ch位错位错的动力学性质详解实用

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• The two segments shortly before they touch. Since the two line vectors at the point of contact have opposite signs (or, if you only look at the two parts almost touching: the Burgers vectors have different signs for the same line vectors), the segments in contact will annihilate each other.
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• The configuration shown is what you have immediately after contact; it is totally unstable (think of the rubber band model!). It will immediately form a straight segment and a "nice" dislocation loop which will expand under the influence of the resolved shear stress.
• 如图高度为nb的坑对应于n个伯格斯矢量为b的棱柱圈,此过 程的能量关系为作用于压头的力P所作的功=生产棱柱圈的 能量+增加的表面能,即
其中D为压头直径,若D很小,则局部正应力可很大,因而 在一般的P值,即可达到萌生位错圈所需要的应力。
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idea how this may happen. But
more important are mechanisms that
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Frank-Read mechanism
• We have a segment of dislocation firmly anchored at two points (red circles). The force F = b ·tres is shown by a sequence of arrows
Of course, Frank-Read dislocation sources can also be stopped - e.g. by cutting through the generating dislocation by another dislocation. We thus will have a certain finite dislocation density under certain external conditions. It may, however, depend on many parameters, including the history of the material.
错引起的自由能G>0。所以,无应力晶体中热力学稳定的位错密度应为0。 • 然而,除晶须以及精心制备的硅等较大晶体材料等个别例子外,所有晶体中都存在位错。 • 退火晶体中的位错密度约为104mm﹣2,经大量范性变形后增至108﹣9mm﹣2。 • 形变初期,位错运动倾向于在单一相互平行的滑移面内进行,其后在其它滑移系统中继发
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Production of Dislocations
• Example: Frank Read Source – dislocation pinned at both ends.
• What is the force on the curved segment causing it to bow out? • Line tension T can be equated to energy/unit length. • \ T ~ 1/2 Gb2
source. • \ Intersections with other dislocations – jogs increase the length of the
line , and may act as Frank Read sources.
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(一)弗兰克-瑞德源(F-R源)
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(四)晶体中形成位错的三种途径
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二、位错的增殖
(一)弗兰克-瑞德源(F-R滑移源) (二)双交滑移位错源 (三)攀移位错源(Bardeen-Herring)
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• The Frank-Read process, although looking a bit odd, will occur many times under sufficient load. It can produce any density of dislocations in short times, because the newly formed dislocations will move, become anchored at some points, and start to generate Frank-Read loops, too.
来源、范性变形的实际过程以及许多受位
错影响的物理性质第的5页/共必75要页 前提。
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一、位错的萌生
(一)位错是热力学不稳定的晶体缺陷 (二)位错的均匀形核 (三)位错的不均匀形核 (四)晶体中形成位错的三种途径
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(一)位错是热力学不稳定的晶体缺陷
• 前人曾计算过,对于单位长度位错线: 熵S≈﹣2kT/b, 应变能E≈Gb2,由于Gb3的典型值为5eV,而kT在300K时为1/40eV,因此位
2.2 位错的几何性质
一、位错的几何模型 二、柏格斯矢量 三、位错的运动 四、位错环及其运动 五、位错与晶体的塑性变形 六、割阶
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2.3 位错的弹性性质
一、弹性连续介质、应力和应变 二、刃型位错的应力场 三、螺型位错的应力场 四、位错的应变能 五、位错的受力 六、向错 七、位错的半点阵模型
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• The dislocation segment responds to the force by bowing out. If the force is large enough, the critical configuration of a semicircle may be reached. This requires a maximum shear stress of
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2.4 位错与晶体缺陷的相互作用
一、位错间的相互作用力 二、位错与界面的交互作用 三、位错与点缺陷的交互作用
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2.5 位错的动力学性质
位错的动力学是研究位错运动的动力、阻 力、速度以及增殖。
一、位错的萌生
二、位错的增殖
三、滑移的动力学
四、攀移的动力学
解决这些问题是理解晶体中位错的
(三)位错的不均匀形核
在370℃均匀保温,去除与包裹体相关的内应变,最后冷至20℃,形成棱柱位错 环(图中为其侧面),它们显然是被玻璃包裹体挤压出来的。位错环轴向平行于<110>。
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一种常见的非均匀位错萌生过程
• 棱柱挤压:当压头很有力地压在晶体的表面时,可以萌生一 系列棱柱位错圈而生成压痕。
move, we first must have some dislocations before
plastic deformation can happen. In other words: We need mechanisms that generate dislocations in the first place!
expand under a diminishing force. • There are other sources of dislocation lines: • \ single Frank-Read sources, where the line is pinned only at a single
滑移,不同系统中运动的位错会相互作用,快速增殖导致加工硬化。
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(二)位错的均匀形核
• 设在某一驱动力F作用下形成半径为R的位错圈: 形成能=位错圈自身的能量-驱动力所作的功
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• 假设,在无能量涨落时,晶体中要能自发萌生 位错圈,则有τc≈μ/10 ,这是一个很高的 值,接近晶体的理论强度;
• Of course, dislocations can just be generated at the surface of the crystal; the simple pictures showing
plastic deformation by an (edge)
dislocation mechanism give an
• 实际屈服应力τ≈μ/1000,取ε=2b,则 Rc≈500b,临界形核功Uc≈650μb3,典型金属 大约是3KeV。而热涨落的能量大约是1/40eV, 故屈服应力下均匀形核显然是不可能的;
• 以上讨论表明,位错萌生是一个相当困难的过
程,实际晶体往往借助应力集中产生位错的非
均匀萌生。
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• The regained old segment will immediately start to go through the whole process again, and again, and again, ... - as long as the force exists. A whole sequence of nested dislocation loops will be produced.
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• The Frank Read source expands under the stress, pinned at both ends. • When the bowed dislocation line reaches a semicircle it can continue to
tmax = Gb/R
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• If the shear stress is higher than Gb/R, the radius
of curvature is too small to stop further bowing out. The dislocation is unstable and the following process now proceeds automatically and quickly.
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• For curved segment • Total normal force on segment
• If in equilibrium with applied stress,
\
or
i.e equilibrium radius of curvature is controlled by stress.
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• Stable configuration after the process. The loop is free to move, i.e. grow much larger under the applied stress. It will encounter other dislocations, form knots and become part of a network. The next loop will follow and so on - as long as there is enough shear stress.
• 双轴F-R源(U形源)
• 单轴F-R源(L形源)
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➢双 轴 F - R 源 ( U 形 源 )
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Generation of dislocations • Whereas we now learned a little bit about the
complications that may occur when dislocations
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