英语词类(新高一用)

英语中共有三种句子：简单句，并列句，复合句，错句
英语中的词性/类
词：能够自由运用的最小语言单位。

词类：根据词的形式、意义及其在句子中的作用所做的分类。

汉(11)：n. v. adj. num. 量. pron. adv. prep. conj.助. int.
汉语中共有11种词类：名词动词形容词数词量词代词副词介词连词助词感叹词
英(10)：art. :a，an/the
英语中没有量词和助词，但是多了一种冠词，共有10种词类。

为何要了解词性？
Mr. Zhang was old , but he taught us good.(改错:well)
1.n.名词：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

Common noun(普通名词):表示一类人、事物、某种物质或、抽象概念的名称。

Proper noun（专有名词）:表示特定的某个人、物、地方或机构的名称。

the Great Wall
the Summer Palace
分类：Singular/plural n. Un.
book lots of /a lot of ：修饰复数名词和不可数名词，不能修饰单数名词。

单复同形：
单数：sheep deer fish(fishes) Chinese Japanese Swiss head
three hea d of cattle
复数：Species series (必1) means customs works(工厂)
a gas works 煤气厂
四类名词:
glasses sunglasses trousers jeans scissors compasses headphones (pair/piece/article...)
此类名词单独使用时，人称代词和谓语动词用复数。

但如果其前有pair/piece/article等修饰时，则谓语动词由pair/piece/article来决定谓语动词的单复数。

Eg:
Where are my glasses?
They are on the table.
There is a pair of glasses on the table.
There are two pairs of glasses on the table.
family class team staff crew committee audience government group public
此类名词中谓语动词的数是由名词所强调的内容决定，若强调名词整体，谓语动词用单数，若强调名词里的个体，则谓语动词用复数。

Eg:
My family is a big one and my family are all fond of watching TV. People police cattle youth folk(s)
高中阶段内，最典型的此类名词是前三个，三者均不能指单个的
人、警察、牛，单个的人用person,单个的警察用policeman/woman,单个的牛用ox/cow/bull等，此类名词的人称代词和谓语动词永远用复数形式。

Clothing dress machinery equipment furniture bedding （piece…）
此类名词为表示总称的词，单独使用时看作不可数名词，若名词前有pair/piece/article等词修饰时，谓语动词由pair/piece/article 来决定。

Eg:
There are many pieces of furniture.
有好多套家俱。

单数名词在句中不单独出现。

汉语中说“书”，而在英语中须说“a/the/my/this book”或“books”。

（在短文改错等题型中很有用。

）
2.art.冠词：放在名词前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。

a/an the
a/an的区分是看音素，而不是看字母。

要注意：
an 8, f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x
an hour
honor
honest person
a/an
university,
European，
useful invention,
UFO
universal language
unique style
Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style. (语法填空/改错a)
3.Pron.代词：用来指代的词。

人称代词：主格，宾格
主格宾格
I me
We us
You you
He him
She her
It it
They them
主格在句子中作主语，宾格在句子中作宾语。

物主代词：adj./n. n.=adj.+n.
adj. n.
my mine
our ours
your yours
his his
her hers
its its
their theirs
形容词性的物主代词在句中作定语，而名词性的物主代词则相当于一个名词，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语等。

反身代词：两个主要作用1.强调；2.做同源主格的宾语
myself
ourselves
yourself/selves
himself
herself
itself
themselves
I went there myself.
He saw it himself.
I told me/myself that…
He told her that…
He told him that…
指示代词：this that these those such same
疑问代词：who whom whose what which
关系代词：that who whom whose which as
He said that you were right.
He asked who were right.
The computer that is on the table is mine.
I still remember the days that we spent together.
不定代词：some any no every (one/thing/body) little a little few a few all both neither none either each many much (one)（28+1）
（定语从句：当先行词被不定代词修饰或先行词本身是不定代词时用that不用which。

）
4.Numeral数词
数词分为：基/序/分/百分数词。

基数词：one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen f ou rteen fift een sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty /twenty-one twenty-nine thirty f or ty f if ty sixty seventy eight y ninety/ hundred thousand million billion
基数词的读法：只在百位和十位之间加and。

序数词：First second third four th fi fth eigh t h ni nt h twel fth twent ie th hundredth thousandth millionth billionth
分数词：half quarter one-third two-third s
百分数词：one/two percent
主谓一致of：分/百分数词作主语，谓语动词与of后面的名词保
持一致。

Eg:
Two-thirds of the student s are in the classroom.
20 percent of the water is …
population
has a population of
Xun county has a population of 60 thousand. 80 percent of the population are peasants.
dozen score(of) hundred thousand million billion trillion
5.adjective形容词：修饰n.，说明名词的属性。

的
形容词的学习中要注意比较级和最高级形式。

-er –est friendly early还要注意近义词和反义词。

big bigger biggest
more/most important
quiet still silent calm
表语adj.: alone alive asleep awake alike (ill/sick)(不能作前置定语) …可作后置定语、补足语(宾/主补)
Who is the greatest English teacher alive?
We caught the tiger alive.
The tiger was caught alive.
three-year-old 只作前置定语
a three-year-old boy
Stand/Keep , or I’ll shoot you.
( quiet still silent calm) （still）
Don’t keep when the teacher asks you a question. (silent)
6.Adverb副词：修饰v. adj. adv.通常说明时间，地点，程度，方式。

地
副词学习当中也要注意比较级和最高级以及近/反义词。

aloud loud loudly
think aloud read aloud
He did it very .good/well
He is a very student.
high/highly
wide/widely
deep/deeply
close/closely
firm/firmly
direct/directly
…
不加-ly的具体，加-ly的表抽象。

7.Verb.动词：表示动作或状态
五种基本形式：do does doing done did
要注意不规则动词的过去式/分房，现在分词的形式。

Eg:
grow grew grown
die lie :dying lying
分类：
实义(行为)/系/情态/助
vi. vt.
实义动词、系动词可单独充当谓语动词，而后两种不能单独充当谓语动词，要加上动词的其他形式才能充当谓语动词。

arrive/reach/get to
After he reached there, he… （改错，arrived）
动词短语：
vi. + adv.=vi. Look out (of the window)
vi.+prep.=vt. look at/ deal with
Vt.+adv.=vt.单
Vt.+prep.=vt.双
give sb. sth.
How will you deal with the boy?
What will you do with the boy?
Prep. 就象vt.一样，不带宾语就是错误的。

（如果一个动词及物，则其-ing, to do也是物的。

）
He went to the party without .
A.invitation
B. inviting
C. invited
D. being invited
(D)
8.prep（介词）:记搭配。

要注意记忆介词与n. V. Adj. 的搭配。

还要注意动词，名词，形容词搭配不同介词的一些词和短语。

Eg: search for
in search of
take pride in
be proud of
dependent on
independent of
accuse sb. of sth.
charge sb. with sth.
be similar to
have similarity with
9. Conj.：连词
并列：and, but, or, nor, so（纯并列连词）
（for when while yet otherwise etc.不纯的并列连词)
I’m a teacher you are a student. (and, and yet, yet, but，and but)
I, who a teacher, teach English. am/is/are
n 个连词，n+ 1 (n∈N N为自然数0、1、2、3…)个主谓结构(并列的主语或宾语除外He told Z and W that he would not come the next day.)
位于句首的and, but, so 有时不受此限制.（做从句题,动词题等均要以此来判断。

）
your head, and you’ll find a way.(use)(语法填空：Use)
Use To use Using Used
If you use your head, and you’ll find a way.（改错：去掉and）still, or I’ll shoot you.(stand)（语法填空：Stand）
从属：英语中共有三种从句：
n.:主语/宾语/表语/同位语从句
Adj.：定语从句：限制/非限制性定语从句
adv.状语从句：时间/地点/原因/让步/比较/结果/目的/条件/方式
各种从句的引导词叫从属连词。

10. Interjection
Oh, well, hi, hello…
Notional word（实词）: n. v. Pron. Num. Adj. Adv
Form word（虚词）: prep. Conj. Art. Int.
在平常的学习当中，要以实词为主，虚词为辅。

高考完形填空题的选项中，几乎没有虚词。