Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care”,using Medicare data to compare health-spending patterns in different regions and institutions.They find that average costs per patient during the last two years of life in some regions can be almost twice as high as in others,yet patients in the high-spending areas do not survive any longer or enjoy better health as a result. Ira Byock is the director of palliative medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.His book is a plea for those near the end of their life to be treated more like individuals and less like medical cases on which all available technology must be let loose.With two decades'experience in the field,he makes a good case for sometimes leaving well alone and helping people to die gently if that is what they want.That does not include assisted suicide,which he opposes.But it does includeproviding enough pain relief to make patients comfortable,co-coordinating their treatment among the different specialists,keeping them informed,having enough staff on hand to see to their needs,making arrangements for them to be cared for at home where possible—and not officiously keeping them alive when there is no hope.But it is not easy to decide when to stop making every effort to save someone's life and allow them to die gently.The book quotes the case of one HIV-positive young man who was acutely ill with multiple infections.He spent over four months in hospital,much of the time on a ventilator,and had countless tests, scans and other interventions.The total bill came to over$1m.He came close to death many times,but eventually pulled through and has now returned to a normal life.It is an uplifting story,but such an outcome is very rare.Dr Byock's writing style is not everybody's cup of tea,but he is surely right to suggest better management of a problem that can only get worse.As life expectancy keeps on rising,so will the proportion of old people in the population.And with75m American baby-boomers now on the threshold of retirement,there is a limit to what the country can afford to spend to keep them going on and on.[A]Americans'failure to admit death as part of their life[B]doctors'inclination to overtreat the patient[C]a culture that is obsessed with youth and health[D]a legal system which has a bias in favor of patients37.The author cited the findings of Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical practice to[A]the medical care quality differs widely from region to region[B]there is little that hospitals can do in saving people's lives[C]a lot of medical resources are wasted[D]the American medical system is notorious for its low cost-effectiveness38.The central idea of Ira Byock's book is to appeal to the hospital to[A]save every life with every possible means[B]help people to die if that is his/her will[C]make people feel comfortable in their remaining hours[D]consider whether the cure is worthwhile before conducting it39.In the author's opinion the example of the HIV-positive young man in Paragraph5[A]eliminates the possibility of applying gentle dying process in medicare[B]is merely an extreme case that should not be taken as a standard[C]emphasizes the importance of aggressive treatment even with slim hope[D]is used as an irony of the current state of American medical system40.According to the author,the American government will the proposal of gentle dying[A]disapprove of[B]divide at[C]hesitate at[D]side withPart BDirections:Reading the following text and answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs.There are two extra items in the subtitles.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Convincing evidence:US is losing its appeal in the eyes of multinationals[B]Biggest hindrance:US divided political system[C]American future:stuck in the middle[D]Overstated statement:US overall competitiveness is declining[E]Voice of experts:pessimism pervades academic world[F]Economic outlook:bad but not desperate[G]Undisputed fact:US is losing its economic edge41.Is America fading?America has been gripped by worries about decline before, notably in the1970s,only to roar back.But this time it may be serious.There is little doubt that other countries are catching up.Between1999and2009 America’s share of world exports fell in almost every industry:by36percentage points in aerospace,nine in information technology,eight in communications equipment and three in cars.Private-sector job growth has slowed dramatically, and come to a halt in industries that are exposed to global competition.Median annual income grew by an anemic2%between1990and2010.42.The March issue of the Harvard Business Review is devoted to“American competitiveness”.The Review reports that declinism is prevalent among HBSalumni:in a survey,71%said that American competitiveness would decline in the coming years.43.America is losing out in the race to attract good jobs.Matthew Slaughter of Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business points out that multinational firms increased employment in America by24%in the1990s.But since then they have been cutting back on jobs in America.They have moved dull repetitive tasks abroad,and even some sophisticated ones,too.The proportion of the employees of American multinationals who work for subsidiaries abroad rose from21.4%in1989to32.3%in2009.The share of research-and-development spending going to foreign subsidiaries rose from9%in1989to15.6%in2009; that of capital investment rose from21.8%in1999to29.6%in2009.44.America’s political system comes in for particularly harsh criticism:60%of HBS alumni said that it was worse than those in other advanced countries.David Moss of HBS argues that such complaints are nothing new:American politicians have been squabbling about the role of government ever since Thomas Jefferson butted heads with Alexander Hamilton.But in the past this often led to fruitful compromises.But such compromises are rarer these days.Republicans and Democrats are more ideologically divided,and less inclined to make pragmatic concessions.45.For all this gloom,the Review’s gurus argue that,as Bill Clinton said in his firstinaugural address,there is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.The country has huge strengths,from its world-beating universities to its tolerance of risk-taking.It has a highly diverse market: firms that seek cheap labour can move to Mississippi,where wages are a third lower than those in Massachusetts.Rosabeth Moss Kanter of HBS points to the extraordinary amount of innovation that is going on not just in Silicon Valley but across the country.Yet it is difficult to read this collection of essays without a sense of foreboding. The one thing that worries the HBS alumni more than anything else—the state of American politics—is the most difficult to fix.The political pendulum swings unpredictably,making it hard to plan for the future.Should companies assume that they will have to abide by Mr Obama’s health-care law when it comes into effect in2014,or will the Republicans have repealed it by then?No one knows. Section III Translation46.Direction:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)Age has its privileges in America,and one of the more prominent of them is senior citizen discount.Anyone who has reached a certain age is automatically entitled to dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life.Practically unheard of a generation ago,thediscounts have become a routine part of many businesses-as common as colortelevisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them; yet,millions of Americans above age60are healthy.Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under30freely offer them to older Americans.Perhaps the practice once was true,but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population.To be sure,there is economic diversity within the elderly,and many older Americans are poor.But most of them aren’t.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:John,one of your friends,failed in the last CET-6and is upset.Write a letter to him to1)express your pity,point out the reason for his failure,2)encourage him,and suggest a better way to prepare the exam.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEETDo not sign your own name at the end of the e“Zhang Wei”instead. Do not write the address.(10points)Part B48.Directions:In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following table,in which you should1)describe the table,2)state your opinions drawn from it.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points) Section I Use of English1-5BDBAB6-10CCBCD11-15AACDA16-20CCABBSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25B C D C C26-30C B A C B31-35C B B C A36-40A C C B DPart B41-45GEABFSection III Translation在美国,年龄就是特权,其中比较突出的一项就是老年折扣。
2018考研英语二模拟试题及答案
2018考研英语二模拟试题及答案（一）Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1 __ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2__a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3 __ the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection.__4__ , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5 __ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, __7__ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, __9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and __10__ a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__ . Newlyseds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may __12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__ ,but not common. Divoreced persons are __15__with some disapproval. Each spouse retains __16__ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__ up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__ the woman must wait ten months.1. [A] by way of [B] on behalf of [C] as well as [D] with regard to[标准答案] [C] as well as[考点分析] 逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考查逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：空格处身处大环境not only…but also之中，这是一个明显的并列关系，表示“不仅……而且……”，该空后面的those指代前文出现的“parents and friends”，显然“the young man”与“the young woman”为并列关系，表示“与他本人以及伴侣的父母朋友相关”，所以答案只能是[C]项as well as 也，又。
2018考研英语二冲刺模拟卷-试题
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密Байду номын сангаас6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
此套模拟卷来源：《2018考研英语（二）冲刺密训6套卷》 陈正康 主编
普通高等学校2018年招生全国统一考试临考冲刺卷(二)英语含解析
普通高等学校2018年招生全国统一考试临考冲刺卷高三英语（二）注意事项：1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
2．选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。
3．非选择题的作答：用签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。
写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。
第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分 30 分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。
1. What does the woman want to do?A. Find a place.B. Buy a map.C. Get an address.2. What will the man do for the woman?A. Repair her car.B. Give her a ride.C. Pic up her aunt.3. Who might Mr. Peterson be?A. A new professor.B. A department head.C. A company director.4. What does the man thin of the boo?A. Quite difficult.B. Very interesting.C. Too simple.5. What are the speaers taling about?A. Weather.B. Clothes.C. News.第二节(共15小题;每小题1分, 满分15分)听下面5段对话或独白。
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2018 考研英语（二）冲刺测试卷试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as __1__ to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired or __2__ at the lowest possible cost—much __3__one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance ___4___ to human resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second __5___ command. The __6__ of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who ___7___ it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to ___8___ to Chief Executive Officer(CEO). ___9___, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's ___10___.As a ___11___, problems ___12___ when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn ___13___ to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers on Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is ___14___ in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for ___15___ retraining ___16___ costs and creates bottlenecks that ___17___ the speed with ___18___ new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological ___19___. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population ___20___ the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. [A] necessary [B] dispensable [C] central [D] understandable2. [A] rented [B]acquired [C] required [D] got3. [A] like [B] that [C] as [D] while4. [A] compared [B] attached [C] detached [D] entitled5. [A] in [B] on [C] through [D] by6. [A] responsibility [B] personality [C] importance [D] post7. [A] supervises [B] holds [C] manages [D] brings8. [A] pick up [B] start up [C] put up [D] move up9. [A] Furthermore [B] Similarly [C] Although [D] However10. [A] hierarchy [B] post [C] position [D] management11. [A] matter [B] fact [C] result [D] case12. [A] invent [B] emerge [C] perform [D] expose13. [A] how [B] what [C] where [D] whom14. [A] fewer [B] higher [C] littler [D] lower15. [A] extensive [B] intensive [C] excessive [D] decisive16. [A] produces [B] generates [C] manufactures [D] grows17. [A] promote [B] limit [C] confine [D] accelerate18. [A] which [B] that [C] where [D] whom19. [A] innovation [B] recession [C] progression [D] adaptationSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET . (40 points)Text 1A divided Supreme Court ruled Monday that police may take DNA samples when booking those arrested for serious crimes, narrowly upholding a Maryland law and opening the door to more widespread collection of DNA by law enforcement.The court ruled 5 to 4 that government has a legitimate interest in collecting DNA from arrestees, just as it takes photographs and collects fingerprints. Rejecting the view that the practice constitutes an unlawful search, the majority said it was justified to establish the identity of the person in custody. “DNA identification represents an important advance in the techniques used by law enforcement to serve legitimate police concerns for as long as there have been arrests,” Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote for the majority.The dissenters were three of the court’s liberals plus conservative Justice Antonin Scalia, who amplified his displeasure by reading a summary of his dissent.“The court has cast aside a bed rock rule of our Fourth Amendment law: that the government may not search its citizens for evidence of crime unless there is a reasonable cause to believe that such evidence will be found,” In his dissent, Scalia wrote that the majority’s attempts to justi fy the use of DNA as an identification tool “taxes the naivety of the naive.” He added, “Make no mistake about it: As an entirely predictable consequence of today’s decision, your DNA can be taken and entered into a national DNA database if you are ever ar rested, rightly or wrongly, and for whatever reason.”Kennedy said Maryland’s law is more limited than that. He noted that DNA can be taken only from those suspected of “serious”crime, that the sample is destroyed if the arrestee is not convicted, and that the DNA tests did not violate the privacy of the person by revealing genetic traits or medical information. Besides that, Kennedy said, DNA identification contains critical clues about whether an arrestee should be eligible for being released on bail or whether he would be likely to flee because he had committed a crime more serious than the one for which he was arrested.But Scalia said “Solving unsolved crimes is a noble objective, but it occupies a lower place in the American noble objectives than the protection of our people from suspicionless law-enforcement searches,” He concluded with a nod to the Framers of the Constitution: “I doubt that the proud men who wrote the charter of our liberties would have been so eager to open their mouths for royal inspection.”The decision was evidence of how the court’s ideological differences blur on Fourth Amendment cases. Earlier this term, Scalia joined Ginsburg, Sotomayor and Kagan to rule thatbringing a police dog to a suspected drug dealer’s door without a warrant amounted to an unlawful search. And Scalia joined Sotomayor’s broad ruling in another case that held police officers generally must try to get a warrant before forcing uncooperative drunken-driving suspects to submit to a blood test.21. The majority of Supreme Court Justices hold that the collection of DNA samples from arrestees_____.A. overestimates the implications of techniquesB. provides an effective identification toolC. serves the interest of the governmentD. constitutes an illegal police search22. According to Paragraph 3, Justice Antonin Scalia’s dissent is largely out of_____.A. his strict adherence to the Fourth Amendment lawB. his concern over misjudgment and wrong arrestsC. his defense of a citizen’s privacy in law enforcementD. his doubt about the reliability of DNA identification23. To which of the following would Kennedy agree, according to Paragraph 4?A. Maryland’s law about DNA collection has obvious limitations and needs to be improved.B. DNA samples should be taken from for both serious crimes and minor offences.C. DNA samples collected from arrestees should be entered into a national DNA database.D. DNA identification provides critical information about the potential danger posed by an arrestee.24. By mentioning the Framers of the Constitution, Scalia intended to _____.A. question the nobility of the judicial process of Maryland caseB. demonstrate the historic significance of Maryland caseC. denounce the court’s decision as against the protection of personal rightsD. illustrate the embarrassing DNA sample collection procedure25. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?A. The court’s attitude on Fourth Amendment cases is increasingly apparent.B. The justices usually split on decisions about the Fourth Amendment cases.C. Scalia has an inconsistent attitude on the issue of law-enforcement searches.D. The court sometimes goes against the Fourth Amendment deliberately.Text 2Being the first to do something matters. Being the first to tell other folks that you did it matters too. For scientists, publication in a peer reviewed journal is the primary way of communicating experimental results, so getting a manuscript through the review process and into publication in a timely manner is important. This can get complicated if you are also trying to be published in the most prestigious journal possible.For example, a scientist could submit their manuscript to a prestigious journal like Nature or Science. The article is sent out for review and within a few months the authors get a note back saying that while their science was methodologically sound, it just wasn’t innovative enough forthose journals. Next, the scientist submits it to the top journal in their field, only to be told in a few months that it was too interdisciplinary for that journal. A scientist may go through several rounds of submission and rejection looking for a suitable home for their manuscript, worrying as the months slip by that someone else has beat them to the publication of similar results.Enter the folks behind new “portable peer review” services. Traditionally, the review process was done within the organizational structure of the journal you submitted your manuscript to. These new services are independent of specific journals and their goal is to cut down on the redundant work being done in the publication process. This separates the review process from the publication process, and authors could take their reviews with them as they search for an appropriate publication venue.While the details vary widely, it is similar to traditional journal based peer review. An author submits a manuscript, reviewers are located, and the reviewers provide commentary on the paper. The portable peer review services have generally taken the time to develop detailed rubrics and detailed guiding questions for reviewers. The authors can then revise their manuscripts and take everything to a journal of their choice. The portable peer review services are also working hard to cooperate with journal editors, allowing them to tell their authors that reviews from their service will be welcomed at specific journals. Some journals have instituted policies accepting outside peer review, starting to welcome manuscripts that have been rejected by higher impact journals.Importantly, these services often mention the desire to develop a “reputation economy” for reviewers. While many reviewers take the time to provide polite, constructive criticism of a manuscript, there are others who may simply say “this sucks.” Knowing who is more likely to provide the former ahead of time could be useful. For example, Peerage of Science offers a “peer review of peer review” that rates reviewer reviews, and provides reviewer scores on reviewer profiles.Although scientists recognize that peer review has problems, most recognize that it serves a valued role in communicating scientific research. New portable peer review services hope to improve the quality of reviews while simultaneously reducing the amount of redundancy in the publication system.26. In the first two paragraphs, the author discusses_______.A. the background information of journal editingB. the significance of submitting manuscripts timelyC. the complicated route of getting published in prestigious journalsD. the redundant procedure followed in the traditional publication system27. The portable peer review services emerge to help_______.A. keep peer reviews independent and impartialB. avoid repetition of scientific studiesC. speed up the publication processD. curb the excessive publication28. According to Paragraph 4, the new services can help authors_______.A. better their manuscripts before submitting to journalsB. get a detailed revising guidelines from reviewersC. learn review results from journal editors in advanceD. eliminate reviewers’ negative feelings toward once-rejected manuscripts29. Paragraph 5 indicates that “reputation economy” is developed to _______.A. guarantee the quality of manuscriptsB. earn reviewers academic credit and huge profitsC. make the reviews polite and easily accepted by authorsD. improve reviewers’ conscientiousness in their reviews30. What is the subject of the text?A. Peer review still has a role to play.B. Portable peer review is emerging.C. The merits and problems of portable peer review.D. Online publication: solver to the redundant publication system.Text 3The Internet has turned into a massive surveillance tool. We're constantly monitored, sometimes by corporations wanting to sell us stuff and sometimes by governments wanting to keep an eye on us. Momentary conversation is over. Wholesale surveillance is the norm.It's about to get worse, though. The Internet of Things refers to a world where much more than our computers and cell phones is Internet-enabled. Soon there will be Internet-connected modules on our cars and home appliances. Internet-enabled medical devices will collect real-time health data about us. In its extreme, everything can be connected to the Internet. It's true that the "Internet of Things" will make a lot of wonderful things possible, but it also gives the governments and corporations that follow our every move something they don't yet have: eyes and ears.In the near term, the sheer volume of data will limit the sorts of conclusions that can be drawn. The invasiveness of “Internet Things” new technologies depends on asking the right questions. For example, if a private investigator is watching you in the physical world, she or he might observe odd behavior and investigate further based on that. Such occasional observations are harder to achieve when you're filtering databases based on pre-programmed queries. In other words, it's easier to ask questions about what you purchased and where you were than to ask what you did with your purchases and why you went where you did. These analytical limitations also mean that companies like Google and Facebook will benefit more from the Internet of Things than individuals -- not only because they have access to more data, but also because they have more sophisticated query technology.In the longer term, the Internet of Things means ubiquitous surveillance. If an object "knows" you have purchased it, and communicates via either Wi-Fi or the mobile network, then whoever or whatever it is communicating with will know where you are. Your car will know who is in it, who is driving, and what traffic laws that driver is following or ignoring. Fast food restaurants will know what you usually order, and exactly how to entice you to order more.Will you know any of this? It depends. Lots of these devices have, and will have, privacy settings. But these settings are remarkable not in how much privacy they afford, but in how much they deny. Access will likely be similar to your browsing habits, your searches on Google, and your text messages from your phone. You'd think that your privacy settings would keep random strangers from learning everything about you, but it only keeps random strangers who don't pay for the privilege–or don't work for the government and have the ability todemand the data. Power is what matters here: you'll be able to keep the powerless from invading your privacy, but you'll have no ability to prevent the powerful from doing it again and again.31. The first two paragraphs mainly discuss______.A. the uses of personal data collectionB. the beneficial aspects of surveillanceC. an emerging large-scale threat to privacyD. an unknown side of governments and corporations32. The example of the private investigator’s act is mention ed to highlight______.A. the limitation of program-based queriesB. the significance of access to more dataC. the way technology companies collect dataD. the complexity of the Internet of Things world33. The author implies that privacy settings_______.A. can inform people of their being under surveillanceB. can protect people from being monitoredC. are helping companies collect personal dataD. are essential for the Internet of Things34. The last paragraph implies that personal privacy_______.A. will be accessible to the general publicB. will fall victim to the privilegedC. will be under effective protectionD. will be an exclusive right for high-tech elites35. The author’s tone behind Internet of Things is one of______.A. welcomeB. criticismC. indifferenceD. worryText 4When a coalition of interest activists and web companies scuppered the Hollywood-sponsored Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) last year, they warned Congress that future attempts to push through legislation that threatened digital freedoms would be met with a similar response. Now some of them are up in arms again, this time against the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA). This is one of several bills designed to reinforce America’s cyber-defences that were being discussed by the House of Representatives.Whatever the outcome of the deliberations, the fuss surrounding CISPA is unlikely to die down soon. Its fans, which include companies such as IBM and Intel, say the bill’s provisions will help America defend itself against attempts by hackers to penetrate vital infrastructure and pinch companies’ intellectual property. CISPA’s critics, which include the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital-rights group, and Mozilla, the maker of the Firefox web browser, argue that it could achieve that goal without ignoring privacy laws designed to prevent the government getting itshands on citizens’ private data without proper judicial oversight.CISPA aims to encourage intelligence-sharing. Companies and spies often keep quiet about cyber-threats because they fear that sharing the details many land them in legal hot water. But this makes it harder both to hunt hackers, and to defend power grids and other infrastructure against online assaults. The bill encourage both groups to be more forthcoming by offering them an exemption from civil and criminal liability when gathering and sharing data about cyber-threats.The trouble is that although its goal is laudable, the bill is vague about what sort of information on cyber-threats can be shared. So in theory everything from e-mails to medical records could end up being shipped to intelligence agencies, even if it is not needed. Harvey Anderson of Mozilla says CISPA “creates a black hole” through which all kinds of data could be sucked in by the government.The bill does forbid the use by officials of personal information from medical records, tax returns and a list of other documents. But its critics say it would be far better if companies had to get rid of such data before sharing what is left. They also note that the broad legal protection CISPA offers to firms could be abused by companies keen to cover up mishaps in their handling of customer data. A more carefully worded legal remedy would stop that happening.All this has exposed a rift in the internet world. Whereas Mozilla and other firms want CISPA to be overhauled or scrapped, some web firms that helped sink SOPA seem ambivalent. Google claims it has taken no formal position on the draft legislation and it “watching the process closely”. But TechNet, an industry group whose members include the web giant and Facebook, has written to the House Intelligence Committee expressing support for CISPA. If Google and other web companies do have doubts about some of the bill’s prov isions, now would be the time for them to sound the alarm.36. We learn from the first paragraph that SOPA has _______.A incurred criticismB. raised suspicionC. received acclaimD. aroused curiosity37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that the critics criticize CISPA for its _______.A. obsession with cyber securityB. invasion of intellectual propertyC. threat of privacy violationD. lack of judicial oversight38. Harvey Anderson holds that CISPA _________.A. fails to clarify what kind of information can be sharedB. adds huge burden to intelligence agenciesC. facilitates the America’s cyber-defences by intelligence-sharingD. helps the government get hands on personal data39. According to Paragraph 5, the critics note that CISPA _______.A. wea kens government officials’ powerB. offers full data protection over accessC. lacks justifiable punishment for data misuseD. stands all in favor of web companies40. The author’s attitude towards the standing of those web firms like Google is one of _______.A. appreciationB. understandingC. indulgenceD. oppositionPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)[A] What to do as a student?[B] Various definitions of plagiarism[C] Ideas should always be sourced[D] Ignorance can be forgiven[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft[F] The consequences of plagiarismScholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is "the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one's own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another."41.______________________________.The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.42.______________________________.Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars' ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students' inexactness in identifying sources properly.They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.43.______________________________.Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer's inability to decideor remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.44.______________________________.Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography —are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although 'there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them," the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.45.______________________________.The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Employers are more likely to hire people they fancy, researchers claim, as they find "leisure pursuits, background and self-presentation" are more important than skills. Women in the workplace have fought a long battle to prove their skills, experience and CV are the onlykeys to their success. But their efforts may have been in vain, as a study find good looks, a winning smile may be the key to securing a job after all.Bosses would rather hire someone they find attractive and enjoy spending time with than the perfectly-qualified candidate, it has been claimed. They would rather employ someone “who will be their friend or maybe even their romantic partner”, with whom they feel a “spark”, researchers have suggested. A study, conducted by American sociologists, has found interviewers at banking, law and management consultancy firms consistently prefer applicants they “feel good around”.Section III WritingPart A47.Directions:Write a letter to your university canteen, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET .Do not sign your name at the end of the l etter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)You should1）interpret the chart, and2）give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)Born to win。