动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法
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动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法
一、过去分词的定义及其基本形式
1.过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式,过去分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性,可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。如:
(1)spoken English 英语口语(过去分词具有形容词的特性,作定语)
(2)Given more time, we could do it much better.
=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
多给点时间,我们会做得更好些。
(过去分词具有动词的特性,有自己的宾语more time,构成分词短语;过去分词短语在句中作状语,具有副词的特性。)
2.过去分词的基本形式
(1)规则动词的过去分词由动词+ed构成
(2)不规则动词的过去分词须逐个记忆。
(3)不规则动词的过去分词表示完成,如:
fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen落叶
(4)及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成,如:
the machines used in the workshop
=the machines which are used in the workshop
车间用的机器(及物动词的过去分词表示被动)
I heard the door opened.
=I heard the door has been opened.
我听见门被打开了。(及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成)
二、过去分词的句法功能
过去分词是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性,故在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
1.作定语
作定语用的过去分词如果是单个的词,就放在被修饰的词的前面;若为分词短语则放在所修饰的词的后面。如:
The excited children are opening their Christmas presents.
兴奋的孩子们正在打开他们的圣诞礼物。
Some of the people invited(=who have been invited) to the party can’t come.
有些被邀请参加晚会的人不能来。
注意:(1)做定语用的过去分词通常指已完成的动作,若要表示现在进行的动作则要用过去分词的进行形式。
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
=We must keep a secret of the things which are being discussed here.
我们必须对这里讨论的问题保密。
(2)如指未来的情况,都用不定式的被动形式。
He prepared some poems to be recited at the English evening.
他准备了几首将在英语晚会上朗诵的诗。
例.The computer centre, ______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A.open B.opening
C.having opened D.opened
答案:选D。过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于非限制性定语从句which was opened.
2.作表语
Be prepared! 做好准备!
Everybody got excited about the boat trip.
大家对坐船游览倍感兴奋。
注意:“be+过去分词”与被动语态的区别:
“be+过去分词”表示状态;被动语态表示一个动作。如:
The bank is closed now.
银行现在已经关门了。(表状态)
He had been injured during the war.
他是在战争中受伤的。(表动作)
3.作宾(主)语补足语
What made you so frightened?
什么使你这样惊恐?
He was found injured at the foot of a cliff.
他被发现在山岩脚下受了伤。
例.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A.carry out B.carrying out
C.carried out D.to carry out
答案:选C。过去分词短语在定语从句中作宾补。
4.作状语
1.Born into a peasant family (=As he was born into a peasant family), he had only two years of schooling.(由于)他出生于农民家庭,他只上了两年学。
2.United we stand, divided we fall.
=(If we are) United we stand and (If we are divided) we fall.
团结则存,分裂则亡。
3.We went home exhausted.
我们筋疲力尽地回到了家里。
4.分词有时和连词一起用,相当于状语从句的省略。