HND国际实物配送

1 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n m o d e s
Mode Total Cost per Transi Advantages Disadvantages
mode cost pallet t
time
Sea6207days Cheap and Slow and high
large risks
capacity
Air12652534hours Fast and Expensive and
secure finite
capacity
Rail1275512days Fast and Less flexible
large and need
capacity railroad
Direct13503days Better for Small
road shipped and capacity and
convenient expensive
Multi-mode11857 days Reduce Cost of
18handing of investment is
hours cargo and high
quicker
transit
times
Take sea as an example,because the shipping requires25 pallets and the total cost is 620, the cost per pallet is 620/25=. In the similar way, other result
also can be calculated, except the Multi-mode. The Multi-mode’ cost is 1185 including 125, 620, 295, and145, thus the cost per pallet is 1185/25=.
Air transportation is optimum choice. Air transportation can use the least time to convey goods due to faster speed. Besides, it also ensures the security to
a large extent relatively.However,it also has some disadvantages.Air transportation has expensive cost,and airport is distant from municipal center.
Sea transportation also can be chosen. Though it is the slowest method and
vulnerable to bad weather in ocean, it is the lowest expenses of freight and
carries the largest quantities.
Angus Glen also can select rail. Rail has a large capacity and is less refrained by bad weather. Rail has these disadvantages, it is not much flexible and can
2 Consignment delivery term
FCA Free Carrier A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods (named place named airport,terminal,or other place where
of delivery)carrier operates.Cost loss transfer buyer and risk
of loss transfer to the buyer after deliver to the
carriers.The seller fulfils his obligation
deliver when he has handed goods over,cleared for
export,into the charge of the carrier named named
by the buyer at the named place. When used trade
terms, word“free” means seller has an obedience
to deliver goods named place for transfer to
carrier (.
FOB Free On Board a term in international commercial law specifying (named port at what point the seller transfers ownership of the
of shipment)goods to the buyer. Under the standard published
by the, FOBis only used in non-containerized sea
freight, and also defines ownership transfer. The
owner of the goods is responsible for damageor loss
during transport,so the point of ownership
transfer is important(.
CIF Cost,This term is broadly similar to the above CFRterm, Insurance&with the exception that the seller is required to
Freight obtain insurance for the goods while in transit to
(named port the named port of destination. CIF requires the
of seller to insure the goods for110%of their value
destination)under at least the minimu)m cover of the Institute
Cargo Clauses of the Institute of London
Underwriters, or any similar set of clauses. The
policy should be in the same currency as the
contract. CIF can be used by any transport by sea
and air not limited to containerized or
non-containerized cargo and includes all charges
up to the port/terminal of entrance. CIP covers
additional charges at the port/terminal of
entrance(.
CPT Carriage The seller pays for the carriage of the goods up Paid to to the named place of destination. However, the
(named place goods are considered to be delivered when the goods
of have been handed over to the first or main carrier,
destination)so that the risk transfers to buyer upon handing
goods over to that carrier at the place of shipment
in the country of Export.The seller is responsible
for origin costs including export clearance and
freight costs for carriage to the named place of
destination. If the buyer requires the seller to
obtain insurance,the Incoterm CIP should be
considered instead(.
CIP Carriage and CIP requires the seller to insure the goods for110% Insurance of the contract value under at least the minimum
Paid to cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses of the
(named place Institute of London Underwriters or any similar
of set of clauses. The policy should be in the same
destination)currency as the contract, and should allow the
buyer,the seller,and anyone else with an
insurable interest in the goods to be able to make
a claim.
CIP can be used for all modes of transport,whereas
the Incoterm CIF should only be used for
non-containerised seafreight(.
DAT Delivered At This Incoterm requires that the seller delivers the Terminal goods,unloaded,at the namedterminal.The seller
(named covers all the costs of transport (export fees,
terminal at carriage,unloading from main carrier at
port or place destination port and destination port charges)and
of assumes all risk until arrival at the destination
destination)port or terminal.
The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland
freight interchange, but must be a facility with
the capability to receive the shipment.
All charges after unloading are to be borne by
buyer. However, it is important to note that any
delay or demurrage charges at the terminal will
generally be for the seller's account(.
DAP Delivered At Under DAP terms, the risk passes from seller to Place (named buyer from the point of destination mentioned in
place of the contract of delivery.
destination)Once goods are ready for shipment, the necessary
packing is carried out by the seller at his own
cost,so that the goods reach their final
destination safely.All necessary legal
formalities in the exporting country are completed
by the seller at his own cost and risk to clear the
goods for export(.
DDP Delivered Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to Duty Paid the named place in the country of the buyer, and
(named place pays all costs in bringing the goods to the
of destination including import duties and taxes.The
destination)seller is not responsible for unloading.This term
is often used in place of the non-Incoterm Free In
Store. This term places the maximumobligations on
the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer.
No risk or responsibility is transferred to the
buyer until delivery of the goods at the namedplace
of destination(.
For incoterms ’ importance,it can ensure that transactions are finished
Incot Export Carria Unload Loadin Carriage(Unloadi Loadin Carria Insura Import Import erm-ge to ing of g Sea ng g on ge to nce custom taxes 2010Custom port truck charge Freight/A charges truck place s s of in s in ir in port in port of cleara
declar export port port Freight)of of destin nce
ation of of to port of import import ation
export export import
EXW Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer FCA Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer FOB Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer Buyer CPT Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer CIF Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer Seller Buyer Buyer CIP Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer DAT Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer DAP Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Buyer Buyer DDP Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller successfully and safely. By negotiating, sellers and buyers can sign contract
containing right and duty and other pertinent item. It also explicitly shows
the price and cost between buyers and sellers. In general, buyers should pay
cost, freight and insurance. It is good for solving conflict. In the end,
incoterms is beneficial for relevant agencies to carry out operational
activities
3 Consolidation and groupage arrangement
Groupage Less-than-container load(LCL) is a shipment
that is not large enough to fill a standard cargo
container.The abbreviation LCL formerly
applied to less than car load for quantities of
material from different shippers or for delivery
to different destinations carried in a single
railway car for efficiency.LCL freight was
often sorted and redistributed into different
railway cars at intermediate railway terminals
en route to the final destination.(Henry,Robert
Selph (1942))
LCL is"a quantity of cargo less than that
required for the application of a carload rate.
A quantity of cargo less than that fills the
visible or rated capacity of an inter-modal
container.It can also be defined as a
consignment of cargo which is inefficient to
fill a shipping container. It is grouped with
other consignments for the same destination in
a container at a container freight station.[2] Consolidation People take above Groupage’ s containers to same
warehouse to preserve together. Then, carrying
them to different boat according to these
container’s destination,for example,there
are 5 containers and 2 boat. If 2 containers’
destination is the , they will be carried on A
another3containers is to UK, they will be
carried on B boat.
Circumstances when they The groupage often is normally used by the sea,
could be used rail and direct road.Its number is not large and
the goods have no rigorous time requirements.
Consolidation is fit for air transportation and
carries necessities,thus when some emergencies
happens or transportation need less time, the
consolidation will be used. It acknowledges the
general products instead of the exceptional
products
Cost effective pallet By the part 1, the choice is direct road whose
load level cost is 1350 and to per pallet is 108 so result
is 1350/108 =.
By calculating, the result is , so, when the load is equal to or bigger than
pallets, the direct road mode is effective. However, according to method, the
result should be rounded to the nearest integer, thus the result is 13 finally.
4 Least total cost
Route A Mode Cost
Kirriemuir to Coatbridge Road145+28=173 pounds Coatbridge to Southampton Rail315+15+12*2++55=
pounds
Southampton to Port de Sea1880++34=
Port de montreal Canada to Road420+2*18+32=
Ecosse Hotel488 pounds
Hire cost32*6=192 pounds
Insurance80*(1+10%)=88 pounds
Total cost3313 pounds
Route B Mode Cost
Kirriemuir to Tillbury Road505+32+6*15=627 pounds Tillbury to Port de Sea2010++34= pounds
montreal Canada
Port de montreal Canada to Road420+2*18+32=488 pounds
Ecosse Hotel
Hire cost23*6=138 pounds
Insurance80 pounds
Total cost pounds
Route Mode Leasttotal By
cost
above
A Road Rail Sea Road3313 pounds
chart, Route A--Kirriemuir Bottling Plant to Coatbridge Railport to Southampton Container
Terminal to Port de Montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel is optimum choice. Because the cost of Route A is lower than Route B.
5 Procedures and documentation table
Area Procedure Documentation Transportation Foremost,company Insurance list
selects freight Commercial
forwarder and sign invoice[3]
contract and convey the Goods
goods from UK to the classification
port of exports. Then,Packing list
company loads goods
after checking.Next,
the purchaser lets
bearer to help convey
the goods.Then,
conveying them to
Canada.Next,the
purchasers empty the
ship.Then,the
purchaser convey the
goods to the
manufacture ’ s
goods are in the
destination, finishing
the process.
Commerce Foremost,buyer Proforma
consult price for invoice[4]
seller.Then seller Export invoice
answer the question and CISG
offer quotation and International
pro-forma mercial
Next,buyer goes to contract
custom and sign
CISG[5].Then seller
export goods.
Customs Custom staff check Customs invoice
whether there are Customs
forbidden goods.If declaration
goods all are eligible,Good
they will be allowed to classification
enter into Canada and
tax goods
In the transportation,this procedure ’ s flow chart perhaps is warehouse, station, container freight yard, customs and destination, which involves these documents such as
Insurance list, commercial invoice, goods classification, etc. In commerce,
the flow chart,consulting,contract,order form and preparation goods, whose relevant documents have p roforma invoice, export invoice, CISG, international commercial contract. In custom, the pertinent procedure is uploading, checking, taxing
and permitting through and its documents have customs invoice,customs declaration, good classification and so on.。