模具设计外文文献

The Development Status and Trend of Mold
The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose e quipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts t
o make the mold and the use mold, but long-
term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's lat er periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the devel opment speedway. Recent years, not only the state-
owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investm ents enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterpr ise's development also rapid quietly.
Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compa res with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap co ncentrates precisely to, large-
scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspec
t and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed cou ntry still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to imp ort the mold every year .
The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structu re adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement.
The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure t
o the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the ups cale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the str ucture improvement, the multi-
purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser techn ology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-
speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the i nformaton direction develops .
The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the or ganizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-
scle, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold an d the mold standad letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold an the compression casting mold propo rtion increases; Specialized mold factory quantty and its productivit y increase;
"The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stocksystem transformation step speeds up and so on. Distri butes from the area looked,take
Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal a rea development quickly to mid-
west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops qu ickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Ahui and Shandong als o has a bigger development in recent years.
Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall indust ry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy ma ny. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display i n following several aspects:
(1)The total quantity falls short of demand
Domestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-
grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.
(2)the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, th
e technical structure and the import and export structure does not ga ther
In our country mold production factory to be most is from the lab or mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), f rom produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as abo ut 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The sp ecialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and ent
ire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is speci ally small and fine". Domestic large-
scale, precise,complex, the long life mold accounts for the total qua ntity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 20
04 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import an
d export balances th
e after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billi on US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country.
(3)The mold product level greatly is lower than the international sta ndard The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.
(4)Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low
The level is lower, also does not take the product development, and i
s frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mo
ld staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousa nd US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to1 0, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, rel ative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues t
o use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterp rise which the modernized enterprise manages few
To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mol
d long-
term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-
owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons:
(1)Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficient
ly
Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mol
d profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out
dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment d uty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burd en is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technologic al transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the consider able amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreov er privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.
(2)Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research deve lopment and the technical attack investment too urine
Mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industr y, along
with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the tale nted person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptional ly short, the high-
quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the tec hnical attack, the scientific research unit and the
universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating incom e, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific resea rch development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold tech nological development step doe not to be big, progresses does not be quick.
(3)The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using fact or is low.
Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickl y, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipme nt, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disp arity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many ov erseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are ve ry more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not neces sary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are ext remely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obt ain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .
(4)Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the co operation ability
Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the infl uence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At p resent domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself.
Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the compar atively large-
scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quali ty, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very trem endous influence.
(5)The mold material and the mold correlation technology fall
The mold material performance, the quality and the variety questi on often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the dome stically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel p roducts to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.
At present, our country economy still was at the high speed devel opment phase,
on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opp ortunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to d evelop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will s hift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. The refore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domesti c mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estim ated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under th e good market environment, our country not only can become the mold g reat nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nati on to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "The Eleventh Five-
Year Plan" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the v ery big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, mo reover the profession structure, the product level, the development i nnovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as t he technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development. The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemist ry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the i nformation network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nat ure multi-disciplinary systems engineering.
The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold produ
ct to larger-
scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold man ufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the inf ormation, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction d evelops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipm ent excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management inform ation, the management internationalization direction develops.
Mold profession in "The Eleventh Five-
Year Plan" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough. Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various tr ades and occupations tothe mold demand quantity more and more big, th
e specification more and more is also high.
Although mold type many, but its development should be with empha sis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-
scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. Standard letter type, quantity, level and the production of the mold have significant infl uence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some impo
rtant mold standard letters also must prioritize, moreover its develo pment speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this b
e able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, t hus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, red uces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger pric
e superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the ex portation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. A ccording to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops.
Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on th
e general character technology had:
(1)To establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design tech nology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level .
(2)Establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processin
g technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises
the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold proc esses.
(3)The mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource m anagement), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform applic ation, the promotion and the development .
(4)Are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression cast ing mold manufacture technology and so on.
(5)Enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and redu ces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manuf
acture technology.
(6)The advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot t echnology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, r eversion project, parallel project in the mold research, the developm ent, the processing process application.
(7)The raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold.
(8)The advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment resea rch and the development .
(9)The mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary sta ndardized technology.
(10)The mold and its the product examination technology.
(11)High quality, the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application .
(12)The mold production enterprise's modern management technology
Die trend
1.Mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-
dimensional, intelligent and network direction
(1)Mold software feature integrated
Die software features of integrated software modules required relativ ely complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of informati on to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, tes ting and production management of the entire process to achieve optim
al benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a s urface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geomet ry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic
programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the soft ware includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiao tong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic form ing systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Cent er of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems.
(2)Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional
Two-
dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration.Mold design,analysis,manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new gen eration of three-
dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machin ing, forming process simulation and information management and shaing.
Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametri c, feature-
based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineer ing possible.
In addition, Cimatran company Mold expert, Delcam's Ps-
mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-
E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interacti ve 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure. Australian company Moldflow realistic three-
dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely pra ised by users and applications.China Huazhong University of Science h ave developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software.For manufacturing, knowledge-
based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sig
n of advanced and practical one.Such as injection molding experts Cim atron's software can automatically generate parting direction based p
arting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to t he core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and fo r automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intel ligently
process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.
(3)Mold software applications, networking trend
With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, product ion and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapi d development of computer hardware and software technology, the Inter net has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturin g technology both necessary and possible.
The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise S trategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturin g / virtual engineering solutions to
automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.
2.Mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and m ulti-direction
(1)Mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficientSophisticated Complex, large-
scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly de manding.
Precision Mould precision now reached 2~3m, more domestic manufac turers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countrie s in the high-
precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning.
Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250m m × 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from th
e measurement o
f physical → model output of engineerin
g drawings →→ the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: sec ond-generation Britis
h Renishaw high-
speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser pro be complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning pr obe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm.
Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners,Japan Roland's PIX -30, PIX-
4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-
dimensional scanner with high speed, low-
cost and functional composite and so on.
(2)CNC EDM
Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's
AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven
fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advant ages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-
E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming exp ert systems.
Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.
(3)High-speed milling machine (HSM)
Milling is an important means of cavity mold.
The low-temperature high-
speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth proc essing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general mi lling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-
axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-
loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RA MBAUDI's high-
speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm × 5000mm × 1800 mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-
sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.。