非谓语动词笔记

不定式、过去分词、此刻分词
一、作状语................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

二、定语.................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

三、宾补.................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

四、非谓语作宾语.......................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

练习题-非谓语动词作定语............................................... 错误!未定义书签。

一、作状语
1不定式作状语
不定式最经常使用的情形下是目的状语（它在句中、句后时没有逗号）
不定式和不定式短语作目的状语，要紧用来修饰动词，起副词的作用。

表示某一动作或状态的目的。

不定式的主语应和主句一致。

如不一致那么在不定式前加for sb 组成复合结构。

To become a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.
He came here to borrow my bike. 他到那个地址来借我的自行车。

To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(正)
To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed.(误)主语一致？
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。

有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。

如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能如此用。

在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：
I stayed there so that (in order that) I could see what would happen.
当不定式的否定式作目的状语时, 一样用“in order not to..."或“so as not to...",不用“not to...", 因为后者是结果状语。

试比较:
I'm going to get up now in order not to（so as not to）miss the early bus. 为了不误早班公共汽车, 我此刻得起床。

He came in quietly in order not to（so as not to）wake the child. 他轻轻地走了进来, 以免
吵醒孩子。

He must be deaf not to hear what I have said. 连我说的话都听不见, 他必然是聋了。

（表结果）作结果状语
结果状语只是仅限于learn（得知），find（发觉），see，hear，to be told（被告知），make（使得）等具有界限含义的动词。

He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.
他回家后得知女儿方才订亲了。

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
固定句式如：
①so\such…as to;
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。

I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner.
③only to---常常表示令人不快的结果
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
※但在以下结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。

如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试合格我太快乐了。

（too修饰glad to have…，相当于very）
②We have too much to learn.咱们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。

不定式短语还可作独立成份，用于句首、句中或句末。

如：
To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的话），to be sure（真的）等等。

形容词\过去分词+to do。

一些表示快乐、悲伤等情绪性的形容词后面加不定式。

glad, delighted, happy, ashamed, anxious，lucky，fortunate，right，eager，disappointed，ready，clever，unwise，shocked，surprised，frightened，grieved（悲伤的），sorry，etc。

comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等
如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
※The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit
B. sit on
C. be seat
D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。

当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

动词+to do ：she wept to see him in such a terrible state.
We grieved to hear the news that he died in the battle.
2过去分词作状语---过去分词作状语要紧表现被动性。

1.过去分词作缘故状语
Greatly inspired by the teacher's words, I have made up my mind to work to English even harder。

在教师的鼓舞下，我决心加倍尽力地学习英语。

Greatly moved by the film, they all cried.
他们看了那部电影深受感动，都哭了。

Surrounded by a group of young people, the old man felt happy.
身旁围着一群年轻人，老人感到很快乐。

2.过去分词作状语，表示伴随情形或方式。

The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.
训练员显现了，后面随着六条小狗。

He walked up and down the room, lost in thought.
他在屋子时走来走去，陷入了沉思。

Filled with extraordinary strength, he raised himself.
他使出全身的力气站了起来。

3.过去分词作状语,还能够表示:
Given much time, we could do it better.（条件）
多给点时刻的话，咱们会做得更好。

When heated, ice can be changed into water.（时刻）
冰加热时变成水。

※在分析“与句子主语的关系”的关系时，提到“当过去分词(短语)做状语时，要与句子的主语有关系，而且一样是被动关系。

”可是，在语言的进展进程中，有一些过去分词短语在利用的进程中成了固定结构，当利用这些固定结构时不需要分析它们与主语的关系，就直接利用。

常见的有以下几种：judged by…由….判定、判定。

provided：conj.(=on the condition that)假设，若是，倘假设...，在...条件下，后面常加that引导的从句，that能够省略。

providing也能够有这种用法，也确实是说provided与providing做连词利用，用法及含义是一样的。

given…倘假设...[假定...]
Judged by his accent，he came from Tangshan.从他的口音判定，他是唐山人。

Given good weather，our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening.假设天气好，咱们的船将于礼拜一晚上抵达上海。

You may keep the book a further week provided/providing (that) no one else requires it.倘假设这本书没有其他人想借的话，你能够再续借一个礼拜。

※在高中生学习这种语法的进程中，be加过去分词组成的词组做状语是他们的学习中难点。

先看下面的两个简单句：
The young fellow is dressed in looks cool.
把这两个简单句归并成复合句为：
Dressed in black，the young fellow looks cool.
把含有be dressed in的句子转换成状语，其实确实是去掉了系动词be，类似的结构很多，例如：He is interested in listens to BBC every day.
转换为一个句子为：Interested in English，he listens to BBC every day.
从语法的角度来分析，这种结构中的过去分词是及物动词，后面句子的主语是它的宾语，由于含有这些动词的过去分词的词组：be+done已经超级固定，因此咱们能够不分析它而是直接去掉be，用done做状语。

这些过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。

如此的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost （迷路）； seated （坐）； hidden （躲）； stationed （驻扎）； lost / absorbed in （沉溺于）； born （身世于）； dressed in （穿着）； tired of （厌烦）； caught in; devoted to(忠实于，酷爱); disappointed at； determined to; exhqusted(疲惫不堪)； prepared for; 。

Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.
因为沉溺于试探当中，因此他没听到那个声音。

Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.
出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。

3. V-ing（此刻分词）作状语
利历时注意：
1）分词表示的必需是主语发出的动作；逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致
2）分词表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的；
3）分词表示的是次要的动作，对谓语动词所表示的动作或状态加以补充说明；
4）表示时刻关系的连接短语有时还能够由连接词while或when引导。

当此刻分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时, 那么用此刻分词的完成式,且所表示动作与
谓语动作同时发生, 那么用此刻分词的一样式。

完成或被动关系用过去分词
①表示时刻
Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.(=When I looked out of the window….)我从窗户望出去，看见几个学生在那儿玩。

Heated, water will turn into vapour.（= When it is heated,….）
水受热就会变成水蒸气。

Asked why he was late , he went red. (= When he was asked why ….)
问他什么缘故迟到，他涨红了脸。

Having done my shopping, I returned home. (= When I had done…/ After I had done …)买完东西，我就回家了。

②表示缘故
Being League members, we are ready to help others.由于咱们是团员，咱们乐意帮忙他人。

(Since we are League members，….)
Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder.
在他的话的鼓舞下，咱们决心加倍尽力学习。

(Since we are inspired by what he said, ….)
She asked me to help her, realizing that she couldn’t move the heavy suitcase alone.她请我帮帮她，因为她意识到她一个人搬不动那个繁重的衣箱。

Not knowing his address, I can’t write to him. 由于不知他的地址，我无法给他写信。

(Since I didn’t know his address, …)
Not having received his letter for long, she felt a little worried.
由于很长时刻没收到他的信了，她感到有点担忧。

(Because she hadn’t received his letter for long, ….)
Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.
（分词完成式的确信式）
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.
（分词完成式的否定式）
③表示条件
Working hard, you’ll surely succeed. (= If you work hard ,…)
若是你尽力工作，你就必然会成功。

Given more time , we could have done it better. ( If we had been given more time,….)若是给咱们的时刻多一些，咱们本来会做得更好。

United, we stand; divided, we fall. (= If we are united, …; if we are divided,…)团结一致，咱们就会成功；各自为政，咱们就会失败。

④表示伴随或方式
The boy sat in front of the farm—house cutting the branch.
那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。

（伴随）
He came running back to tell me the news. 他跑回来告知我那个消息。

（方式）
An old man entered, supported by a girl.
一名老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。

（方式）
⑤表示结果
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.
那小孩滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。

Fifteen million trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads, paths and railway lines.
大风刮到了一千五百万棵树，阻塞了大小道路和铁线路。

European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
八十个国家踢的都是欧式足球，这使得它成为世界上最普及的一项体育运动。

因此，有时能够在作状语的分词前视其所表示的情形添加连词when ,while, if, once, though, unless, as, if, even if 等，这种“连词+分词”作状语可看做在连词与分词之间省略了与句子主语相同的主语
及相关成份。

例如：
If ( I am)given another chance, I will do it much better.若是再取得一次机遇，我会把它做
得更好。

When (the museum is)completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.博物馆一
完工，就会在来年对公众开发。

Even if (I were)invited to the party, I wouldn’t go.
即便受邀去参加聚会，我也不归去。

注：此刻分词表示必然结果，前可加thus,不定式表意外的结果，前可加only.
He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch cold. (表示在意料当中)
I hurried to school, only to find that it was Sunday. (表示在意料之外)
※分词的完成形式 having done, having been done.只用与状语，表示其动作在谓语之前完成。

the speech having been delivered, a lively discussion started.
※分词作状语本身有状语从句意味，主句前不该加任何连词。

Not knowing how to solve the problem, so he asked his teacher for help. (so应该去掉)一些刹时动词（hear， turn, learn(得知)，approach， return, turn, known, understand, see）尽管发生在谓语动词之前，但仍将用一样形式放在句首。

4.过去分词与此刻分词作状语取决于（主谓仍是动宾关系）
boy lay on his back, his teeth ＿＿and his glaring eyes ＿＿＿.
；looked ；looking ；looked ；looking
答.B。

独立主格结构在句中作伴随状语, teeth 与set两个词之间含有逻辑上的被动关系,因此
用过去分词；look这一动作是eyes所发出,因此用looking。

some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed
B. Followed by
C. Being followed
D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。

being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。

followed by（被…跟随）。

本题可改为：
With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
With+sb+分词的独立主格形式
was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed
D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。

用现在分词。

, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating
B. To be heated
C. Heated
D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。

现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。

对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。

它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
5.关于分词的主语与主句的主语一致性与独立主格结构。

分词的主语应与主句的主语一致。

Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head. (×)
这句话咱们只好改用从句来明确说出waiting动作的执行者，因此可译成“When I was waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head”。

After doing my homework, the dog was fed. (×)
应更正为：
After I did my homework, I fed the dog. 或
After doing my homework, I fed the dog.
值得注意的是，有些分词在句子中没有逻辑主语。

这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词。

属于分词的一种特殊的用法，须专门记住。

常见的这种垂悬分词有：regarding关于，barring除……之外，concerning 关于，granting ／ granted（that）假定，即便，presuming假定，admitting（that）承认，consider- ing考虑到，assuming假设，supposing（that）假定，seeing that考虑到，given（that）考虑到，若
是，假设，等等。

如：
He did poorly in his examinations， considering how hard he had studied for them．他为预备这些考试所付出的庞大尽力而言，他考得极差。

Granted that he has enough money to buy the house，it doesn't mean he's going to do so．即便他有足够的钱买这栋屋子，这也并非是说他要买下来。

Given his age，he has done a good job．
考虑到他的年龄，他干得不错。

He asked me questions concerning my health．
他问了一些关于我的健康的问题。

常见这类分词词组有：taking ．．．into consideration考虑到，judging by／from从……判断，talking about说到……，speaking of说到……，looking at考虑到，着眼于，generally speaking一般来说，allowing for考虑到，等等。

如：
Judging from the number of cars，there were not many people at the club yet．从汽车的数量来看，俱乐部里人还不多。

Generally speaking ，boys are more interested in such activities than girls．一般来说，男孩子对这种活动的兴趣比女孩子大。

Allowing for the deficiencies，the show is a success．考虑到这些不足，这次表演是成功的。

※So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off
A. were absent
B. being absent
C. been absent
D. had been absent。

因为英语里逗号是不能连接两个句子的，因此逗号前面只能是短语的形式，B。

二、定语
取决于主谓与动宾关系（单个分词在修饰语前，反之在后）
不定式、此刻分词及过去分词作定语能够从两个方面来区分，时刻和语态， to do表示以后、主动, doing表示此刻、主动，done表示过去（完成）、被动。

有时过去分词只表示完成不表示被动，如fallen leaves, risen sun,
不定式做定语放在被修饰词的后面，若是不定式动词是不及物动介词不能省略；若是不定式动作所修饰的词是不定式动作的处所工具也要加上介词; 但如果是被修饰名词为time place或way时能够省略介词。

注意１：分词的完成时不可作定语
注意２：在message letter sign news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语不用过去分词这是考试的易错点
注意３：某些现在分词作定语时已不再表示动作已经从分词变为了形容词词性
eg. an interesting story an exciting match 这些也能够属于此刻分词作定语可是不能
转化为相应的定语从句可是能够有三级转变（原级比较级最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰
三、宾补
⒈不定式作宾补
常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate ),order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。

如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe, consider, discover, find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose,
see(=understand),understand等。

①We all believe John(to be)honest.
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.
但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish.
感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。

①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
②They make the students do too much homework every day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：The students are made to do too much homework every day.
, know后面的"to"可有可无。

如：
Would you please help me(to) fill in the tax form?
I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.
部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：
You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and practice economy.
常这样用的短语动词有：ask for, care for, call on, count on ,depend on, wait for, long for（期望）， prepare for, wish for等。

作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。

如：
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise.
二、过去分词作宾补
过去分词用在感观动词watch, notice, see, hear, listen to ,feel, find等后面。

如
When we got to school, we saw the door locked.
We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.
He felt himself cheated.
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next
year.(NMET2000)
使役动词 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。

例如：Have you got your films developed?
少数不及物动词如 go, change, fall 等的过去分词作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作完成。

seat, hide, dress，表示状态。

因此，宾语与过去分词之间不存在逻辑上的被动关系。

例如：
She found her necklace gone on her way home.
When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner.
过去分词（此刻分词）用在want, wish, like ,expect， order等表示“希望，愿望”这一类动词
后面做宾补。

如（此刻分词也能够）
The boss wouldn't like the problem discussed at the moment.
I would like my house painted white.
I want the suit made to his own measure.
I wish the problem settled.
The father wants his daughter taught the piano.
这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。

过去分词在keep, leave后面，表状态
Eg:They kept the door locked for a long time.
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.(谚语：少说多看）
Don't leave such an important thing undone.
Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time.
过分词用在get, have, make, 的后面。

1.注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情形：
A）表"让某人做某事/让某事（被人）做"
eg: I have had my bike repaired.
The villagers had many trees planted just then.
B)表"遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受....影响，蒙受..... 损失"
Eg:I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month.
The old man had his leg broken in the accident.
He had his leg broken in the match yesterday.(MET1986)
2. make+宾语+过去分词-过去分词必需表示结果含义。

如：
They managed to make themselves understood in very simple English.
I raised my voice to make myself heard.
“with +宾语＋宾补”，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。

如：
The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.
With many brightly-coloured flowers planted around the building ,his house looks like a beautiful garden.
With everything well arranged,he left the office.
3、此刻分词作宾补
宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上是主动关系，并非是所有的动词都能够跟宾语加此刻分词作宾语补足语。

把握此刻分词作宾语补足语的结构要注意下面的五点。

感官动词+宾语+此刻分词，此刻分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。

feel，find，hear，notice，observe，see，watch listen to look at等。

例如：He saw her working in the garden.他看见她正在花园里干活。

分析：“He”在句子中做主语，“saw”作谓语，“her”作宾语，划线部份在句子中作宾语补足语。

请看下面的句子，working in the garden宾语补足语。

I heard a bell ringing.我听见铃在响。

I could feel the wind blowing on my face.我能感觉到风吹着我的脸。

Sometimes she would listen to him playing the saxophone.有时她会听他演奏萨克斯管。

She looked at him waiting there.她瞧着他等在那里。

使役动词+宾语+此刻分词，此刻分词在句子中作宾语补足语。

get，have，keep，leave，send，set
例如：His question has set me thinking.他的问题让我沉思。

分析：“His question”在句子中做主语，“has set”作谓语，“me”作宾语，划线部份在句子中作宾语补足语。

请看下面的句子，thinking做宾语补足语。

The arrival of the police sent the robbers running away quickly.警察的到来使强盗们四处逃窜。

The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.农忙时，农人们让拖沓机夜以继日地干活。

The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.休息片刻以后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。

上述两种结构可变成被动形式。

例如：
He was found lying on the floor.有人发觉他躺在地上。

分析：“He”在句子中做主语，“was found”作谓语，利用了被动语态，lying on the floor做宾语补足语。

请看下面的句子，划线部份在句子中作宾语补足语。

He was seen sitting in a café.有人看见他坐在一家咖啡馆里。

The papers were left lying around.文件散落了一地。

另外，表示情感的动词imagine（想象）, (not)want（希望，想）等也可用此刻分词作宾补。

如：Can you imagine him becoming famous as an actor?
I don’t want you arriving late. 我希望你不要再迟到。

注意：在with+宾语+v-ing的复合结构中
该结构中，此刻分词和with的宾语之间是主谓关系，而且表示动作正在进行。

如：
With the old man leading the way, the soldier can easily find the old house in the forest.
由于老人的带路，这些士兵能够容易地找到丛林里的那座老屋子
此刻分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别。

feel，find，hear，notice，observe，see，watch等感官动词，既能够跟此刻分词也能够跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。

此刻分词作句子中的宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行；不带to的不定式作句子中的宾语补足语，表示动作的完成。

试比较下面句子：
He saw her working in the garden.(She was working in the garden.)他看见她在花园里干活。

He saw her enter the room.(She entered the room.)他看见她走进屋子。

使役动词get，have既能够跟此刻分词也能够跟不定式作宾语补足语。

get sb to do/have sb do sth表示“使/让/叫某人去做某事”，偏重动作的结果；have sb/sth doing表示“使/让某人/物持续地做某事”，
偏重动作的持续；get sb/sth doing表示“使某人/物开始行动起来”，偏重动作的开始。

试比较下面的句子：
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.母亲让我到商店买一些盐。

I can‘t get him to stop won’t listen to me.我不能使他戒烟。

他不听我的话。

The mother had the boy cleaning the room the whole afternoon.(母亲让那个男孩整个下午清理房间。

)
I can‘t get the car starting.(我不能把车发动起来。

)
此刻分词有时用被动形式作宾语补足语，其结构为“动词+宾语+being done…”。

例如：
I saw him being carried away on a stretcher.我看见他被人用担架抬走。

分析：“I”在句子中做主语，“saw”作谓语，“him”作宾语，划线部份在句子中作宾语补足语。

请看下面的句子，划线部份在句子中作宾语补足语。

One could hear all kinds of things being discussed there.你能够听到那里在谈论的问题五花八门，无所不有。

高中范围内，适用于“动词+宾语+being done…”的结构，此刻分词作宾语补足语经常使用的动词有：feel，find，hear，notice，see，watch等
br ing sb. doing sth.引发某人做某事
catch sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事
discover sb. doing sth. 发觉某人做某事
feel sb. doing sth. 感觉某人做某事
find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事
get sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事
have sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人做某事
keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不断地做某事
listen to sb. doing sth. 听某人做某事
look at sb. doing sth. 看着某人做某事
notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人做某事
observe sb. doing sth. 观看某人做某事
prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事
send sb. doing sth.使某人（突然）做某事
set sb. doing sth. 使（引发）某人做某事
start sb. doing sth. 使某人开始做某事
stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
watch sb. doing sth. 观五、接动词原形作宾补的11个经常使用动词
feel sb. do sth. 感觉某人做某事
have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事
let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
listen to sb. do sth. 听着某人做某事
look at sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
notice sb. do sth. 注意某人做某事
observe sb. do sth. 观看某人做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事
watch sb. do sth. 观看某人做某事
4、过去分词、此刻分词、和不定式作宾补的区别。

此刻分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系。

其动作与谓语动作同时进行。

过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系。

其动作先于谓语动作。

不定式作宾补：表一个完成的动作、或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。

eg: He didn't notice me waiting.
I heard the song sung in English.
I saw him opening the window.
I saw the window opened.
I saw him open the window.
I heard her sing the song in English.
四、非谓语作宾语
类型一：适应上要接不定式作宾语的动词
以下动词适应上可接不定式作宾语，但不能接动名词作宾语：
afford 付得起 agree 同意 apply 申请 arrange 安排 ask 要求care 想要 choose 选择 decide
决定demand 要求desire 请求 determine 决心 expect 期待 help 帮忙hope 希望 intend 打算 manage 设法 offer 主动提出 plan 打算 prepare 预备pretend 假装 promise 许诺refuse 拒绝 want 想要wish 希望
请看以下典型用例：
She walked up to the desk and asked to see the manager. 她走到办公桌前要求见经理。

If you would care to leave your name，we’ll get in touch as soon as possib le. 请留下您的名字，我们将尽快与您联系。

He applied to be transferred. 他申请调动工作。

There have been fewer problems for travelers who chose to fly. 对于选择乘飞机旅游的人来说问题更少。

After much discussion they decided to accept our offer. 经过反复讨论，他们决定接受我们开的价。

If I fail to appear by 7 o’c lock， I will not be coming at all. 如果我七点钟不到，我就不会来了。

I wanted to speak to the manager but I got his secretary instead. 我想找经理说话，可是接电话的是他的秘书。

类型二：适应上要接动名词作宾语的动词
以下动词适应上可接动名词作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语：
admit 承认 advise 建议 allow 允许 appreciate 感激
avoid 避免 consider 考虑delay 推迟 deny 否认
discuss 讨论dislike 不喜欢 enjoy 喜爱 escape 逃脱
excuse 原谅 fancy 设想 finish 完成 forbid 禁止
forgive 原谅give up 放弃imagine 想像keep 保持
mention 提及mind 介意 miss 没赶上pardon 原谅。