【市级联考】江苏省南京市2019届高三三模考试英语试题(解析版)

南京市 2019 届高三年级三模考试
第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分35 分）
第一节单项填空（共 15 小题，每题 1 分，满分 15 分）请认真阅读下面各题，从题中所给的 A,B,C,D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。

1.We live in this society now ________ literally someone is always helping.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. what
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句连接词。

句意：我们现在生活在这样一个确实有人一直在帮助我们的社会里。

本句为定语从句修饰先行词the society，且先行词在定语从句中做地点状语，故用where相当于 in which。

故选B。

2.The maple trees turn a brilliant red in autumn, adding another to the colors in the harvest season.
A. theme
B. version
C. category
D. dimension
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查名词辨析。

句意：枫叶在秋天变成了鲜红的颜色，为丰收的季节增添了另一抹色彩。

A. theme 主题；B. version版本；C. category种类；D. dimension维度；风采。

dimension此处理解为“色彩；风采”，故选D。

3.Patrick waited ________ all the luggage was cleared, but his never appeared.
A. until
B. before
C. when
D. while
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查状语从句连接词。

句意：他一直等到所有的行李都清理完毕，但是他的行李迟迟未出现。

A. until
直到才；B. before在……之前；C. when当……时候；D. while当……时候。

根据句意，表示“直到……才”应用until/till，故选A。

4.--- Look! Mary is crazily looking for something again!
--- , she can’t find her keys.
A. Typically
B. Occasionally
C. Accordingly
D. Particularly
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查副词辨析。

句意：-看!玛丽又在疯狂地找东西了!-很典型的，她找不到钥匙了。

A. Typically 典型；B. Occasionally偶尔；C. Accordingly因此；D. Particularly特别是。

这里的 typically相当
于it is typical/ characteristic of sb to do sth.“做某事是某人的典型特征”，故选A。

5.Cambridge gave a positive answer inquiries on whether it recognizes gaokao scores.
A. in favor of
B. in response to
C. in salute to
D. in consequence of
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查介词短语辨析。

句意：在回答是否承认高考分数的问题时，剑桥给出了积极的回答。

A. in favor
of支持；B. in response to回应；C. in salute to致敬；D. in consequence of由于……的缘故。

表
示“回应”in response to，故选B。

6.Wild animals in nature reserves need to develop their survival skills and their wild nature.
A. display
B. possess
C. maintain
D. monitor
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。

句意：自然保护区的野生动物需要发展他们的生存技能，保持他们的野生本
性。

A. display表现；B. possess拥有；C. maintain保持；D. monitor监控。

根据句意故应选maintain，
表示“保持”。

选C。

7.I’d never wondered before whether or not he was kid-friendly. With one glance, I quickly that he probably wasn’t.
A. agreed
B. reported
C. explained
D. decided
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查动词词义辨析。

句意：我从没有问过他是不是招孩子喜欢，但是乍一眼看到他，我觉得他并不是招孩子喜欢的那种类型。

A. agreed同意；B. reported报告；C. explained解释；D. decided决定；明确。

表示做出了这个判断用 decide，故选D。

8.The same boiling water softens the potato and hardens the egg. It’s about ________you’re made of, not the circumstances.
A. that
B. what
C. how
D. who
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查名词性从句连接词。

句意：同样的沸水使土豆变软，使鸡蛋变硬。

重要的是你是由什么构成的，而不是环境。

本句为表语从句，从句中缺少宾语，指代事物，用what，故选B。

9.— Excuse me, do you mind if I open the window?
— Well, if you __________. I can put on more clothes.
A. can
B. may
C. must
D. shall
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查情态动词。

句意：-不好意思，我把窗户打开你介意吗?- 好吧，如果你必须这么做的话。

我可以多穿点衣服。

A. can能够；B. may可能；C. must一定；必须；D. shall会；将。

must表示偏要，必
须要做的事情，故选C。

10.With the number of homecoming overseas students ________ up in recent years, the attraction of foreign degree holders has gradually faded.
A. shot
B. being shot
C. shooting
D. to shoot
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查固定用法。

句意：近年来，由于归国留学生人数的激增，外国学位持有者的吸引力逐渐减弱。

本句为with的复合结构，shoot与overseas students构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作原因状语，故选C。

11.--- Have you heard that they are working around the clock to compete for the prize?
--- Don’t worry. We are ready to the challenge.
A. build up
B. take up
C. stick to
D. lead to
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。

句意：-你听说了吗?他们昼夜不停地为争夺奖品而工作。

-不要担心。

我们准备迎接挑战了。

A. build up增进；加强；B. take up开始从事；C. stick to坚持；D. lead to导致。

短语take up the challenge“迎接挑战”，故选B。

12.--- Is there any chance of my being promoted?
--- If you want a promotion, you’d better rather than get your way.
A. play the game
B. cross your fingers
C. raise the red flag
D. kill the fatted calf
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查短语辨析。

句意：-我有升职的机会吗?- 如果你想升职，你最好循规蹈矩，不要为所欲为。

A. play the game按章办事；守规矩；
B. cross your fingers祈求好运；
C. raise the red flag警告；
D. kill the fatted calf 设宴欢迎。

根据句意，故选A。

13.— How could they misunderstand me like that?
—Just keep silent! It’s the best way to let them know they you wrong.
A. do
B. did
C. are doing
D. had done
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查动词时态。

句意：-他们怎么能那样误解我呢?- 保持沉默!这是让他们知道他们做错了你的最
好方式。

根据how could可知这件事情发生在过去，所以用 did you wrong来表示过去他们错怪了你。

故
选B。

14.Our team is world-class and it was no surprise that we won by such a margin.
A. low
B. high
C. wide
D. narrow
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词辨析。

句意：我们的球队是世界级的，我们以如此大的优势获胜并不令人惊讶。

A. low
低的；B. high高的；C. wide宽的；D. narrow窄的。

短语wide margin表示差距很大，故选C。

15.--- I’ll take the blue one. This is twenty dollars.
--- Here’s the change. .
A. Best wishes
B. My pleasure
C. Have a nice day
D. Let’s call it a day
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查习惯用语。

句意:-我要蓝色这个。

给你20美元。

-这是零钱。

祝您生活愉快。

A. Best wishes 最美好的祝愿；B. My pleasure很荣幸；C. Have a nice day过得愉快；D. Let’s call it a day收工。

have a nice day这是售货员与顾客告别的告别语。

D. let's call it a day是带头人对下属说，我们今天到此结束。

故选C。

第二节、完形填空
What's all this tree- - planting for? " I was asked when I began writing about ___16___ a piece of land I had bought in Somerset. The truth is, I just love trees. And I am not ___17___ AsI get older, all I really ___18___ is to plant trees , Prince Charles says in a BBC documentary in which he is ___19___ in the wood he planted on the day Prince George was born.
There are ___20___ and wonderful trees in our cities and villages. They were planted, or self- sown, years, even centuries ago. We take them for granted, ___21___ the creatures living among them, remain in ignorance of the ___22___ trees are doing us(cleaning the air, for instance) and cut them down for new ___23___. Yet we keep a feeling of ___24___ for them. This may account for the ___25___ the government faced in 2019 when it sought to sell off publicly owned woods, and for the wide support that the Woodland Trust (a tree-protecting charity) ___26___.
Trees need ___27___, which is why I, a city-resident, bought my Somerset woodland in 1999. At that time, climate change was already well proved, ___28___ my hopes of planting long-lived oaks and pines gradually developed into anxiety about their ___29___. Tree diseases new to the UK, wind, drought and flood were all ___30___ against them.
But I did not ___31___ things to move so fast. The woodland is still good, the new trees are growing like mad, but the creatures are ___32___. The rabbits have disappeared and the owl has moved. The bees and butterflies are ___33___ there but in smaller numbers. How can this happen on land ___34___ pesticides (杀虫剂)？Surely, it indicates we need to give nature the chance to restore its own ___35___. Meanwhile, I love my wood, and so do many of its visitors. And
tree-planting has done wonders for restoring my balance town and country.
16. A. replacing B. restoring C. recycling D. returning
17. A. rich B. weak C. alone D. social
18. A. apply for B. wait for C. make for D. long for
19. A. filmed B. tracked C. reflected D. discovered
20. A. holy B. young C. mature D. mysterious
21. A. raise B. watch C. ignore D. abuse
22. A. honor B. good C. credit D. justice
23. A. use B. spirit C. life D. hope
24. A. trust B. sadness C. betrayal D. affection
25. A. approval B. opposition C. option D. dilemma
26. A. wins B. rejects C. requires D. withdraws
27. A. space B. time C. company D. nutrition
28. A. since B. for C. yet D. so
29. A. benefits B. chances C. location D. appearance
30. A. piling up B. speeding up C. keeping up D. mixing up
31. A. wish B. intend C. allow D. expect
32. A. in place B. in order C. in decline D. in question
33. A. even B. still C. ever D. once
34. A. short of B. sick of C. free of D. full of
35. A. glory B. function C. impact D. balance
【答案】16. B 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. C 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。

作者写树木给人带来的好处，和自己买下一块萨默塞特林地种树，种树的目的就是维持
人与自然的平衡。

16题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。

A. replacing替代；B. restoring恢复；C. recycling回收利用；D. returning归
还。

句意：当我写我在恢复( restore)萨默塞特购买的那片土地时，我被问道“种这些树是为了什么？”，
故选B。

【17题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。

A. rich富有的；B. weak虚弱的；C. alone独自的；D. social社会的。

空格后引
用了 Prince Charles的话—“我开始变老,我所想的就是种树”,可见他与作者有相同的观点，因而作者说
自己 not alone。

故选C。

【18题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。

A. apply for申请；B. wait for等待；C. make for有助于；D. long for渴望。

作者唯一渴望的就是种树，故选D。

【19题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。

A. filmed拍摄；B. tracked追踪；C. reflected反射；D. discovered发现。

句意：Prince Charles在他参演的BBC纪录片里面说到“我开始变老,我所想的就是种树”。

根据 documentary(纪录片)可知选 filmed。

故选A。

【20题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。

A. holy神圣的；B. young年轻的；C. mature成熟的；D. mysterious神秘的。

空格后面一句写到这些树被种或者自己成长在几年以前或者是几个世纪前，因而推测出我们村庄的这些树是成熟的(mature)，故选C。

【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。

A. raise上升；B. watch看；C. ignore忽略；D. abuse滥用。

句意：我们认为这些树是理所当然的，,忽视了生活在其中的其他生物，忽视了树给我们带来的净化空气等等的好处砍下树木另作他用。

空格后有 Ignorance,所以这里选择 Ignore。

故选C。

【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

A. honor荣誉；B. good好处；C. credit信用；D. justice正义。

空格后有 clean the air(净化空气)等好处,所以选择good赞扬树木。

故选B。

【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

A. use用途；B. spirit精神；C. life生活；D. hope希望。

人们忽视树木的好处，为了新的用途而砍树，故选A。

【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

A. trust信任；B. sadness悲伤；C. betrayal背叛；D. affection喜爱。

根据上文yet表示转折，上文写我们忽视了树木给我们带来的好处，砍伐他们，然而我们内心对树木还是有喜爱之情的。

故选D。

【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

A. approval支持；B. opposition反对；C. option选择；D. dilemma困境。

句意：这可以解释政府在2019年试图卖掉公有树木时遭遇了反对，因为获得了广泛的支持， Woodland Trust(树木保护组织)获胜了。

上文是公众喜爱树木,所以应该是反对政府卖树的。

故选B。

【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。

A. wins赢；B. rejects拒绝；C. requires要求；D. withdraws撤退。

因为获得了 wide support所以 Woodland Trust(树木保护组织)赢了。

故选A。

【27题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

A. space空间；B. time 时间；C. company公司；D. nutrition营养。

句意：树木生长需要空间,这就是我在1999年买下萨默塞特林地的原因。

故选A。

【28题详解】
考查连接词辨析。

A. since自从；B. for因为；C. yet但是；D. so因此。

句意：当时，气候变化已经得到了很好的证明，所以我种植长寿橡树和松树的希望逐渐变成了焦虑。

故选D。

【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

A. benefits益处；B. chances机会；C. location位置；D. appearance外表。

句意：在那时,气候变化已被证实,所以我想种一些寿命长的橡树松树的愿望逐渐变成了对他们是否有生长机会的忧虑。

故选B。

【30题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。

A. piling up堆积；B. speeding up加速；C. keeping up 保持；D. mixing up 混合。

句意：狂风、干旱、洪水共同抵抗他们。

故选A。

【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。

A. wish祈求；B. intend打算；C. allow允许；D. expect期待；预料。

句意：但是我没预料到事态发展的如此之快。

因为林地目前很好，但新树苗在疯长。

故选D。

【32题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。

A. in place适当的；B. in order整齐；C. in decline下降；D. in question考虑中的。

上文提到树木在疯长，用but转折可知 creatures的数量应该在减少(in decline)。

故选C。

【33题详解】
考查副词辨析。

A. even甚至；B. still仍然；C. ever曾经；D. once一旦。

句意：蚂蚁和蝴蝶仍然有,但是数量减少了。

故选still。

故选B。

【34题详解】
考查形容词短语辨析。

A. short of缺乏；B. sick of厌恶；C. free of摆脱；D. full of充满。

我们如何让这片土地上的生物摆脱杀虫剂呢？故选C。

【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

A. glory荣誉；B. function功能；C. impact影响；D. balance平衡。

我们要给自
然机会去维持自身的均衡,和最后一句 restore my balance呼应。

故选D。

第三部分阅读理解（共 15 题；每小题 2 分，满分 30 分）
请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上讲该题涂黑。

A
Welcome to Fraser Island
Your adventure unfolds
Once departing Rainbow Beach we start from
Inskip Point by vehicle ferry. Watch out
for dolphins.
Northward bound—travel by 4WD (4
wheel drive) along the endless golden highway of 75 Mile Beach.
Swim at crystal clear freshwater LAKE MCKENZIE—famous for its turquoise colors and white sands.
Delicious “Aussie style” sizzling bush BBQ with icy cold drinks.
Primitive rainforest—luxuriant canopy of palms and vines.
Eli Creek—time for a lazy dip. Shipwreck of the SS Maheno-built in Scotland 1904-a permanent fixture to the Northern Beach since 1935.
Intriguing Colored Sands formations—part of this World’s largest sand island. ※ Remember this is a 4WD safari and may Complimentary cold drinks Prime 250g Rib Fillet Steak OR local award winning 100% beef sausages and onions OR Fish—delicate white fillets with lemon, OR Vegetarian.
Burger—special blend seasonal vegetables.
GENERAL CONDITIONS:
Tours may vary due to tidal or weather conditions. As we are a small company and prepare our own food, cancellation fees have to apply.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR YOUNG CHILDREN.
Codford Pty. Ltd. Trading
as FraserIsland Nature Tours ABN
36. Which of the following is mentioned about Fraser Island?
A. Considerable size and cheap souvenirs.
B. Authentic food and impressive food.
C. Target visitors and modern architecture.
D. Convenient transportation and long history.
37. According to the leaflet, visitors should .
A. dress their fashionable clothes
B. provide a health certificate
C. pay extra money for cancellation
D. follow the fixed trip plans 【答案】36. B 37. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。

主要介绍了Fraser岛的特色饮食和旅游事项。

【36题详解】
细节理解题。

根据Delicious “Aussie style” sizzling bush BBQ with icy cold drinks. Primitive rainforest—luxuriant canopy of palms and vines.可知Fraser Island有正宗的、令人印象深刻的食物。

故选B。

【37题详解】
细节理解题。

根据全文最后一句As we are a small company and prepare our own food, cancellation fees have to apply.可知取消是要额外付费的，故选C。

B
Like a lot of health-care professionals, Dr. Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives. “There’s this view that you should suck it up and do one more thing,” says the ER physician and host of CBC’s White Coat, Black Art. But that “one more thing” often comes at Goldman’s expense.
“You’re exhausted and a patient or their family look at you with begging eyes,” he says. “So you have this dilemma: say that your shift is over or give until you’re totally spent?”Goldman’s work stress combined with family tension after his mother was diagnosed with dementia 20 years ago. Caring for her over a decade was difficult, as was dealing with his father’s grief. “When someone else is drowning you, you have to grab a life preserver and save yourself,” says Goldman.
Setting boundaries isn’t just important for busy professionals; everyone can benefit from managing situations that cause undue stress or pain. Here are some tips.
First, “If someone’s behavior makes you unhappy --- and it could be anything from the way they speak to you to repeatedly failing to stick to their promise --- then there’s room to set limits,” says Patrick Keelan, a Calgary psychologist. We often avoid setting limits because we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours. In order to control t hi s im pul se, Goldman suggests framing the development of boundaries as a form of self-kindness. When facing an overwhelming situation like the one he was in with his father, Goldman suggests reflecting
on what is making you feel uncomfortable, unhappy or unappreciated. “You can’t relate to others or be kind to others if you aren’t kind to yourself,” he says.
Second, once you’ve become aware of your needs, setting and maintaining boundaries requir es clear verbal communication. There are three obstacles to enforcing boundaries in a relationship: fear, guilt and self-doubt, says psychologist Nicole MaCance. We often fear that if we set limits, the other person will reject us, or we feel bad claiming our needs. Keelan proposes setting ground rules before relationships become tense. Start by cooperatively listing values --- like mutual respect, support, and loyalty --- and then building the guidelines from these values. If you’re struggling to reach a consensus, Keelan recommends engaging a third party, such as a therapist, to help.
Now, if you want a boundary to stick to, you can’t enable someone in breaking it. As such, it’s crucial to establish consequences for transgressions ( 越轨). Otherwise, McMance says, “you’re giving them permission to violate that boundary.” If they won’t respect your boundaries, you have to do some soul- searching about the value of the relationship. “When you feel bad more than you feel good in this person’s presence, and when the relationship is impacting your self-worth and happiness, it’s time to reassess,” says McCance. Saying no is hard, but she suggests framing it as saying yes to healthier relationships. “We’re all better mothers and partners and brothers when we have boundaries.”
38. What do we know about Goldman?
A. He is in need of support in his work.
B. He is caught between his work and life.
C. He slides into the state of desperation.
D. He always puts his family at the first place.
39. What do the underlined words “this impulse” refer to?
A. prioritizing others’ happiness
B. avoiding setting limits
C. failing to stick to their promise
D. framing the development of boundaries
40. What’s the best title of the passage?
A. Do communicate.
B. Do not cross.
C. Identify your limits.
D. Say no and mean it.
【答案】38. B 39. A 40. B
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。

文章提到设定界限对忙碌的职场人士很重要。

同时作者给出两点保持界限的建议：第一是设限，第二是清晰的口头沟通。

作者认为当我们有界限的时候，我们都是更好的母亲、更好的伴侣、更好的兄弟。

【38题详解】
细节理解题。

根据第一段第一句Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives可知Goldman发现他很难在他的工作和个人生活之间划清界限。

因此答案选择B。

【39题详解】
词义猜测题。

根据划线部分含义为“这种冲动”，那么这种冲动是什么要根据前一句提到的是we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours可知是指“我们把他人的快乐和舒适放在首位”，故选A。

【40题详解】
主旨大意题。

根据最后一句We’re all better mothers and partners and brothers when we have boundaries.可知作者认为当我们有界限的时候，我们都是更好的母亲、更好的伴侣、更好的兄弟。

且结合文章内容为一致讲到界限边界，提醒人们在处理人和人之间关系的时候不要越界。

因此选择B最为符合。

C
Babies have an astonishing talent that adults entirely lose. By the age of one, they can recognise the significant noises around them and group them into a language. When we have lost this capacity as adults, it becomes enormously difficult to distinguish between sounds that are glaringly different to a native speaker. It all sounds Greek to us. This is because the range of possible sounds that humans use to convey meaning may be as high as 2,000, but few languages use more than 100 and even then the significant noises－the phonemes (音素) of a language－each cover a range of sounds and so vague distinctions which would change the meaning of a word in other languages.
But where do these phonemes come from and why do they shift over time? New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet. This is unexpected. We’d rather think of language as product of our thought,
rather than of the arrangement of our teeth. In reality, though, any given language must be both.
Hunter gatherer languages very seldom use the sounds known as labiodentals (唇齿音)－those such as f and v－that are made by touching the lower lip with the upper teeth. Only two of the hundreds of Australian aboriginal languages use them, for example. But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants (辅音) are much more common. The argument goes that farmers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers. Either way, they need to chew mush less, and to bite less with their front teeth. So farmers grew up with smaller lower jaws and more of an overbite than their ancestors who had to bite through harder foods. It became easier for them to make the labiodental consonants instead of purely labial (唇音) ones: one example is that f come to take the place of p. Romans said “pater” but English speakers (unless they’re Rees－Moggs) say “father”.
Beyond these particular changes, the story highlights the way in which everything distinctively human is both material and spiritual: speech must combine sound and meaning, and the meaning can ’t exist or be transmitted without a real object. But neither can it be reduced to the purely physical, as our inability to understand or even to recognise foreign languages makes clear. The food we eat shapes our jaws, and our jaws in turn shape the sounds of our language. The ease with which we eat probably shapes our thought too, as anyone who has suffered toothache could testify. What we eat may have shaped the sounds of our language, but how we eat changes how we feel and what we use language to express. A family meal is very different from a sandwich at the office desk, even if the calorie is the same. Food has purposes and meanings far beyond keeping us alive and pleasing the Palate (味觉).
41. Compared with adults, babies could more easily .
A. create significant noises
B. classify the forms of noises
C. understand the Greek language
D. distinguish meaningful sounds
42. According to the passage, which of the following factors help shape language?
A. Lips and teeth.
B. Jobs and habits.
C. Age and regions.
D. Food and thinking.
43. The reason for farmers' making sounds of “f”and “v”is .
A. enjoying more cooked foods
B. biting more with front teeth
C. constantly chewing harder foods
D. growing up with lager lower jaws
44. By writing this passage, the author intends to reveal .
A. jaws help shape our thought
B. food determines our thought
C. diet has some influence on language
D. language consists of sound and meaning
【答案】41. D 42. D 43. A 44. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。

主要叙述了人们一直以来认为语言是思想的产物，但是有新的研究表明饮食对于语言也会产生一些影响。

且以f和v的发音为例，揭示了农民们发“f”和“v”音的原因是他们喜欢吃更多的熟食。

同时这也强调了人类特有的一切都是物质和精神的结合:语言必须把声音和意义结合起来，没有真实的物体，意义就不可能存在或传播。

【41题详解】
细节理解题。

根据第一段第二句By the age of one, they can recognize the significant noises around them and group them into a language.可知一岁的婴儿和成人相比更能识别出周围的重要声音，故选D。

【42题详解】
细节理解题。

第二段第二句New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet.可知某些声音在世界范围内的任意分布，部分可以用饮食来解释。

本段提到sound和diet是有关系的,也就是food食物；另外也和思考有关the product of thought,本段最后说到和两者都有关系。

因此答案选择D。

【43题详解】
细节理解题。

根据第三段The argument goes that famers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers.可知农民比狩猎采集者吃更多的熟食和奶制品，即农民们发“f”和“v”音的原因是他们喜欢吃更多的熟食。

故选A。

【44题详解】
主旨大意题。

根据第二段We’d rather think of language as product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth. In reality, though, any given language must be both.可知任何一种语言的诞生都必须同时具备思想和饮食这两种因素的影响。

以及文章内容可知叙述的都是日常饮食和发音对语言的影响，故选C。

D
British children used to play conkers (板栗游戏) in the autumn when the horse-chestnut trees started to drop their shiny brown nuts. They would select a suitable chestnut, drill a hole in it and thread it onto a string, then swing their conker at that of an opponent until one of them broke. But the game has fallen out of favour. Children spend less time outdoors and rarely have access to chestnut trees. Besides, many schools have banned conkers games, worried that they might cause injuries or nut allergies.
That sort of risk-averseness(规避风险) now spreads through every aspect of childhood. Playgrounds have all the excitement designed out of them to make them safe. Many governments, particularly in societies such as America, have tightened up their rules, requiring parents to supervise(监管) young children far more closely than in the past. Frank Furedi of the University of Kent, a critic on modern parenting, argues that allowing children to play unsupervised or leaving them at home alone is increasingly described as a symptom of irresponsible parenting.
In part, such increased caution is a response to the huge wave of changes. Large-scale urbanization, smaller and more mobile families, the move of women into the labor market and the digitization of many aspects of life have unavoidably changed the way that people bring up their children. There is little chance that any of these trends will be changed, so today's more intensive(精细化的) parenting style is likely to go on.
Such parenting practices now embraced by wealthy parents in many parts of the rich world, particularly in America, go far beyond an adjustment to changes in external conditions. They mean a strong bid to ensure that the advantages enjoyed by the parents’ generation are passed on to their children. Since success in life now turns mainly on education, such parents will do their best to provide their children with the schooling, the character training and the social skills that will secure access to the best universities and later the most attractive jobs.
To some extent that has always been the case. But there are more such parents now, and they are competing with each other for what economists call positional goods. This competition starts even before the children are born. The wealthy classes will take their time to select a suitable spouse and get married, and will start a family only when they feel ready for it.
Children from less advantaged backgrounds, by contrast, often appear before their parents are ready for them. In America 60% of births to single women under 30 are unplanned, and over 40% of children are born outside marriage. The result, certainly in America, has been to widen already massive social inequalities yet further.
All the evidence suggests that children from poorer backgrounds are at a disadvantage almost as soon as they are born. By the age of five or six they are far less “school-ready” than their better-off peers, so any attempts to help them catch up have to start long before they get to school. America has had some success with various schemes involving regular home visits by nurses or social workers to low-income families with new babies. It also has long experience with programmes for young children from poor families that combine support for parents with good-quality child care. Such programmes do seem to make a difference. Without extra effort, children from low-income families in most countries are much less likely than their better-off peers to attend preschool education, even though they are more likely to benefit from it. And data from the OECD’s PISA programme suggest that children need at least two years of preschool education to perform at their best when they are 15.
So the most promising way to ensure greater equality may be to make early-years education and care for more widely available and more affordable, as it is in the Nordics. Some governments are already rethinking their educational priorities, shifting some of their spending to the early years. Most rich countries decided more than a century ago that free, compulsory education for all children was a worthwhile investment for society. There is now an argument for starting preschool education earlier, as some countries have already done. In the face of crushing new inequalities,
a modern version of that approach is worth trying.
45. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A. More attention is placed on children’s safety.
B. More and more parents are becoming irresponsible.
C. Children are no longer interested in outdoor activities.
D. Parents are advised to spend more time with their children.
46. Which of the following about intensive parenting style is TRUE?
A. Chances are that this style could be changed.
B. Financial pressure forces parents to be stricter.
C. Rich families adopt such style to keep their advantages.
D. Such style is largely influenced by the size of the family.
47. What does the underlined sentence imply?
A. Economists offer practical advice to guide parenting.
B. A happy marriage secures children’s social positions.
C. Unfair division of social resources drives parents mad.
D. Parents are struggling for their children’s edge over peers.
48. Which is the proper measure to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor?
A. Parents are persuaded to give birth to babies in their later years.
B. Funds are provided for poor children after they are admitted to school.
C. New babies in low-income families are sent to nurses or social workers.
D. Children from low-income families are ensured to receive early education.
49. What’s the author’s attitude towards investment in pre-school education?
A. Supportive
B. Disapproving
C. Skeptic
D. Unconcerned
50. The author begins the passage with the game of conkers to .
A. show competition overweighs cooperation
B. imply educational inequalities should be broken
C. make readers aware of the rules of the game
D. indicate the game has lost its appeal to children
【答案】45. A 46. C 47. D 48. D 49. A 50. B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。

如今儿童安全被密切关心着。

大规模的城市化、规模更小、流动性更强的家庭、女性进入劳动力市场以及生活方方面面的数字化，都不可避免地改变了人们抚养子女的方式。

这些趋势几乎不可能被改变，所以今天更精细化的教育方式可能会继续下去。

【45题详解】
推理判断题。

根据第二段第一句That sort of risk-averseness(规避风险) now spreads through every
aspect of childhood. Playgrounds have all the excitement designed out of them to make them safe.可知现在很多地方都过分强调儿童的安全,并举了板栗游戏被禁止的例子,可知儿童安全被密切关心着,故
选A。

【46题详解】
细节理解题。

根据第四段第一句Such parenting practices now embraced by wealthy parents in many parts of the rich world, particularly in America, go far beyond an adjustment to changes in external conditions.可知如今，在许多富裕国家，尤其是美国，富有的父母们所接受的这种育儿方式，远远超出了对外部环境变化的适应。

即富裕家庭采用精细化教育方式来保持他们的优势。

故选C。

【47题详解】
推理判断题。

根据上文第四段最后一句such parents will do their best to provide their children with the schooling, the character training and the social skills that will secure access to the best universities and later the most attractive jobs.可知很多家长都想要给孩子最好的,最好的教育,最好的看护,最好的培训。

可推测划线句所在的意思为,现在这种情况在家长中愈演愈烈,导致家长想要去跟其他家长进行竞争。

故选D。

【48题详解】
细节理解题。

第八段第一句So the most promising way to ensure greater equality may be to make early-years education and care for more widely available and more affordable, as it is in the Nordics.可知让孩子们的生活水平变得更好地最有希望的办法就是让他们接受早期教育,故选D。

【49题详解】
细节理解题。

根据第八段第一句可知要让这些早期教育变得能让更多的人支付得起，以及下文后一句Some governments are already rethinking their educational priorities, shifting some of their spending to the early years.可知现在有些政府也在重新思考他们的教育支出,投入更多的钱在早教上，可知作者是支持这一行为的，故选A。

【50题详解】
推理判断题。

本题可用排除法，A选项提到展示了竞争的分量已经大过了合作,文章中并没体现,故排除A选项；C选项中提到使读者知道这个游戏的办法，结合文章内容可知文章不是要介绍这个游戏,故排除C选项；D选项：表明这个游戏对孩子们失去了吸引力,文中说的是不让孩子们玩这个游戏，故排除D；综上，故选B。

第四部分任务型阅读（共 10 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分）。