跨文化交际名词解释（3）

跨文化交际名词解释（3）
跨文化交际名词解释
29. 国家间交际internation communication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。

30. 跨民族交际interthnic communication ：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。

31. 跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。

32. 跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。

Chapter 5
33. 世界观worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature.指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法。

34. 宗教religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. 对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。

35. 个人主义individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益，集体主义collectivism：个人融入集体。

36. 对不确定因素的.回避态度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man's search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。

37. 权利距离power distance：组织或机构里边，没有权力的成
员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。

Chapter 6
38. 感觉sensation：is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent .人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。

39. 低语境low context：交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，只有少量的信息蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。

40. 高语境high versus：在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中，明显的语码负载较少的信息量。

Chapter 7
41. 焦虑Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新环境下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己的情绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。

42. 假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity.
从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法。

(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.
43. 定势stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

44. 偏见Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or se-xual orientation.
偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。

45. 种族主义是基于种族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or
attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。

46. 语言绝对论：Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms.语言结构控制思维和文化。

47. 语言相对论：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.文化由语言来决定，同时也决定语言。

Chapter 8
48. 言语交际Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。

49. 禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people，or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。

50. 委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。

Chapter 10
51. 非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。

（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people's use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。

52. 副语言：Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take
the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.
53. 时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人们如何看待和使用时间。

54. 时空行为：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。

55. 目光语：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光传递的交流信息。

56. 气味行为Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道进行交流的研究。

57. 触觉行为Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通过身体接触来进行交流。

58. 身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.
指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。

59. 色彩学Chromatics:refers to the study of color use in affecting people's mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。

Chapter 11
60. 礼节Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。

Chapter 12
61. 良好的交际Competent communication：as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding
objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的目标的有效交际。

62. 跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one's communication and interaction according to
the context.指理解和适应目标文化的能力，指对文化多样性的敏感性，也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。

63. 跨文化交际能力包括：involves cognition affect and behavior ,which are inseparable in reality.认知能力，情感能力，行为能力，事实上他们是密不可分的。

64. 认知Cognition:The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and nonverbal codes.指的是思维的理解力和理解各种言语和非言语交际的能力。

65. 情感Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experience when communicating with someone from a different culture.当你和来自其他文化的人进行交际的时候，你所经历的情感状态
66. 目的Intentions:are what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction.指引你如何进行一个特定的跨文化交际。

67. 行动Action:refer to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective.指交际的适当而有效的行为表现。

68. 移情Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other people's points of view能够以他人的观点看待和感受事情。

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【跨文化交际名词解释】。