剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析
剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析
剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－虽然剑桥雅思已经出到了剑11，但是剑桥雅思4还是很有参考价值，今天雅思给大家带来了：剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析。
相应的原文及翻译，请点击：剑桥雅思4Test2阅读passage2原文+译文：澳大利亚的另类疗法。
更多解析，请点击：剑桥雅思4解析。
剑4下载，请点击：passage1部分查看，请点击：剑桥雅思4Test2阅读passage1原文+译文：语言的消失剑桥雅思4Test2passage1阅读答案解析剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析Question 14答案：C关键词：Western定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney.”解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密，属于完全未提及型答案。
B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作，与文中所说的事实恰好相反。
D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方，这也是不正确的。
只有C答案与文章叙述相符。
Question 15答案：B关键词：Americans定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.”解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析（test3）
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读，下面小编给大家分享剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)，希望对你们有用。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko‘We’ve had business experience. Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been doing. I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn’t know each other before —now we’ve made new friends.’Fan KaomaParticipants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, ZambiaIntroductionAlthough small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) hasbeen working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.BackgroundTypically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.Street Business PartnershipsS.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, whichthey used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.Lessons learnedThe following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s situation.Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assetssuch as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).ConclusionThere is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.Questions 1-4Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the articleA exemplify the effects of S.K.I.B explain why S.K.I. was set up.C outline the problems of street children.D highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.2 The main purpose of S.K.I. is toA draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children.B provide school and social support for street children.C encourage the public to give money to street children.D give business training and loans to street children.3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?A unemploymentB warC povertyD crime4 In order to become more independent, street children mayA reject paid employment.B leave their families.C set up their own businesses.D employ other children.Questions 5-8Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided5………………and………………S.K.I courier service ? provision of 6………………………Dominican Republic ? S.K.IY.W.C.A 7………………… ? loansstorage facilitiessavings plansZambia ? S.K.I.The Red CrossY.W.C.A. setting up small businesses ? business training8…………trainingaccess to creditQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirterNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.Question 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street childrenA as part of a wider program of aid.B for programs that are not too ambitious.C when programs are supported by local businesses.D if the projects planned are realistic and useful.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-27Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI Causes of volcanic eruptionIi Efforts to predict volcanic eruptionIii Volcanoes and the features of our planetIv Different types of volcanic eruptionV International relief effortsVi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section DVolcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesA Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has abasement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. Thesefracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in no rthern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa —the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like t he Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates —the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ wh ere there have been the most violent explosions —Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mon t Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.Questions 18-21Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?Questions 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are emitted.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowObtaining Linguistic DataA Many procedures are available for obtaining data about alanguage. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a lin guist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants —whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about thebest investigative techniques to use.D Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be li stened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general.A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, inwhich they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplementedby data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.Questions 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the effect of recording on the way people talk28 the importance of taking notes on body language29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious31 various methods that can be used to generate specific dataQuestions 32-36Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enoughNon-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be consideredRecording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of soundVideoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might mi ss certain thingsQuestions 37-40Complete the summary of paragraph G below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the corpus. No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language concerned.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test3)Passage1参考译文Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth流浪儿童的小型企业贷款‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko“我来自一个贫困的大家庭。
剑桥雅思真题4阅读及翻译Word
剑4T1P1Tropical RainforestsAdults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes - about the duration of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests - what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them - independent of any formal tuition. It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken.Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure' curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous，more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools.The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term "rainforest". Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. The commonest responses were continents or countries：Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator.Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. Fewer students responded chat rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised die idea of rainforest as animal habitats.Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ viewsabout the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life.The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified chat it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as "we are". About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity.One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was chat acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction；A similar proportion said chat pollution is destroying rainforests. Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced. The misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth.In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rain forests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests.Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers.无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。
剑桥雅思真题1下载TEST2阅读(Passage2)
剑桥雅思真题1下载TEST2阅读(Passage2)下面为大家汇总了剑桥雅思真题1下载TEST2阅读中Passage2部分的详细内容，还附有剑桥雅思真题1TEST2 Passage2的相关原文，供同学们进行下载练习。
点击下载剑桥雅思真题下载1TEST2以下是剑桥雅思真题1下载TEST2阅读部分Passage2，由于试题中图比较多，所以以图片形式为大家展示，具体如下：READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Questions 13-19The flow chart below outlines the movements of the migratory beekeeper as described in Reading Passage 2Complete the flow chart Choose your answers from the box at the bottom of the page and write your answers in boxes 13 19 on your answer sheet.Questions 20-23Label the diagram below Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.Questions 24-27Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 24-27 write.YES if the statement agrees with the information givenNO if the statement contradicts the information givenNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this24 The Egyptians keep bees on the banks of the Nile.25 First attempts at migratory beekeeping in America were unsuccessful.26 Bees keep honey for themselves in the bottom of the hive.27 The honey is spun to make it liquid.。
雅思Test 4 Passage 2 阅读译文
Theories of Accident Causation in the Workplace工伤事故因果关系论A Herbert Heinrich, a pioneer in workplace safety philosophy, originally suggested that workplace accidents followed a sequence of five contributing causes, and he used the image of a set of dominos to illustrate the cause and effect chain reaction that was central to his theory. Heinrich maintained that eliminating one contributing cause, like taking away one domino from the row, would prevent the chain from collapsing.赫伯特.海因里希是工业安全学的先驱。
他率先认为工伤事故是紧随五大原因序链之后发生的，并通过一组骨牌模型阐释了这种因果连锁反应。
该反应是他理论的核心。
海因里希表示，剔除其中任何一个因素，比如说从排列中抽掉一张骨牌，都能防止整个骨牌列倒塌。
B His original theory was published in 1931 and has since been updated and modified. In the original theory, which was later extended, the end result, or final domino in the series, was injury or damage. He stated that the immediate cause of this was an accident in the workplace. As would be expected from the 1930s worldview, Heinrich was inclined to place the blame for accidents fairly and squarely on the shoulders of the workers. A workplace accident, in his theory, was immediately attributable to unsafe acts. Although he did acknowledge that these unsafe acts might take place in a hazardous situation, he stated that these situations were generally created by, and the responsibility of, the workers. He labelled this factor as 'fault of person'. Heinrich suggested that 'fault of person' had its roots in the workers' ancestry, or genetic factors, combined with the social environment they lived or worked in.他最初的理论于1931年出版，之后不断得以补充和修改。
剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析_2
剑桥雅思Test阅读Passage真题解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－剑桥雅思7T e s t4阅读P a s s a g e1真题解析剑桥雅思7，第四套试题，阅读部分Passage 1，阅读真题原文部分：READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1below.Pulling stings to build pyramidsNo one knows exactly how the pyramids were built. Marcus Chown reckons the answer could be hanging in the air.The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago, and no one knows how. The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. But there is no evidence to back this up. Now a Californian software consultant called Maureen Clemmons has suggested that kites might have been involved. While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures. They were holding what looked like ropes that led, via some kind of mechanical system, to a giant bird in the sky. She wondered if perhaps the bird was actually a giant kite, and the men were using it to lift a heavy object. Intrigued, Clemmons contacted Morteza Gharib, aeronautics professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the idea. Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science, he says. He too was puzzled by the picture that had sparked Clemmonss interest. The object in the sky apparently had wings far too short and wide for a bird. The possibility certainly existed that it was a kite, he says. And since he needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff, investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical, using no source of energy except the wind. Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-tu nnel experiments convinced them they wouldn’t need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column. Even a modest force, if sustained over a long time, would do. The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the applied force. So they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the horizontal column, with pulleys suspended from the scaffolds apex. The idea was that as one end of the column rose, the base would roll across the ground on a trolley. Earlier this year, the team put Clemmonss unlikely theory to the test, using a 40-square-metre rectangular nylon sail. The kite lifted the column clean off the ground. We were absolutely stunned, Gharib says. The instant the sail opened into the wind, a huge force was generated and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere 40 seconds.The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they thought would be needed. What they had failed to reckon with was what happened when the kite was opened. There was a huge initial force- five times larger than the steady state force, Gharib says. This jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights, Gharib realised. Even a 300-tonne column could have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so men and four or five sails. So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place. Whether they actually did is another matter, Gharib says. There are no pictures showing the construction of the pyramids, so there is no way to tell what really happened. The evidence for using kites to move large stones is no better or worse than the evidence for the brute force method, Gharib says.Indeed, the experiments have left many specialists unconvinced. The evidence forkite-lifting is non-existent, says Willeke Wendrich, an associate professor of Egyptology at the University of California, Los Angeles.Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.The experiments might even have practical uses nowadays. There are plenty of places around the globe where people have no access to heavy machinery, but do know how to deal with wind, sailing and basic mechanical principles. Gharib has already been contacted by a civil engineer in Nicaragua, who wants to put up buildings with adobe roofs supported by concrete arches on a site that heavy equipment cant reach. His idea is to build the arches horizontally, then lift them into place using kites. Weve given him some design hints, says Gharib. Were just waiting for him to report back. So whether they were actually used to build the pyramids or not, it seems that kites may make sensible construction tools in the 21 st century AD.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.2 Clemmons found a strange hieroglyph on the wall of an Egyptian monument.3 Gharib had previously done experiments on bird flight.4 Gharib and Graff tested their theory before applying it.5 The success of the actual experiment was due to the high speed of the wind.6 They found that, as the kite flew higher, the wind force got stronger.7 The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones. Questions 8-13Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answerWrite your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.Additional evidence for theory of kite-liftingThe Egyptians had 8 ………… which could lift large pieces of 9 ………… , and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10 ………… . The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11 ………… suggests they may have experimented with 12 ………… . In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending 13 ………… .READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题线牵金字塔结构引言：引出Marcus Chown的新观点。
剑桥雅思4test2reading3阅读全文解析-智课教育出国考试
剑桥雅思4test2reading3阅读全⽂解析-智课教育出国考试智课⽹雅思备考资料剑桥雅思4test2reading3阅读全⽂解析-智课教育出国考试本⽂⼩编为⼤家带来的是剑桥雅思4test2reading3阅读全⽂解析，希望⼤家能够关注，这⾥对⽂章疑难词⾼频词、长难句、以及⽂章结构都进⾏了详细的分析，是⾮常值得⼤家参考的雅思阅读素材，下⾯是详细内容，⼀起来看看吧！⾸先，我们⼀起来认识⼀下本⽂的⼀些⽣词和⾼频词，这⾥有⽐较详细的词汇注解，⼤家在做题的时候可以参考⼀下。
1. engrossed in埋头于，热衷于2.make-believe(假扮者，伪装，假扮)3. ceasing(停⽌，中断)4.Carefree⽆忧⽆虑的5. Exuberant繁茂的，⽣机勃勃的6.Juvenile青少年的7.playful开玩笑的，幽默的 8.Cavorting欢跃 9.Hiccups打嗝10.indulge沉溺，满⾜，使沉迷…… 11.get in shape 保持体形12.socialise参加社交活动 13.respiratory呼吸的14.endurance持久的，忍耐⼒ 15.optimum最适宜的，最佳效果16.the suckling stage 哺乳期 17.maneuver军事演习18.inspection视察，检查 19.interpretation翻译，解释20.simplistic过分简单 21.predatory掠夺的，掠夺成性的；捕⾷的22.prowess英勇，勇猛 23.stimuli刺激，刺激物24.kaleidoscope万花筒25.reciprocity相互作⽤，相互性 26.bout发作，来回了解了这些词汇相信⼤家理解起⽂章来会⽐较顺⼿。
⽽⼩编觉得长难句的分析也是不得不提的。
下⾯⼩编为⼤家带来了4个相对⽐较有难度的句⼦进⾏分析，⼀起来看看吧：2.长难句分析1. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen percent.难句类型：简单句+定语从句(that从句修饰 children)难句翻译：顽⽪的⼩动物们玩耍需要花费百分之⼆三左右的精⼒，⽽对于孩⼦们⽽⾔，这个数字能够接近50%。
剑桥雅思4.test2.passage3 阅读详解
TEST 2PASSAGE 3Q 27 – 32题型：Matching这种寻找哪一段包含所提供信息的题目，基本需要通篇阅读，每读一段，大致概括大意，然后逐个看选项，看有没有符合的。
27.出题点：By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.直译：玩游戏可能会让一般并无交流的脑部区域进行联系，并通过这一途径提高创造力。
解析：题干说玩游戏所造成的大脑间不同一般的交流是有利的，与H段中这一句话表达的意思一致，因此是H。
28.出题点：If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’—a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life.直译：如果你将一只幼兽在成长过程中每天用于玩的时间都划分出来，你就会发现这个图大多与敏感期有关，敏感期是一个之前和之后都不可能再有的短暂的发育期，在这期间里大脑可以被修改。
解析：题干中recording how much time young animals spend playing记录幼兽用于玩游戏的时间。
这与F段中的这句话是一个意思。
并且在这句话之后，F段还进行了解释，解释记录这些时间背后隐藏的信息，即insights，所洞悉到的信息。
剑桥雅思5test2reading2的阅读全文解析
智课网IELTS备考资料剑桥雅思5test2reading2的阅读全文解析摘要：烤鸭在看剑桥雅思5时，如果看到不懂的内容，不要着急，今天小马小编带来剑桥雅思5test2reading2的阅读全文解析，希望能解答您心中的疑问。
赶快看看下面的精彩内容吧。
大家都知道，剑桥雅思是很好的备考雅思书籍资料，既然这套资料那么好，我们应该好好利用，今天小马小编为大家带来的是剑桥雅思5test2reading2的阅读全文解析，希望能帮助大家更好的备考雅思考试。
What's so funny?John McCrone reviews recent research on humourYou should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 21.The joke comes over the headphones: 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left ‘No, not funny. Try again’. Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.' Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: 'unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose'.2.Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle's belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.3.Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humour but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.4.So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental 'Aha!' is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humour is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.5.However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this too. Play is a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a 'play-face' - a gaping expression accompanied by a panting 'ah, ah' noise. Inhumans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.6.Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalizations. However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain activity.7.Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of 'single event' functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MR! scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second'snapshots' of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.8.Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener's prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life - the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.9.Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel's experiment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain's sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.10.All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person's outlook.11.Humour may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: 'I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It's creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, then we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.'Questions 14-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways. F15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence. NG16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy. T17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle's view on the subject. F18 Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial intelligence. T19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour. NG20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they arc playing. TQuestions 21-23The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes. Label the diagram.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 21 -23 on your answer sheet.21.Problem solving 22.temporal lobes 23.evaluating informationQuestions 24—27Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.24 One of the brain's most difficult tasks is to C25 Because of the language they have developed, humans A26 Individual responses to humour F27 Peter Derks believes that humour DAreact to their own thoughts.Bhelped create language in humans.Crespond instantly to whatever is happening.Dmay provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.Ecope with difficult situations.Frelate to a person's subjective views.Gled our ancestors to smile and then laugh.这篇文章虽然看起来比较贴近生活，但是理解起来还是有一定难度的，而且生词也是比较多的，所以如果基础差的考生理解这篇文章是有一定障碍的，下面我们来看看本文需要掌握的生词和高频词汇：1.疑难词注解：punchline(结尾警语、妙语连珠) pedigree(血统，家谱)punctured(被刺破的) ludicrousness(可笑的，滑稽的)appeasement(缓和，平息) ultrasonic(超声波)gaping(多洞穴的;目瞪口呆的) scuffles(混战，扭打)motor circuits(动力电图) magnetic fields(磁场)abrupt changes(突变，陡变) apparatus(装置，设备)distorted(歪曲的，受到曲解的) evolutionary accident(进化故事)prefrontal cortex(前额皮质) temporal lobes(颞叶)orbital cortex(额眶部皮质)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)(机能性磁共振成像)MRI scanners(核磁共振扫描仪) computational linguist(计算机语言学家)2.高频词headphones(耳机、听筒) dub(授予……称号)psychic tension(谨慎紧张) incongruity(不协调，不一致，不适宜)format(格式，版本) conceptual(概念上的)instinctual(本能的) evaluative(可估价的)metabolic(代谢) semantic(语义的，语义学的)apt(恰当的，有倾向的，灵敏的) leap to(迅速作出，立即作出)tap into 挖掘，开发 warm-blooded 恒温的，热温的 arousal n.唤醒，激励可以看出这些词汇还是有很多专业名词，对这些词汇如果不了解很可能阻碍大家答对题目。
剑桥雅思4阅读解析-Test2
READING PASSAGE 1文章结构体 主 裁 题 说明文 语言的消亡和拯救措施段落概括 第一段 第二段 第三段 第四段 第五段 第六段 第七段 第八段 纳瓦霍语正在消亡。
其他语种也濒临消亡。
语言消亡的原因。
人们拒绝使用民族语言的原因。
来自外界的因素。
语言和文化的关系。
语言和文化的关联可以挽救很多语言。
语言的保存可以使语言起死回生。
本节考查词汇第一段 sprawl linguist far from vanish generation diversity shrink dominating evolutionary extinction rebound be peppered with endanger critically reject [] [] 第二段 v. n. 散布 语言学家 远非，远不 止 v. n. n. v. adj. adj. n. v. 消亡，消失 一代人 多样性 萎缩 主导的 进化的 灭绝 回升 表面充满 v. adv. v.1[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] 第三段 [] [] [] 第四段 []濒危 关键地 抛弃crisis community wealthy alongside induce[] [] [] [] [] 第五段n. n. adj. prep. v.危机 社会，团体 富有的 在…周围 促使， 导致， 劝诱 自发的 少数 禁止 不鼓励 提升 团结， 同一， 一致 之前的，前 任的 政策 致命的 全球化 商业的 进化 依靠，依赖 紧密地 捆绑 保护，保存 改变，切换 剥夺…的… 不断增长的 生理学的 理解，感知 尽管 身份，身份 认同 预测 祖先的，祖 辈的 主导的voluntary minority ban discourage promote unity former policy deadly globalisation commercial evolution rely intimately bind preserve shift deprive…of… mounting physiological perception despite identity prediction ancestral dominant [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] 第六段 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] 第七段 [] [] [] [] []2adj. [] n. v. v. v. n. adj. n. adj. n. adj. v. adv. v. v. v. adj. adj. n. prep. n. n. adj. adj.[] n.bilingualism// erosion rekindle approach apprentice indigenous weave exclusively sufficiently fluent transmit revive essential lead…to…[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] 第八段 [] [] []n. n. v. n. n. adj. v. adv. adv. adj. v. v. adj.双语制 腐蚀，破坏 重新燃起 方法 学徒 土著的 编织 专有地，专 门地 足够地，充 分地 流利 传递 复活 重要的，关 键的 导致…做…考题精解Questions 1-4 『题型』SUMMARY 『解析』 题号 1 关键词 as a result of/ variety 原文定位 第三段首句 答案：isolation。
IELTS 4 TEST2 READING PASSAGE2
IELTS 4 TEST2 READING PASSAGE2loath[ləuθ] adj. 勉强的；不情愿的（等于loth）loathIf you are loath to do something, you do not want to do it.She is loath to give up her hard-earned liberty.The new finance minister seems loth to cut income tax.ADJ-GRADED: v-link ADJ to-inf also loth.= reluctantpretender[pri'tendə, pri:-] n. 冒牌者；妄求者；妄提要求者pretender pretendersA pretender to a position is someone who claims the right to that position, and whose claim is disputed by others....the Comte de Paris, pretender to the French throne.N-COUNT: usu N to n, adj Nremedy['remidi] vt.补救；治疗；纠正n. 补救；治疗；赔偿1remedy remediesA remedy is a successful way of dealing with a problem.The remedy lies in the hands of the government....a remedy for economic ills.N-COUNT2remedy remediesA remedy is something that is intended to cure you when you are ill or in pain.There are many different kinds of natural remedies to help overcome winter infections.N-COUNT3remedy remedies remedying remediedIf you remedy something that is wrong or harmful, you correct it or improve it.A great deal has been done internally to remedy the situation.VBpharmaceutical[,fɑ:mə'sju:tikəl] adj. 制药（学）的n. 药物1pharmaceuticalPharmaceutical means connected with the industrial production of medicine....a Swiss pharmaceutical company...ADJ: ADJ n2pharmaceutical pharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals are medicines.Antibiotics were of no use, neither were other pharmaceuticals.N-PLURALdisenchantment[,disin'tʃa:ntmənt] n. 醒悟，清醒；不抱幻想disenchantmentDisenchantment is the feeling of being disappointed with something, and no longer believing that it is good or worthwhile.There's growing disenchantment with the Government.N-UNCOUNT: oft N with n= disillusionmentchiropractor['kaiərə,præktə] n. 脊椎指压治疗者；脊椎按摩师chiropractor chiropractorsA chiropractor is a person who treats injuries by chiropractic.N-COUNTosteopath['ɔstiəpæθ] n. 整骨疗法家osteopath osteopathsAn osteopath is a person who treats painful conditions or illnesses by pressing and moving parts of the patient's body.N-COUNTherbalist['ɔstiəpæθ] n. 整骨疗法家herbalist herbalistsA herbalist is a person who grows or sells herbs that are used in medicine.N-COUNTconsultation[,kɔnsəl'teiʃən] n. 咨询；磋商；[临床] 会诊；讨论会1consultation consultationsA consultation is a meeting which is held to discuss something. Consultation is discussion about something.Next week he'll be in Florida for consultations with President Mitterrand.The plans were drawn up in consultation with the World Health Organisation.The strike was called in protest at the government's lack of consultation with the unions.N-VAR2consultation consultationsA consultation with a doctor or other expert is a meeting with them to discuss a particular problem and get their advice. Consultation is the process of getting advice from a doctor or other expert. (mainly BRIT)A personal diet plan is devised after a consultation with a nutritionist....fees paid for consultation and advice in tax matters.N-VAR3consultation consultationsA consultation is a meeting where several doctors discuss a patient and his or her condition and treatment. (AM)N-COUNT4consultationConsultation of a book or other source of information is looking at it in order to find out certain facts.With such excellent studies available for consultation, it should be easy to avoid the pitfalls.N-UNCOUNT5consultationA consultation paper or document is a document containing ideas for changes in the law. It is published by the government or by an organization, so that people can discuss it and give their opinions on it. (mainly BRIT)The Government proposed a common retirement age of 63 in a consultation paper published yesterday.ADJ: ADJ ndisillusion[,disi'lju:ʒən] vt.使醒悟；使不再抱幻想n. 幻灭；醒悟1disillusion disillusions disillusioning disillusionedIf a person or thing disillusions you, they make you realize that something is not as good as you thought.I'd hate to be the one to disillusion him.He said he had been bitterly disillusioned by his country's failure to change into a democracy.VB2disillusionDisillusion is the same as disillusionment.There is disillusion with established political parties.N-UNCOUNT: also N in plsceptical['skeptikəl] adj. 怀疑的；怀疑论的；习惯怀疑的scepticalIf you are sceptical about something, you have doubts about it.Other archaeologists are sceptical about his findings....scientists who are sceptical of global warming and its alleged consequences...The party has always had a cautious and sceptical attitude to Europe.ADJ-GRADED: oft v-link ADJ about/of n (AM) skeptical= dubious? scepticallyI looked at him skeptically, sure he was exaggerating.`What's your point?' demanded the old man sceptically.ADV-GRADED: ADV after v= dubiouslyempirical adj. 经验主义的，完全根据经验的empiricalEmpirical evidence or study relies on practical experience rather than theories.There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.ADJ: usu ADJ n? empirically...empirically based research...They approached this part of their task empirically.ADV: usu ADV adj/-ed, ADV after vincentive[in'sentiv] n. 动机；刺激adj. 激励的；刺激的incentive incentivesIf something is an incentive to do something, it encourages you to do it.There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures.Many companies in Britain are keen on the idea of tax incentives for R&D.N-VAR: oft N to-inf= inducementpractitioner[præk'tiʃənə] n. 开业者，从业者practitioner practitionersDoctors are sometimes referred to as practitioners or medical practitioners. (FORMAL)N-COUNTSee also GP.holistic[həu'listik] adj. 整体的；全盘的holisticHolistic means based on the principles of holism. (FORMAL)...practitioners of holistic medicine.ADJ: usu ADJ ninadequacy[in'ædikwəsi] n. 不适当，不充分；不完全；不十分1inadequacy inadequaciesThe inadequacy of something is the fact that there is not enough of it, or that it is not good enough....the inadequacy of the water supply...The inadequacies of the current system have already been recognised.This man drank rather heavily in an effort to come to terms with his own inadequacies.N-VAR: oft the N of n= insufficiency * adequacy2inadequacyIf someone has feelings of inadequacy, they feel that they do not have the qualities and abilities necessary to do something or to cope with life in general.The feeling of inadequacy was overpowering....his deep-seated sense of inadequacy.N-UNCOUNTdigestive[di'dʒestiv, dai-] adj. 消化的；助消化的n. 助消化药1digestiveYou can describe things that are related to the digestion of food as digestive....digestive juices that normally work on breaking down our food...Peppermint oil is very good for regulating digestive disorders.ADJ: ADJ n2digestive digestivesA digestive or a digestive biscuit is a type of biscuit made from wholemeal flour. (BRIT, TRADEMARK)N-COUNTrespiratory['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-] adj. 呼吸的respiratoryRespiratory means relating to breathing. (MEDICAL)...people with severe respiratory problems...If you smoke then the whole respiratory system is constantly under attack.ADJ: ADJ nprescribe[pris'kraib] vi. 规定；开药方vt.规定；开处方1prescribe prescribes prescribing prescribedIf a doctor prescribes medicine or treatment for you, he or she tells you what medicine or treatment to have.Our doctor diagnosed a throat infection and prescribed antibiotic and junior aspirin.She took twice the prescribed dose of sleeping tablets.The law allows doctors to prescribe contraception to the under 16s.VB2prescribe prescribes prescribing prescribedIf a person or set of laws or rules prescribes an action or duty, they state that it must be carried out. (FORMAL)...article II of the constitution, which prescribes the method of electing a president...Alliott told Singleton he was passing the sentence prescribed by law.VBconsult[kɔn'sʌlt, 'kɔnsʌlt] vt.查阅；商量；向…请教vi. 请教；商议；当顾问1consult consults consulting consultedIf you consult an expert or someone senior to you or consult with them, you ask them for their opinion and advice about what you should do or their permission to do something.Consult your doctor about how much exercise you should attempt.He needed to consult with an attorney.If you are in any doubt, consult a financial adviser.VB2consult consults consulting consultedIf a person or group of people consults with other people or consults them, they talk and exchange ideas and opinions about what they might decide to do.After consulting with her daughter and manager she decided to take on the part, on her terms.The two countries will have to consult their allies.The umpires consulted quickly.V-RECIP3consult consults consulting consultedIf you consult a book or a map, you look in it or look at it in order to find some information.Consult the chart on page 44 for the correct cooking times.He had to consult a pocket dictionary.VB。
剑桥雅思4 Test4 阅读解析 Passage2
雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑4 Test4 阅读解析 Passage2,相应的译文，请点击：剑4 T4 阅读译文 P2-考古学的本质和目的。
Question 14答案：YES关键词：creativity, investigative work定位原文：第1段第1句“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.”解题思路：题目说考古学既包括创新也包括认真的分析调査工作。
原文：考古学部分是对过去财富的发现，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创造性想像的练习，因此答案为TURE。
Question 15答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：ancient languages定位原文：无解题思路：题目说考古学家必须能够翻译古代语言文本。
原文没有提及题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
Question 16答案：NO关键词：movies定位原文：第2段最后一句“However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest—the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.”解题思路：题目说电影为考古学家的工作提供了真实的画面。
原文的表述是：相反，这些描述(指上句所说的电影)和现实差距甚远(far from reality such portrayals are)，因此很明显答案应为FALSE。
Question 17答案：YES关键词：anthropolo?gist定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, … from other societies.”解题思路：题目说人类学家从不止一个角度来定义文化。
剑桥雅思4Test4阅读译文Passage2
剑桥雅思4Test4阅读译文Passage2雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑 4 T4 阅读译文 P2-考古学的本质和目的,本单元其他相关译文，请点击：剑4 T4 阅读译文 P1-人类的运动极限没有尽头。
Passage2参考译文THE NATURE AND AIMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY考古学的本质和目的Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. It is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East, it is working with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman Britain. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. And it is the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage against looting and careless harm.考古学部分是对过去财富的发现，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创造性想像的练习。
同时也是在阳光下辛苦地在中东挖掘，在雪中的阿拉斯加和因纽特人一起工作，研究罗马大不列颠的下水道。
但是它也是辛苦解释工作，以使我们理解在人类历史中这些东西代表了什么。
剑桥雅思阅读4（test2）原文翻译及答案解析
剑桥雅思阅读4(test2)原文翻译及答案解析雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger listIn the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations —that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’he says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwrittenand unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’So despite linguists’best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the nextgeneration. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’he says.However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.Questions 1-4Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2……are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4……. Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother tongue.’Questions 5-9Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the listof people in the box below. Match each statement with the correct person A-E.Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language.6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal.7 The way we think may be determined by our language.8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their community.9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.A Michael KraussB Salikoko MufweneC Nicholas OstlerD Mark PagelE Doug WhalenQuestions 10-13Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this10 The Navajo Language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.11 A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee thesurvival of a language.12 National governments could do more to protect endangered languages.13 The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIAThe first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early 1994. Their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not beenscientifically tested.Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993. ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine hadbeen able to provide little relief. They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems. Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative medicine. Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.Questions 14 and 15Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D.Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer sheet.14 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B They have often worked alongside other therapists.C They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.D They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.15 In 1990, AmericansA were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.B consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.D made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.Questions 16-23Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctorsthan they do today.20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment.23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.Questions 24-26Complete the vertical axis on the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.READING PASSAGE 3You should ,spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowPLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESSDoes play help develop bigger, better brains?Bryant Furlow investigatesA Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’he adds. There must be a reason.B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs —tail-wagging in dogs, for example —to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest.A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.C Take the exercise theory. If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesn’t work like that.’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.D Then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. But a closer inspectionreveals this interpretation as too simplistic. In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater playfulness. The converse was also found to be true. Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for adulthood. ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’he says.F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going on. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’—a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life. Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults —absorb language. Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its peak.G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amountof the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University. Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults. Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he reasons. Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts —predation, aggression, reproduction,’he says. ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.’H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes. ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’says Bekoff. He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules. He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life. The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College. Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells. He was surprised by the extent of the activation. ‘Play just lights everything up,’he says. By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers. With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likelyto get even less of a look-in. Who knows what the result of that will be?Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 had nine paragraphs labeled A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial28 insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing29 a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play30 a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play31 the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans32 the classes of animals for which play is importantQuestions 33-35Choose THREE letters A-F.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.The list below gives some ways of regarding play.Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?A a rehearsal for later adult activitiesB a method animals use to prove themselves to their peer groupC an activity intended to build up strength for adulthoodD a means of communicating feelingsE a defensive strategyF an activity assisting organ growthQuestions 36-40Look at the following researchers (Questions 36-40) and the list of findings below.Match each researcher with the correct finding.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.36 Robert Barton37 Marc Bekoff38 John Byers39 Sergio Pellis40 Stephen SiviyList of FindingsA There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and playing.B Play provides input concerning physical surroundings.C Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary history.D There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play less.E Play is not a form of fitness training for the future.F Some species of larger-brained birds engage in play.G A wide range of activities are combined during play.H Play is a method of teaching survival techniques.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test2)Passage 1参考译文Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger list语言的消失——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。
剑桥雅思4口语test2
剑桥雅思4口语test2Part1Food and CookingQ: What kinds of food do you like to eat?Chinese food/ Western Food/ Italian Food/ Japanese Food / Korean FoodFast food/ Fine Dining 快餐/慢餐Gourmet food 美食Dessert 甜点Ice cream 冰激凌Vegetarian food 素食主义者meat eater 吃肉的人Q: What kind of new food would you like to try? Why?Ethnic food 民族风味菜Mexican food / Indian food: spicy and hot, lots of curry 麻辣咖喱多Authentic French food: liver paste, snail 鹅肝蜗牛Exotic food 山珍海味Q: Do you lik、、、、、、、e cooking?Cooking is the most enjoyable item on the list of all housework.It’s the most creative and relaxing thing to do at home.If you’re imaginative enough, you can come up with different recipes by combining a variety of ingredients.Cooking can be totally inspirational.And when you’re peeling a potato, cutting up vegetables, or preparing meat youcan temporarily forget all your problems at work, with yourfriends or in study.Cooking a nice meal for your family is an excellent way of saying, “Mom, Dad, I love you.”The memory will be made, and affection expressed.Q: What was the last meal you cooked?Chinese foodsweet and sour pork 锅包肉kung-pao Chicken 宫保鸡丁coco-cola chicken wings 可乐鸡翅salad, pasta, sandwich, French friesQ: Do you prefer home-cooked food or food from restaurants?At restaurant:Convenient / easy/ just sit there, look at the menu, order/ Background music / service is always good / time effective/Specialty food/ environment is good/ better dining experienceHome:Cost-effective/ clean and hygienic/ relaxing/ no interference Bond with family membersPart2Describe an interest or hobby that you haveYou should say:How you became interested in itHow long you have been doing itWhy you enjoy itAnd explain what benefits you get from this interest or hobbyBlogging is the interest or hobby that I really enjoy and have been doing it very passionately for the last 2-3 years. A blog isbasically the short form of 'weblog' and it lets the blogger write on topics he/she likes. It is very similar to a website and the blog posts I write is open for anyone to read using the internet. This blog is not collaborated with anyone at the moment.Currently, I am updating it alone but I have a plan to share this with some of my friends who also has interests in writing and blogging.The blog I am maintaining has lots of importance both for me and for the intended readers. For me, the blog helps me improving my writing skill as it requires lots of content writing, helps me exploring of relevant topics that improve my knowledge and to upload the images I take with my camera. Sometimes I write on how-to and tutorials which are helpful for people looking for it. Sometimes I write on books I read, movies I watch or about new things I learn and that helps me observing those in a different perspective. People can comment on the articles I add and thus I have got many others in my blog who shares similar interests that I have. Thus the importance of my blog immense to me and I maintain my blog with utmost passion and fervour.For writing blog posts I need to explore different topics and thus this habit helps me increase my knowledge on different topics.Part3剑桥雅思4Test2口语Part3范文-hobby主题1. Do you think having a hobby is g ood for people’s social life? In what way?题目分析兴趣爱好可以成为两个人沟通的桥梁，人们往往通过共同的兴趣爱好聚集在一起。
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剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析
剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析分享给大家。
本篇阅读内容讲述的是医学的科技类的文章，所以理解起来有一定的难度，对于一开始备考雅思阅读的烤鸭们来说可能就会感觉很受挫，但是只要大家认真分析，弄得词汇，还是会发现这类题还是有一定的攻克技巧的。
首先，我们一起来认识一下本文的一些生词和高频词，这里有比较详细的词汇注解，大家在做题的时候可以参考一下。
1. alternative二者择其一，另类的 ;alternative medicine另类医学，另类疗法
2. Therapies治疗
3. Acupuncture针刺疗法
4. Orthodox正统的，传统的
5. loath勉强，不情愿
6. Prescribe规定，开处方
7. hand in glove合作，勾结，亲密的
8. herbal草药的，草本的 9. remedies补救措施，10. turnover流通量，营业额
11. scientifically系统地，合乎科学地 12. Disenchantment醒悟，清醒，不抱幻想
13. empirically以经验为主的 14.eroded侵蚀，消弱 15.chiropractor按摩师，脊椎指压治疗师, naturopath理疗家，自然治疗医师, osteopath整骨医生, acupuncturist 针灸医生，herbalist草药医生 16. Clientele客户，委托人 17. exodus大批离去 18. Concurs同意，一致
19. bottom line要点，关键之处 20. musculo-skeletal肌肉骨骼 21. respiratory呼吸的，与呼吸有关的22. chronic慢性的，长期的 22. adjunct附属的，附属物
了解了词汇大关，小编觉得就不得不说说长难句的分析。
下面小编为大家带来了3个相对比较有难度的句子进行分析，一起来看看吧：
1.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr. Paul Laver a lecturer in Public Heath at the University of Sydney.
难句类型：主系表结构(现在完成时态)+介词短语(in having……)做后置定语修饰主语，+插入语(according to……)
难词注解：conservative保守的
难句翻译：悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver在一次演讲中说到，澳大利亚不管是在自然医学和另类疗法中都持有非常保守的态度，因此它在西方国家中是与众不同的。
2. Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.
难句类型：主谓宾(过去完成时)+非限定性定语从句
难次注解：chronic慢性的，长期的;orthodox正统的，传统的
难句拆分：Those surveyed(主语) had experienced(谓语) chronic
illnesses(宾语)
非限定性定语从句for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief= which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief for those surveyed.(介词for提前)
难句翻译：接受调查的这些人都遭受着慢性病的折磨，而正统医学能够给他们提供的缓解微乎其微。
3. Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.
难句类型：主谓宾+过去分词作后置定语(sought……)+时间状语从句(when……)
难词注解：adjunct附属物;附属的 ;disenchantment醒悟，清醒，不抱幻
想;conventional传统的;in times of在……时期，在……时候
难句拆分：Alternative medicine(主语) appears(谓语) to be an adjunct(宾语)+(后置定语)sought in times of disenchantment+(时间状语从句修饰in times of disenchantment) when conventional medicine(从句主语) seems(系动词)not to offer the answer(to do 不定式做从句表语).
难句翻译：另类疗法的出现像是一种附属品，当传统医学似乎不能解决问题的时候，幻想破灭的时候而去寻求的东西。
另外，一篇文章要理解文章的内容，首先我们就要了解文章的基本结构和每段的段落大意，这样才能够准确把握文章，正确答题。
所以贴心的前程百利雅思考试小编也为大家认真归纳了每部分的段落大意，供大家参考。
文章共7自然段，划分及段落大意如下：
(1)讲述澳大利亚的另类治疗法，其实这种理论主要还是来源于中国的传统医学
(2))讲述澳大利亚和各国对另类疗法的不同态度，以及正统医学和另类疗法在人们心里的位置。
(3—5)讲述澳大利亚过去20年因为另类疗法所面临的问题，以及解决措施和实施后得到的结果。
(6-7)澳大利亚公共杂志调查显示不同病情的人选择另类疗法的百分比，以及此项调查暗示的问题。
在本文内容即将结束之际，前程百利雅思考试小编觉得烤鸭们一定想要知道以下内容，那么小编就慷慨解囊为大家汇总了如下资料的来源处，供大家参考：
剑桥雅思真题：
/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=47193&highlight=剑桥雅思真题
剑桥雅思真题解析：
/forum-45-1.html
剑桥雅思真题练习：
/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=43&filter=typeid&typ eid=29
以上就是小编为大家带来的剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析，希望大家能够关注。
后面我们还会为大家陆续带来相关的剑桥雅思阅读系列文章分析，供大家参考。
最后，前程百利雅思频道小编预祝大家考出满意的雅思成绩。