writing 2 论文写作-总结

Field-specific common knowledge is "common" only within a particular field or specialty. It may include facts, theories, or methods that are familiar to readers within that discipline. For instance, you may not need to cite a reference to Piaget’s developmental stages in a paper for an education class or give a source for your description of a commonly used method in a biology report, but you must be sure that this information is so widely known within that field that it will be shared by your readers. If in doubt, be cautious and cite the source.
Contents

How to use your source (how to quote, paraphrase, summarize, integrate the source into your paper) Introduction Develop a paragraph Methodology Results, discussion, conclusion (tense, tables, graphs, listing, statistical results)
Common Knowledge

You do not need to cite a source for material considered common knowledge: General common knowledge is factual information considered to be in the public domain, such as birth and death dates of well-known figures, and generally accepted dates of military, political, literary, and other historical events. In general, factual information contained in multiple standard reference works can usually be considered to be in the public domain.

This theory is supported by several studies (Barson & Roth, 1995; Rose, 2001; Tedesco, 2002)

Today, the First Amendment faces challenges from groups who seek to limit expressions of racism and bigotry. A growing number of legislatures have passed rules against “hate speech”—[speech] that is offensive on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. The rules are intended to promote respect for all people and protect the targets of hurtful words, gestures, or actions. Legal experts fear these rules may wind up diminishing the rights of all citizens… But advocates of limits on hate speech note that certain kinds of expression fall outside of First Amendment protection…
Three Ways of Incorporating Other Writers' Work Into Your Own Writing
Quotations, paraphrasing and summarizing
Quotations

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Abstract Keywords, title Reference Proofreading Publication
How to do research



Read the literature (search first, citation index, dissertation abstract, database, specify your key words) Brainstorm, discuss with others, sort out ideas and narrow down your topic (get your research questions by reviewing literature and asking yourself who, what, how questions, general/specific ) Assemble a working bibliography Read the literature (read critically) Take note and summarize the information (Literature review) Outline the research research design (Collect data, Analyze data) draft the paper Revise your drafts
How to Avoid Plagiarism

Integrating the source in three ways: Direct quotation / paraphrasing / summary Careful documentation: accurate information about the source Avoid distortion through misstatement or improper emphasis

Acts of plagiarism

Copy strings of words from a source without using quotation marks to show that the words came from another writer Superficially change words or sentences to make it appear that the sentences are original Restate another person’s words and ideas in a completely new manner but fail to show whose ideas these were in the first place
Summarizing

A brief restatement, in your own words, of the main idea of a passage or an article. Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source.

Take notes / Make annotations
How to use your sources
Lecture 2
plagiarism and Documentation
The use of another person’s ideas or words without giving him/her the proper credit---results from the failure to document fully and accurately. Documentation is the formal acknowledgement of the sources you use in your paper （APA，MLA， in-text citation, references）.
Steps for Summarizing




Hale Waihona Puke Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. Write a one-sentence restatement of the main idea. Write your summary, using the one-sentence restatement as your topic sentence. Use your own words and phrasing. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. Include quotation marks when necessary Add appropriate documentation.
Quote when: A source’s wording or phrasing is so distinctive that a summary or paraphrase would diminish its impact. A source’s word will lend authority to your presentation. A writer’s words are so concise that paraphrasing would create a long, clumsy, or incoherent phrase or would change the meaning of the original. You go on to disagree with a source.

Use some thoughts of the original writer and give credit to that first writer, but unintentionally change the meaning of what was in the source. In this case, the writer actually says that the original writer wrote something that he did not write.

Use a brief introductory remark to provide a context for the quotation, and quote only those words you need to make your point. Do not quote extensively. That not only gives reader the impression that your paper is just a collection of other people’s ideas but also interrupts the flow of your discussion.