翻译硕士英语阅读理解专项强化真题试卷27(题后含答案及解析)

翻译硕士英语阅读理解专项强化真题试卷27(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.
The Working Time Regulations(WTRs)introduced a new right to paid holidays for most workers. However, some workers were not covered when the WTRs came into force in October 1998. Since the regulations were amended, with effect from 1 August 2003, the majority of these workers have been entitled to paid holidays, and since 1 August 2004 the regulations have also applied to junior doctors. Workers who qualify are entitled to no fewer than four weeks of paid holiday a year, and public holidays(normally eight days in England and Wales)count towards this. However, workers and employers can agree longer holidays. For the first year of work, special accrual rules apply. For each month of employment, workers are entitled to one twelfth of the annual holiday. After the first year of employment, you can take your holiday entitlement at any time, with your employer’s approval. Before taking holidays, you must give your employer notice of at least twice the length of the holiday you want to take: for instance, to take a five-day holiday, you must give at least ten days’ notice. If your employer does not want you to take that holiday, they can give you counter-notice equal to the holiday, for example, five days’notice not to take a five-day holiday. If the employer wants you to take holiday at a given time, e. g. when there is a shutdown at the same time every year, they must give you notice of at least twice the length of the holiday. There is no right for the worker to take that holiday at a different time. Holiday cannot be carried over to the next year, unless your contract of employment allows this to happen. Nor can you be paid in lieu of your holiday. However, when you leave the job, you are entitled to receive payment for any outstanding holiday, provided your contract specifically allows for this. It may be that your contract gives you better rights, or your holiday rights might be specified in a collective agreement. Your union representative can advise you on this. Answer the following questions, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.
1．In what year were the regulations extended to cover most of the workers who were originally excluded?
正确答案：In 2003, the regulations extended to cover most of the workers who were originally excluded.
2．What is the minimum annual paid holiday which workers are entitled to?
正确答案：Workers are entitled to have over four weeks of paid holiday a year.
3．During a worker’s first year of employment, what proportion of their annual holiday does a month’s work give?
正确答案：A month’s work gives them one twelfth of their annual holiday.
4．What can an employer give a worker to stop them taking holiday that they have requested?
正确答案：Employer will give a worker counter-notice.
5．What is given as a possible reason for an employee having to take a holiday at a certain time?
正确答案：A shutdown can be a possible reason for an employee to take a holiday at a certain time.
The term “Ice Age”may give a wrong impression. The epoch that geologists know as the Pleistocene and that spanned the 1.5 to 2. 0 million years prior to the current geologic epoch was not one long continuous glaciation, but a period of oscillating climate with ice advances punctuated by times of interglacial climate not very different from the climate experienced now. Ice sheets that derived from an ice cap centered on northern Scandinavia reached southward to Central Europe. And beyond the margins of the ice sheets, climatic oscillations affected most of the rest of the world; for example, in the deserts, periods of wetter conditions(pluvials)contrasted with drier, interpluvial periods. Although the time involved is so short, about 0. 04 percent of the total age of the Earth, the amount of attention devoted to the Pleistocene has been incredibly large, probably because of its immediacy, and because the epoch largely coincides with the appearance on Earth of humans and their immediate ancestors. There is no reliable way of dating much of the Ice Age. Geological dates are usually obtained by using the rates of decay of various radioactive elements found in minerals. Some of these rates are suitable for very old rocks but involve increasing errors when used for young rocks; others are suitable for very young rocks and errors increase rapidly in older rocks. Most of the Ice Age spans a period of time for which no element has an appropriate decay rate. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. For example, an early classification of Alpine glaciation suggested the existence there of four glaciations, named the Gunz, Mindel, Piss, and Wurm. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. Yet this succession was forced willy-nilly onto the glaciated parts of Northern Europe, where there are partial successions of true glacial ground moraines and interglacial deposits, with hopes of ultimately piecing them together to
provide a complete Pleistocene succession. Eradication of the Alpine nomenclature is still proving a Herculean task. There is no conclusive evidence about the relative length, complexity, and temperatures of the various glacial and interglacial periods. We do not know whether we live in a postglacial period or an interglacial period. The chill truth seems to be that we are already past the optimum climate of postglacial time. Studies of certain fossil distributions and of the pollen of certain temperate plants suggest decreases of a degree or two in both summer and winter temperatures and, therefore, that we may be in the declining climatic phase leading to glaciation and extinction.
6．In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with______.
A．searching for an accurate method of dating the Pleistocene epoch
B．discussing problems involved in providing an accurate picture of the Pleistocene epoch
C．declaring opposition to the use of the term “Ice Age”for the Pleistocene epoch
D．criticizing fanciful schemes about what happened in the Pleistocene epoch
正确答案：B
解析：最后一段第一句为本文的主旨句，提到“没有结论性的证据来确定各个冰川期和间冰期的相对时间长度、复杂性以及温度”，接着又提到“我们尚不确定我们生活在后冰期还是间冰期”。

由此可知，本文主要探讨精确描述更新世时期景象上所遇到的问题，因此B项正确。

7．The “wrong impression”(line 1.)to which the author refers is the idea that the______.
A．climate of the Pleistocene epoch was not very different from the climate we are now experiencing
B．climate of the Pleistocene epoch was composed of periods of violent storms C．Pleistocene epoch consisted of very wet, cold periods mixed with very dry, hot periods
D．Pleistocene epoch comprised one period of continuous glaciation during which Northern Europe was covered with ice sheets
正确答案：D
解析：文章首段第二句对“wrong impression”进行了补充说明，认为“地质学家所熟知的先于目前地质时期150万年和200万年的更新世时期并非一段漫长连续的冰蚀，期间温度不断波动，冰块迁移的过程中时不时伴有间冰期的气候，而这种间冰期气候与我们现在的气候相差无几”，由此可知，更新世时期的冰蚀现象并非连续不间断的，“错误印象”即是“更新世时期包含一段漫长连续的冰蚀”。

因此，D项为正确答案。

A项属于以偏概全，更新世时期除了包括与我们现在相近的气候，还有冰蚀。

B、C两项文中没有提及。

8．Which of the following does the passage imply about the “early classification of Alpine glaciation”?
A．It should not have been applied as widely as it was.
B．It represents the best possible scientific practice, given the tools available at the time.
C．It was a valuable tool, in its time, for measuring the length of the four periods of glaciation.
D．It could be useful, but only as a general guide to the events of the Pleistocene epoch.
正确答案：A
解析：由划线处后一句中的“This succession was based primarily on…，rather than on the moreusual modern method…”，再结合最后一句“Eradication of the Alpine nomenclature isstill proving a Herculean task(彻底找出一个术语来描述阿尔卑斯山采用的方法依然任务艰巨)”，由此可知，阿尔卑斯冰蚀的早期分类方法与常见的方法不同，是种还未正式命名的新方法，因此A项为正确答案。

其余三项文中均未提及。

9．The author refers to deserts primarily in order to______.
A．support the view that we are probably living in a postglacial period
B．illustrate the idea that what happened in the deserts during the Ice Age had far-reaching effects even on the ice sheets of Central and Northern Europe C．illustrate the idea that the effects of the Ice Age’s climatic variations extended beyond the areas of ice
D．support the view that during the Ice Age sheets of ice covered some of the deserts of the world
正确答案：C
解析：由关键词deserts可定位至第一段倒数第二句。

前半句提到“气候波动的影响超出了冰床的范围，影响了世界上大部分其他地方”，后面通过列举沙漠地区的例子来补充说明，因此c项正确。

其余三项皆不符合文意。

10．The author would regard the idea that we are living in an interglacial period as______.
A．unimportant
B．unscientific
C．self-evident
D．plausible
正确答案：D
解析：最后一段倒数第二句提到“残酷的事实似乎是：后冰期的最佳气候已经离我们远去了”，接着在末尾提到“我们可能正处于温度下降时期，这会给我们带来冰蚀或灭亡”，由此可知，我们尚未进入冰川期，可能处于冰川期之间的“间冰期”，因此D项正确。

plausible表示“似乎正确的，似有道理的”。

Investigators of monkeys’social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior. Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment; hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intra-group aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression. Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition. These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore see to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.
11．The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.
A．advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior
B．comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among
monkeys
C．explaining the reasons for researchers’ interest in monkeys’ social behavior D．discussing the development of investigators’ theories about aggression among monkeys
正确答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。

通读全文可知，第一段中讲到研究猴子社会行为的研究人员对猴子潜在的好斗性以及随之而来的对它们好斗性行为所需要的社会控制很感兴趣。

接下来介绍了科学家们对猴子好斗性研究的新认识和发现(研究人员们起初认为猴子们会为了环境中的任何资源而进行竞争，后来各种研究表明引发好斗性行为的最强有力的刺激因素之一，就是在一个有组织的群体内引人一个人侵者)。

即科学家们对猴子好斗性的研究有了新的进展。

因此D项“讨论调查人员关于猴子好斗性的理论的进展”正确。

12．Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior?
A．Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.
B．Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.
C．Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild.
D．Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.
正确答案：D
解析：推理判断题。

根据题干中的“food deprivation”可定位至原文第二段的倒数第一、二句和第三段的首句，由原文第二段中的“…the reduction of space or the withholding of foodfailed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression．Indeed，food dep—rivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in de—creased frequencies of aggression…”可知，减少空间或不给猴子喂食仅仅只能暂时增加猴子社会群体内部的争斗。

事实上，食物缺乏不但不能加剧好斗性，反而在某些情况下实际导致了冲突行为频率的下降。

因此D项正确。

13．The passage suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because______.
A．aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys
B．successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group
C．situations that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory
D．most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses
正确答案：D
解析：细节理解题。

由题干中的“have been especially interested in…”可定位至原文第一段中的“have always been struck by”。

原文第一段中提到“…have always been struck bymonkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressivebehavior…aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it，as well as the social mecha—nisms that control it…”，由此可知，研究猴子社会行为的研究人员对猴子潜在的好斗性以及随之而来的对它们好斗性行为所需要的社会控制很感兴趣。

即他们研究这种好斗性行为、引发这种行为的情景以及控制这种行为的社会机制的原因是很多猴子具有潜在的攻击性，且它们生活在不控制好它们的攻击性就无法正常运行的社会体系中。

因此D项正确。

14．It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to______.
A．keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groups
B．prevent aggressive competition for incentives between that group and another C．prevent the domination of that group by another
D．protect individuals seeking to become members of that group from mass attack
正确答案：D
解析：由原文第四段中的“…in the absence of a social order，one must be established to controlinteranimal relationships．When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization，the newcomer meets even more serious aggression…resident animals mob the in—truder，thereby initially ex cluding the new animal from the existing social unit．”可知，在缺乏某种社会秩序的情况下，为了能控制动物之间的关系，一只猴子必须确立自己的地位。

当单独一只新动物被引入到一个已经存在的社会组织中来时，新来者会遭受到更加严重的攻击，已经在群体中居住的动物则会对新来者进行围攻，从而在一开始便将新动物驱逐出现存的社会单元。

即在一群猴子中建立某种社会秩序可以让想要加人群体的个体免受围攻。

因此D项正确。

15．Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?
A．A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.
B．A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited.
C．Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.
D．Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.
正确答案：A
解析：段落结构题。

第二段第一句提出了一种假说(研究人员们起初相信，猴子们会为了环境中的任何资源而进行竞争；饥饿的猴子会为了食物而争夺，干渴的猴子会为了饮水而打架，并且，总的说来，每当多于一只猴子同时为了同样的刺激物而争夺时，争执便会发生，并最终以某种形式的斗争而解决。

)；第二
句以Southwick的研究成果为证据(evidence)对第一句提出的假说进行了否定；第三句对新的结论进行了总结。

因此本题的正确答案应为A项“解释一种假说并陈述反方的论据”。

It is an unfortunate fact that most North Americans know little about American Indian culture and history. Scholars have studied such matters, but they have not succeeded in broadcasting their conclusions widely. Thus, it is still not widely known that American Indians have epics, that they performed plays long before Europeans arrived, and that they practiced politics and carried on trade. One way to gain a fuller appreciation of this rich culture is to examine American Indian poetry, for poetry is in all cultures the most central and articulate of the arts. It is especially important that we study American Indian poetry as this poetry can create a context that gives cohesive expression to the crafts, the artifacts, and the isolated facts that many Americans have managed to notice willy-nilly. Even a survey of American Indian poetry reveals a range of poetic thought and technique that defies easy generalization. Jarold Ramsey hazards a summary, however, which serves at least to give the uninitiated reader some sense of what American Indian poetry is like. Overall, he writes, it represents “ an oral, formulaic, traditional, and anonymous art form,” whose approach is to emphasize the “mythic and sacred” components of reality. It “flourished through public performances... by skilled recitalists whose audiences already knew the individual stories”and valued the performers for their “ability to exploit their material dramatically and to combine them[their stories]in longer cycles”rather than for their “plot invention. “Because this poetry belongs to highly ethnocentric tribal peoples, whose cultures “ we still do not know much about,” it “ is likely to seem all the more terse, even cryptic. American Indian poetry has another feature that Ramsey ignores: it is always functional. Whether sung, chanted, or recited; whether performed ceremonially, as entertainment, or as part of a task such as curing a patient or grinding corn; or whether recited individually or by a group, it is always fully woven into the fabric of ordinary life. For complicated reasons, American Indian poetry has basically been ignored by non-Indian cultures. Kenneth Lincoln writes that failure to hear American Indian voices results “ partly... from the tragedies of tribal dislocation, partly from mistranslation, partly from misconceptions about literature, partly from cultural indifference. “Brian Swann suggests an additional explanation; tribal poetry is oral, whereas Europeans arrived in the New World with a deeply ingrained belief in the primacy of the written word. As a result, European settlers found it hard to imagine that poetry could exist without written texts and thus that the American Indians had achieved something parallel to what Europeans called literature long before Europeans arrived. As a consequence, Europeans did not fully respond to the rich vitality of American Indian poetry.
16．According to the passage, American Indian cultures have produced all of the following forms of artistic expression EXCEPT______.
A．crafts
B．oral epics
C．songs
D．written poems
正确答案：D
解析：由原文最后一段中的“European settlers found it hard to imagine that poetry could existwithout written texts…”可知，美国印第安人文化中没有书面形式的诗歌。

他们的诗歌都是口头相传的。

因此本题应选D项。

17．According to Jarold Ramsey, American Indian poetry is an art form characterized by its______.
A．unusual depictions of landscapes
B．adaptability to public performance
C．universal accessibility
D．highly original plots
正确答案：B
解析：由题干中的Jarold Ramsey可定位至原文第二段。

由原文第二段中的“…it represents‘an oral，formulaic，traditional，and anonymous an form，’whose approach is to emphasizethe‘mythic and sacred’components of reality．It‘flourished through public performances…’”可知，美国印第安诗歌代表着一种口头的、固化的、传统的、匿名的艺术方式。

强调现实生活中的神秘元素，通过公开演出的方式得以繁荣。

即美国印第安诗歌是一种以适合公开演出为特征的艺术形式。

因此本题应选B项。

18．According to the passage, it would be unusual for American Indian poetry to be______.
A．attributed to specific authors
B．sung by a group of performers
C．chanted while working
D．sung during a sacred ceremony
正确答案：A
解析：由原文第三段中的“…it is always functional．Whether sung，chanted，or recited；whetherperformed ceremonially，as entertainment，or as part of a task such as curing a patient orgrinding corn…”可知，美国印第安诗歌功能性很强，可以唱、吟或者背诵；可以在正式的仪式上演奏，可以当做娱乐方式，也可以当做给病人治病或者磨玉米粉的工作的一部分。

由此可知。

B、C、D项均与原文意思相符。

文章第二段中提到，美国印第安诗歌代表着一种口头的、固化的、传统的、匿名的艺术方式，属于具有高度种族主义感的部落民众。

因此A项“属于特定的作者”与原文意思不相符。

因此本题应选A项。

19．It can be inferred from the passage that Brian Swann believes which of the following about the European settlers of America?
A．They probably were more literate, on the average, than the general European population they left behind.
B．They probably thought it necessary to understand American Indian politics before studying American Indian literature.
C．They probably did not recognize evidence of an oral poetic tradition in the American Indian cultures they encountered.
D．They probably could not appreciate American Indian poetry because it was composed in long narrative cycles.
正确答案：C
解析：由题干中的Brian Swarm可定位至原文最后一段。

由文章最后三句可知，Brian Swann的解释为：印第安人部落的诗歌是以口头形式流传的，而来到美洲新世界的欧洲人却深信文字居首要地位，因此欧洲人忽略了美洲印第安人诗歌的价值，C项描述与文意相符，故选C项。

其余三项文中均未提及。

20．Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?
A．An observation is made and qualifications of it are provided.
B．A phenomenon is noted and explanations for it are presented.
C．A hypothesis is presented and arguments against it are cited.
D．A prognosis is made and evidence supporting it is discussed.
正确答案：B
解析：最后一段第一句话描述了一个现象(由于多种原因，美国印第安人诗歌已基本被非印第安文化所忽视。

)，接着解释了不同的人针对这一现象所给出的不同的原因(Ken—neth Lincoln认为可能是由于部落迁徙、误译、对文学的理解错误、以及文化淡漠所造成的；Brian Swann新增了一条解释：美国印第安人诗歌是口头的，而欧洲人认为书面文字拥有主导地位，因此没有对美国印第安人诗歌的丰富活力做出全面回应。

)。

由此可知，最后一段的结构是指出现象并加以解释。

因此B项正确。

There are two major systems of criminal procedure in the modern world—the adversarial and the inquisitorial. Both systems were historically preceded by the system of private vengeance in which the victim of a crime fashioned a remedy and administered it privately, either personally or through an agent. The modern adversarial system is only one historical step removed from the private vengeance system and still remains some of its characteristic feature. For example, even though the right to initiate legal action against a criminal has now been extended to all members of society(as represented by the office of the public prosecutor), and even though the police department has effectively assumed the pretrial investigative functions on behalf of the prosecution, the adversarial system still leaves the defendant to conduct his or her own pretrial investigation. The trial is viewed as a forensic duel between two adversaries, presided over by a judge who, at the start, has no knowledge of the investigative background of the case. In the final analysis the
adversarial system of criminal procedure symbolizes and regularizes punitive combat. By contrast, the inquisitorial system begins historically where the adversarial system stopped its development. It is two historical steps removed from the system of private vengeance. From the standpoint of legal anthropology, then, it is historically superior to the adversarial system. Under the inquisitorial system, the public prosecutor has the duty to investigate not just on behalf of society but also on behalf of the defendant. Additionally, the public prosecutor has the duty to present the court not only evidence that would convict the defendant, but also evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence. The system mandates that both parties permit full pretrial discovery of the evidence in their possession. Finally, an aspect of the system that makes the trial less like a duel between two adversarial parties is that the inquisitorial system mandates that the judge take an active part in the conduct of the trial, with a role that is both directive and protective. Fact-finding is at the heart of the inquisitorial system. This system operate on the philosophical premise that in a criminal action the crucial factor is the body of facts, not the legal rule(in contrast to the adversarial system), and the goal of the entire procedure is to attempt to recreate, in the mind of the court, the commission of the alleged crime. Because of the inquisitorial system’s thoroughness in conducting its pretrial investigation, it can be concluded that, if given the choice, a defendant who is innocent would prefer to be tried under the inquisitorial system, whereas a defendant who is guilty would prefer to be tried under the adversarial system. Questions:
21．According to the passage, what is the central distinction between the system of private vengeance and the two modern criminal procedure systems?(3 points)
正确答案：According to the passage, the central distinction between the system of private vengeance and the two modern criminal procedure systems is that the right to initiate legal action against a criminal has now been extended from victims to all members of society.
22．What are characteristics of the inquisitorial system? Please make a brief summary.(4 points)
正确答案：a. It favors the innocent and encourages full disclosure of evidence.(The public prosecutor has the duty to investigate on behalf of society as well as the defendant, and present the court not only evidence that would convict the defendant, but also evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence.)b. It is based on cooperation rather than conflict and requires that the judge play an active role in the conduct of the trial.
23．What’s the author’s attitude towards the inquisitorial system?(3 points)
正确答案：The author is satisfied with the inquisitorial system which believes in
that in a criminal action the crucial factor is the body of facts, not the legal rule(in contrast to the adversarial system). In addition, it is thorough in conducting its pretrial investigation and has potential for uncovering the relevant facts in a case.。