宏观经济学答案第二章

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《宏观经济学》练习题(第二章)

《宏观经济学》练习题（第二章）一、单项选择题1．根据消费函数，引起消费增加的因素是（ B ）。

A 价格水平下降B 收入增加C 储蓄增加D 利率提高2．消费—收入图中的收入均衡点是( C )。

A 储蓄等于消费B 消费等于投资C 收入等于消费D 储蓄等于收入3．一个家庭当其收入为零时，消费支出为2 000元，而当其收入为6 000元时，其消费为6 000元，在图形上，消费和收入之间成一条直线，则其边际消费倾向为( A )。

A 2/3B 3/4C 4/5D 14．边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和（ D ）。

A．大于1 B．小于1的正数C．零 D．等于15．平均消费倾向与平均储蓄倾向之和，是（ D ）。

A．大于1的正数 B．小于1的正数C．零 D．等于16．消费函数的斜率取决于（ A ）。

A．边际消费倾向 B．与可支配收入无关的消费的总量C．平均消费倾向 D．由于收入变化而引起的投资总量7．在自发消费为正数的线形消费函数中，平均消费倾向（ A ）。

A．大于边际消费倾向 B．小于边际消费倾向C．等于边际消费倾向 D．等于零8．线性消费曲线与45度线之间的垂直距离为（ D ）。

A 自发性消费B 总消费C 收入D 储蓄9．消费者储蓄增多而消费支出减少，则( C )。

A GDP将下降，但储蓄S将不变B GDP将下降，但储蓄S将上升C GDP和储蓄S都下降D GDP不变，但储蓄S下降10．如果与可支配收入无关的消费为300亿元，投资为400亿元，平均储蓄倾向为0.1，那么，在两部门经济中，均衡收入水平为（ D ）。

A 770亿元B 4300亿元C 3400亿元D 7000亿元11．投资乘数的公式表明（）。

A 边际消费倾向越高，乘数就越小B 边际消费倾向越低，乘数就越小C 边际消费倾向与乘数之间没有必然的联系D 边际消费倾向始终大于112．如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3，投资支出增加60亿元，可以预期，这将导致均衡水平GNP 增加( )。

宏观经济学第二章习题及答案之欧阳家百创编

第二单元产品市场中国民收入的决定欧阳家百（2021.03.07）本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．国民收入均衡条件：意愿I=S；2．消费函数、储蓄函数、税收函数、政府购买函数与净出口函数；3．国民收入的决定；4．国民收入的变动：乘数理论。

一、单项选择1．凯恩斯在《通论》中指出( D )。

a．宏观均衡与大量失业并不矛盾；b．工资和价格对市场上的非均衡不能及时作出反映；c．管理总需求的干预政策能影响产出和就业；d．以上均是。

2．与凯恩斯观点不同,古典宏观经济学家认为(D )。

a．工资和价格总是对非均衡及时作出反应；b．失业要么是自愿的,要么是由于工资调整的人为障碍引起的；c．总供给曲线在潜在GDP处是垂直的；d．以上均是。

3．如果消费增加即消费曲线向上移动,这意味着消费者(D )。

a．由于减少收入而减少储蓄；b．由于增加收入而增加了储蓄；c．不是由于增加收入而是其他原因使储蓄增加；d．不是由于增加收入而是其他原因使储蓄减少。

4．在两部门经济中,收入在( C )时均衡下来。

a．储蓄等于实际投资； b．消费等于实际投资；c．储蓄等于计划投资； d．消费等于计划投资。

5．消费函数C=C0+cY d (C0>0,0<c<1)表明,平均消费倾向( A )。

a．大于边际消费倾向； b．小于边际消费倾向；c．等于边际消费倾向； d．以上三种情况都可能。

6．储蓄函数S=S0+sY d(S0<0,0<s<1)表明，平均储蓄倾向随着可支配收入的增加（ B ）。

a．递减； b．递增； c．不变； d．先递减然后递增。

7．凯恩斯之前的古典理论认为（ D ）。

a．储蓄是收入的函数，而投资是利率的函数；b．储蓄和投资都是收入的函数；c．投资取决于收入，而储蓄取决于利率；d．储蓄和投资都是利率的函数。

8．总产出固定并且国民储蓄与利息率无关时，税收的增加将（ D ）a．使垂真的储蓄曲线向左移动； b．减少投资；c．增加消费； d．减少均衡利率并增加投资。

宏观经济学第二章习题及答案(2020年10月整理).pdf

b．税收减去政府转移支付减去政府支出；
c．税收加上政府转移支付加上政府支出；
d．政府预算赤字。
10．收入达到均衡水平时（ D ）。
a．非意愿存货量为零； b．计划支出等于实际支出；
c．GDP 不会发生改变； d．以上都对。
11．下列哪项经济政策会导致收入水平有最大增长（ C ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้。
a．税收减少 50 亿元； b．政府购买增加 50 亿元，同时增加税收 50 亿元；
a．两者完全等同；
b．除了特殊的失衡状态,GDP 均衡水平就是潜在的 GDP 水平；
c．GDP 的均衡水平完全不可能是潜在的 GDP 水平；
d．GDP 的均衡水平可能是也可能不是潜在的 GDP 水平。
21．在产品市场收入决定模型中,消费曲线与 45 度线交点的产出水平表示(D )。
a．净投资支出大于零时的 GDP 水平； b．均衡的 GDP 水平；
d．储蓄小于计划投资。
26．如果由于投资支出下降而导致 GDP 下降,其他条件既定,可预期( )。
a．消费 C 和储蓄 S 将上升；
b．消费 C 和储蓄 S 将下降；
c．消费 C 将下降,但储蓄 S 将上升； d．消费 C 将上升但储蓄 S 将下降。
27．如果其他情况不变,且税收与收入无关,税收增加会使( )。
1
c．等于边际消费倾向； d．以上三种情况都可能。
6．储蓄函数 S=S0+sYd(S0<0,0<s<1)表明，平均储蓄倾向随着可支配收入的增加
（ B ）。
a．递减； b．递增； c．不变； d．先递减然后递增。
7．凯恩斯之前的古典理论认为（ D ）。
a．储蓄是收入的函数，而投资是利率的函数；

宏观经济学答案-国民收入核算

宏观经济学答案-国民收⼊核算第⼆章国民收⼊核算⼀基础练习（⼀）名词解释1、国内⽣产总值:经济社会（即⼀国或⼀地区）在⼀定时期内在本国（地区）范围内运⽤⽣产要素所⽣产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值2、国民⽣产总值:某国国民所拥有的全部⽣产要素所⽣产的最终产品的市场价值3、中间产品:⽤于再出售⽽供⽣产别种产品⽤的产品4、最终产品:在⼀定时期内⽣产的并由其最后使⽤者购买的产品和劳务5、流量:⼀定时期内发⽣的变量6、存量:⼀定时点上存在的变量7、名义GDP:名义GDP也称货币GDP，它是⽤⽣产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值8、实际GDP:实际GDP是⽤以前某年作为基期的价格计算出来的全部最终产品的市场价值9、GDP的折算指数:也称GDP平减指数，是名义的GDP和实际的GDP的⽐率10、国民⽣产净值:国民⽣产总值扣除资本消耗的那⼀部分产值11、国内⽣产净值: 国内⽣产总值扣除资本消耗的那⼀部分产值12、国民收⼊:⼀国在⼀定时期内提供⽣产性服务所得到的报酬13、个⼈收⼊:：个⼈从企业中获得的收⼊(未缴纳个⼈所得税)，它只是国民收⼊的⼀部分14、个⼈可⽀配收⼊：是指个⼈收⼊扣除个⼈所得税后的余额。

15、收⼊法：是从居民向企业出售⽣产要素获得收⼊⾓度来核算⼀个国家⼀定期限内投⼊的⽣产要素所⽣产的产品和劳务的价值总和16、⽀出法：是把⼀个国家⼀定限期内投⼊的⽣产要素⽣产出来的物品和劳务按需求者⽀出的⾦额分类汇总⽽成进⾏核算GDP的⽅法（⼆）选择题1、下列哪项不列⼊国内⽣产总值的核算（）（A）出⼝到国外的⼀批货物（B）政府给贫困家庭发放的⼀笔救济⾦（C）经纪⼈为⼀座旧房屋买卖收取的佣⾦（D）保险公司收到⼀笔家庭财产保险（E）购买⼀辆旧车（旧房⼦）（F）购买股票（G）购买彩票赢得1万元（H）汽车制造⼚买进10吨钢板（蛋糕⼚购⼊5吨⾯粉）（I）企业⽀付的贷款和债券利息（L）拍卖名画的收⼊2、下列说法错误的是（）（A）GDP和GNP都是流量的概念（B）GDP是地域概念，GNP是国民概念（C）GDP和GNP都是以市场交换为基础（D）GDP和GNP是同⼀概念，没有区别3、某国的GDP⼤于GNP，说明该国公民从外国取得的收⼊（）外国公民从该国取得的收⼊（A）⼤于（B）⼩于（C）等于（D）可能⼤于也可能⼩于4、今年的名义国内⽣产总值⼤于去年的名义国内⽣产总值，说明（）（A）今年物价⼀定⽐去年⾼（B）今年⽣产的物品和劳务的总量⼀定⽐去年增加了（C）今年的物价⽔平和实物产量⽔平⼀定都⽐去年提⾼了（D）以上三种说法都不⼀定正确5、相对于名义国内⽣产总值，实际国内⽣产总值是指（）（A）名义国内⽣产总值减去其他国家的赠与（B）名义国内⽣产总值减去全部的失业救济（C）将名义国内⽣产总值根据失业变动进⾏调整后所得到（D）将名义国内⽣产总值根据价格变动进⾏调整后所得到6、假如⼀个地区的实际国内⽣产总值为17500亿美元，国民⽣产总值的价格矫正指数为1.60，则该地区名义的国内⽣产总值（）（A）11000亿美元（B）15700亿美元（C）15700亿美元（D）28000亿美元7、如果某国名义GDP从1990年的10000亿美元增加到2000年的25000亿美元，价格指数从1990年的1增加到2000年的2，若以1990年不变价格计算，该国2000年的GDP为（）（A）10000亿美元（B）12500亿美元（C）25000亿美元（D）50000亿美元8、如果个⼈收⼊等于5700元，⽽个⼈所得税等于900元，消费等于4300元，利息⽀付为100元，个⼈储蓄是400元，那么他的个⼈可⽀配收⼊为（）（C）4700元（D）4000元9、在⼀个四部门的经济中，GDP是（）的总和（A）消费、总投资、政府购买和净出⼝（B）消费、净投资、政府购买和净出⼝（C）消费、总投资、政府购买和总出⼝（D）⼯资、利息、地租、利润和折旧10、如果⼀个社会体系国民的消费⽀出为8亿美元，投资⽀出为1亿美元，间接税为1亿美元，政府⽤于商品和劳务的⽀出为1.5亿美元，出⼝额为2亿美元，进⼝额为1.8亿美元，则下列正确的是（）（A）NNP是10.7亿美元（B）GNP是10.7亿美元（C）GNP是9.7亿美元（D）NNP是9.7亿美元11、经济学上的投资是指（）（A）企业增加⼀笔存货（B）建造⼀座住宅（C）企业购买⼀台计算机（D）以上都是12、经济学上的净投资是指（）（A）建筑费⽤加上设备减去存货变化的总值（B）建筑费⽤加上设备减去存货变化的总值（C）建筑费⽤加上设备再加上存货变化的总值（D）建筑费⽤加上设备再加上存货变化再减去资本重置的总值13、在国民收⼊⽀出核算中，住房是属于（）（A）家庭消费⽀出（B）企业投资⽀出（C）政府购买⽀出（D）以上都不是14、已知某国的资本品存量在年初为10000亿美元，他在本年度⽣产了2500亿美元的资本品，资本消耗折旧是2000亿美元，则该国在本年度的总投资和净投资分别是（）（A）2500亿美元和500亿美元（B）12500亿美元和10500亿美元（C）2500亿美元和2000亿美元（D）7500亿美元和8000亿美元15、在国民收⼊账户中，投资需求可能包括以下项⽬，除了（）（C）居民和房东购买新房（D）公司产品存货的增加16、⽤收⼊法计算的GNP应等于（）（A）消费+投资+政府⽀出+净出⼝（B）⼯资+利息+地租+利润+间接税（C）⼯资+利息+中间产品成本+利润+间接税（D）⽣产企业收⼊-中间产品成本17、下列恒等式正确的是（）（A）S+G+M=I+T+X（B）S+G+X=I+T+M（C）S+I+X=G+T+M（D）S+T+M=I+G+X答案：1、BEFGHJKL2、D3、B4、D5、D6、D7、B8、B9、A 10、B 11、D 12、D 13、B 14、C 15、B 16、B17、D（三）辨析题1、⽆论是企业⽀付的贷款和债券利息还是政府公债利息都要计⼊国民⽣产总值⾥（1）这句话不完全正确（2）因为在GDP的核算中的利息是个⼈提供资⾦给企业使⽤⽽获得的利息。

第2章作业题答案,4112

i i p1987 • q1987
∑p
i =1
n
在 i＝1,2,3 时
i 1987
•q
i 1987

ε值作出上述分析之后可得：
CPI = 100 =
∑
i p19 i ( i 9 4 p1i 9 8 7 q19 87 ) p1 9 8 7 = i ∑ p1i 9 8 7 q19 87
∑
⎡ pi ⎛ ⎢ 1i 9 9 4 • ⎜ ⎜ ⎢ ⎣ p1 98 7 ⎝
152 − 100 × 100% = 52% 100
两种计算的答案不同的原因：GDP 缩减指数与 CPI 的计算公式不同，前者使用的是当期的商品的数量，后者选用的是基期的商品的数量。（3）应该采用消费品价格指数 CPI。原因：养老金是用来维持老年人的生活的正常进行，主要用于日常消费；比较两种指数的定义式可知，CPI 衡量的是代表消费者购买的固定的一篮子商品和劳务的成本，CPI 考察的对象种类与人们日常生活消费品的种类贴近，考察的对象数量不变；这样 CPI 就更能真实贴近的反映生活费用的涨落，养老金与 CPI 挂钩就能在实际生活费用上涨时，使发放的养老金的数量也随之上涨，从而确保老年人的生活不
21 − 17 ×100% = 23.5% 17
所以采用不同的价格为计算标准，会影响增长率， 23.5%不同于以 1987 年为基期所算的 GDP 的增长率 23％，但影响不大，只相差 0.5%。【注意】：根据题意别忘了在最后作出对选择不同的年份做基期算得的增长率不同、但这种差异又不大的说明。 2 题：（a）根据教材中的等式 S－I＝G＋TR－TA＋NX 可知：当转移支付 TR 不变时，税收 TA 增加，则 G，NX，S－I 中至少有一个变化。即：税收增加，TR 不变，一定意味着在净出口、政府购买或储蓄——投资差额上的变化。（b） i）两部门经济中：C＋I＝Y＝C＋S（Y＝Yd），所以个人可支配收入的增加，则 C、 I 中至少有一个增加； ii）三部门经济中：Y=C+I+G=C+S+T-TR 消去 C： I+G=S+T-TR 整理： I=S+(T-TR-G)=S 总 S=I-(T-TR-G) 因为： Yd=C+S 把 S 代入：Yd=C+I-(T-TR-G) 在政府储蓄不变的前提下，个人可支配收入的增加，则 C、I 中至少有一个增加 iii）四部门经济中： Y=C+I+G+NX=C+S+T-TR 消去 C： I+G+NX=S+T-TR 整理： S=I-(T-TR-G)+NX 因为： Yd=C+S 把 S 代入：Yd=C+I-(T-TR-G)+NX 可知当 Yd 增加，C、I 可以都不发生变化在国民收入核算中，一般都是四部门经济，所以个人可支配收入增加不一定意味着消费的增加或投资的增加。（c）根据 C＋S＝Yd 可知：消费和储蓄的同时增加一定意味着可支配收入的增加 3 题：（a） NDP：国内生产净值 NDP＝GDP－折旧＝GDP－（总投资－净投资）＝6000－（800－200）＝5400（美元）（b）净出口：NX＝出口－进口又 GDP＝Y＝C＋I＋G＋NX，从而 NX＝GDP－C－I－G＝6000－4000－800－1100 ＝100 美元

宏观经济学第二章习题及答案

第二单元产品市场中国民收入的决定本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．国民收入均衡条件：意愿I=S；2．消费函数、储蓄函数、税收函数、政府购买函数与净出口函数；3．国民收入的决定；4．国民收入的变动：乘数理论。

一、单项选择1．凯恩斯在《通论》中指出（ D )。

a．宏观均衡与大量失业并不矛盾；b．工资和价格对市场上的非均衡不能及时作出反映；c．管理总需求的干预政策能影响产出和就业;d．以上均是。

2．与凯恩斯观点不同，古典宏观经济学家认为(D ）。

3．如果消费增加即消费曲线向上移动,这意味着消费者（D ）.a．由于减少收入而减少储蓄;b．由于增加收入而增加了储蓄；c．不是由于增加收入而是其他原因使储蓄增加;d．不是由于增加收入而是其他原因使储蓄减少。

4．在两部门经济中,收入在（C ）时均衡下来。

a．储蓄等于实际投资; b．消费等于实际投资；c．储蓄等于计划投资；d．消费等于计划投资。

5．消费函数C=C0+cY d（C0>0,0<c〈1)表明,平均消费倾向( A ）。

a．大于边际消费倾向；b．小于边际消费倾向；c．等于边际消费倾向；d．以上三种情况都可能.6．储蓄函数S=S0+sY d(S0<0，0〈s〈1)表明，平均储蓄倾向随着可支配收入的增加（ B ）.a．递减；b．递增；c．不变；d．先递减然后递增。

7．凯恩斯之前的古典理论认为（ D ）。

a．储蓄是收入的函数，而投资是利率的函数;b．储蓄和投资都是收入的函数；c．投资取决于收入，而储蓄取决于利率；d．储蓄和投资都是利率的函数。

8．总产出固定并且国民储蓄与利息率无关时，税收的增加将（D ) a．使垂真的储蓄曲线向左移动；b．减少投资；c．增加消费；d．减少均衡利率并增加投资。

9．三部门经济中的公共储蓄等于( B ).a．税收加上政府转移支付减去政府购买；b．税收减去政府转移支付减去政府支出；c．税收加上政府转移支付加上政府支出；d．政府预算赤字.10．收入达到均衡水平时（D ）。

宏观经济学第十版第二章课后习题完美精简中文版

多恩布什宏观经济学第十版第二章课后习题答案完美中文精简版概念题1，他们作为政府雇员支取TR美元，但是不做任何工作，实际上就是加大了政府支出，GDP会增长。

2，a..厂商为经理买车应该看成投资，经理自己购买轿车则是消费。

b.雇佣配偶的行为是消费，计算GDP时会被计入；而无偿要求她担任此工作则是无形中忽略掉了消费环节，不计入GDP。

c.买美国轿车会使GDP增长，买德国车也会使GDP增加，但是会减少净出口。

3，GDP与GNP的区别在于：GNP是指一个国家(或地区)所有国民在一定时期内新生产的产品和服务价值的总和。

GNP是按国民原则核算的，只要是本国(或地区)居民，无论是否在本国境内(或地区内)居住，其生产和经营活动新创造的增加值都应该计算在内。

GDP是指一个国家(或地区)在一定时期内所有常住单位生产经营活动的全部最终成果。

GDP是按国土原则核算的生产经营的最终成果。

使用GDP计量产出更好，GDP的精确度高。

4，NDP是国内生产净值，NDP是从国内生产总值GDP中扣除资本折旧得到的。

如果用于计算产量，它比GDP更接近产品价值，但是折旧率是人来计算，所以会存在一定误差，在计算数值非常大时用GDP计算比较好。

5，GDP的增加不代表福利的增加，比如说GDP增加，同时人口也增长了，一平均，每个人的GDP没有变化。

我觉得最大的问题是人口问题，人口的增长和减少对人均GDP有影响。

6，CPI居民消费价格指数，是反映与居民生活有关的商品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。

PPI是衡量企业购买的一篮子物品和劳务的总费用。

从消费者的立场计算时我会选择用CPI计算。

7，GDP紧缩指数=（名义GDP/实际GDP） *100区别答不出。

8，物价是否翻了一倍，以及GDP紧缩指数有没有变化。

9，伤心。

以实际利率说明的，将要支付更少利息。

技术题12，b．收入增加意味着可支配收入增加，那么此时就能够购买更多的产品。

宏观经济学答案第二章

第二章习题参考答案一、名词解释1.国内生产总值：是指一国或一定地区在一定时间内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值。

2.国民生产总值：一定时期内一个国家的全体国民生产最终产品和劳务的市场价值之和。

3.国内生产净值：一个国家一年内新增加的产值，它等于国内生产总值GDP扣去资本消耗的价值。

4.国民收入：一个国家一年内用于生产的各种生产要素得到的全部收入，即工资、利润、利息和地租的总和。

5.个人可支配收入：是指个人收入除去所缴纳的个人所得税后的收入，是人们可以直接用来消费或储蓄的收入。

6.名义GDP：是指用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值。

7.实际GDP：是指用从前某一年作为基期的价格计算出来的全部最终产品的市场价值。

8．GDP折算指数：名义GDP与实际GDP之比。

二、选择题BCACB CBCAB1.B。

最终产品是指最终供人们使用或消费而不是为了转卖或为进一步加工所购买的商品和服务。

2.C．NDP=GDP－折旧。

3.A．从支出的角度，政府给贫困家庭发放的一笔救济金属于政府对居民的转移支付，并没有相应的新价值被创造；从收入的角度，这笔救济金也并不属于劳动创造的要素收入。

因此不能计入GDP中。

4.C．投资包括固定投资和存货投资，C属于存货投资。

5.B.GDP=工资+利息+利润+租金+间接税和企业转移支付+折旧。

6.C. 判断一个变量是流量还是存量,一个简单的标准就是看它是否可以相加。

7.B．GDP是包括折旧的，所以其中的投资表示的是总投资而非净投资。

8.C．要素收入主要表现为工资、利息、利润和租金。

股票分红属于公司利润。

9.A．净投资=总投资—折旧。

10.B．第六年的名义GDP=第六年的价格×第六年的产量=2第一年的价格×1.4第一年的产量=2.8第一年的名义GDP=2.8×500=1400。

三、判断题√√√√×××1.√. GDP一般仅指市场活动所导致的价值。

《宏观经济学》习题与解答2

《宏观经济学》习题与解答（二）第二章简单国民收入决定理论一、基本概念边际消费倾向平均消费倾向消费函数边际消费倾向递减规律边际储蓄倾向平均储蓄倾向储蓄函数乘数投资乘数定量税比例所得税政府购买支出乘数税收乘数转移支付乘数平衡预算乘数二、判断题（正确的用T表示，错误的用F表示）1、根据萨伊定理，供给会自动创造需求，普遍生产过剩的危机不会发生。

（）2、简单的国民收入决定理论涉及产品市场。

货币市场，劳动市场和国际市场。

（）3、在凯恩斯理论的消费函数中一定存在有AP C>MPC。

（）4、在均衡产出水平上，计划产出与计划支出相等。

（）5、作为国民收人均衡条件的I＝S与国民收入核算中的I＝S是一致的。

（）6、经济均衡既可表示为总需求与总产出相等，又可表示为实际投资与储蓄相等。

（）7、凯恩斯定律认为在长期内，面对市场需求的变化，企业只调整产量。

（）8、如果前期期末储蓄存量为零，在不考虑借贷的情况下，当期的平均消费倾向不可能大于1。

（）9、如消费函数斜率为正，则储蓄函数斜率一定为负。

（）10、公司未分配利润可视为一种储蓄。

（）11、凯恩斯明确地拒绝整个新古典分析方法。

（）12、在三部门经济中，比例所得税税率越大，投资乘数越大。

（）13、当边际消费倾向小于平均消费倾向时，边际储蓄倾向大于平均储蓄向。

（）14、由居民户消费函数进行简单加总，即可得出社会消费函数．（）15、根据凯恩斯定律，可以认为一个社会的生产必将扩展到充分就业水平。

（）16、赤字财政将导致经济衰退。

（）。

17、平衡预算乘数恒等于1。

（）18、政府购买和税收同时增加一定数量时，国民收人会减少。

（）三、单项选择题1、国民收入决定理论中的“投资一储蓄”，是指（）。

A．实际发生的投资等于储蓄B．计划的投资恒等于储蓄C．.经济达到均衡时，计划的投资必须等于计划的储蓄D．事后投资等于储蓄2、对凯恩斯“基本心理规律”的正确表达是（）。

A．随收人的增加，消费也相应增加；而消费的增加又会促进收入的进一步增加B．收入的增长幅度总是大于消费的增长幅度C．消费额总是与人们的收入水平有关D．收入的增长幅度总小于消费的增长幅度3、如消费函数为一条向右上方倾斜的直线，则边际消费倾向（），平均消费倾向（）A．递减；递减B．递减；不变C．不变；不变D．不变；递减4、已知国民收入为20亿美元，政府预算有2亿美元的赤字，国际收支逆差为2亿美元，储蓄额为4亿美元，则（）。

宏观经济学第二章习题

宏观经济学第二章习题宏观经济学第二章习题答案一、名词释义1均衡产出或收入：和总需求相等的产出称为均衡产出或收入。

2消费函数：指反映消费支出与影响消费支出的因素之间的函数关系式。

但凯恩斯理论假定，在影响消费的各种因素中，收入是消费的惟一的决定因素，收入的变化决定消费的变化。

随着收入的增加，消费也会增加，但是消费的增加不及收入的增加多。

收入和消费两个经济变量之间的这种关系叫做消费函数或消费倾向。

如果以c代表消费，y代表收入/则c=c(y)，表示消费是收入的函数。

c=α+βy边际消费倾向：指消费增量与收入增量之比，以MPC表示。

δC表示消费增量，δY表示V收入增量，则MPC=△ C/△ y凯恩斯认为，MPC随着个人可支配收入的增加而降低，这意味着收入增加，收入增量中用于消费增量的部分越来越小。

4平均消费倾向：指消费占可支配收入的比重，以apc表示。

c表示消费支出，y表示收入水平，则apc＝c/y5边际储蓄倾向：储蓄增量与可支配收入增量之比。

以议员人数表示。

δS表示储蓄增加，δY表示收入增加，则MPs=△ s/△ Y6平均储蓄倾向：指储蓄占可支配收入的比例，公式为：aps＝s/y7投资乘数：收入增加与投资增加之间的比率。

同样，Ki代表投资乘数，△ Y代表国民收入的增加，△ I代表投资的增量，那么ki=△ Y/△ 一、投资乘数的计算公式为ki=1/1-mpc，其中mpc是边际消费倾向。

8.政府采购乘数：指国民收入变化与引起变化的初始政府采购支出变化之间的多重关系，或国民收入变化与导致变化的初始政府采购支出变化之间的比率。

如果△ G是政府支出的变化，kg是政府（采购）支出的乘数，那么：kg=△ Y/△ g=1/（1）-β）9转移支付乘数：指国民收入变化与导致这一数量变化的转移支付变化之间的多重关系，或国民收入变化与导致这一数量变化的政府转移支付变化之间的比率。

ktr=δy/δtr=β/1-β10乘数：国民收入变动量与引起这种变动量的最初注入量的比例。

宏观经济学第二章习题及答案知识讲解

宏观经济学第二章习题及答案第二单元产品市场中国民收入的决定本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．国民收入均衡条件：意愿I=S；2．消费函数、储蓄函数、税收函数、政府购买函数与净出口函数；3．国民收入的决定；4．国民收入的变动：乘数理论。

一、单项选择1．凯恩斯在《通论》中指出( D )。

a．宏观均衡与大量失业并不矛盾；b．工资和价格对市场上的非均衡不能及时作出反映；c．管理总需求的干预政策能影响产出和就业；d．以上均是。

2．与凯恩斯观点不同,古典宏观经济学家认为(D )。

3．如果消费增加即消费曲线向上移动,这意味着消费者(D )。

4．在两部门经济中,收入在( C )时均衡下来。

a．储蓄等于实际投资； b．消费等于实际投资；c．储蓄等于计划投资； d．消费等于计划投资。

5．消费函数C=C0+cY d (C0>0,0<c<1)表明,平均消费倾向( A )。

a．大于边际消费倾向； b．小于边际消费倾向；c．等于边际消费倾向； d．以上三种情况都可能。

6．储蓄函数S=S0+sY d(S0<0,0<s<1)表明，平均储蓄倾向随着可支配收入的增加（ B ）。

a．递减； b．递增； c．不变； d．先递减然后递增。

7．凯恩斯之前的古典理论认为（ D ）。

中级宏观经济学（伯南克版）第二章参考答案

Answers to Textbook ProblemsReview Questions1. The three approaches to national income accounting are the product approach, theincome approach, and the expenditure approach. They all give the same answer because they are designed that way; any entry based on one approach has an entry in the other approaches with the same value. Whenever output is produced and sold, its production is counted in the product approach, its sale is counted in the expenditure approach, and the funds received by the seller are counted in the income approach.2. Goods are measured at market value in GDP accounting so that different types of goodsand services can be added together. Using market prices allows us to count up the total dollar value of all the economy’s output. T he problem with this approach is that not all goods and services are sold in markets, so we may not be able to count everything.Important examples are homemaking and environmental quality.3. Intermediate goods and services are used up in producing other goods in the same period(year) in which they were produced, while final goods and services are those that arepurchased by consumers or are capital goods that are used to produce future output. The distinction is important, because we want to count only the value of final goods produced in the economy, not the value of goods produced each step along the way.4. GNP is the market value of final goods and services newly produced by domestic factorsof production during the current period, whereas GDP is production taking place within a country.Thus, GNP differs from GDP when foreign factors are used to produce output in acountry, or when domestic factors are used to produce output in another country. GDP = GNP – NFP, where NFP = net factor payments from abroad, which equals income paid to domestic factors of production by the rest of the world minus income paid to foreign factors of production by the domestic economy. A country that employs many foreign workers will likely have negative NFP, so GDP will be higher than GNP.5. The four components of spending are consumption, investment, government purchases,and net exports. Imports must be subtracted, because they are produced abroad and we want GDP to count only those goods and services produced within the country. Forexample, suppose a car built inJapan is imported into the United States. The car counts as consumption spending in U.S.GDP, but is subtracted as an import as well, so on net it does not affect U.S. GDP.However, it is counted in Japan’s GDP as an export.6. Private saving is private disposable income minus consumption. Private disposableincome is total output minus taxes paid plus transfers and interest received from thegovernment. Private saving is used to finance investment spending, the governmentbudget deficit, and the current account.National saving is private saving plus government saving.7. National wealth is the total wealth of the residents of a country, and consists of itsdomestic physical assets and net foreign assets. Wealth is important because the long-run economic well-being of a country depends on it. National wealth is related to national saving because national saving is the flow of additions to the stock of national wealth.8. Real GDP is the useful concept for figuring out a country’s growth performance.Nominal GDP may rise because of increases in prices rather than growth in real output.9. The CPI is a price index that is calculated as the value of a fixed set of consumer goodsand services at current prices divided by the value of the fixed set at base-year prices.CPI inflation is the growth rate of the CPI. CPI inflation overstates true inflation because it is hard to measure changes in quality, and because t he price index doesn’t account for substitution away from goods that become relatively more expensive towards goods that become relatively cheaper.10. The nominal interest rate is the rate at which the nominal (or dollar) value of an assetincreases over time. The real interest rate is the rate at which the real value or purchasing power of an asset increases over time, and is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate. The expected real interest rate is the rate at which the real value of an asset is expected to increase over time. It is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. The concept that is most important to borrowers and lenders is the expected real interest rate, because it affects their decisions to borrow or lend.Numerical Problems1. GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced during the year. The finaloutput of coconuts is 1000, which is worth 500 fish, because two coconuts are worth one fish. Of the 500 fish caught during the year, the 100 fish used as fertilizer are anintermediate good, so the final output is 400 fish. So in terms of fish, GDP consists of 500 fish worth of coconuts plus 400 fish, with a total value of 900 fish.To find consumption and investment, we must find out what happens to all the coconuts and fish. Gilligan consumes all his 200 coconuts (worth 100 fish) and 100 fish, so hisconsumption is worth 200 fish. The Professor stores 100 coconuts with a value of 50 fish.In an ideal accounting system, these stored coconuts would be treated as investment.However, in the national income accounts, because it is so difficult to tell when durable goods are consumed and when they are saved, they are counted as consumption. So the Professor’s consumption consists of 800 co conuts (value 400 fish) and 300 fish, for atotal value of 700 fish. Thus the economy’s total consumption is valued at 900 fish and investment is zero.In terms of income, Gilligan’s income is clearly worth 200 fish (100 fish plus 200coconuts worth 100 f ish). The Professor’s income is less easily calculated, because he uses 100 fish to fertilize the coconut trees. These 100 fish are therefore not income tohim. Thus the Professor’s income is800 coconuts (1000 coconuts minus the 200 coconuts paid to Gilligan) plus 300 fish(500 fish minus 100 fish paid to Gilligan and minus 100 fish used as fertilizer). In terms of fish, the Professor’s income has a value of 700 fish.This question illustrates some of the nuances of national income accounting. Manydifficult choices and measurement issues are involved in constructing the accounts. Here, for example, it is clear that what we call consumption really isn’t just the amount ofgoods consumers use up during the year, but also includes consumption goods that are purchased but saved for the future. Since there is no way to measure when goods areused after they are purchased, the accounts are unable to distinguish consumption from storage of goods.Another subtlety is the treatment of the fish used as fertilizer. If the fertilizer increases future output rather than current output, then the fertilizer is not used up during the year and represents investment of 100 fish. In this case, GDP would equal 1000 fish,consumption is 900 fish, investment is 100 fish, the Pr ofessor’s income is 800 fish, and Gilligan’s income is 200 fish.2. (a) Furniture made in North Carolina that is bought by consumers counts asconsumption,so consumption increases by $6 billion, investment is unchanged, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports are unchanged, and GDP increases by $6billion.(b) Furniture made in Sweden that is bought by consumers counts as consumption andimports,so consumption increases by $6 billion, investment is unchanged, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports fall by $6 billion, and GDP is unchanged.(c) Furniture made in North Carolina that is bought by businesses counts as investment,so consumption is unchanged, investment increases by $6 billion, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports are unchanged, and GDP increases by $6billion.(d) Furniture made in Sweden that is bought by businesses counts as investment andimports,so consumption is unchanged, investment increases by $6 billion, governmentpurchases are unchanged, net exports decline by $6 billion, and GDP is unchanged.3. (a) ABC produces output valued at $2 million and has total expenses of $1.3 million ($1million for labor, $0.1 million interest, $0.2 million taxes). So its profits are $0.7million. XYZ produces output valued at $3.8 million ($3 million for the threecomputers that were sold, plus $0.8 million for the unsold computer in inventory)and has expenses of $3.2 million ($2 million for components, $0.8 million for labor,and $0.4 million for taxes). So its profits are $0.6 million.According to the product approach, the GDP contributions of these companies are$3.8 million, the value of the final product of XYZ. ABC’s production is of anintermediate good, used completely by XYZ, and so is not counted in GDP.According to the expenditure approach, the GDP contribution is also $3.8 million,with$3 million (of sold computers) adding to the capital stock (as investment spending),and $0.8 million (the unsold computer) as inventory investment.The income approach yields the same GDP total contribution. The amounts are:ABC XYZ TOTAL Labor $1.0 million $0.8 million $1.8 millionProfit $0.7 million $0.6 million $1.3 millionTaxes $0.2 million $0.4 million $0.6 millionInterest $0.1 million $0.0 million $0.1 millionTotal of all incomes $3.8 million(b) If ABC pays an additional $.5 million for computer chips from abroad, the resultschange slightly. The correct answer is easiest to see using the expenditure approach.As in part a, there is $3.8 million spent on final goods, but now there are also netexports of –$0.5 million. So the total expenditure on domestically produced goods isonly $3.3 million. The product approach gets the same answer because the $0.5million is a contribution to GDP of the country in which the chips were made, and so must be deducted from the GDP of the United States. The value added in the UnitedStates is only $3.3 million. Finally, the income approach gives the same answer as inpart a, except that the cost of importing the chips reduces ABC’s profits by $0.5million, so the sum of the incomes is only $3.3 million.4. (a) Product approach: $2 =gas station’s value added = $28 product minus $26 value ofproduct produced in the previous year. Expenditure approach: $2 = $28 consumptionspending plus inventory investment of –$26. Income approach: $2 paid to the factors of production at the gas station (wages of employees, interest, taxes, profits).(b) Product approach: $60,000 broker’s fee for providing brokerage services.Expenditure approach: $60,000 counts as residential investment made by thehomebuyer. The important point here is that the transfer of an existing good, even ata higher value than that at which it was originally sold, does not add to GDP. Incomeapproach: $60,000 income to the broker for wages,profits, etc.(c) Product approach: $40,000 salary plus $16,000 childcare equals $56,000. Note thatthere is a sense in which the childcare is an intermediate service and should not becounted, because without it the homemaker would not be able to work. But inpractice there is no way to separate such intermediate services from final services, so they are all added to GDP. Expenditure approach: $56,000 ($16,000 consumptionspending on child care services plus $40,000 in categories that depend on what jobthe homemaker has). Income approach: $56,000 ($40,000 compensation ofhomemaker plus $16,000 income to the factors producing the child care: employees’wages, interest, taxes, profits).(d) Product approach: $100 million of a capital good. Since it is produced with locallabor and materials, and assuming no payments go to Japanese factors of production,this is all added to U.S. GDP. Expenditure approach: $100 million net exports, sincethe plant is owned by the Japanese. (It is not part of gross domestic investmentbecause the plant is not a capital good owned by U.S. residents.) Income approach:$100 million paid to U.S. factors of production.(e) Product approach: $0 because nothing is produced. Expenditure approach: $0because this is a transfer, not a government purchase of goods or services. Incomeapproach: $0, because this is not a payment to a factor of production, just a transfer.(f) Product approach: $5,000 worth of advertising services. Expenditure approach:$5,000 of government purchases. Income approach: $5,000 compensation ofemployees.(g) Product approach: $120 million composed of $100 million of new cars producedplus $20 million of sales services provided by the consortium ($60 million salesprice minus $40 million cost). Expenditure approach: $100 million by Hertz asinvestment plus $60 million by the public for consumption of the used cars minus$40 million of investment goods sold by Hertz, for a total of $120 million. Incomeapproach: $100 million to the factors of production of GM plus $20 million inpayments to the factors of production and profits for the consortium.5. Given data: I= 40, G= 30, GNP= 200, CA=–20 =NX+NFP, T =60, TR= 25, INT=15, NFP=7 –9 =–2. Since GDP=GNP–NFP, GDP= 200 – (–2) = 202 =Y. Since NX+NFP=CA,NX=CA–NFP=–20 – (–2) =–18. Since Y=C+I+G+NX, C=Y– (I+G+NX) = 202 – (40 + 30 + (–18)) = 150.S pvt= (Y+NFP – T+TR+INT) –C= (202 + (–2) – 60 + 25 + 15) –150 = 30. S govt= (T –TR–INT) –G= (60 – 25 – 15) – 30 =–10. S=S pvt+S govt= 30 + (–10) = 20.(a) Consumption = 150(b) Net exports =–18(c) GDP = 202(d) Net factor payments from abroad =–2(e) Private saving = 30(f) Government saving =–10(g) National saving = 206.Base-year quantities at current-year prices at base-year pricesApples 3000 ⨯ $3 =$ 9,0003000 ⨯ $2 = $ 6,000Bananas 6000 ⨯ $2 = $12,000 6000 ⨯ $3 = $18,000 Oranges 8000 ⨯ $5 = $40,000 8000 ⨯ $4 = $32,000 Total $61,000 $56,000 Current-year quantities at current-year prices at base-year prices Apples 4,000 ⨯ $3 = $ 12,000 4,000 ⨯ $2 = $ 8,000 Bananas 14,000 ⨯ $2 = $ 28,000 14,000 ⨯ $3 = $ 42,000 Oranges 32,000 ⨯ $5 =$160,00032,000 ⨯ $4 = $128,000Total $200,000$178,000(a) Nominal GDP is just the dollar value of production in a year at prices in that year.Nominal GDP is $56 thousand in the base year and $200 thousand in the currentyear. Nominal GDP grew 257% between the base year and the current year:[($200,000/$56,000) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 257%.(b) Real GDP is calculated by finding the value of production in each year at base-yearprices.Thus, from the table above, real GDP is $56,000 in the base year and $178,000 in thecurrent year. In percentage terms, real GDP increases from the base year to thecurrent year by[($178,000/$56,000) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 218%.(c) The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP. In the base year,nominal GDP equals real GDP, so the GDP deflator is 1. In the current year, theGDP deflator is $200,000/$178,000 = 1.124. Thus the GDP deflator changes by[(1.124/1) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 12.4% from the base year to the current year.(d) Nominal GDP rose 257%, prices rose 12.4%, and real GDP rose 218%, so most ofthe increase in nominal GDP is because of the increase in real output, not prices.Notice that the quantity of oranges quadrupled and the quantity of bananas morethan doubled.7. Calculating inflation rates:1929–30: [(50.0/51.3) – 1] ⨯ 100% =–2.5%1930–31: [(45.6/50.0) – 1] ⨯ 100% =–8.8%1931–32: [(40.9/45.6) – 1] ⨯ 100% =–10.3%1932–33: [(38.8/40.9) – 1] ⨯ 100% = –5.1%These all show deflation (prices are declining over time), whereas recently we have had nothing but inflation (prices rising over time).8. The nominal interest rate is [(545/500) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 9%. The inflation rate is [(214/200)– 1] ⨯ 100% = 7%. So the real interest rate is 2% (9% nominal rate – 7% inflation rate).Expected inflation was only [(210/200) – 1] ⨯ 100% = 5%, so the expected real interest rate was 4% (9% nominal rate – 5% expected inflation rate).9. (a) The annual rate of inflation from January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2007, is 10%. Thiscan be found by calculating the constant rate of inflation that would raise the deflator from 200 to 242 in two years. This gives the equation (1 +π)(1 +π) = (242/200),which has the solution π= 10%.An easy way to think about this question is this. A constant inflation rate of π raisesthe deflator from 200 on January 1, 2005, to 200 ⨯ (1 +π) on January 1, 2006, and to200 ⨯ (1 +π) ⨯ (1 +π) = 242 on January 1, 2007. So we need to solve the expression(1 +π)2= 242/200.(b) By similar reasoning, the inflation rate over the three-year period is (1 +π)3=266.2/200,or π= 10%.(c) We can derive a general expression in the same way:1 +π=P1/P01 +π=P2/P1⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅1 +π=P n/P n–1Multiplying all these lines together, we get:(1 +π)n= (P1/P0) ⨯ (P2/P1) ⨯⋅⋅⋅⨯ (P n/P n –1) =P n/P0Analytical Problems1. The key to this question is that real GDP is not the same thing as well-being. People maybe better off even if real GDP is lower; for example, this may occur because theimprovement in the health of workers is more valuable to society than the loss of GDP due to the regulation. Ideally, we would like to be able to compare the costs and benefits of such regulations; they should be put in place if the overall costs (the reduced GDP in this case) are valued less than the overall benefits (the workers’ health).2. National saving does not rise because of the switch to CheapCall because althoughconsumption spending declines by $2 million, so have total expenditures (GDP), which equal total income. Since income and spending both declined by the same amount,national saving is unchanged.3. (a) The problem in a planned economy is that prices do not measure market value.When the price of an item is too low, then goods are really more expensive than their listed price suggests—we should include in their market value the value of timespent by consumers waiting to make purchases. Because the it em’s value exceeds its cost, measured GDP is too low.When the price of an item is too high, goods stocked on the shelves may be valuedtoo highly. This results in an overvaluation of firms’ inventories, so that measuredGDP is too high.A possible strategy for dealing with this problem is to have GDP analysts estimatewhat the market price should be (perhaps by looking at prices of the same goods inmarket economies) and use this ―shadow‖ price in the GDP calculations.(b) The goods and services that people produce at home are not counted in the GDPfigures because they are not sold on the market, making their value difficult tomeasure. One way to do it might be to look at the standard of living relative to amarket economy, and estimate what income it would take in a market economy tosupport that standard of living.4. Under the old definition, old govt S = (T – TR – INT ) – G ; under the new definition, new govt S =(T – TR – INT ) – GCE , where GCE = government consumption expenditures, G = GCE + GI ,and GI = government investment. With those definitions: old govt S = (T – TR – INT ) – G= (T – TR – INT ) – (GCE+ GI )= [(T – TR – INT ) – GCE ]– GI= new govt S – GI .The uses-of-savings identity isS pvt = I + ()old govt -S + CA= I – ()new govt -S GI + CA= I + GI + ()new govt -S + CA .Using data for 2002, the old uses-of-savings identity is (where sd is the statisticaldiscrepancy):S pvt + sd = I + ()old govt -S + CA1595 + (–117) = 1593 + 374 + (–489)1478 = 1478 so the identity holds.The new uses-of-savings identity is:S pvt + sd = I + GI + ()new govt -S + CA1595 + (–117) = 1593 + 352 +22 + (–489)1478 = 1478 so the identity holds.。

曼昆宏观经济学答案第二章

Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 2 The Data of MacroeconomicsQuestions for Review1. GDP measures the total income earned from the production of the new final goods and services in theeconomy, and it measures the total expenditures on the new final goods and services produced in the economy. GDP can measure two things at once because the total expenditures on the new final goods and services by the buyers must be equal to the income earned by the sellers of the new final goods and services. As the circular flow diagram in the text illustrates, these are alternative, equivalent ways of measuring the flow of dollars in the economy.2. The four components of GDP are consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.The consumption category of GDP consists of household expenditures on new final goods and services, such as the purchase of a new television. The investment category of GDP consists of business fixed investment, residential fixed investment, and inventory investment. When a business buys newequipment this counts as investment. Government purchases consists of purchases of new final goods and services by federal, state, and local governments, such as payments for new military equipment.Net exports measures the value of goods and services sold to other countries minus the value of goods and services foreigners sell us. When the U.S. sells corn to foreign countries, it counts in the net export category of GDP.3. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the overall level of prices in the economy. It tells us theprice of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the same basket in the base year. The GDPdeflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP in a given year. The GDP deflator measures the prices of all goods and services produced, whereas the CPI only measures prices of goods and servicesbought by consumers. The GDP deflator includes only domestically produced goods, whereas the CPI includes domestic and foreign goods bought by consumers. Finally, the CPI is a Laspeyres index that assigns fixed weights to the prices of different goods, whereas the GDP deflator is a Paasche index that assigns changing weights to the prices of different goods. In practice, the two price indices tend to move together and do not often diverge.4. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the same basket in the baseyear. The PCE deflator is the ratio of nominal consumer spending to real consumer spending. The CPI and the PCE deflator are similar in that they both only include the prices of goods purchased byconsumers, and they both include the price of imported goods as well as domestically produced goods.The two measures differ because the CPI measures the change in the price of a fixed basket whereas the goods measured by the PCE deflator change from year to year depending on what consumers are purchasing in that particular year.5. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies each person into one of the following three categories:employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. The unemployment rate, which is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed, is computed as follows:Unemployment Rate = Number of UnemployedLabor Force´100.Note that the labor force is the number of people employed plus the number of people unemployed. 6. Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertakes two surveys to measure employment. First, theBLS surveys about 60,000 households and thereby obtains an estimate of the share of people who say they are working. The BLS multiplies this share by an estimate of the population to estimate thenumber of people working. Second, the BLS surveys about 160,000 business establishments and asks how many people they employ. Each survey is imperfect; so the two measures of employment are not identical.Problems and Applications1. From the main Web page click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP, begin usingthe data, section 1, and then table 1.1.1. Real GDP grew at a rate of 2.2 percent in quarter 4 of 2014.When compared to growth rates of −2.1percent, 4.6 percent, and 5 percent for the first three quarters of 2014, the rate of 2.2 percent was slightly below average. From the main Web page select the data tools tab, then top picks. Check the box for the unemployment rate and retrieve the data. The unemployment rate in March 2015 was 5.5 percent, which was about equal to the natural rate ofunemployment, or the long run average rate. From the main page, select the economic releases tab, then inflation and prices. Access the report for the CPI. In February 2015, the inflation rate for all items was 0 percent, and if food and energy were excluded the rate was 1.7 percent. The inflation rate was below average and below the Federal Reserve’s target of 2 percent.2. Value added by each person is equal to the value of the good produced minus the amount the personpaid for the materials needed to make the good. Therefore, the value added by the farmer is $1.00 ($1 –0 = $1). The value added by the miller is $2: she sells the flour to the baker for $3 but paid $1 for theflour. The value added by the baker is $3: she sells the bread to the engineer for $6 but paid the miller $3 for the flour. GDP is the total value added, or $1 + $2 + $3 = $6. Note that GDP equals the value of the final good (the bread).3. When a woman marries her butler, GDP falls by the amount of the butler’s salary. This happensbecause GDP measures total income, and therefore GDP, falls by t he amount of the butler’s loss i n salary. If GDP truly measures the value of all goods and services, then the marriage would not affect GDP since the total amount of economic activity is unchanged. Actual GDP, however, is an imperfect measure of economic activity because the value of some goods and services is left out. Once thebutler’s work becomes part of his household chores, his services are no longer counted in GDP. As this example illustrates, GDP does not include the value of any output produced in the home.4. a. The airplane sold to the U.S. Air Force counts as government purchases because the Air Force ispart of the government.b. The airplane sold to American Airlines counts as investment because it is a capital good sold to aprivate firm.c. The airplane sold to Air France counts as an export because it is sold to a foreigner.d. The airplane sold to Amelia Earhart counts as consumption because it is sold to a privateindividual.e. The airplane built to be sold next year counts as investment. In particular, the airplane is countedas inventory investment, which is where goods that are produced in one year and sold in anotheryear are counted.5. Data on parts (a) to (f) can be downloaded from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Go to the Website, click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP, begin using the data, section 1, and then table 1.1.5. Choose the ―modify the data‖ option to select the years you in which you areinterested. By dividing each component (a) to (f) by nominal GDP and multiplying by 100, we obtain the following percentages:1950 1980 2014a. Personal consumption expenditures 64.0% 61.3% 68.5%b. Gross private domestic investment 18.8% 18.5% 16.4%c. Government consumption purchases 16.9% 20.6% 18.2%d. Net exports 0.2% –0.5% 3.1%e. National defense purchases 7.6% 6.3% 4.4%f. Imports 3.9% 10.3% 16.5%(Note: The above data was downloaded April 3, 2015, from the BEA Web site.)Among other things, we observe the following trends in the economy over the period 1950–2015:a. Personal consumption expenditures have been around two-thirds of GDP between 1980 and 2015.b. The share of GDP going to gross private domestic investment remained fairly steady.c. The share going to government consumption purchases rose sharply from 1950 to 1980.d. Net exports, which were positive in 1950, have been negative since that time.e. The share going to national defense purchases has fallen.f. Imports have grown rapidly relative to GDP.6.a. GDP measures the value of the final goods and services produced, or $1,000,000.b. NNP is equal to GNP minus depreciation. In this example, GDP is equal to GNP because there areno foreign transactions. Therefore, NNP is equal to $875,000.c. National income is equal to NNP, or $875,000.d. Employee compensation is equal to $600,000.e. Proprietors ’ income measures the income of the owner,and is equal to 150,000.f. Corporate profit is equal to corporate taxes plus dividends plus retained earnings, or $275,000. Retained earnings is calculated as sales minus wages minus dividends minus depreciation minus corporate tax, or $75,000.g. Personal income is equal to employee compensation plus dividends, or $750,000.h. Disposable personal income is personal income minus taxes, or $550,000.7. a. i.Nominal GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at currentprices. Therefore,Nominal GDP 2010 = P hotdogs 2010´Q hotdogs 2010()+P burgers 2010´Q burgers 2010()= ($2⨯200) + ($3⨯200)= $400 + $600= $1,000.Nominal GDP 2015 = P hotdogs 2015´Q hotdogs 2015()+P burgers 2015´Q burgers 2015()= ($4⨯ 250) + ($4⨯500)= $1,000 + $2,000= $3,000.ii. Real GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at constantprices. Therefore, to calculate real GDP in 2015 (with base year 2010), multiplythe quantities purchased in the year 2015 by the 2010 prices:Real GDP 2015 = P 2010hotdogs ´Q 2015hotdogs ()+P 2010burgers ´Q 2015burgers ()= ($2⨯ 250) + ($3⨯500)= $500 + $1,500= $2,000.Real GDP for 2010 is calculated by multiplying the quantities in 2010 by theprices in 2010. Since the base year is 2010, real GDP 2010 equals nominalGDP 2010, which is $10,00. Hence, real GDP increased between2010 and 2015.iii. The implicit price deflator for GDP compares the current prices of all goodsand services produced to the prices of the same goods and services in a baseyear. It is calculated as follows:Implicit Price Deflator 2015 = Nominal GDP 2010Real GDP 2010 = 1Using the values for Nominal GDP 2015 and real GDP 2015 calculated above:Implicit Price Deflator 2015=$3,000$2,000= 1.50.This calculation reveals that prices of the goods produced in the year 2015increased by 50 percent compared to the prices that the goods in the economysold for in 2010. (Because 2010 is the base year, the value for the implicitprice deflator for the year 2010 is 1.0 becausenominal and real GDP are thesame for the base year.)iv. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the level of prices in the economy.The CPI is called a fixed-weight index because it uses a fixed basket of goods over time to weight prices.If the base year is 2010, the CPI in 2015 is measuring the cost of the basket in 2015 relative to the cost in 2010. The CPI2015 is calculated as follows:CPI2015= (P2015hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2015burgers´Q2010burgers)(P2010hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2010burgers´Q2010burgers)= $16,000,000 $10,000,000= 1.6.This calculation shows that the price of goods purchased in 2015 increased by 60percentcompared to the prices these goods would have sold for in 2010. The CPIfor 2010, the baseyear, equals 1.0.b. The implicit price deflator is a Paasche index because it is computed with a changingbasket ofgoods; the CPI is a Laspeyres index because it is computed with afixed basket of goods. From(7.a.iii), the implicit price deflator for the year 2015 is1.50, which indicates that prices rose by 50percent from what they were in theyear 2010. From (7.a.iv.), the CPI for the year 2015 is 1.6,which indicates thatprices rose by 60 percent from what they were in the year 2010.If prices of all goods rose by, for example, 50 percent, then one could say unambiguouslythat the price level rose by 50 percent. Yet, in our example, relativeprices have changed. The price ofhot dogs rose by 1020 percent; the price of hamburgers roseby 33.33 percent, making hamburgers relatively less expensive.As the discrepancy between the CPI and the implicit price deflator illustrates,the change in the price level depends on how the goods’ prices are weighted.The CPI weights the price of goods by the quantities purchased in the year2010. The implicit price deflator weights the price of goods by the quantities purchasedin the year 2015. Since the quantity of the two goods was the same in2010, the CPI is placing equal weight on the two price changes. In 2015, the quantity ofhamburgers was twice as large as hot dogs, so there is twice as much weight placed on thehamburger price relative to the hot dog price. For this reason, the CPI shows a larger inflation rate – more weight is placed on the good with the larger price increase.8. a. The consumer price index uses the consumption bundle in year 1 to figure out howmuch weight toput on the price of a given good:CPI2=$2´10()+$1´0() $1´10()+$2´0()=P2red´Q1red()+P2green´Q1green()P1red´Q1red()+P1green´Q1green()= 2.According to the CPI, prices have doubled.b. Nominal spending is the total value of output produced in each year. In year 1 and year 2, Abbybuys 10 apples for $1 each, so her nominal spending remains constant at $10. For example,Nominal Spending2= P2red ´Q2red()+P2green´Q2green()= ($2 ⨯ 0) + ($1 ⨯ 10)= $10.c. Real spending is the total value of output produced in each year valued at the prices prevailing inyear 1. In year 1, the base year, her real spending equals her nominal spending of $10. In year 2, she consumes 10 green apples that are each valued at their year 1 price of $2, so her real spending is $20. That is,Real Spending2= P1red ´Q2red()+P1green´Q2green()= ($1 ⨯ 0) + ($2 ⨯ 10)= $20.Hence, Abby’s real spending rises from $10 to $20.d. The implicit price deflator is calculated by dividing Abby’s nominal spending inyear 2 by her realspending that year:Implicit Price Deflator2=Nominal Spending2 Real Spending2=$10 $20= 0.5.Thus, the implicit price deflator suggests that prices have fallen by half. The reasonfor this is that the deflator estimates how much Abby values her apples usingprices prevailing in year 1. Fromthis perspective green apples appear very valuable.In year 2, when Abby consumes 10 greenapples, it appears that her consumptionhas increased because the deflator values green apples more highly thanred apples. The only way she could still be spending $10 on a higherconsumptionbundle is if the price of the good she was consuming fell.e. If Abby thinks of red apples and green apples as perfect substitutes, then the costof living in thiseconomy has not changed—in either year it costs $10 to consume10 apples. According to the CPI, however, the cost of living has doubled. This isbecause the CPI only takes into account the factthat the red apple price has doubled;the CPI ignores the fall in the price of green apples becausethey were not inthe consumption bundle in year 1. In contrast to the CPI, the implicit pricedeflatorestimates the cost of living has been cut in half. Thus, the CPI, a Laspeyresindex,overstates the increase in the cost of living and the deflator, a Paascheindex, understates it.9. a. The labor force includes full time workers, part time workers, those who run their own business,and those who do not have a job but are looking for a job. The labor force consists of 70 people.The working age population consists of the labor force plus those not in the labor force. The 10discouraged workers and the 10 retired people are not in the labor force, but assuming they arecapable of working, they are part of the adult population. The adult population consists of 90people, so the labor force participation rate is equal to 70/90 or 77.8 percent.b. The number of unemployed workers is equal to 10, so the unemployment rate is 10/70 or 14.3percent.c. The household survey estimates total employment by asking a sample of households about theiremployment status. The household survey would report 60 people employed. The establishmentsurvey estimates total employment by asking a sample of businesses to report how many workers they are employing. In this case the establishment survey would report 55 people employed. The 5 people with 2 jobs would be counted twice, and the 10 people who run their own business wouldnot be counted.10. As Senator Robert Kennedy pointed out, GDP is an imperfect measure of economic performance orwell-being. In addition to the left-out items that Kennedy cited, GDP alsoignores the imputed rent on durable goods such as cars, refrigerators, and lawnmowers;many services and products produced as part of household activity, such as cooking andcleaning; and the value of goods produced and sold in illegal activities, such as the drugtrade. These imperfections in the measurement of GDP do notnecessarily reduce itsusefulness. As long as these measurement problems stay constant over time, then GDPis useful in comparing economic activity from year to year. Moreover, a large GDPallows us to afford better medical care for our children, newer books for their education,and more toys for their play. Finally, countries with higher levels of GDP tend to havehigher levels of life expectancy, better access to clean water and sanitation, and higherlevels of education. GDP is therefore a useful measure for comparing the level ofgrowth and development across countries.11. a. Real GDP falls because Disney World does not produce any services while it is closed. Thiscorresponds to a decrease in economic well-being because the income of workers and shareholders of Disney World falls (t he income side of the national accounts), and people’s consumption ofDisney World falls (the expenditure side of the national accounts).b. Real GDP rises because the original capital and labor in farm production now produce more wheat.This corresponds to an increase in the economic well-being of society, since people can nowconsume more wheat. (If people do not want to consume more wheat, then farmers and farmlandcan be shifted to producing other goods that society values.)c. Real GDP falls because with fewer workers on the job, firms produce less. This accurately reflectsa fall in economic well-being.d. Real GDP falls because the firms that lay off workers produce less. This decreases economic well-being because workers’ incomes fall (the inco me side), and there are fewer goods for people tobuy (the expenditure side).e. Real GDP is likely to fall, as firms shift toward production methods that produce fewer goods butemit less pollution. Economic well-being, however, may rise. The economy now produces lessmeasured output but more clean air. Clean air is not traded in markets and, thus, does not show up in measured GDP, but is nevertheless a good that people value.f. Real GDP rises because the high school students go from an activity in which they are notproducing market goods and services to one in which they are. Economic well-being, however,may decrease. In ideal national accounts, attending school would show up as investment because it presumably increases the future productivity of the worker. Actual national accounts do notmeasure this type of investment. Note also that future GDP may be lower than it would be if thestudents stayed in school, since the future work force will be less educated.g. Measured real GDP falls because fathers spend less time producing market goods and services.The actual production of goods and services need not have fallen because but unmeasuredproduction of child-rearing services rises. The well-being of the average person may very well rise if we assume the fathers and the children enjoy the extra time they are spending together.。

宏观经济学答案-第二章

宏观经济学答案-第二章和租金。

股票分红属于公司利润。

9.A．净投资=总投资—折旧。

10.B．第六年的名义GDP=第六年的价格×第六年的产量=2第一年的价格×1.4第一年的产量=2.8第一年的名义GDP=2.8×500=1400。

三、判断题√√√√×××1.√. GDP一般仅指市场活动所导致的价值。

农民生产并用于自己消费的粮食并未通过市场来销售，所以不应记入GDP。

2.√．政府支付给政府雇员的工资也属于政府购买。

3.√. 用收入法核算GDP，GDP=工资+利息+利润+租金+间接税和企业转移支付+折旧。

要素收入主要表现为工资、利息、利润和租金。

折旧不属于要素收入。

4.√．自己房屋以虚拟租金记入GDP主要考虑的是机会成本的问题。

5.×．名义GDP上升的幅度超过价格上升的幅度，实际GDP应该是上升的。

6.×. 收入法之“收入”，是国民收入初次分配形成的收入而非最终收入。

个人从公司债券中获得的利息被视为要素报酬的一种，而政府公债利息属转移支付，属国民收入的再分配。

7.×.GNP=GDP+本国居民在国外的收入-外国居民在本国的收入。

四、简答题1. 简述国内生产总值、国内生产净值、国民收入、个人收入、个人可支配收入之间的关系。

答：国内生产总值GDP是指一个国家在一定时期内所生产的最终产品和劳务的市场价值总额，是一个地域的概念；国内生产净值NDP是指国内生产总值扣除折旧后的余额，即NDP=GDP—折旧；而国民收入NI是指一国生产要素所有者在一定时期内从生产中所获得的全部收入，狭义NI=NDP—间接税。

个人收入PI，是指经过收入再分配后的国民收入，PI=NI-公司留存利润-公司所得税+政府对个人的转移支付；而个人可支配收入DPI是指个人收入扣除个人所得税之后的余额，即DPI=PI-个人所得税。

2. 国民核算的两种主要方法。

答：（1）国民收入是进行宏观分析的关键，因为宏观经济学研究的是整个社会的经济活动，以社会整体的经济行为及其经济后果为研究对象。

宏观经济学1-3章系统题库与答案

第一章西方国民收入核算一、名词解释1. GDP和GNP2.最终产品和中间产品3.名义GDP和实际GDP4. GDP平减指数5.总投资和净投资6.政府购买7.净出口8.国内生产净值9.个人可支配收入10.储蓄-投资恒等式1.[解析]GDP又称国内生产总值，是指经济社会(即一国或一地区)在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值之和;GNP又称国民生产总值，是指一国国民所拥有的全部生产要素在一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值之和。

GDP和GNP的关键区别在于“国内”和“国民”。

前者所统计的生产者都在一国(地区)领土内，但未必是本国(地区)公民;后者所统计的生产者都是一国(地区)公民，但未必在该国(地区)领土内。

例如日本人在中国工作，其生产的产品或提供的服务，计人中国的GDP，却计人日本的GNP.2.[解析]在一定时期内生产的并由其最后使用者购买的产品和劳务称为最终产品;用于再出售而供生产别种产品用的产品称为中间产品。

区分最终产品和中间产品，主要是为了避免重复计算。

在实际生活中，有很多产品既可以是最终产品，也可以是中间产品，例如煤炭，卖给消费者家用时就是最终产品，卖给工业企业做燃料时则是中间产品。

3.[解析]名义GDP是用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值;实际GDP是用以前某一年作为基期的价格计算出来的全部最终产品的市场价值。

由于物价不同，名义GDP一般和实际GDP会有些差异，差异越大，说明基期到现期的物价变动越大。

实际GDP=名义GDP=GDP平减指数。

4.[解析]GDP平减指数是名义GDP与实际GDP的比率，它衡量现期一篮子物品相对于基年生产的那一篮子物品市场价格的差异。

计算公式为:GDP平减指数=名义GDP/实际GDP5.[解析]投资指增加或更换资本资产(包括厂房、住宅、机械设备以及存货)的支出。

由于资本在不断地消耗折旧，因此在每年的总投资里，有部分额度需要用于弥补当年的资本折旧，这部分投资是用于重置资本设备的，称为重置投资，余下的部分，则称为净投资。

宏观经济学第2章习题和答案解析

f第14章国民收入的核算一、名词解释：国内生产总值中间产品最终产品总投资折旧净投资存货投资净出口名义国内生产总值实际国内生产总值人均国内生产总值国民生产总值国民生产净值国民收入个人收入个人可支配收入二、判断题（正确标出“T”，错误标出“F”）1．国民收入核算体系将GNP作为核算国民经济活动的核心指标。

（）2．家庭成员提供的家务劳动要计入GDP之内。

（）3．某种物品是中间产品还是最终产品取决于它本身的性质，例如，汽车一定是最终产品，煤只能是中间产品。

（）4．用价值增值法计算一国产出的总价值，可以避免重复计算的问题。

（）5．对于整个经济来说，所有的价值增值之和必定等于所有的最终产品的总价值。

（）6．以前所生产而在当年售出的存货，应当是当年GDP的一部分。

（）7．某公司生产的汽车多卖掉一些比少卖掉一些时，GDP增加要多一些。

（）8．销售一栋建筑物的房地产经纪商的佣金应加到国民生产总值中去。

（）9．一个在日本工作的美国公民的收入是美国GDP的一部分，也是日本GNP的一部分。

（）10．政府转移支付应计入GDP 中。

（）11．用支出法核算GDP时，政府公债利息不应计入GDP中。

（）12．政府国防费用支出不属于政府购买。

（）13．失业救济金属于政府的转移支付。

（）14．居民购买住房是一种消费支出，住宅是一种耐用消费品。

（）15．购买普通股票是投资的一部分。

（）16．总投资增加时，资本存量就增加。

（）17．总投资和净投资之差就是GNP和NNP之差。

（）18．如果一个企业用购买的一台新设备替换一台报废的旧设备，因为机器数量未变，所以企业购买这台新设备不属于投资行为。

（）19．用收入法核算国内生产总值时，资本折旧应计入GDP中。

（）20．家庭从公司债券得到的利息应计入GDP中。

（）21．国内生产总值是从国民生产总值中减去国外净要素支付后的余额。

（）22．折旧费用是国民生产总值的一部分。

（）23．国民生产净值衡量的是在一年内对在商品生产中消耗的资本作了调整后的最终产品的市场价值。

2020年整理宏观经济学第二章习题及答案.doc

一、单项选择1．凯恩斯在《通论》中指出( D )。

a．宏观均衡与大量失业并不矛盾；b．工资和价格对市场上的非均衡不能及时作出反映；c．管理总需求的干预政策能影响产出和就业；d．以上均是。

2．与凯恩斯观点不同,古典宏观经济学家认为(D )。

3．如果消费增加即消费曲线向上移动,这意味着消费者(D )。

4．在两部门经济中,收入在( C )时均衡下来。

a．储蓄等于实际投资；b．消费等于实际投资；c．储蓄等于计划投资；d．消费等于计划投资。

5．消费函数C=C0+cY d (C0>0,0<c<1)表明,平均消费倾向( A )。

a．大于边际消费倾向；b．小于边际消费倾向；c．等于边际消费倾向；d．以上三种情况都可能。

6．储蓄函数S=S0+sY d(S0<0,0<s<1)表明，平均储蓄倾向随着可支配收入的增加（ B ）。

a．递减；b．递增；c．不变；d．先递减然后递增。

7．凯恩斯之前的古典理论认为（ D ）。

8．总产出固定并且国民储蓄与利息率无关时，税收的增加将（D ）a．使垂真的储蓄曲线向左移动；b．减少投资；c．增加消费；d．减少均衡利率并增加投资。

(完整版)宏观经济学参考答案1-4章

第一章总产出二、分析与思考1，在总产值中包含着中间产品的价值，如果以各部门的产值总和来合算总产出，则会出现重复计算。

2，因为这只是证券资产的交易，在这种交易中获得的利润或蒙受的损失与本期生产无关。

3，可能会，因为销售的产品可能是上年生产的产品。

GDP与GNP应该以后者，即本年生产的最终产品为口径。

因为它是用来衡量国家当年总产出水平的量的。

4，不是，因为个人可支配收入是GNP或GDP中减去折旧、间接税、公司利润、社会保障支付、个人所得税，再加上转移支付得到的。

5，购买住宅属于投资行为，因为西方国家的消费者购买或建造住宅一般都是使用银行贷款，而且住宅也像企业的固定资产一样，是一次购买、长期使用、逐步消耗的。

6，一般中间产品在当期生产中全部被消耗掉，其价值完全包含在产品的销售价格中。

而，固定资产在生产过程中则是被逐步消耗的，计入当期产品生产成本的仅仅是固定资产中部分被消耗掉的价值，即折旧。

7，不是。

因为总支出包括消费，投资，政府购买和净出口，并不只是在消费最终产品上。

8，不是。

总产出包括的是净出口，对外贸易规模大，如果进口大于出口，则总产出规模不会因对外贸易规模大而变大。

9，可以。

因为名义GDP与实际GDP的比率是消费价格平减指数，平减指数可以衡量物价水平变化，所以可用来衡量通货膨胀率。

10，不一定。

因为购买力平价在计算时有样本选择的典型性与权重确定上的困难，不能很好地反映两国货币实际比率。

三、计算题1，解：Y = C + I + G + NXGNP=8000+5000+2500+2000-1500=16000NNP= GNP-折旧NNP=16000-500=15500NI= NNP-间接税NI=15500-2000=13500PI=NI-公司未分配利润-公司所得税和社会保险税+ 政府转移支付PI=13500+500=14000DPI=PI-个人所得税DPI=14000-（3000-2000）=13000第二章消费、储蓄与投资二、分析与思考1，不包括公共产品的消费。

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